Henry Richard: Yr Apostol Heddwch

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-Have you visited Tregaron -many times, like myself...	0:00:04	0:00:08
-..and sat on the square...	0:00:09	0:00:12
-..only to be faced -with the bottom of a famous man?	0:00:12	0:00:16
-This is a statue, -just like any other statue.	0:00:16	0:00:20
-There's a mature man, -with a chiselled beard...	0:00:20	0:00:24
-..and he's holding some papers.	0:00:25	0:00:27
-Oh, but wait a minute. The word -'peace' is inscribed on them.	0:00:28	0:00:33
-He's an educated, boring man -from the distant past.	0:00:33	0:00:37
-A dreary minister -or a forgotten professor.	0:00:37	0:00:41
-Is that who we have in front of us?	0:00:42	0:00:45
-Is it a 19th century man who -is irrelevant in today's world...	0:00:45	0:00:51
-..or is this one of the most -prominent Welshmen in history...	0:00:51	0:00:56
-..who opposed war -in every shape and form...	0:00:57	0:01:01
-..and was ahead of his time?	0:01:01	0:01:04
-It's Henry Richard, -the Apostle of Peace.	0:01:05	0:01:08
-We must exhibit war -in its true colours.	0:01:09	0:01:11
-It concludes that Iraq -has chemical weapons.	0:01:12	0:01:15
-6 million spent on weapons.	0:01:15	0:01:17
-Within 45 minutes.	0:01:17	0:01:19
-Within 45 minutes. - -War breeds war.	0:01:19	0:01:21
-The day of your liberation is near.	0:01:21	0:01:23
-Defensive war is legal.	0:01:24	0:01:25
-..to acquire -nuclear weapons capability.	0:01:26	0:01:28
-'Henry Richard -The Apostle of Peace'	0:01:34	0:01:41
-The statue of Henry Richard, the -Apostle of Peace sits in Tregaron...	0:01:48	0:01:53
-..near the site of his birth -over two centuries ago.	0:01:53	0:01:57
-Car parks are a great place -for historians, Huw.	0:01:57	0:02:01
-They have certainly -hit the press recently...	0:02:01	0:02:04
-..thanks to the excavation -of Richard III's body.	0:02:04	0:02:08
-In Wales, this was the site -of Henry Richard's home.	0:02:08	0:02:12
-This is where -he was born and raised.	0:02:12	0:02:15
-He was the main force -of the British peace movement.	0:02:16	0:02:19
-What was his mother's house like?	0:02:19	0:02:22
-It was a traditional Welsh -thatched cottage called Ty Gwyn.	0:02:22	0:02:27
-This is where he spent -the first three years of his life.	0:02:27	0:02:31
-The house is no longer here -and a car park stands here today.	0:02:32	0:02:37
-Ty Gwyn stood in this area -of the car park.	0:02:37	0:02:41
-The growing family -built a new house...	0:02:44	0:02:48
-..on the opposite side of the town.	0:02:48	0:02:50
-Henry Richard's family was given a -lifetime lease on a plot of land...	0:02:51	0:02:55
-..by John Jones from Deri Ormond.	0:02:55	0:02:58
-He was a wealthy cousin -of Henry's mother.	0:02:58	0:03:01
-Tell me about his parents.	0:03:01	0:03:03
-His mother, Mary, was from -a privileged, middle-class family.	0:03:04	0:03:09
-Ebenezer, his father, -was a Methodist minister.	0:03:09	0:03:13
-It's rumoured that his mother's -family were unhappy with the match.	0:03:14	0:03:19
-Was he socially inferior?	0:03:19	0:03:21
-Was he socially inferior? - -Yes, when compared to Mary's family.	0:03:21	0:03:24
-When did they move here?	0:03:25	0:03:26
-When did they move here? - -They moved here when he was three.	0:03:26	0:03:29
-They left Ty Gwyn on the other side -of the River Brennig...	0:03:29	0:03:33
-..and moved to Prospect House.	0:03:33	0:03:35
-It was an educated home -with no shortage of books.	0:03:36	0:03:39
-He received his early education -at home, taught by his mother...	0:03:40	0:03:44
-..before attending Llangeitho -Grammar School and Aberystwyth.	0:03:44	0:03:49
-Did his father show any interest -in his son's education?	0:03:49	0:03:52
-His father was a passionate preacher -who taught him to speak publically.	0:03:53	0:03:57
-He also instilled in him that any -form of violence was inexcusable.	0:03:58	0:04:04
-Ebenezer Richard, Henry's father...	0:04:05	0:04:08
-..was a much sought-after -guest minister.	0:04:08	0:04:12
-He was highly respected -in Tregaron...	0:04:12	0:04:14
-..as the minister -of Bwlchgwynt Chapel.	0:04:15	0:04:18
-After an apprenticeship as a tailor -in Carmarthen and Aberystwyth...	0:04:19	0:04:24
-..Henry Richard chose to follow -in his father's footsteps...	0:04:24	0:04:28
-..and enter the ministry.	0:04:29	0:04:30
-When he was an apprentice -in Aberystwyth...	0:04:31	0:04:34
-..he attended -Aberystwyth Tabernacle Chapel...	0:04:34	0:04:37
-..and heard S R -preaching in the chapel.	0:04:38	0:04:41
-Samuel Roberts from Llanbrynmair -was an ardent pacifist.	0:04:41	0:04:46
-Henry chose to enter the ministry -but insisted on a college education.	0:04:48	0:04:54
-The Presbyterians in Carmarthen -trained all the ministers...	0:04:54	0:05:00
-..for the Baptists, Nonconformists, -Methodists and Unitarians.	0:05:00	0:05:05
-I suspect his father feared -that Henry Richard...	0:05:06	0:05:09
-..was heavily influenced -by the radicalism of S R.	0:05:10	0:05:14
-As a result, he was sent -to Highbury Congregational College.	0:05:14	0:05:19
-In 1830, Henry Richard left Wales...	0:05:21	0:05:24
-..and moved to London where he was -to live for the rest of his life.	0:05:25	0:05:29
-Two days later, after a long journey -on the stagecoach...	0:05:32	0:05:38
-..he arrived in London.	0:05:38	0:05:40
-Henry lived in Cripplegate, at -the heart of this commercial city.	0:05:45	0:05:50
-The area was traditionally -known for its immigrants.	0:05:50	0:05:53
