Philip Jones Griffiths: Fietnam

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-Half a century has passed.	0:00:15	0:00:19
-I still have nightmares.	0:00:20	0:00:23
-That shows the horror of the war.	0:00:25	0:00:27
-All day and night, all you heard...	0:00:31	0:00:33
-..was boom, boom, boom, boom.	0:00:33	0:00:35
-Shooting and helicopters -flying around.	0:00:40	0:00:43
-It was full of life.	0:00:44	0:00:46
-For the most part, you'd viewed -everybody with suspicion.	0:00:51	0:00:56
-Because you never knew -when a little kid waving at you...	0:01:00	0:01:04
-..might also toss a grenade.	0:01:04	0:01:07
-Welsh photographer -Philip Jones Griffiths...	0:01:11	0:01:15
-..took some powerful photos of -one of mankind's most horrific wars.	0:01:15	0:01:20
-He risked his life in Vietnam...	0:01:20	0:01:22
-..to produce one of the most -iconic photography books ever.	0:01:22	0:01:26
-I'm not brave. -I was just trying to stay alive.	0:01:27	0:01:32
-I thought I was there -for a particular purpose...	0:01:32	0:01:35
-..and I wanted to come out -the other side in one piece.	0:01:35	0:01:39
-Philip had an extraordinary eye.	0:01:40	0:01:42
-It was an -intelligent and sophisticated eye.	0:01:43	0:01:45
-He knew that very moment -to push that button on the camera.	0:01:46	0:01:49
-That was the genius -of Philip's photographs.	0:01:52	0:01:55
-He said "Why?" in his photographs. -Something was happening.	0:01:56	0:01:59
-The power and honesty -of his graphic images...	0:02:01	0:02:04
-..during and after -the Vietnam War...	0:02:04	0:02:07
-..would change -public opinion forever.	0:02:07	0:02:10
-He brought the crimes and injustices -of the war to the world's attention.	0:02:11	0:02:16
-Its effects -are still felt there today.	0:02:16	0:02:20
-I think he realized photography -was an extremely effective tool...	0:02:21	0:02:25
-..for illuminating injustice.	0:02:26	0:02:28
-The disgust he felt at the injustice -he saw is visible in his work.	0:02:28	0:02:33
-I remember writing my will -before going.	0:02:39	0:02:41
-Guns were being fired -from the ground.	0:02:42	0:02:44
-We were told not to sit -in the helicopter.	0:02:44	0:02:47
-We were more of a target if we sat.	0:02:47	0:02:49
-They shot everyone, -it didn't matter who they were.	0:02:53	0:02:55
-There were no arguments, -they just shot them.	0:02:55	0:02:59
-One of the great things -about Jones Griffiths' work...	0:03:01	0:03:05
-..as much -or more than anyone else...	0:03:05	0:03:08
-..he presented the material -which would lead...	0:03:08	0:03:11
-..any decent and sane person -to recognize the enormity...	0:03:12	0:03:17
-..of the crimes that the -United States was committing there.	0:03:17	0:03:21
-In 1966, what was happening halfway -around the world in Vietnam...	0:03:24	0:03:28
-..had to be interesting.	0:03:28	0:03:30
-I decided -I was going to be the one...	0:03:31	0:03:33
-..to find out -what was really going on.	0:03:33	0:03:36
-I've admired the work -of Philip Jones Griffiths...	0:03:51	0:03:54
-..since I was a politics student.	0:03:54	0:03:57
-I know very little -about the man himself...	0:03:57	0:04:00
-..and his work in Vietnam.	0:04:00	0:04:02
-I'm here to discover more -about what he saw...	0:04:04	0:04:07
-..and why this place -had such an effect on him.	0:04:07	0:04:11
-Vietnam -War Correspondent	0:04:16	0:04:18
-I first met Philip in Saigon.	0:04:18	0:04:20
-My first impression was a kind of...	0:04:20	0:04:23
-..almost a quiet Falstaffian -kind of character.	0:04:23	0:04:27
-He had this wonderful -dry, mischievous...	0:04:27	0:04:32
-..sense of black irony.	0:04:32	0:04:34
-He saw true irony -and true absurdity...	0:04:34	0:04:37
-..in much of the war in Vietnam.	0:04:37	0:04:39
-The Welshman from Rhuddlan -spent many years in Vietnam...	0:04:43	0:04:47
-..witnessing some -of the worst atrocities of war...	0:04:47	0:04:51
-..inflicted by the Western world.	0:04:51	0:04:53
-His photos shocked the world -and changed history.	0:04:55	0:04:58
-If there was a battle -between David and Goliath...	0:04:59	0:05:02
-..he'd support David.	0:05:03	0:05:04
-That was -like Wales against England...	0:05:05	0:05:08
-..and it was the Vietnamese -against the American imperialism.	0:05:08	0:05:09
-..and it was the Vietnamese -against the American imperialism. - -Philip's ex-partner	0:05:09	0:05:12
-And he observed -how the Vietnamese were.	0:05:13	0:05:16
-That they were courageous -and they had something to fight for.	0:05:16	0:05:20
-They had each other to fight for.	0:05:20	0:05:23
-War has played a significant part -in the history of Vietnam.	0:05:28	0:05:32
-In 1954, -French control of Vietnam ended.	0:05:33	0:05:37
-The country was split in two...	0:05:37	0:05:39
-..the communist north supported -by China and the Soviet Union...	0:05:39	0:05:44
-..and the capitalist south -supported by America.	0:05:44	0:05:49
-The war was fought in the towns -and villages of Vietnam.	0:05:50	0:05:55
-Hundreds and thousands -of American soldiers...	0:05:55	0:05:59
-..fought side-by-side with South -Korean and Australian soldiers.	0:05:59	0:06:03
-Their enemy -was the North Vietnamese army...	0:06:04	0:06:07
-..and their allies in the south, -the Viet Cong...	0:06:07	0:06:10
-..a guerrilla army -living amongst the civilians.	0:06:10	0:06:14
-They fought against the might -of the West...	0:06:14	0:06:17
