Hanes Dirgel y Molly Maguires

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-The anthracite region -of Pennsylvania.	0:00:07	0:00:09
-Once, the driving force -behind the Industrial Revolution...	0:00:09	0:00:13
-..that saw America become -one of the world's richest nations.	0:00:13	0:00:17
-It was home to Welsh immigrants -lured by the promise of a new life.	0:00:17	0:00:22
-They fled the dreadful conditions -in the mines of their homeland.	0:00:23	0:00:28
-But in this brave new world...	0:00:32	0:00:35
-..the oppressed Welsh -soon became the oppressors.	0:00:36	0:00:39
-It was the famine-fleeing Irish -who bore the brunt of their power.	0:00:39	0:00:45
-Welsh mine owners and bosses...	0:00:49	0:00:52
-..contributed greatly -to the terrible conditions...	0:00:53	0:00:56
-..of the Pennsylvanian coalfields.	0:00:56	0:00:58
-The situation led to the largest -mass execution in American history.	0:00:59	0:01:04
-The hangings were the result -of a series of trials...	0:01:04	0:01:08
-..condemned as the most -blatant miscarriage of justice...	0:01:08	0:01:11
-..the nation had ever witnessed.	0:01:12	0:01:14
-Twenty Irish miners -were condemned to the gallows.	0:01:14	0:01:17
-The executed were alleged members -of the Molly Maguires...	0:01:22	0:01:25
-..a secret society -which had supposedly...	0:01:25	0:01:29
-..terrorized the coalfields -for the past fifty years.	0:01:29	0:01:33
-But even to this day...	0:01:34	0:01:36
-..the controversy over the guilt -or innocence of those hanged...	0:01:36	0:01:41
-..is debated in towns -across Pennsylvania.	0:01:41	0:01:44
-There are some who wonder whether -the ghosts of the condemned men...	0:01:45	0:01:49
-..still haunt the minds -of the large Welsh community...	0:01:49	0:01:52
-..in the anthracite region.	0:01:53	0:01:55
-The Irish were out of favour.	0:01:55	0:01:57
-Many Welsh bosses created -tension and bitterness...	0:01:58	0:02:03
-..among the Irish contingent.	0:02:03	0:02:06
-At least two of those -who were murdered...	0:02:06	0:02:10
-..were supervisors -in the coal industry.	0:02:10	0:02:13
-# With your kind attention -a song I will trill	0:02:23	0:02:27
-# All you who must toil -with the pick and the drill	0:02:27	0:02:30
-# And sweat for your bread -in that hole in Oak Hill	0:02:31	0:02:34
-# It goes down, down, down #	0:02:34	0:02:37
-During the mid-19th century...	0:02:47	0:02:50
-..coal mining dominated parts -of north-eastern Pennsylvania...	0:02:50	0:02:56
-..a region already -deforested twice over...	0:02:57	0:03:00
-..to feed America's -insatiable appetite for energy.	0:03:00	0:03:03
-Mine owners were ruthless.	0:03:04	0:03:07
-The labour laws in America -were virtually non-existent.	0:03:07	0:03:13
-With low overheads -and cheap, expendable labour...	0:03:14	0:03:19
-..the profits to be made from mining -'black diamonds' were huge.	0:03:19	0:03:24
-During the heyday -of coal production...	0:03:24	0:03:27
-..thirteen millionaires lived -on this famous street...	0:03:27	0:03:30
-..in the village of Mauch Chunk.	0:03:30	0:03:34
-The streets of the new mining -centres were paved with gold...	0:03:39	0:03:43
-..for investors -from the old money districts...	0:03:44	0:03:47
-..of Philadelphia, -New York and beyond.	0:03:47	0:03:50
-Coal speculation -became an exciting industry.	0:03:50	0:03:54
-It could result in the accumulation -of vast fortunes...	0:03:54	0:03:58
-..or total bankruptcy.	0:03:58	0:04:00
-Coal was king and ruled over -by a realm of industrial barons.	0:04:10	0:04:15
-To them, money was more important -than people.	0:04:15	0:04:18
-They completely disregarded -the safety of mine workers.	0:04:18	0:04:22
-Miners toiled -in almost total darkness.	0:04:22	0:04:25
-Sometimes, rock falls -trapped them underground...	0:04:25	0:04:28
-..or squashed them to death.	0:04:29	0:04:31
-Their bodies -had to be scraped up with shovels.	0:04:31	0:04:35