-His brother, Edward, was already -in London studying to be a doctor.	0:05:56	0:06:01
-I think Henry was jealous because -he wanted to study in the city.	0:06:01	0:06:06
-He moved to Jewin Crescent -with his brother...	0:06:06	0:06:11
-..and studied at Highbury College.	0:06:11	0:06:13
-Was it a ministerial college?	0:06:13	0:06:15
-Yes, Highbury -was a dissenting college.	0:06:15	0:06:18
-He had to preach for the first time -in English.	0:06:18	0:06:21
-What was it like for him?	0:06:22	0:06:23
-It was a different -and dreary style for him...	0:06:23	0:06:27
-..but he got to grips with it.	0:06:27	0:06:30
-"I will not relate the story -of how I was accepted at Highbury.	0:06:37	0:06:41
-"Somehow, I managed to pass -with the little knowledge I had.	0:06:41	0:06:45
-"After the terrifying experience -of preaching to the committee...	0:06:45	0:06:49
-"..and the examination...	0:06:49	0:06:50
-"..I was allowed immediately -to enter the Academy."	0:06:51	0:06:54
-This is it.	0:06:56	0:06:57
-Edward arranged for Henry -to stay with him at Chapel House.	0:06:58	0:07:02
-It was on Jewin Crescent, -which is here.	0:07:02	0:07:06
-Does it say "Welsh chapel?"	0:07:06	0:07:07
-Does it say "Welsh chapel?" - -Yes, that's the old Jewin chapel.	0:07:07	0:07:10
-The old chapel is long gone.	0:07:12	0:07:14
-Cripplegate sustained extensive -bombing during World War II.	0:07:14	0:07:19
-It's ironic when you think of Henry -Richard's lifetime stance on peace.	0:07:19	0:07:25
-The Welsh chapel was rebuilt -in the wasteland of the Barbican.	0:07:27	0:07:32
-"Mr Thomas and myself -would attend the Welsh chapels.	0:07:35	0:07:38
-"To us, the English ministry -was cold and formal...	0:07:39	0:07:43
-"..compared to the warm eloquence -of our fellow countrymen.	0:07:43	0:07:48
-"In those days...	0:07:49	0:07:51
-"..the pulpit at Jewin hosted the -great preachers of the Principality.	0:07:51	0:07:56
-"John Elias, Ebenezer Richard, -my father and Henry Rees.	0:07:56	0:08:01
-"Those whom I believed -and still believe...	0:08:01	0:08:04
-"..to be the incomparable masters -of religious eloquence."	0:08:04	0:08:08
-It was important -to retain his Welshness...	0:08:08	0:08:11
-..and attend Welsh chapels, -including Jewin Chapel.	0:08:12	0:08:16
-He would stay out late on a Sunday -to attend preaching festivals...	0:08:16	0:08:22
-..and only just -made it home in time...	0:08:22	0:08:25
-..before they locked -the college gates at 10.00pm.	0:08:25	0:08:28
-The conservative Methodism -of his childhood...	0:08:29	0:08:33
-..was less appealing than the -radicalism of his fellow students.	0:08:33	0:08:38
-He started a college magazine...	0:08:39	0:08:41
-..and formed a students' union...	0:08:41	0:08:44
-..for the four Nonconformist -academies in London.	0:08:44	0:08:47
-He was quite a rebel.	0:08:47	0:08:50
-His father sent him to London in the -hope he'd forget about radicalism.	0:08:53	0:08:58
-However, he went straight from -the frying pan and into the fire!	0:08:59	0:09:05
-After college, he was called to be -minister of Marlborough Chapel.	0:09:05	0:09:11
-It was an Independent chapel -on the Old Kent Road.	0:09:11	0:09:15
-It was quite a feat to be appointed -minister of such a large chapel.	0:09:16	0:09:20
-It was also a chapel -with sizeable debt.	0:09:21	0:09:26
-He worked exceptionally hard -to clear the debt...	0:09:26	0:09:29
-..and built a Sunday School.	0:09:30	0:09:32
-He also helped to establish -British schools in the area.	0:09:33	0:09:38
-He transformed the chapel, -built a vestry...	0:09:38	0:09:42
-..and increased the membership.	0:09:42	0:09:45
-Those early years in London -made an important impact...	0:09:47	0:09:51
-..on Henry Richard's spiritual -and intellectual development.	0:09:51	0:09:55
-He found friends -who shared similar beliefs...	0:09:55	0:09:59
-..including the pacifists, -Richard Cobden and Joseph Sturge.	0:09:59	0:10:03
-He took more of an interest -in social and political matters...	0:10:04	0:10:08
-..and was forward in airing his -views on the day's burning issues.	0:10:08	0:10:13
-He increasingly felt that -the English were totally ignorant.	0:10:15	0:10:19
-They knew nothing of Wales...	0:10:19	0:10:21
-..and needed to be educated -on the topic.	0:10:21	0:10:24
-Many spoke about Wales -in the Welsh press...	0:10:25	0:10:28
-..but by writing for English papers -in English...	0:10:28	0:10:32
-..Henry Richard became -the voice of Wales in London.	0:10:33	0:10:36
-He started writing -a series of articles about Wales.	0:10:39	0:10:44
-It was his aim -to educate the English...	0:10:44	0:10:48
-..about the nation who were their -neighbours and he did just that.	0:10:48	0:10:53
-It was a turbulent time in Wales.	0:10:53	0:10:57
-The Rebecca Rioters attacked -tollgates in the west...	0:10:57	0:11:00
-..and Chartists fought -for workers' rights in the east.	0:11:01	0:11:05
-Henry Richard did not advocate -any form of violence.	0:11:05	0:11:10
-He wrote an article -redeeming the Rebecca Rioters...	0:11:10	0:11:14
-..and defending the Welsh.	0:11:14	0:11:16
-"No other nation has given -the authorities so little trouble.	0:11:17	0:11:21
-"There have been two considerable -exceptions to this rule.	0:11:22	0:11:25
-"The first was the Chartist outbreak -in Newport in 1839.	0:11:25	0:11:30
-"The Rebecca disturbances -differed widely.	0:11:31	0:11:35
-"They broke out in the very heart -of the Welsh population...	0:11:35	0:11:39
-"..but their character -has been misunderstood in England."	0:11:40	0:11:43