-..to try and unite Vietnam.	0:06:17	0:06:19
-It was a battleground in the battle -between communism and capitalism.	0:06:19	0:06:25
-The Viet Cong were the threat, -they were everywhere.	0:06:26	0:06:29
-During the day, -they mingled with everyone.	0:06:32	0:06:35
-At night...	0:06:36	0:06:38
-..they returned to the jungle...	0:06:38	0:06:40
-..to the tunnels, -tunnels everywhere.	0:06:40	0:06:42
-I saw them but never went in.	0:06:45	0:06:47
-Australian army	0:06:48	0:06:49
-Boys were killed, -there were booby traps inside.	0:06:50	0:06:53
-The Vietnam War happened at a -crucial time in American history...	0:07:00	0:07:05
-..and world history.	0:07:05	0:07:06
-It happened during a time -after the Second World War.	0:07:07	0:07:10
-America was trying -to put its stamp on the world...	0:07:10	0:07:12
-America was trying -to put its stamp on the world... - -Historian	0:07:12	0:07:14
-..at a time when it wasn't sure what -kind of stamp it wanted to make.	0:07:14	0:07:18
-The methods of warfare in Vietnam -were very different...	0:07:20	0:07:24
-..to what had happened previously.	0:07:24	0:07:27
-America wanted to draw the line -with communism.	0:07:27	0:07:32
-As a result, it becomes more -of a politically-motivated war...	0:07:32	0:07:36
-..than a military -and strategic war.	0:07:36	0:07:39
-Philip's main intention was to show -the injustice and futility of war.	0:07:42	0:07:47
-His graphic images showed Vietnam, -its landscape and people...	0:07:47	0:07:52
-..being systematically destroyed...	0:07:52	0:07:55
-..by the world's greatest -military might.	0:07:55	0:07:58
-The media was developing rapidly...	0:08:00	0:08:02
-..and was ever eager -for photos and stories.	0:08:02	0:08:05
-Photojournalists such as Philip...	0:08:06	0:08:08
-..brought the reality of war -to every living room in America.	0:08:08	0:08:12
-I don't think it was possible -to film Vietnam...	0:08:20	0:08:23
-..without help from the Americans -to get from place to place.	0:08:23	0:08:27
-The freedom given to journalists -was incredible.	0:08:27	0:08:30
-They didn't try to control -where you went...	0:08:32	0:08:33
-They didn't try to control -where you went... - -Vietnam -War Correspondent	0:08:33	0:08:36
-..or what you could say on film.	0:08:37	0:08:39
-There was no censorship.	0:08:39	0:08:41
-You could ask to go to the fiercest -battlefields and they'd take you.	0:08:46	0:08:51
-I'm sure they damaged -their own cause...	0:08:51	0:08:55
-..by allowing us to visit -anyone and anywhere we wanted.	0:08:55	0:08:59
-They started burning some villages.	0:09:04	0:09:07
-I was trying -to get up in a helicopter...	0:09:07	0:09:10
-..and the guy -says to the commanding officer...	0:09:11	0:09:13
-.."A newsman here -wants to go up in a chopper."	0:09:14	0:09:16
-The guy didn't realize I could hear -his reply from the back of his Jeep.	0:09:17	0:09:21
-He said, "We don't want people -to see what we're doing.	0:09:21	0:09:25
-"I hate that we should be proud of -everything we do in this country."	0:09:26	0:09:29
-"Could I persuade you to change your -mind? He's only a photographer."	0:09:29	0:09:33
-"Oh, he's only a photographer? -Yeah, OK, he can go."	0:09:34	0:09:37
-Great. Great, that's it.	0:09:38	0:09:39
-"Only a photographer."	0:09:40	0:09:42
-Philip wasn't a frontline man.	0:09:48	0:09:49
-Philip wasn't a frontline man. - -Vietnam War -Photographer	0:09:49	0:09:50
-He was never the kind of man who'd -lie in a battle all day or all week.	0:09:50	0:09:54
-He would come along and he would -cherry pick his subjects...	0:09:55	0:09:59
-..because he had this mind...	0:09:59	0:10:01
-..and eventually he'd get -an extraordinary picture.	0:10:02	0:10:05
-Philip was born in 1936.	0:10:09	0:10:11
-He was raised in a Welsh-speaking -household near Rhuddlan Castle.	0:10:12	0:10:16
-He was passionate about the -Welsh language and Welsh history.	0:10:16	0:10:21
-He graduated with a degree in -Pharmacy from Liverpool University.	0:10:21	0:10:25
-However, -his first love was photography.	0:10:26	0:10:28
-He worked in London and he -took photos in his spare time.	0:10:30	0:10:32
-He worked in London and he -took photos in his spare time. - -Philip's cousin and photographer	0:10:32	0:10:35
-He worked at night -to free up time during the day.	0:10:36	0:10:39
-Because of the high quality -of his photos...	0:10:41	0:10:44
-..he was regularly employed -by the Observer and the Guardian.	0:10:44	0:10:48
-He was in love with photography -from a technical perspective.	0:10:55	0:10:59
-He loved trying different lenses. -He had a lot of photography friends.	0:10:59	0:11:02
-They'd all get together -and go on about...	0:11:03	0:11:06
-..the latest F6, or whatever it was.	0:11:06	0:11:10
-That would be -the kind of dinner conversation.	0:11:10	0:11:13
-In the early 1960s, national -newspapers and colour supplements...	0:11:14	0:11:19
-..offered Philip -and other photojournalists...	0:11:19	0:11:23
-..exciting opportunities -to work and travel.	0:11:23	0:11:26
-The thing about the type -of photography that we all did...	0:11:29	0:11:33
-..was that it was badly paid.	0:11:33	0:11:35
-Estate agent photographers got more.	0:11:35	0:11:38
-So nobody ever did this for money.	0:11:39	0:11:42
-I was lucky, I had -a very large flat in Bayswater.	0:11:42	0:11:46