-Corpses were deposited -outside the doors of their homes.	0:04:36	0:04:39
-They were placed in boxes -if they had been dismembered.	0:04:40	0:04:44
-It has been estimated that during -the period of the coal boom...	0:04:47	0:04:52
-..three miners died every two days.	0:04:52	0:04:55
-Miners were at the mercy -of the mine owners in their homes...	0:04:59	0:05:04
-..as well as in the dark tunnels -underground.	0:05:04	0:05:07
-Many large towns developed -from the patch towns...	0:05:12	0:05:17
-..where miners relied -on their employers for work...	0:05:17	0:05:20
-..their housing and their supplies.	0:05:20	0:05:23
-Some coal companies -had been known...	0:05:32	0:05:35
-..to make more money in a year -at their company store...	0:05:35	0:05:39
-..than they made -with their coal operations.	0:05:39	0:05:41
-Dr Howard Orrind, who teaches -Economy at Penn State, Hazelton...	0:05:42	0:05:46
-..wrote that a coal company -made less than 100 in the year...	0:05:46	0:05:50
-..on their coal operations -but 35,000 on their company store.	0:05:51	0:05:55
-The company store was the business -for half of these people.	0:05:55	0:05:58
-Over the entrance, -you see the date 1855-1931.	0:05:59	0:06:03
-This was driven in 1855, -before the Civil War.	0:06:03	0:06:06
-Closed in 1972.	0:06:07	0:06:08
-It was the oldest operating -deep anthracite mine in the world.	0:06:08	0:06:14
-Bar none.	0:06:14	0:06:16
-As the mines went deeper and deeper -into the ground...	0:06:18	0:06:21
-..the safety risks increased -and more accidents occurred.	0:06:22	0:06:25
-Miners were also tied -to a credit system...	0:06:25	0:06:29
-..that bound them to the company.	0:06:29	0:06:31
-You might get what they call -a 'bobtail check'.	0:06:36	0:06:39
-You mined five tonnes of coal -at a dollar a tonne and you got 5.	0:06:39	0:06:42
-Your expenses would be -rent - a dollar...	0:06:43	0:06:45
-..and for everything that you use - -powder, pick, shovel, gloves...	0:06:45	0:06:49
-..and the expense would equal 5 -so your earnings would be zero.	0:06:50	0:06:53
-You went to the company store -to put yourself in debt again.	0:06:54	0:06:57
-Often, it was the women -who were left to create...	0:07:02	0:07:05
-..some sort of normality -in the miners' uncertain lifestyle.	0:07:05	0:07:10
-For many Welsh families -in this area...	0:07:11	0:07:14
-..the wages women earned -in the mills...	0:07:14	0:07:20
-..were important -for the upkeep of the family.	0:07:20	0:07:23
-Mills were established -near the coalfield...	0:07:24	0:07:27
-..because the owners were sure they -could exploit the cheap labour...	0:07:27	0:07:32
-..in that area - the daughters -of Welsh and Irish families.	0:07:32	0:07:37
-When the women married, -they would leave the mills...	0:07:38	0:07:44
-..to raise their families.	0:07:44	0:07:46
-They have to maintain the patch, -the garden in front of the home.	0:07:49	0:07:53
-And they had to go out on the coal -pile where they throw the waste.	0:07:53	0:07:57
-The culm.	0:07:58	0:08:00
-And there, women will go looking -for big pieces of coal...	0:08:00	0:08:04
-..to bring home -and give it to the pop.	0:08:04	0:08:06
-He put it in the coal store. -to keep them warm over the winter.	0:08:06	0:08:10
-So life for women is putting up with -pretty tough husbands, you know.	0:08:10	0:08:15
-And they either stood by their man -or turned their back on him.	0:08:15	0:08:20
-If the mining industry -was cruel to grown men and women...	0:08:24	0:08:28
-..it was frightful for children.	0:08:28	0:08:30
-Many of the older boys -worked in the mines...	0:08:30	0:08:33
-..guiding the mule trains used -to bring the coal to the surface.	0:08:33	0:08:37
-They spent their days -in the gloom of the tunnels...	0:08:38	0:08:41
-..constantly avoiding -the wheels of the coal carriages...	0:08:41	0:08:45
-..with only the stubborn mules -for company.	0:08:45	0:08:48