-The Treachery of the Blue Books came -at the end of the Rebecca Riots.	0:11:44	0:11:48
-Three English commissioners...	0:11:48	0:11:51
-..compiled a damning report -on education in Wales.	0:11:51	0:11:55
-It accused the Welsh of being -uneducated and uncivilised...	0:11:56	0:12:00
-..because they could not -speak English.	0:12:00	0:12:03
-He was furious.	0:12:03	0:12:04
-He was due to deliver a lecture -at Crosby Hall in London...	0:12:05	0:12:10
-..but launched an attack -on the Blue Books instead.	0:12:10	0:12:14
-He spoke for two and a half hours -to a spellbound audience.	0:12:14	0:12:20
-It was the first -the English had heard of it.	0:12:21	0:12:24
-He used this -to his political advantage...	0:12:25	0:12:29
-..in a way that only he could.	0:12:29	0:12:31
-He became the hero of the nation -as a result.	0:12:32	0:12:35
-.	0:12:35	0:12:35
-Subtitles	0:12:40	0:12:40
-Subtitles - -Subtitles	0:12:40	0:12:42
-Don't arm Syria!	0:12:47	0:12:49
-I don't understand -how arming more people...	0:12:50	0:12:53
-..and entering countries -to bring order...	0:12:53	0:12:56
-..will solve any problems.	0:12:57	0:13:00
-I don't think war -is the answer to anything.	0:13:02	0:13:06
-Hands off the Middle East. -No justice, no peace.	0:13:06	0:13:10
-Hands off the Middle East.	0:13:10	0:13:13
-A just war. A defensive war.	0:13:13	0:13:16
-These reasons have been used -in favour of war for centuries.	0:13:16	0:13:21
-People waged war on other countries -and traded weapons with the world.	0:13:21	0:13:26
-Since the two World Wars, the common -man has protested against war.	0:13:26	0:13:31
-They have spoken out against it.	0:13:32	0:13:34
-If Henry Richard was alive today...	0:13:34	0:13:38
-..he would be in our midst -right now.	0:13:38	0:13:41
-We gather in our tens, -hundreds and sometimes thousands...	0:13:45	0:13:50
-..to speak out against war -and weapons.	0:13:50	0:13:54
-Over the decades, the opposition -of pacifists in Wales...	0:13:54	0:13:58
-..has been extraordinary -and steadfast.	0:13:59	0:14:02
-The movement has developed -over the years.	0:14:02	0:14:05
-The roots of the pacifism that -affected the young Henry Richard...	0:14:05	0:14:09
-..are linked -to our nation's nonconformity.	0:14:10	0:14:15
-Henry Richard came out of -that tradition of nonconformity.	0:14:15	0:14:19
-I think most were pacifists coming -from Wales and against violence.	0:14:20	0:14:25
-They were affected by the American -attitude to war after Napoleon...	0:14:25	0:14:31
-..and after the American Civil War.	0:14:31	0:14:33
-As a Christian, pacifism was normal.	0:14:34	0:14:37
-His faith -was his greatest influence.	0:14:38	0:14:41
-He repeatedly professes that war -is not a trait of Christianity.	0:14:41	0:14:47
-A Christian cannot raise a weapon -against their fellow-man.	0:14:48	0:14:53
-He cannot use a weapon -against his brother.	0:14:53	0:14:57
-In his opinion, -war was the weapon of the devil.	0:14:59	0:15:04
-In the 19th century, you first saw -organised peace movements.	0:15:05	0:15:10
-That didn't exist -in the 16th, 17th and 18th century.	0:15:11	0:15:15
-In these societies, -you had these tensions...	0:15:15	0:15:18
-..between absolute pacifists...	0:15:18	0:15:21
-..who would never defend themselves -against anything, with anything...	0:15:21	0:15:26
-..and you had peacemakers, who were -unhappy with the term, pacifist.	0:15:26	0:15:32
-Henry was able -to bring them all together...	0:15:32	0:15:35
-..and work together -at the British Peace Society.	0:15:36	0:15:39
-The London Peace Society -was founded in 1815...	0:15:40	0:15:43
-..by the Welshman from Neath, -Joseph Tregelles Price.	0:15:44	0:15:48
-It later became -the International Peace Society.	0:15:48	0:15:53
-It appealed to Henry Richard and -his friends' broadminded radicalism.	0:15:53	0:15:58
-In the spring of 1848...	0:15:58	0:16:00
-..Henry was appointed -as secretary of the movement.	0:16:00	0:16:04
-The spring -may not convey pure peace...	0:16:04	0:16:08
-..but it gives us -the idea of hope and birth...	0:16:08	0:16:11
-..and that something new is afoot.	0:16:11	0:16:15
-This season's name can be used -to convey a conflict or a rebellion.	0:16:15	0:16:21
-There was -the Prague Spring of 1968....	0:16:21	0:16:25
-..and the great Arab Spring of 2011.	0:16:25	0:16:28
-It started in North Africa...	0:16:29	0:16:31
-..and spread like wildfire across -the Middle East and into Syria.	0:16:31	0:16:36
-In 1848, it was Europe's turn -to experience the Spring of Nations.	0:16:36	0:16:42
-A wave of revolutions -spread across Europe.	0:16:44	0:16:48
-France was in the midst -of the Second Republic...	0:16:48	0:16:52
-..so the Peace Society -had to think twice...	0:16:52	0:16:55
-..about staging -their first conference in Paris.	0:16:55	0:16:59
-The society set their sights -on Brussels.	0:16:59	0:17:03
-It attracted a lot of people -from America, Britain and Europe.	0:17:05	0:17:11
-They all came together.	0:17:11	0:17:13
-Henry Richard -gave his first speech.	0:17:15	0:17:19
-"We must exhibit war -in its true colours.	0:17:20	0:17:23
-"We must have the courage -to tear the mask from its face.	0:17:23	0:17:27
-"We must present it to the world -as it truly is...	0:17:28	0:17:32
-"..a gigantic murder, -drunk with ambition and lust...	0:17:32	0:17:37
-"..stained with the blood -of its myriad victims."	0:17:37	0:17:41
-The congress and Henry Richard's -speech in particular...	0:17:43	0:17:46
-..was a sweeping success.	0:17:47	0:17:48
-From this point onwards...	0:17:49	0:17:50