-Philip had a little room there.	0:11:46	0:11:48
-He was very posh, -he had a permanent room...	0:11:49	0:11:51
-..which all I remember of it -is that it was full of newspapers.	0:11:52	0:11:55
-He never threw a newspaper away.	0:11:56	0:11:58
-I took the job with the Observer...	0:12:00	0:12:02
-..because it was the only newspaper -at the time...	0:12:03	0:12:06
-..which sent its photographers -to faraway countries.	0:12:06	0:12:10
-After leaving the Observer, I -travelled for three years, non-stop.	0:12:11	0:12:15
-It was a curiosity to see everything -and choose the best photos.	0:12:16	0:12:21
-Gradually, Philip's portfolio grew.	0:12:22	0:12:25
-His powerful images of conflict...	0:12:26	0:12:28
-..between the dominant nations -and smaller cultures...	0:12:28	0:12:32
-..brought Philip -to the world's attention...	0:12:33	0:12:36
-..as a photojournalist -of the highest order.	0:12:36	0:12:39
-In 1966, he joined the -international photo agency Magnum.	0:12:39	0:12:44
-It was founded -on humanitarian principles.	0:12:44	0:12:47
-It was a natural home for Philip...	0:12:48	0:12:50
-..who was so in tune -with world politics.	0:12:50	0:12:53
-Magnum is a co-operative -of photographers that employ staff.	0:12:56	0:13:00
-It was by invitation only.	0:13:00	0:13:03
-It needs a unanimous vote of -the other photographers to come in.	0:13:03	0:13:08
-And so it's -a very elitist, pompous...	0:13:08	0:13:11
-..arrogant group of people...	0:13:11	0:13:13
-..who just happened to be the best.	0:13:14	0:13:16
-Photographers travelled the world...	0:13:18	0:13:20
-..with the freedom -to choose their stories.	0:13:20	0:13:23
-They sold their photos -to whoever wanted them.	0:13:23	0:13:26
-Philip was increasingly attracted -to conflicts in South-East Asia...	0:13:30	0:13:37
-..the latest battlefield -of the Cold War.	0:13:37	0:13:40
-One thing was certain...	0:13:43	0:13:45
-..I was tired of travelling -from one country to another.	0:13:45	0:13:49
-I didn't feel as if I was getting -my teeth into something substantial.	0:13:49	0:13:54
-I had a look around the world and I -read about the conflict in Vietnam.	0:13:55	0:14:02
-I thought to myself, -this might be the place.	0:14:02	0:14:06
-Philip went there with the intention -of doing a book...	0:14:07	0:14:11
-..and he had to hang on until he had -enough pictures to satisfy him.	0:14:11	0:14:15
-He saw all the different aspects -coming together...	0:14:17	0:14:20
-..in one place.	0:14:20	0:14:22
-They would illustrate the craziness.	0:14:22	0:14:25
-And he knew he couldn't -get a story in a newspaper...	0:14:28	0:14:31
-..that would tell the whole picture.	0:14:31	0:14:34
-Opposition to the war was growing -in America and Europe...	0:14:36	0:14:41
-..but most Americans -supported the war.	0:14:41	0:14:44
-Journalists in Saigon -did their best to show the public...	0:14:45	0:14:49
-..that the conflict was escalating.	0:14:49	0:14:52
-The White House and the Pentagon -tried to conceal the true story...	0:14:52	0:14:58
-..from the American public.	0:14:59	0:15:01
-Philip was determined -to find the truth.	0:15:01	0:15:03
-He hated the idea of journalism -not playing its honest, true role...	0:15:04	0:15:09
-..which he was right to do.	0:15:09	0:15:11
-Why would we go to dangerous places -and leave our families destitute...	0:15:11	0:15:15
-..not to bring the truth back?	0:15:16	0:15:18
-Truth is all we really stood for.	0:15:18	0:15:21
-The choice -that any photographer can make...	0:15:25	0:15:28
-..is you cover the huge area -in a very shallow way...	0:15:29	0:15:32
-..or do you try and concentrate -and go deeper?	0:15:32	0:15:34
-Well, I didn't know that...	0:15:35	0:15:37
-..but I certainly knew that in 1966 -what was happening in Vietnam...	0:15:37	0:15:42
-..had to be interesting...	0:15:42	0:15:44
-..so I decided I was going to be the -one to find out what was going on.	0:15:44	0:15:48
-.	0:15:49	0:15:49
-Subtitles	0:15:54	0:15:54
-Subtitles - -Subtitles	0:15:54	0:15:56
-The army did not use military -aircraft to bring soldiers over.	0:15:58	0:16:03
-They hired civilian aircraft.	0:16:03	0:16:05
-So I came to the war with -stewardesses in cute, sexy outfits.	0:16:05	0:16:11
-That was the first thing.	0:16:11	0:16:12
-That was the first thing. - -American soldier	0:16:12	0:16:13
-I was going to war -on a commercial flight...	0:16:13	0:16:16
-..with cute stewardesses.	0:16:17	0:16:19
-I don't mean to be sexist but -that was the impression I had at 23.	0:16:19	0:16:22
-The aeroplane door opened...	0:16:25	0:16:28
-..and I walked down the steps.	0:16:28	0:16:31
-I felt as if I'd arrived home.	0:16:31	0:16:33
-It was just like being -in a small Welsh town.	0:16:33	0:16:38
-Of course, in many ways, -Vietnam and Wales are similar.	0:16:39	0:16:43
-As a child living in Rhuddlan...	0:16:43	0:16:46
-..I learnt about invasion.	0:16:46	0:16:48
-How a dominant culture -tried to alter another culture.	0:16:48	0:16:53
-Philip was adamant -about his Welshness to me.	0:16:54	0:16:59
-When I first met him, -he would know many Welsh hymns...	0:16:59	0:17:03
-..even though he was an atheist.	0:17:03	0:17:05
-He would have LPs of The Glory of -Wales, volumes one, two and three...	0:17:06	0:17:11
-..which he would play really loud.	0:17:12	0:17:14
-Philip's Welshness -was like a beacon.	0:17:14	0:17:17