-Younger boys were also employed - -boys of seven or eight.	0:08:51	0:08:56
-This was the norm up to the -beginning of the 20th century.	0:08:56	0:09:01
-Young boys would break -and separate the coal.	0:09:01	0:09:04
-There they sit -in this seven-storey building...	0:09:06	0:09:09
-..and as the coal comes down...	0:09:09	0:09:11
-..the bigger pieces -are taken off by the older men.	0:09:12	0:09:14
-It finally comes -to these young bucks.	0:09:15	0:09:17
-They're sucking down the coal dust.	0:09:17	0:09:20
-They're separating the pieces that -won't burn from those that do burn.	0:09:20	0:09:24
-The kids' fingertips is bustin' -open and they call them red tops.	0:09:24	0:09:28
-Many wealthy men -in the Victorian era...	0:09:37	0:09:40
-..were eager to contribute -to the development of society.	0:09:40	0:09:43
-One of those was the owner -of this grand house behind me.	0:09:43	0:09:48
-Asa Packer contributed 500,000 -to establish Lehigh University.	0:09:48	0:09:53
-The irony of the situation -was lost on him.	0:09:53	0:09:56
-He was funding a university...	0:09:56	0:09:59
-..while children as young as six -were dying in his coal mines.	0:09:59	0:10:04
-In the mansions of the bosses...	0:10:12	0:10:15
-..there was little regard -for miners.	0:10:15	0:10:17
-Yet, a constant influx of fresh -labour into this industry...	0:10:18	0:10:22
-..was vital -if the coal bosses were to prosper.	0:10:22	0:10:25
-Without a tradition -of mine workers...	0:10:30	0:10:33
-..immigrants were sought -from the British Isles.	0:10:34	0:10:37
-The most important and numerous -of these came from south Wales.	0:10:38	0:10:41
-Welsh miners rapidly became -the elite of the workforce.	0:10:41	0:10:45
-They formed supervisory bodies -in the mines...	0:10:45	0:10:49
-..and organized cooperatives -which opened new mines.	0:10:49	0:10:53
-My great, great, great-grandfather -was a miner.	0:10:54	0:10:57
-He brought his family over -and they worked their way up...	0:10:57	0:11:01
-..to owning their own colliery which -was called the Dundus Colliery.	0:11:01	0:11:05
-The mine bosses were Welshmen.	0:11:06	0:11:08
-They had the trade and they knew the -skill and they were the best at it.	0:11:08	0:11:12
-In the 1840s, the Irish arrived -in New York and Philadelphia.	0:11:12	0:11:16
-The Reading Coal and Iron Company -sent trains to tell people...	0:11:16	0:11:21
-..that they had this work here.	0:11:21	0:11:24
-90% of these men were not miners -by trade when they came here.	0:11:24	0:11:29
-The Irish were beneath the Welsh -in the social hierarchy.	0:11:32	0:11:36
-Many had fled from the famine -and its hopeless aftermath.	0:11:36	0:11:40
-Most Irish immigrants arrived -from an agricultural economy...	0:11:42	0:11:47
-..with no industrial skills -and less literacy.	0:11:47	0:11:50
-Americans regarded this -as part of the Irish psyche...	0:11:51	0:11:54
-..along with laziness -and hard drinking.	0:11:54	0:11:57
-The stereotype of the drunken -Catholic Irishman was exploited...	0:12:00	0:12:04
-..by some racist organizations.	0:12:05	0:12:07
-They depicted foreigners, -especially Irish and Chinese...	0:12:10	0:12:15
-..as those who consumed -native American culture...	0:12:15	0:12:18
-..and transformed it -into a mutation of its pure origins.	0:12:19	0:12:23
-We can find this prejudice -in Welsh publications of the time.	0:12:29	0:12:33
-Here, in Seren Orllewinol, the -paper of Pennsylvanian Baptists...	0:12:33	0:12:36
-..printed in Pottsville, we can -read about the burning of a chapel.	0:12:37	0:12:41
-"It is not known -who carried out this atrocity...	0:12:41	0:12:44
-"..but suspicion has fallen on -the children of the Emerald Isle...	0:12:45	0:12:50
-"..to further highlight -the spirit of the Papacy...	0:12:50	0:12:53
-"..along with the deceit -of the Irish."	0:12:54	0:12:56
-The Irish and Welsh -found themselves separated...	0:12:56	0:12:59