-..he was known as -the Apostle of Peace.	0:17:51	0:17:55
-A year later, Henry Richard and the -Peace Congress travelled to Paris.	0:17:58	0:18:03
-The enthusiasm that made Brussels -a success was alive and well.	0:18:04	0:18:09
-The second congress was held -at the Salle Sainte Cecile...	0:18:11	0:18:15
-..a famous concert hall...	0:18:15	0:18:17
-..that saw performances of the works -of the era's greatest composers.	0:18:17	0:18:22
-It is now only a distant memory.	0:18:23	0:18:27
-Unfortunately, the hall was totally -destroyed by Napoleon III...	0:18:30	0:18:34
-..after the fall -of the Second Republic.	0:18:34	0:18:38
-How did the congress go?	0:18:38	0:18:41
-Many people came here.	0:18:41	0:18:43
-There was 600 Britons...	0:18:44	0:18:45
-..and large numbers from America, -Holland, Belgium and France.	0:18:46	0:18:51
-Victor Hugo -agreed to be its president...	0:18:52	0:18:54
-..and he opened the congress -with an inspirational speech.	0:18:54	0:18:58
-Victor Hugo, author of the -popular novel, Les Miserables...	0:19:00	0:19:04
-..had a warm welcome from the crowd.	0:19:04	0:19:06
-"The day will come -when France, Russia, Italy...	0:19:08	0:19:11
-"..England and Germany...	0:19:11	0:19:13
-"..without losing -their unique identities...	0:19:13	0:19:16
-"..will melt into a larger unit, -into an European brotherhood.	0:19:17	0:19:22
-"The day will come -when there are no battlefields...	0:19:22	0:19:25
-"..but open markets for trade -and minds that are open to ideas.	0:19:26	0:19:30
-"The day will come -when bullets and shells...	0:19:30	0:19:34
-"..are replaced -by the people's vote."	0:19:34	0:19:36
-It's the first speech -that foresaw an European Union.	0:19:37	0:19:41
-The Union was partly responsible -for keeping peace in Europe...	0:19:42	0:19:46
-..since World War II.	0:19:46	0:19:49
-Today, it is under threat from those -who oppose its very existence.	0:19:49	0:19:54
-We're currently talking about...	0:19:54	0:19:57
-..fragmenting the union -that Victor Hugo foresaw.	0:19:57	0:20:01
-The international feelings -towards peace were on the rise...	0:20:02	0:20:06
-..and affecting movements -across Europe...	0:20:06	0:20:09
-..making them -international movements.	0:20:09	0:20:12
-Henry Richard left the ministry...	0:20:12	0:20:15
-..in order to dedicate himself -to the Peace Society.	0:20:15	0:20:18
-Suddenly, everything came to an end.	0:20:18	0:20:22
-In October 1853...	0:20:23	0:20:26
-..the Ottoman Empire in Turkey -declared war on Russia.	0:20:26	0:20:31
-Tsar Nicholas I of Russia...	0:20:32	0:20:35
-..occupied the land around the -Danube between Russia and Turkey...	0:20:35	0:20:39
-..and set his sights on Istanbul.	0:20:39	0:20:42
-As opposed to supporting Russia, -as the Tsar had expected...	0:20:42	0:20:46
-..Britain, Sardinia and France -chose to support Turkey...	0:20:46	0:20:50
-..and attacked Russia in the -Black Sea and the Crimean Peninsula.	0:20:50	0:20:56
-When war breaks out, -as was the case in the Crimea...	0:20:58	0:21:02
-..it's my country, right or wrong.	0:21:02	0:21:04
-It was an horrific time...	0:21:05	0:21:08
-..and pacifists were persecuted.	0:21:08	0:21:11
-Henry Richard -was speaking in Cardiff.	0:21:11	0:21:15
-He spent two hours -trying to calm the crowds...	0:21:15	0:21:19
-..amidst a torrent of jibes.	0:21:20	0:21:22
-Many said that Henry Richard -was a representative of the Tsar...	0:21:22	0:21:27
-..but Henry said he represented -the Prince of Peace!	0:21:27	0:21:31
-It's very difficult to show your -opposition at the start of a war.	0:21:31	0:21:36
-Proof of this is found -in the War in Afghanistan...	0:21:37	0:21:41
-..which was very popular -at the start.	0:21:41	0:21:44
-People expressed their doubts prior -to the start of the Iraq War...	0:21:44	0:21:49
-..but these were quelled -as soon as the war began.	0:21:49	0:21:53
-During World War II, people were -vilified, mocked and scorned.	0:21:54	0:22:00
-Many vicious things -were said about them.	0:22:00	0:22:03
-This was the mindset -that Henry Richard fought against.	0:22:06	0:22:11
-He was extremely brave in -his opposition to the common stance.	0:22:11	0:22:15
-He was lonely.	0:22:16	0:22:19
-He returned to Tregaron.	0:22:20	0:22:22
-Tregaron, Wales -and the Welsh language...	0:22:22	0:22:26
-..were his refuge -when he was feeling destitute.	0:22:26	0:22:31
-One million men were killed during -the war, including 20,000 Brits.	0:22:34	0:22:39
-The International Peace Society -failed to stop the Crimean War...	0:22:43	0:22:48
-..but Henry Richard -remained indefatigable...	0:22:49	0:22:52
-..and he came here, in 1856, -to influence the Treaty of Paris.	0:22:52	0:22:58
-The Treaty of Paris...	0:22:59	0:23:02
-..brought together the forces -involved in the Crimean War...	0:23:02	0:23:06
-..to agree on terms of peace.	0:23:06	0:23:08
-Henry Richard saw his opportunity...	0:23:08	0:23:11
-..to have a declaration -within the treaty...	0:23:11	0:23:14
-..that encouraged arbitration.	0:23:15	0:23:18
-As opposed to going -straight to war...	0:23:18	0:23:20
-..the two opposing countries -consulted a third nation...	0:23:21	0:23:25
-..and attempted to reach -an agreement that suited both sides.	0:23:25	0:23:29
-Henry Richard, and his friend, -the Quaker, Joseph Sturge...	0:23:31	0:23:34
-..insisted on having an audience -with the representatives in Paris...	0:23:34	0:23:39
-..in order to promote their cause.	0:23:39	0:23:42
-They were successful.	0:23:44	0:23:46