-It represented...	0:17:17	0:17:19
-..his independence, his personality.	0:17:20	0:17:22
-If some American officer would say -some God fool thing to him...	0:17:22	0:17:28
-..Philip would -mumble a reply in Welsh.	0:17:28	0:17:31
-"Hey, what's that?"	0:17:32	0:17:34
-"It's a language -you probably don't speak."	0:17:35	0:17:38
-"What did you say?" -"Don't worry about that."	0:17:38	0:17:41
-As well as drawing attention -to the plight of civilians...	0:17:42	0:17:46
-..Philip also empathised -with the soldiers.	0:17:46	0:17:49
-During the long war, atrocities -were committed by both sides.	0:17:50	0:17:55
-One notable photo comes to mind.	0:17:55	0:17:59
-A GI with a young Vietnamese child -sitting in his lap.	0:17:59	0:18:03
-Philip sympathised -with these young men...	0:18:03	0:18:06
-..who had to obey the orders of -politicians thousands of miles away.	0:18:06	0:18:10
-I'd never noticed the difference...	0:18:14	0:18:17
-..between the full-time -American soldiers...	0:18:17	0:18:20
-..and those who were completing -their military service.	0:18:20	0:18:24
-Soldiers who were there -for a few months.	0:18:25	0:18:28
-They just wanted to go home to live.	0:18:29	0:18:31
-Philip did feel sorry -for the American troops.	0:18:33	0:18:36
-We all did, -particularly drafted troops.	0:18:36	0:18:40
-But Philip -also had very little regard...	0:18:40	0:18:44
-..for American ignorance.	0:18:44	0:18:46
-He regarded what he called -the arrogance of ignorance...	0:18:46	0:18:51
-..that as he would say, a country -that produces fewer passports...	0:18:51	0:18:57
-..than any other industrialized, -advanced society...	0:18:57	0:19:01
-..would send young men -into Vietnam for a year...	0:19:02	0:19:06
-..without any understanding -of the society that they were in...	0:19:07	0:19:11
-..knowing that they -just had to get through that year...	0:19:12	0:19:15
-..and get home alive.	0:19:16	0:19:17
-It invited atrocities.	0:19:17	0:19:19
-It invited a disregard for people...	0:19:19	0:19:23
-..for the Vietnamese.	0:19:23	0:19:25
-He was often very angry about that.	0:19:26	0:19:29
-America's tactics, carpet bombing -and aerial bombardment, were brutal.	0:19:37	0:19:42
-It was hard to set apart the North -Vietnamese Army and the Viet Cong...	0:19:42	0:19:47
-..from the civilians.	0:19:47	0:19:49
-During horrific -search and destroy campaigns...	0:19:49	0:19:53
-..soldiers would round up villagers -and burn their houses to the ground.	0:19:53	0:19:58
-Philip Jones Griffiths -witnessed this first hand.	0:19:58	0:20:02
-He was taken on one -of the search and destroy patrols.	0:20:02	0:20:05
-He visited a village...	0:20:06	0:20:08
-..and saw the Americans -round up the women and children...	0:20:08	0:20:12
-..before calling for fireballs -from their air armoury.	0:20:12	0:20:18
-When Philip asked about -the civilians...	0:20:19	0:20:22
-..the answer he received was, -"What civilians?"	0:20:22	0:20:25
-That reflects the psyche -that existed...	0:20:33	0:20:36
-..and was prevalent -in many American units.	0:20:36	0:20:40
-They couldn't set apart civilians -from those fighting in the war.	0:20:41	0:20:45
-You didn't know who they were, -they would change overnight, maybe.	0:20:55	0:20:59
-"Hello," and tomorrow -they'd shoot you.	0:20:59	0:21:03
-The truth, we treated them like...	0:21:06	0:21:09
-..what's that word?	0:21:11	0:21:13
-Like pigs, we treated them terribly.	0:21:14	0:21:17
-Racism was an uncomfortable aspect -of the war.	0:21:20	0:21:23
-American soldiers were encouraged to -view the enemy as gooks and slants.	0:21:23	0:21:28
-There was a constant campaign -to portray the Vietnamese...	0:21:32	0:21:37
-..as an inferior race.	0:21:37	0:21:39
-In the context of war, -the results of this were horrific.	0:21:39	0:21:43
-We Americans were human beings...	0:21:50	0:21:53
-..but the reality is also -that we failed to perceive...	0:21:53	0:21:58
-..the other side as human beings.	0:21:58	0:22:01
-OK, I'm young, -I'm innocent, I'm naive.	0:22:04	0:22:07
-I'm 8,000 miles away from home.	0:22:07	0:22:10
-I'm lonely, -I don't want to be there.	0:22:11	0:22:13
-And so what holds -a combat unit together...	0:22:15	0:22:18
-..is not mother and apple pie.	0:22:19	0:22:21
-Nobody cared about ideals -or political agenda...	0:22:22	0:22:26
-..or God and country.	0:22:27	0:22:28
-All we cared about -was trying to stay alive...	0:22:29	0:22:31
-..and trying to keep our mates, -our comrades, alive.	0:22:32	0:22:35
-Shooting the wrong people...	0:22:41	0:22:43
-Children, we didn't know they were -children. They were too far from us.	0:22:47	0:22:51
-You look back now and think, -what did they do?	0:22:56	0:23:00
-What did they do? -What did those children do?	0:23:02	0:23:05
-At the time, you didn't think.	0:23:05	0:23:07
-Now you think.	0:23:07	0:23:09
-That's why we don't talk about it.	0:23:09	0:23:12
-We just let it lie now.	0:23:13	0:23:15
-I had the strange sensation -that we were being followed.	0:23:18	0:23:22
-I whipped around and looked back...	0:23:23	0:23:25
-..and there was -a little ten-year-old boy...	0:23:25	0:23:28
-..with a tray of ice cold Coca Cola -around his shoulder.	0:23:28	0:23:32
-He was there -to sell us Coca Colas...	0:23:32	0:23:35
-..and, of course, we understood -that if he knew we were there...	0:23:35	0:23:40