-..not only by mining experiences -but also by religion.	0:12:59	0:13:03
-They formed gangs.	0:13:03	0:13:05
-Welsh people were members of gangs -in Shenandoah and Mahanoy Hill.	0:13:05	0:13:10
-Gangs such as the Modocs -represented the Welsh.	0:13:10	0:13:14
-Then you had the Sheet Iron Gang -who fought against the Mollys.	0:13:14	0:13:19
-The Irish gangs -fought against each other...	0:13:19	0:13:23
-..as well as other ethnic groups.	0:13:23	0:13:25
-Underground, -such conflicts could lead to death.	0:13:29	0:13:33
-In the highly charged -ethnic atmosphere...	0:13:34	0:13:36
-..the Irish were given -the most dangerous jobs.	0:13:37	0:13:40
-Even when it wasn't -a matter of life and death...	0:13:40	0:13:43
-..the Irish felt that the Welsh...	0:13:43	0:13:45
-..were abusing their positions -of authority to exploit them.	0:13:45	0:13:49
-He goes into the mine and he scoops -up all the coal into a coal cart.	0:13:49	0:13:54
-He puts the big lumps on the top. -He figures he did a good day's work.	0:13:54	0:13:58
-But the coal car is pushed out -and the fire boss levels the car.	0:13:59	0:14:03
-He takes all the big lumps either -for himself or for the company.	0:14:03	0:14:08
-He deducts for rock, for shale, -for moisture and dirt.	0:14:09	0:14:13
-So the miner thinks he mined -ten tonnes of coal...	0:14:13	0:14:16
-..and now he's down to five tonnes.	0:14:17	0:14:19
-After a while, this is going to get -a little aggravating to be polite.	0:14:19	0:14:24
-He's not going to take kindly -to the man that's doing this to him.	0:14:24	0:14:28
-There were occasional -revenge attacks on mine bosses...	0:14:33	0:14:37
-..to settle the scores by individual -miners or a group of workers.	0:14:37	0:14:42
-But some wondered -whether such attacks...	0:14:42	0:14:45
-..were as spontaneous -as they seemed.	0:14:46	0:14:48
-The Irish had a reputation -for reacting to their exploitation.	0:14:49	0:14:54
-Most of these attacks -in the Molly Maguire era...	0:14:54	0:14:58
-..are against Welsh mine bosses.	0:14:58	0:15:01
-But it had to be personal vendetta -that created the problem.	0:15:01	0:15:04
-Everybody is walking around -with pistols.	0:15:05	0:15:08
-It's just like Dodge City -or the old West back here.	0:15:08	0:15:11
-The mining areas -certainly resembled the Wild West.	0:15:14	0:15:18
-Rumours began to grow -that the assaults...	0:15:18	0:15:21
-..were the work -of a secret Irish society...	0:15:21	0:15:24
-..who orchestrated these attacks -to seek revenge on the Welsh.	0:15:24	0:15:29
-888	0:15:33	0:15:33
-888 - -888	0:15:33	0:15:35
-Faced by the challenges -of their new environment...	0:15:43	0:15:47
-..ethnic communities -found their religion a comfort.	0:15:47	0:15:51
-The Irish also formed -religious organizations...	0:15:51	0:15:54
-..which offered help to immigrants.	0:15:54	0:15:57
-Many of them survive to this day.	0:15:57	0:16:00
-One of oldest of these -is The Ancient Order of Hibernians.	0:16:00	0:16:04
-To some, such institutions were a -cover for more sinister activities.	0:16:08	0:16:14
-As I discovered with Leo Ward from -the Schuylkill Historical Society.	0:16:14	0:16:19
-The first man to write -about the Molly Maguires...	0:16:19	0:16:23
-..was a journalist of Welsh descent -and owner of The Miner's Journal...	0:16:23	0:16:28
-..Benjamin Bannan.	0:16:28	0:16:30
-Referring to the new wave -of immigrants from Ireland...	0:16:30	0:16:34
-..he warned his readers about -"The Order of the Molly Maguires...	0:16:34	0:16:39
-"..a Roman Catholic society within -the Ancient Order of Hibernians."	0:16:39	0:16:44
-This was the first reference to -Molly Maguires in America in 1857.	0:16:44	0:16:50
-Over the next 20 years, they loomed -ever larger in the nightmares...	0:16:50	0:16:55
-..of those who feared the power -of an exploited workforce.	0:16:55	0:16:59
-Back in the homeland, Irish -peasants formed secret societies...	0:17:02	0:17:07