-There was a declaration -within the Treaty...	0:23:46	0:23:49
-..that called upon the nations -to consult a third party...	0:23:49	0:23:54
-..who would help them -to reach an agreement.	0:23:55	0:23:58
-This became the precedent...	0:23:58	0:24:00
-..for the Hague Peace Conference -of 1899.	0:24:01	0:24:07
-His act became -a very important event.	0:24:07	0:24:11
-The Treaty wasn't perfect...	0:24:11	0:24:14
-..and pacifists would have preferred -something more definite.	0:24:14	0:24:19
-However, the readiness of the -nations to support these ideas...	0:24:19	0:24:23
-..was a massive step forward.	0:24:24	0:24:25
-Henry Richard had achieved -another important feat for peace.	0:24:26	0:24:31
-In 1878, some 30 years after -the first congress in Paris...	0:24:35	0:24:40
-..the Exposition Universelle or -World's Fair held the next congress.	0:24:40	0:24:46
-Peace societies flocked to Paris.	0:24:46	0:24:48
-In their midst was the -Workmen's Peace Association.	0:24:49	0:24:52
-I'm sure Henry Richard would say...	0:24:52	0:24:55
-..that workers from different -countries have more in common...	0:24:55	0:24:59
-..than a worker and manager -from the same country.	0:24:59	0:25:03
-A manager sends his workers, -like soldiers, to the battlefield.	0:25:04	0:25:09
-European countries -were highly equipped...	0:25:10	0:25:14
-..and it had been a period of the -most bloody wars in world history.	0:25:14	0:25:19
-Henry Richard -was not a man to feel dejected.	0:25:19	0:25:22
-His recommended system -of arbitration was bearing fruit...	0:25:23	0:25:27
-..and had stopped 20 wars -in the previous 40 years.	0:25:27	0:25:32
-Henry viewed this as a success.	0:25:33	0:25:35
-.	0:25:36	0:25:36
-Subtitles	0:25:41	0:25:41
-Subtitles - -Subtitles	0:25:41	0:25:43
-Henry Richard's work -for the Peace Society...	0:25:50	0:25:54
-..took him all across Europe.	0:25:55	0:25:58
-Despite all his efforts...	0:25:58	0:26:01
-..five years after -the Paris Peace Treaty was signed...	0:26:01	0:26:05
-..another bloody war -was about to erupt.	0:26:05	0:26:08
-This time, -the problem didn't lie in Europe.	0:26:08	0:26:12
-In 1861, following Abraham Lincoln's -election to the presidency...	0:26:13	0:26:19
-..the American Civil War broke out.	0:26:19	0:26:22
-Civil war disrupts -a peaceful society.	0:26:27	0:26:30
-Many favoured the north as it was -seen as a war against slavery.	0:26:30	0:26:36
-Those close to Henry Richard, -such as Cobden and Bright...	0:26:36	0:26:41
-..supported the north because -they viewed it as a just war.	0:26:41	0:26:45
-Henry Richard -disagreed with this stance.	0:26:46	0:26:49
-He stated that you cannot justify -any kind of war.	0:26:49	0:26:52
-Evil should not be used -to combat evil.	0:26:52	0:26:56
-Many believe that this conflict -was a war against slavery...	0:26:59	0:27:04
-..but Abraham Lincoln stated -that the main aim of the war...	0:27:04	0:27:09
-..was to retain the unity -of the United States.	0:27:09	0:27:13
-Henry Richard -fought tirelessly...	0:27:14	0:27:18
-..to keep Britain out of the war.	0:27:18	0:27:21
-Many historians claim Prince Albert, -the husband of Queen Victoria...	0:27:21	0:27:27
-..stopped Britain from going to war.	0:27:27	0:27:30
-I totally disagree.	0:27:30	0:27:31
-I believe the Peace Society, -and more directly, Henry Richard...	0:27:32	0:27:36
-..kept Britain out of the war.	0:27:37	0:27:39
-Henry Richard and the Peace Society -were highly praised...	0:27:43	0:27:48
-..and many thought -the Apostle of Peace...	0:27:49	0:27:52
-..should set his sights -on Parliament.	0:27:52	0:27:56
-Samuel Roberts wanted to find a seat -for Henry Richard...	0:27:56	0:28:01
-..so he could represent Wales -and pacifism in Parliament.	0:28:02	0:28:06
-On many occasions, -Edward Miall said to him...	0:28:06	0:28:09
-..that he wished Henry represented -Caernarfon or had another seat...	0:28:09	0:28:14
-..so that he had a companion -in the House of Commons.	0:28:14	0:28:18
-A companion -is just what Henry needed.	0:28:18	0:28:21
-During this period, he lost two -people who were very dear to him.	0:28:22	0:28:28
-The first was his old friend, -Richard Cobden...	0:28:29	0:28:33
-..and within six weeks...	0:28:33	0:28:35
-..Edward, his brother, passed away.	0:28:36	0:28:39
-During his grief, he grew closer -to another old friend...	0:28:44	0:28:48
-..Augusta Matilda Farley.	0:28:49	0:28:52
-How are you related to him?	0:28:53	0:28:56
-This is your family tree.	0:28:56	0:28:58
-Alan Griffiths is my father.	0:28:58	0:29:00
-His grandfather, Dr Ebenezer Evans, -was the nephew of Henry Richard.	0:29:00	0:29:05
-We can see Henry Richard -and Augusta Farley.	0:29:06	0:29:10
-They got married later in life.	0:29:10	0:29:13
-Yes, they were in their fifties -but were close friends...	0:29:14	0:29:18
-..and eventually married.	0:29:18	0:29:21
-These are the letters -he wrote to her.	0:29:21	0:29:25
-They are very affectionate -and start with "My Darling!"	0:29:26	0:29:29
-It's very loving.	0:29:30	0:29:31
-These were sent from Merthyr.	0:29:32	0:29:34
-How long were they married before -he became a Member of Parliament?	0:29:34	0:29:39
-It was about two years.	0:29:39	0:29:41
-What do we have here?	0:29:41	0:29:43
-These are photographs -of the pair taken later in life.	0:29:43	0:29:48
-I haven't seen -a photograph of her before.	0:29:49	0:29:52
-She looks like a kind woman.	0:29:52	0:29:55
-Are there any from their youth?	0:29:55	0:29:57
-Are there any from their youth? - -Yes, I have them here.	0:29:57	0:29:59