-..then his uncle and his big brother -knew we were there too.	0:23:40	0:23:44
-So it was a very scary thing.	0:23:45	0:23:46
-We did not shoot him -but we could have...	0:23:47	0:23:50
-..and it would've been -a legitimate target.	0:23:50	0:23:53
-What happens in wars is nothing like -what you see on TV or in films.	0:23:56	0:24:01
-It's horrific.	0:24:01	0:24:03
-The time to start crying -is in the dark room...	0:24:03	0:24:06
-..when you're developing the photos.	0:24:06	0:24:09
-I thank the Lord -that I never had children...	0:24:09	0:24:13
-..before I went to Vietnam.	0:24:13	0:24:15
-Philip never sheltered us -from what he was doing.	0:24:20	0:24:23
-We understood from a very early age.	0:24:23	0:24:26
-Fanny and I were aware -that there was a higher purpose.	0:24:26	0:24:27
-Fanny and I were aware -that there was a higher purpose. - -Philip's -daughters	0:24:27	0:24:29
-There was something more going on.	0:24:30	0:24:32
-Our birthdays and Christmas -weren't that important...	0:24:32	0:24:36
-..when people were suffering.	0:24:36	0:24:38
-He was never shy -about explaining to us...	0:24:38	0:24:41
-..the conflicts and the horror, -and that we were capable...	0:24:41	0:24:46
-..as young children in Wales -of changing it...	0:24:46	0:24:49
-..just by taking a picture -with this magical box.	0:24:49	0:24:52
-There were two or three hotels -in Saigon...	0:24:58	0:25:00
-..the Rex, the Continental -and the Majestic.	0:25:00	0:25:03
-Journalists and photographers such -as John Pilger and Don McCullin...	0:25:04	0:25:08
-..would meet Philip -to share stories, photos...	0:25:08	0:25:12
-..and plan for the following day.	0:25:12	0:25:15
-The camaraderie is so important...	0:25:15	0:25:17
-..when you're reporting -from the frontline.	0:25:18	0:25:21
-You develop a close bond with others -doing the same work as yourself.	0:25:21	0:25:26
-Some are adrenaline junkies, -enjoying the whole experience.	0:25:27	0:25:31
-This wasn't the case for Philip.	0:25:32	0:25:34
-He would take a step back -and take time to reflect.	0:25:35	0:25:39
-He wanted to portray -the effect of war on the civilians.	0:25:39	0:25:43
-He wanted to show more -about the war and human nature.	0:25:44	0:25:49
-Philip was the greatest, -there's no doubt about that.	0:25:55	0:25:59
-He tore up this nonsense -that many journalists describe...	0:25:59	0:26:03
-..about there's no place -for the journalist to make a stand.	0:26:04	0:26:08
-The journalist -must always be dispassionate.	0:26:08	0:26:11
-Well, that's ridiculous anyway.	0:26:11	0:26:13
-Philip often objected to this.	0:26:14	0:26:17
-His photographs were eloquent voices -of protest about this.	0:26:17	0:26:23
-His photographs were about -the invasion of a country...	0:26:25	0:26:31
-..by a faraway country -and the destruction of it.	0:26:31	0:26:34
-American reporting of the war -was initially very patriotic.	0:26:43	0:26:49
-They supported their soldiers -in Vietnam...	0:26:49	0:26:52
-..in their campaign -against the Red Army.	0:26:53	0:26:56
-Philip and his fellow -photographers...	0:26:56	0:26:59
-..discovered that their photos were -censored by Saigon news agencies.	0:26:59	0:27:04
-Philip's images of the horror -and suffering were too graphic...	0:27:04	0:27:08
-..for the American press.	0:27:08	0:27:10
-With little money...	0:27:11	0:27:13
-..he often had to choose between -a bowl of soup or a roll of film.	0:27:13	0:27:18
-However, in 1967, while on -an assignment in Cambodia...	0:27:20	0:27:24
-..he had a sensational scoop.	0:27:24	0:27:26
-Photographs of Jackie Kennedy -on holiday with Lord Harlech.	0:27:26	0:27:30
-He's taken the photos but other -photographers had taken photos too.	0:27:31	0:27:35
-How would he get them to New York?	0:27:35	0:27:37
-Philip sent the photos -through the Magnum offices in Paris.	0:27:37	0:27:42
-His photos were being sent west -to America.	0:27:42	0:27:45
-The other photographers sent them -east, across the Pacific Ocean.	0:27:45	0:27:50
-There were terrible storms over -the Pacific Ocean, no planes flew.	0:27:52	0:27:56
-Philip's photos arrived, -the others didn't.	0:27:56	0:27:59
-Philip's photos were published -and he made a lot of money.	0:27:59	0:28:03
-Financially, -he could afford to stay in Vietnam.	0:28:04	0:28:09
-The following year, in 1968...	0:28:09	0:28:11
-..he witnessed one of -the bloodiest episodes of the war.	0:28:12	0:28:16
-The North Vietnamese army -and the Viet Cong...	0:28:16	0:28:20
-..attacked South Vietnam.	0:28:20	0:28:23
-Philip's photos would inspire -anti-war protests...	0:28:24	0:28:28
-..and change -public perception forever.	0:28:28	0:28:31
-.	0:28:31	0:28:32
-Subtitles	0:28:36	0:28:36
-Subtitles - -Subtitles	0:28:36	0:28:38
-Since his childhood days -in Rhuddlan...	0:28:41	0:28:44
-..Philip Jones Griffiths' first love -was photography.	0:28:44	0:28:48
-From the early '50s, he took -his camera around the world...	0:28:49	0:28:54
-..opening the door -to new opportunities.	0:28:54	0:28:57
-In Vietnam, all the pieces -started falling into place.	0:28:58	0:29:02
-The stories became more poignant, -made him more angry...	0:29:03	0:29:08
-..than he'd ever imagined so he -was more determined to do a book.	0:29:08	0:29:12
-He found photography had a purpose -that made it a worthwhile pursuit...	0:29:14	0:29:18
-..not in an arrogant way - he wanted -not to be wasting his time.	0:29:18	0:29:22