-This is when she was younger.	0:29:59	0:30:02
-There's also a photograph -of the pair of them.	0:30:03	0:30:06
-It was taken on one of their visits -to Berlin.	0:30:07	0:30:10
-She was very brave to go.	0:30:10	0:30:11
-She was very brave to go. - -It wasn't an easy time to travel.	0:30:11	0:30:14
-They still look elderly.	0:30:14	0:30:16
-Were they too old to have children?	0:30:16	0:30:19
-Were they too old to have children? - -Yes.	0:30:19	0:30:20
-She was from a wealthy -and affluent family.	0:30:20	0:30:24
-Yes, and this was a great help...	0:30:25	0:30:27
-..because he was able to continue -with his work.	0:30:28	0:30:31
-At that time, MPs were not paid -so he needed money from somewhere.	0:30:31	0:30:37
-Yes, so it was a great help to him.	0:30:38	0:30:41
-He was settled -in his personal life...	0:30:44	0:30:47
-..and with Augusta's support...	0:30:47	0:30:49
-..Henry Richard was elected as a MP -for the Liberal Party.	0:30:49	0:30:54
-The original aim was to stand for -the Ceredigion seat in West Wales...	0:30:55	0:31:00
-..but news broke that an extra seat -had been created...	0:31:00	0:31:04
-..some 60 miles to the south east.	0:31:04	0:31:08
-His ideal was the rural, -Welsh-speaking area of Tregaron.	0:31:09	0:31:15
-However, -his politics and radicalism...	0:31:15	0:31:18
-..was perfect -for the people of Merthyr.	0:31:18	0:31:21
-Most of the people of the area -at that time were Welsh speakers...	0:31:21	0:31:26
-They were Nonconformists and -understood Henry Richard's stance.	0:31:27	0:31:31
-Hello, Hefin. -It's lovely to see you.	0:31:35	0:31:39
-Why did Henry Richard -come to Merthyr?	0:31:41	0:31:44
-We must step back to 1867 and the -Representation of the People Act.	0:31:44	0:31:49
-It gave many working class citizens -the right to vote.	0:31:49	0:31:53
-In Merthyr Tydfil, the number of -voters leapt from 1,000 to 14,000.	0:31:53	0:31:58
-Those voting for the first time...	0:31:58	0:32:00
-..were eager to elect someone -who represented them...	0:32:01	0:32:04
-..as opposed to their current MP, -Henry Bruce.	0:32:04	0:32:07
-He was an influential -and wealthy local man...	0:32:08	0:32:11
-..but he wasn't the man for them, -unlike Henry Richard.	0:32:12	0:32:16
-Henry Richard -was the unexpected winner.	0:32:16	0:32:18
-Yes, he won more votes than the -combined number of his opponents.	0:32:18	0:32:23
-Henry Bruce lost his seat...	0:32:23	0:32:25
-..and Henry Richard was MP -for Merthyr Tydfil until his death.	0:32:25	0:32:29
-Let's see his portrait.	0:32:29	0:32:30
-He won!	0:32:32	0:32:34
-He was head and shoulders -above his opponents in the poll.	0:32:34	0:32:38
-Henry Austin Bruce, -the close friend of Gladstone...	0:32:38	0:32:42
-..was at the bottom of the poll.	0:32:42	0:32:44
-He was the first -Nonconformist democrat...	0:32:44	0:32:48
-..to be elected as a MP for Wales.	0:32:48	0:32:50
-It's a portrait of a sedate man but -what was he like as a campaigner?	0:32:59	0:33:04
-He was an intelligent campaigner.	0:33:04	0:33:06
-His own principles were important -to him and to his audience.	0:33:07	0:33:11
-He was a Nonconformist and so too -were the majority of his audience.	0:33:12	0:33:18
-This defined his politics -to some extent.	0:33:18	0:33:22
-Did he address them in Welsh?	0:33:22	0:33:24
-Yes, they were Welsh speaking, -working class citizens.	0:33:24	0:33:28
-He was clever enough to address them -in their own language.	0:33:28	0:33:32
-Wales was a nation -of Nonconformists.	0:33:33	0:33:37
-Their faith was expressed in Welsh -so it fell under the same bracket.	0:33:37	0:33:41
-"What of the people who speak -the language, read the literature...	0:33:44	0:33:49
-"..who claim this history?	0:33:49	0:33:51
-"Have they not the right to insist: -we are the Welsh nation?	0:33:52	0:33:56
-"Have they not the right to reproach -the landowning privileged...	0:33:56	0:34:00
-"..we, not you, -are the Welsh nation?	0:34:00	0:34:03
-"We, not you, own this land.	0:34:03	0:34:06
-"It is our right that our principles -and desires should be represented...	0:34:06	0:34:11
-"..in the House of Commons."	0:34:12	0:34:14
-He expressed the wishes -and aspirations...	0:34:16	0:34:21
-..of the Welsh nation.	0:34:21	0:34:23
-He viewed them -as a Nonconformist nation...	0:34:23	0:34:26
-..and this is why he found -the Welsh nation to be important.	0:34:26	0:34:30
-The country's expectations -were stupendous.	0:34:30	0:34:33
-Wales saw his success -as a victory for the nation.	0:34:33	0:34:37
-Henry Richard was the man -to represent the country.	0:34:38	0:34:43
-From this moment on, -the Apostle of Peace...	0:34:43	0:34:48
-..was now being acclaimed also -as the Member for Wales.	0:34:48	0:34:51
-.	0:34:52	0:34:52
-Subtitles	0:34:58	0:34:58
-Subtitles - -Subtitles	0:34:58	0:35:00
-In September 1868...	0:35:04	0:35:08
-..Henry Richard, the Member for -Wales, reached the House of Commons.	0:35:08	0:35:14
-He entered Parliament...	0:35:14	0:35:16
-..and it was noted -that Wales had now found its voice.	0:35:17	0:35:22
-He didn't fear -expressing his opinion...	0:35:22	0:35:25
-..or making a stand for Wales -and her language.	0:35:25	0:35:29
-He was the first to speak out -and analyse the situation.	0:35:31	0:35:36
-In all honesty, he was the man -who put Wales on the map...	0:35:36	0:35:41
-..in terms of Parliament.	0:35:41	0:35:44
-It wasn't child's play that he was -known as the Member for Wales.	0:35:44	0:35:49
-There was something new -in the air...	0:35:49	0:35:51