-Most wars are laboratories -where they test new weapons.	0:29:30	0:29:35
-Vietnam was no exception.	0:29:35	0:29:37
-It came at a time in the 1960s -when there was a whole...	0:29:37	0:29:42
-..Frankenstein laboratory of weapons -to be tested.	0:29:43	0:29:47
-The jungle is used as a weapon -during the war.	0:29:54	0:29:58
-It's a simple way to hide -soldiers, units, people and goods.	0:29:59	0:30:03
-The jungle is perceived -as an enemy by the Americans.	0:30:04	0:30:10
-The Americans turn the war -into a technological battle...	0:30:12	0:30:15
-..the most technological war -that had ever been.	0:30:16	0:30:19
-They use a level of weaponry -that hadn't been used before.	0:30:19	0:30:23
-Two primary chemicals were used.	0:30:24	0:30:26
-Napalm, -which would cause serious burns...	0:30:29	0:30:32
-..and Agent Orange, a defoliant...	0:30:32	0:30:35
-..which would destroy -trees and crops...	0:30:35	0:30:38
-..and deprive the enemy -of its hiding place.	0:30:38	0:30:41
-About a quarter of the country -was stripped of its foliage.	0:30:43	0:30:48
-They would clear -vast areas of the country...	0:30:50	0:30:53
-..and if anyone remained -in these areas...	0:30:53	0:30:56
-..they were treated as Viet Cong -since all the civilians had left.	0:30:56	0:31:02
-They would fly over -in their helicopters...	0:31:02	0:31:05
-..and shoot anyone they saw moving.	0:31:05	0:31:08
-A new term was coined - body count.	0:31:10	0:31:14
-This was how officials -would measure their success.	0:31:14	0:31:18
-The policy of rewarding -the platoons...	0:31:18	0:31:21
-..on the basis of how many -Viet Cong they had killed...	0:31:21	0:31:25
-..led to mass killing.	0:31:25	0:31:27
-One of his great photographs...	0:31:30	0:31:32
-..was taken at the American -headquarters at Saigon airport.	0:31:32	0:31:37
-It's got a group -of American officers...	0:31:37	0:31:40
-..sitting around -an old-fashioned IBM computer.	0:31:40	0:31:44
-They're all spruce and crisp -and looking at it.	0:31:44	0:31:49
-It's telling them -they're winning the war.	0:31:50	0:31:53
-There was so much of that.	0:31:53	0:31:55
-In a way, that was one -of the greatest war pictures...	0:31:55	0:31:58
-..because it was nonsense.	0:31:58	0:32:01
-There's the people sitting -in the air-conditioned rooms...	0:32:06	0:32:10
-..thinking seriously and rationally.	0:32:10	0:32:13
-They don't have to -put their hands in the blood... - -Political -commentator	0:32:14	0:32:16
-..and see the children -being torn to shreds.	0:32:16	0:32:19
-They're the ones who are responsible -for what he is describing...	0:32:19	0:32:23
-..in his graphic visual accounts -and descriptions.	0:32:24	0:32:27
-He basically says, -without using those words...	0:32:27	0:32:30
-..that they're the real criminals.	0:32:31	0:32:33
-People will talk about -this period for many centuries.	0:32:36	0:32:41
-It's our duty to record -and capture images...	0:32:43	0:32:48
-..of these atrocities.	0:32:48	0:32:50
-It's like the devil's work.	0:32:50	0:32:52
-The American army in Vietnam -and the Washington administration...	0:33:00	0:33:03
-..tried to persuade the public -that they were winning the war.	0:33:04	0:33:07
-Victory was imminent.	0:33:08	0:33:10
-On the last day of January, 1968...	0:33:10	0:33:13
-..during the Tet Offensive...	0:33:13	0:33:16
-..the North Vietnamese army -and the Viet Cong...	0:33:16	0:33:19
-..attacked every American-occupied -town, city and military base...	0:33:19	0:33:24
-..in South Vietnam, including Saigon -and the ancient city of Hue.	0:33:24	0:33:29
-When I eventually got there, -I joined up with the 5th Marines...	0:33:33	0:33:36
-..and we crossed -the Perfume River...	0:33:37	0:33:40
-..but they were facing -a North Vietnamese division...	0:33:41	0:33:44
-..the best fighters in the world.	0:33:45	0:33:47
-12 days later, and 140 US marines -dead and many injured...	0:33:48	0:33:53
-..they did eventually overwhelm -the North Vietnamese...	0:33:54	0:33:58
-..but they destroyed the place.	0:33:58	0:34:00
-In an attempt to regain the city...	0:34:00	0:34:03
-..the Americans dropped -750lb napalm bombs on Hue.	0:34:04	0:34:08
-I was wounded, -I was scared of the big guns...	0:34:09	0:34:14
-..and the bullets flying around -and I was shot.	0:34:14	0:34:18
-North Vietnamese soldier	0:34:18	0:34:20
-I didn't expect -to get out of there alive.	0:34:21	0:34:25
-The Tet Offensive was a shock -for the American army.	0:34:25	0:34:29
-They succeeded -in regaining territory...	0:34:29	0:34:31
-..but at home, questions were being -asked about the war in Vietnam.	0:34:32	0:34:37
-Tet, and the way Tet was reported -in the press, is very important.	0:34:38	0:34:43
-The attacks happened in Saigon, -where the press was based.	0:34:44	0:34:47
-Suddenly, images appeared far -quicker than those from the jungle.	0:34:48	0:34:54
-Philip was right in the middle -of this.	0:34:54	0:34:57
-Some of Philip's -most iconic images...	0:34:57	0:34:59
-..date from Tet -and the consequences of Tet.	0:34:59	0:35:01
-You have to have empathy -and compassion and sensitivity...	0:35:05	0:35:09
-..to perceive that suffering.	0:35:09	0:35:12
-Mr Jones Griffiths did.	0:35:12	0:35:14
-I remember one picture -of a dead little girl in a truck...	0:35:17	0:35:21
-..just the sweetest little thing...	0:35:21	0:35:24