-..and Henry Richard came here -to represent Wales as it stood.	0:35:51	0:35:56
-A nation of Nonconformists.	0:35:56	0:35:58
-A nation with its own language -and identity.	0:35:58	0:36:02
-A nation with different demands -to the rest of Britain.	0:36:02	0:36:05
-In Parliament, -there was finally a person...	0:36:05	0:36:09
-..who was willing to fight -for Wales.	0:36:09	0:36:12
-His fellow Members of Parliament -thought that he was rather odd!	0:36:15	0:36:20
-He was a Welsh democrat...	0:36:22	0:36:24
-..who belonged to the bourgeoisie -by that time.	0:36:24	0:36:28
-He wasn't a socialist at all.	0:36:29	0:36:31
-He opposed socialism and chartism.	0:36:31	0:36:36
-He was an excellent speaker...	0:36:36	0:36:38
-..and influenced many with his -addresses in the House of Commons.	0:36:38	0:36:43
-He persuaded the House of Commons -to do many things.	0:36:45	0:36:49
-Some of those issues -counteracted their own beliefs...	0:36:50	0:36:53
-..such as the International -Arbitration Resolution.	0:36:54	0:36:59
-Henry seized the opportunity -to present an arbitration bill...	0:37:01	0:37:07
-..before Parliament.	0:37:07	0:37:10
-At 9.00pm on 8th July 1873...	0:37:11	0:37:15
-..he rose to his feet -to address the House of Commons.	0:37:16	0:37:21
-He was shrewd in the way -he weighed up the options...	0:37:21	0:37:24
-..as to when to present this bill -so that it would be passed.	0:37:25	0:37:30
-There were not many members -in the House when he began speaking.	0:37:30	0:37:35
-The bill stated that Parliament -accepted arbitration....	0:37:36	0:37:40
-..as a legitimate procedure.	0:37:40	0:37:43
-This came as quite a shock -to the members who were present.	0:37:44	0:37:49
-The Prime Minister, Gladstone, -rose to his feet.	0:37:51	0:37:54
-He claimed it was not the time -for such a resolution...	0:37:54	0:37:58
-..and urged Henry -to withdraw his motion.	0:37:58	0:38:02
-BELL TOLLS	0:38:03	0:38:04
-He refused.	0:38:05	0:38:07
-The motion was carried by ten votes.	0:38:08	0:38:12
-It was considered -a sweeping success.	0:38:12	0:38:16
-I suspect it finally led -to the United Nations.	0:38:17	0:38:20
-It was a violent period -in British history...	0:38:20	0:38:24
-..that saw one war after the next.	0:38:25	0:38:27
-However, he persuaded the House -to carry his motion.	0:38:27	0:38:31
-It showed strength in the way -he addressed an audience.	0:38:31	0:38:37
-The news of his success -spread across Europe like wildfire.	0:38:38	0:38:43
-The press on the continent -were full of praise.	0:38:43	0:38:47
-If you want to succeed, it's -pointless going to the chiefs...	0:38:48	0:38:52
-..but you should approach -the common politicians.	0:38:52	0:38:56
-These are the people -who influence the Prime Minister.	0:38:56	0:39:02
-To celebrate his success -and spread his message...	0:39:02	0:39:06
-..Henry Richard -and his wife, Augusta Matilda...	0:39:06	0:39:10
-..embarked on a grand European tour.	0:39:10	0:39:14
-"The room was tastefully decorated -with flags and flowers.	0:39:17	0:39:22
-"At one end, there was a picture -of myself in an elaborate frame.	0:39:22	0:39:26
-"The frame contained the words, -'Peace on Earth' in Dutch...	0:39:27	0:39:31
-"..and the date of my victory -in the House of Commons.	0:39:32	0:39:35
-"The room was full and after my -address, I was given a certificate.	0:39:35	0:39:41
-"I felt uneasy when I saw -'Sir Henry Richard' written on it."	0:39:41	0:39:47
-He received an incredible welcome.	0:39:48	0:39:50
-He had succeeded in persuading -this imperial parliament...	0:39:51	0:39:55
-..that was the greatest power -at the time...	0:39:55	0:39:59
-..to accept this motion.	0:39:59	0:40:01
-Other countries, such as Italy, -wanted to imitate this...	0:40:03	0:40:07
-..and wanted their governments -to follow suit.	0:40:07	0:40:12
-This was definitely -his greatest political achievement.	0:40:12	0:40:17
-After touring Europe for 25 years...	0:40:20	0:40:22
-..Henry Richard portrayed harmony -between the various nations.	0:40:23	0:40:28
-He wanted people -to look beyond their boundaries...	0:40:28	0:40:32
-..and view their neighbours -as brothers and sisters.	0:40:32	0:40:36
-He praised the ideology -of the Peace Society.	0:40:36	0:40:39
-When he heard the xenophobic -comments of those in London...	0:40:39	0:40:44
-..about the people of France -and Russia...	0:40:44	0:40:47
-..and their hypocrisy about Wales...	0:40:47	0:40:50
-..he was very sharp-tongued.	0:40:50	0:40:52
-"I, myself, -belong to an oppressed nation.	0:40:57	0:41:00
-"The Member for Newcastle, with -a face full of wrath, once said...	0:41:00	0:41:06
-"..that Russia stopped Poland -using Polish in a court of law...	0:41:06	0:41:12
-"..and forced them to use Russian.	0:41:12	0:41:15
-"I asked my honourable friend...	0:41:15	0:41:18
-"..if he was aware that the British -do exactly the same in Wales!"	0:41:18	0:41:24
-Henry Richard -was a kind-hearted Welshman.	0:41:25	0:41:28
-He supported the Welsh culture -and her language.	0:41:28	0:41:33
-However, there was a strange duality -to his personality.	0:41:33	0:41:39
-He was a staunch Welshman...	0:41:39	0:41:41
-..who also admired the English.	0:41:42	0:41:45
-He viewed England -as the home of freedom.	0:41:46	0:41:49
-England was the first state -to abolish slavery.	0:41:50	0:41:54
-England exported freedom -to the world...	0:41:54	0:41:57
-..by establishing free communities -across the world.	0:41:58	0:42:01
-I doubt the natives -of some countries agreed with him!	0:42:02	0:42:06