-..could have had -an entire life ahead of her...	0:35:24	0:35:27
-..but because of somebody's -political agenda...	0:35:27	0:35:31
-..she and three and a half million -Vietnamese died.	0:35:31	0:35:36
-His pictures are an important -contribution to humanity.	0:35:38	0:35:44
-End of story.	0:35:44	0:35:46
-His images shocked people.	0:36:05	0:36:09
-South Korean army	0:36:11	0:36:13
-The photojournalists' images -remind me...	0:36:13	0:36:18
-..that we should never -go to war again.	0:36:18	0:36:25
-Following the Tet Offensive...	0:36:27	0:36:29
-..America increased its military -presence to half a million soldiers.	0:36:29	0:36:34
-It was a war that looked -impossible to win.	0:36:34	0:36:37
-Photographers like Philip brought -the war to the public's attention...	0:36:38	0:36:42
-..and opposition to the war -grew across the world.	0:36:42	0:36:45
-.	0:36:46	0:36:46
-Subtitles	0:36:50	0:36:50
-Subtitles - -Subtitles	0:36:50	0:36:52
-Despite political protests, -in America and across the world...	0:36:57	0:37:01
-..the Vietnam War dragged on.	0:37:02	0:37:04
-Most of the journalists -had moved on...	0:37:04	0:37:07
-..but Philip's obsession continued.	0:37:08	0:37:11
-He now had enough images...	0:37:13	0:37:15
-..to create one of the greatest -photography books ever.	0:37:15	0:37:19
-This book was to be its own entity.	0:37:22	0:37:25
-It was a brilliant conception.	0:37:25	0:37:27
-To have the balls, you know...	0:37:27	0:37:31
-..to carry it through...	0:37:31	0:37:33
-..it was one of the great -photojournalist books.	0:37:33	0:37:37
-Vietnam Inc, published in 1971...	0:37:39	0:37:44
-..was Philip's first book.	0:37:44	0:37:46
-The powerful collection of black -and white images...	0:37:46	0:37:50
-..would have a far-reaching impact.	0:37:50	0:37:52
-The greatest legacy that Philip -left behind is Vietnam Inc.	0:37:53	0:37:58
-I forecast -that in 100 years' time...	0:37:58	0:38:00
-..there will be people -still talking about Vietnam Inc.	0:38:01	0:38:04
-It conveyed graphically and -with tremendous skill and honesty...	0:38:05	0:38:11
-..the nature of what war is -to the victims.	0:38:12	0:38:15
-That's what Jones Griffiths did...	0:38:16	0:38:18
-..in the worst crime -of the post-Second World War era...	0:38:19	0:38:22
-..with a major impact.	0:38:22	0:38:24
-Philip Jones Griffiths -cared for his subjects.	0:38:24	0:38:29
-The subjects in front of that -Leica lens, he cared for them.	0:38:29	0:38:35
-He cared not simply -for the children.	0:38:36	0:38:39
-He cared for the old men, -he cared for the women...	0:38:40	0:38:43
-..who somehow survived -and kept families together.	0:38:44	0:38:49
-He cared for the soldiers who were -fighting on the losing side.	0:38:49	0:38:54
-He had an admiration for the -country, the sense of the country.	0:39:00	0:39:05
-He describes -every time he went back...	0:39:06	0:39:09
-..how, you know, the climate -worked wonderfully on 'me bones'.	0:39:09	0:39:18
-He loved that sultry climate.	0:39:20	0:39:22
-So I would think that Philip -loved everything about Vietnam...	0:39:22	0:39:27
-..except the terrible violence -that was imposed on that country.	0:39:27	0:39:32
-In April 1975...	0:39:34	0:39:36
-..the North Vietnamese Army captured -Saigon bringing the war to an end.	0:39:36	0:39:42
-The American campaign had failed...	0:39:42	0:39:45
-..but for Philip, -the story was far from over.	0:39:45	0:39:48
-You couldn't see it.	0:39:50	0:39:52
-It's liquid, you couldn't see it.	0:39:53	0:39:55
-We sprayed it everywhere... -insecticide.	0:39:55	0:39:58
-Something to kill the weeds.	0:39:59	0:40:02
-Then we saw them going to -the helicopters and spraying it.	0:40:04	0:40:08
-Some of Philip's most shocking -and moving photographs...	0:40:13	0:40:18
-..were taken after the war -when he went back...	0:40:19	0:40:22
-..into the villages -and into hospitals...	0:40:23	0:40:26
-..and found -the children of parents...	0:40:26	0:40:28
-..that had been contaminated -with Agent Orange.	0:40:28	0:40:31
-Twenty million gallons -of Agent Orange was sprayed...	0:40:36	0:40:40
-..by the Americans and their allies.	0:40:40	0:40:43
-It contained a harmful dioxin...	0:40:43	0:40:45
-..which caused cancer -and disabilities in babies.	0:40:45	0:40:49
-Large parts of South Vietnam -were poisoned...	0:40:52	0:40:55
-..and the chemical penetrated -the soil and the food chain...	0:40:55	0:40:59
-..resulting in devastating -long-term consequences.	0:40:59	0:41:03
-I remember the first time -I encountered this in the '60s.	0:41:14	0:41:19
-Many babies were born -with disabilities.	0:41:20	0:41:26
-By 1969, I saw a huge increase.	0:41:26	0:41:32
-At the time, nobody took -any notice, nobody cared.	0:41:32	0:41:36
-They were more interested...	0:41:37	0:41:41
-..in the war than in Agent Orange.	0:41:41	0:41:45
-But Dr Phuong had noticed.	0:41:49	0:41:52
-She established -the Agent Orange Research Unit...	0:41:52	0:41:56
-..which is home -to the affected children.	0:41:56	0:41:59
-This little baby was left on the -hospital's doorstep only yesterday.	0:41:59	0:42:05
-She is the third generation -since the war...	0:42:05	0:42:09
-..to suffer the effects -of Agent Orange.	0:42:10	0:42:13
-After detailed research...	0:42:16	0:42:18
-..Philip published his book -on Agent Orange in 2002...	0:42:18	0:42:22