-In 1878, the British Empire...	0:42:08	0:42:12
-..was locked in a power struggle -with the Russian Empire...	0:42:12	0:42:16
-..over strategical supremacy -in Central Asia.	0:42:16	0:42:21
-For Britain, the spread of -Russian power across Central Asia...	0:42:21	0:42:25
-..threatened Britain's greatest -asset in the area, namely India.	0:42:25	0:42:30
-Once again, this was a case -of British interference.	0:42:31	0:42:34
-They looked upon Afghanistan -as a country that bridged India...	0:42:34	0:42:39
-..which was of great interest to -Britain and part of their empire...	0:42:40	0:42:44
-..with Russia.	0:42:44	0:42:46
-When a mission from Moscow -visited Kabul...	0:42:47	0:42:49
-..Britain insisted that Afghanistan -accepted a British mission too.	0:42:49	0:42:55
-The Brits were refused entry.	0:42:55	0:42:57
-Before the matter -was raised in Parliament...	0:42:58	0:43:01
-..the Prime Minister, -Benjamin Disraeli, raced into war.	0:43:01	0:43:04
-A Prime Minister -can enter into a war on his own...	0:43:08	0:43:13
-..without the support -of his cabinet.	0:43:14	0:43:16
-The Prime Minister makes his -decision on behalf of the empire.	0:43:17	0:43:22
-Henry Richard -emphasised the importance...	0:43:23	0:43:26
-..of discussing any issue -publically in the House of Commons.	0:43:26	0:43:30
-He opposed Disraeli's decision -to go to war in Afghanistan.	0:43:31	0:43:36
-He certainly would have opposed -Tony Blair's decision...	0:43:37	0:43:40
-..to enter Afghanistan and Iraq -in recent years.	0:43:41	0:43:46
-It concludes that Iraq has chemical -and biological weapons...	0:43:49	0:43:52
-..which could be activated -in 45 minutes...	0:43:53	0:43:56
-..and that is actively trying to -acquire nuclear weapons capability.	0:43:56	0:44:00
-Those events remind us of today...	0:44:01	0:44:04
-..in the way Britain and America -has interfered in Afghanistan.	0:44:05	0:44:09
-It stems back to that period.	0:44:09	0:44:11
-You even find the same placenames -of Helmand and Kabul.	0:44:11	0:44:15
-Henry Richard -once said that war breeds war.	0:44:15	0:44:21
-He argued -that we should not interfere...	0:44:21	0:44:25
-..in the wars of other countries.	0:44:25	0:44:28
-We should not attack -other countries.	0:44:28	0:44:30
-History shows that he was right.	0:44:31	0:44:33
-"If we admit -that a defensive war is legal...	0:44:37	0:44:41
-"..then everything -becomes justified."	0:44:41	0:44:44
-I think he would be -totally fed up...	0:44:45	0:44:47
-..with the way in which we've been -at war in so many unnecessary wars.	0:44:48	0:44:53
-He would think it was a betrayal -of the United Nations charter.	0:44:53	0:44:57
-He would have been pleased -about the charter, but not the wars.	0:44:57	0:45:01
-He dedicated his life to achieving -world peace...	0:45:03	0:45:07
-..and fought hard for this cause -throughout his career.	0:45:07	0:45:11
-Looking back at his life...	0:45:11	0:45:14
-..he could not avoid the fact that -73 wars were fought in his lifetime.	0:45:14	0:45:20
-This was during a period -of supposed peace.	0:45:20	0:45:24
-He was an absolutely marvellous man.	0:45:25	0:45:28
-For him to be forgotten in history -is awful.	0:45:28	0:45:31
-In April 2013...	0:45:32	0:45:34
-..some 200 years after the London -Peace Society was established...	0:45:34	0:45:38
-..the United Nations -Arms Trade Treaty was passed.	0:45:39	0:45:42
-It's the first time international -trade in conventional arms...	0:45:42	0:45:46
-..has been regulated.	0:45:46	0:45:48
-Is this classed as a success -because it has finally happened...	0:45:49	0:45:54
-..or is it a failure -because it took so long to pass?	0:45:54	0:46:00
-"In terms of my own contribution -to these things...	0:46:02	0:46:05
-"..if I do not live to see success, -I will not feel dismayed.	0:46:06	0:46:10
-"In some campaigns, -there is more glory in failure...	0:46:10	0:46:13
-"..than to be found in success."	0:46:14	0:46:17
-He was a great pragmatist...	0:46:20	0:46:23
-..who took small steps -towards achieving his goal.	0:46:23	0:46:27
-If there was -any kind of agreement...	0:46:27	0:46:30
-..that ensured the tempering -of military practices...	0:46:30	0:46:34
-..no matter how big or small...	0:46:35	0:46:37
-..he would show his support -and endorse that agreement.	0:46:37	0:46:42
-He stood for -international nationalism.	0:46:44	0:46:47
-He played a pivotal role -at that time and for us today.	0:46:47	0:46:53
-He was uncompromising.	0:46:55	0:46:57
-His message is as relevant today -as it was during his life.	0:46:57	0:47:02
-He was the prince -of the Peace Society...	0:47:04	0:47:07
-..the prince of Welsh radicalism -and Member for Wales.	0:47:07	0:47:11
-All these encapsulate Henry Richard -to the core.	0:47:11	0:47:15
-The Welsh are often unaware -of its own heritage.	0:47:17	0:47:21
-He was a great man in Welsh history -and he should be remembered.	0:47:21	0:47:25
-Henry Richard was ahead of his time -200 years ago.	0:47:27	0:47:31
-If he was with us today, I fear -he would still be a forward thinker.	0:47:31	0:47:36
-However, -he knew the time would come...	0:47:36	0:47:38
-..when we would resolve -our disagreements...	0:47:39	0:47:41
-..not through war -but through debate.	0:47:41	0:47:44
-Until that time comes...	0:47:44	0:47:46
-..the story of his life -will challenge us to persevere.	0:47:46	0:47:51
-S4C Subtitles by Tinopolis	0:48:25	0:48:27
-.	0:48:27	0:48:27

Henry Richard: Yr Apostol Heddwch

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