-..bringing the long-term -effects of the poisonous chemical...	0:42:22	0:42:26
-..to the world's attention.	0:42:26	0:42:28
-That was the clever part -about tackling Agent Orange.	0:42:30	0:42:33
-In a way, it wasn't just about -spraying and killing the leaves.	0:42:34	0:42:38
-It was like spraying the nation -and killing the unborn children.	0:42:38	0:42:42
-I feel it was clever -in that respect.	0:42:43	0:42:45
-He was quick, you see, -mentally and politically quick.	0:42:45	0:42:49
-Agent Orange was certainly -one of his cleverest observations.	0:42:49	0:42:54
-According to the Red Cross -in Vietnam...	0:42:59	0:43:03
-..over three million sufferers -live in the country today...	0:43:03	0:43:10
-..including -half a million children...	0:43:10	0:43:14
-..born to parents -who were themselves affected...	0:43:14	0:43:18
-..or poisoned -through their mothers' milk.	0:43:18	0:43:22
-Most lived in areas -near the military bases.	0:43:23	0:43:30
-Traces of these poisonous -chemicals still exist there.	0:43:30	0:43:38
-Children living in the unit -have asked me...	0:43:41	0:43:43
-..to help them plant trees as part -of a scheme in South Vietnam...	0:43:44	0:43:50
-..to breathe new life into -the countryside after the war.	0:43:50	0:43:54
-In America, former soldiers -affected by the chemical...	0:44:05	0:44:09
-..have received compensation.	0:44:10	0:44:12
-However, the chemical companies -maintain their innocence.	0:44:12	0:44:16
-Vietnam, -like many other countries...	0:44:16	0:44:20
-..still fights for justice.	0:44:20	0:44:22
-Former soldier Kim Sun Chang -from South Korea...	0:44:22	0:44:26
-..continues his fight.	0:44:26	0:44:28
-It was confirmed -that the chemical had poisoned me.	0:44:28	0:44:32
-There is no recovery, -it's with me forever.	0:44:33	0:44:38
-My son was born -with a hearing impairment.	0:44:39	0:44:45
-The poison was in my body -and I passed it on to my son.	0:44:46	0:44:52
-He's deaf.	0:44:52	0:44:54
-That broke my heart.	0:44:55	0:44:59
-The War Museum is one of -the largest tourist attractions...	0:45:01	0:45:05
-..in Ho Chi Minh, formerly Saigon.	0:45:05	0:45:08
-The museum is also home...	0:45:08	0:45:10
-..to a collection of -Philip's Agent Orange photographs.	0:45:11	0:45:14
-The museum attracts over half a -million overseas tourists annually.	0:45:15	0:45:20
-I think he had -a very sharp instinct...	0:45:20	0:45:23
-..for being able to show suffering -in photography and evoke compassion.	0:45:23	0:45:29
-Philip would follow through with -the people he was photographing.	0:45:31	0:45:35
-He wouldn't photograph them once -and forget about them.	0:45:35	0:45:39
-He would revisit them -and try and help.	0:45:39	0:45:42
-Katherine and Fanny were born -at the beginning of the '80s...	0:45:45	0:45:49
-..Philip's daughters -from two relationships...	0:45:49	0:45:52
-..with Heather Holden -and Donna Ferrato.	0:45:53	0:45:55
-By then, Philip lived in New York -and was the president of Magnum.	0:45:55	0:46:00
-His travels continued...	0:46:02	0:46:04
-..as did his obsession -with South-East Asia.	0:46:04	0:46:08
-When Philip was diagnosed -with cancer...	0:46:14	0:46:17
-..it was about 2001.	0:46:17	0:46:19
-He died seven years later -so he had a long time...	0:46:20	0:46:24
-..to make sure his work -was archived properly.	0:46:25	0:46:28
-He discussed -with Katherine and Fanny...	0:46:28	0:46:31
-..about the -Philip Jones Griffiths Foundation.	0:46:31	0:46:34
-As trustees, his daughters -have the responsibility...	0:46:35	0:46:39
-..of maintaining their father's -archive of 150,000 slides...	0:46:39	0:46:44
-..and 30,000 prints.	0:46:44	0:46:46
-Philip wanted his archive used -to show the injustice of war...	0:46:48	0:46:52
-..and he left one condition - -that his archive remained in Wales.	0:46:53	0:46:58
-The closest I got to Philip -was the two hours before he died.	0:47:02	0:47:07
-It was quite moving and tragic.	0:47:07	0:47:09
-I was very moved and upset by it.	0:47:09	0:47:12
-Even thinking about it, I thought -this bloody old rogue he was...	0:47:12	0:47:17
-..we were still friends -and we met when we were very young.	0:47:17	0:47:21
-It meant a lot to me, you know...	0:47:21	0:47:24
-..to have spent -all those years knowing Philip.	0:47:24	0:47:30
-Philip was a citizen of the world. -He saw the world as one.	0:47:33	0:47:37
-A large place and the individual -was a small part of it.	0:47:37	0:47:41
-It just so happened that he was -a Welshman in this huge jigsaw.	0:47:41	0:47:45
-That was the main thing for him.	0:47:45	0:47:48
-He was a Welshman within the world, -not just Europe but the world.	0:47:48	0:47:53
-The legacy depends on us.	0:47:57	0:47:59
-We can say, "OK, we don't care. -Let's do it again."	0:47:59	0:48:02
-Or we can learn the lesson...	0:48:03	0:48:05
-..that he conveyed with his very -courageous and brilliant work...	0:48:05	0:48:10
-..and decide we're not going to -let this happen again.	0:48:10	0:48:14
-He can't create his legacy - -only we can.	0:48:14	0:48:17
-I'm not religious, of course...	0:48:22	0:48:25
-..but the reason we live...	0:48:25	0:48:27
-..is to leave the world -a better place when we've gone.	0:48:27	0:48:31
-S4C Subtitles by Adnod Cyf.	0:49:00	0:49:02
-.	0:49:02	0:49:02

Philip Jones Griffiths: Fietnam

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