-..whose members attacked -landlords and their agents.	0:17:08	0:17:12
-Their method of protest included -intimidation, attacks on animals...	0:17:12	0:17:16
-..arson and isolated incidences -of violence and murder.	0:17:16	0:17:20
-Like the Daughters of Rebecca -in Wales...	0:17:20	0:17:22
-..one of these groups disguised -themselves in women's dress.	0:17:22	0:17:27
-The Molly Maguires -took their name from a widow...	0:17:27	0:17:30
-..who had stoutly resisted -the intimidation...	0:17:30	0:17:33
-..of an oppressive landlord intent -on evicting her from her property.	0:17:33	0:17:37
-What Bannan -and the mainstream media feared...	0:17:37	0:17:40
-..was that this Irish capacity -for revenge...	0:17:40	0:17:43
-..had travelled with them -across the Atlantic.	0:17:43	0:17:46
-Under the cover of the Ancient Order -of Hibernians...	0:17:46	0:17:50
-..the Mollys established themselves -in the Pennsylvanian coalfields.	0:17:50	0:17:55
-The advent of the Civil War -gave rise to conditions...	0:18:05	0:18:09
-..in which such secret organizations -could prosper and grow.	0:18:09	0:18:14
-The Irish were conscripted into -the armies in the north and south.	0:18:14	0:18:19
-They were expected to die -on the battlefield...	0:18:19	0:18:22
-..even though some -were denied the right to vote.	0:18:22	0:18:26
-The Irish opposition -to conscription was led by those...	0:18:26	0:18:30
-..who eventually formed -the Irish middle class.	0:18:30	0:18:33
-These became merchants -or saloon owners.	0:18:34	0:18:36
-John 'Black Jack' Kehoe was -a former miner and saloon owner...	0:18:37	0:18:41
-..and High Constable of Girardville.	0:18:41	0:18:43
-He was a local politician -who fought for labour rights.	0:18:43	0:18:47
-His great-grandson Joe Wayne -still runs his bar - Hibernia House.	0:18:47	0:18:51
-The majority on both sides -of the war were of Irish descent.	0:18:54	0:18:58
-The Irish people, when they -realized what was happening...	0:18:58	0:19:02
-..they fought, they rebelled...	0:19:02	0:19:04
-..and had what was known -as the conscription riots.	0:19:04	0:19:07
-Many couldn't read or write.	0:19:07	0:19:09
-They were given papers to sign...	0:19:10	0:19:12
-..but they didn't know -they were enlistment papers.	0:19:12	0:19:15
-The wealthy people paid 300 for -someone else to go in their stead.	0:19:16	0:19:19
-The Irish were indignant -that rich Americans...	0:19:21	0:19:25
-..could buy their way -out of enlistment.	0:19:25	0:19:28
-But Irish anti-draft protests...	0:19:28	0:19:31
-..involved the assault -and murder of black people.	0:19:31	0:19:35
-It demonstrated the kind of savagery -expected of the Irish.	0:19:35	0:19:41
-Reports of the mass carnage -in Civil War battles...	0:19:43	0:19:48
-..toughened resistance -towards enlistment.	0:19:48	0:19:51
-Anti-draft rioting -in the coalfields...	0:19:59	0:20:03
-..led to the murder -of mine owner George Smith.	0:20:03	0:20:06
-He was accused of providing -the names of mine workers...	0:20:07	0:20:10
-..for conscription -into the Union Army.	0:20:10	0:20:13
-Benjamin Bannan, -in The Miner's Journal...	0:20:13	0:20:16
-..accused the Molly Maguires -of Smith's murder.	0:20:16	0:20:19
-The New York Times published -an article claiming that Smith...	0:20:19	0:20:24
-..had incurred the wrath -of Irish miners by his opposition...	0:20:24	0:20:28
-..to "a secret organization, -that has as its object...	0:20:29	0:20:32
-"..the exclusion of workers -of other countries".	0:20:33	0:20:36
-The Maguires were now perceived as -a national threat to law and order.	0:20:37	0:20:41
-The end of the Civil War -led to a lowering of coal prices...	0:20:44	0:20:48
-..and an increase in unemployment.	0:20:48	0:20:51
-This caused a decrease in wages...	0:20:51	0:20:53
-..and even less concern -for miners' safety.	0:20:53	0:20:56
-110 miners died in a mine fire -at Avondale in 1869.	0:20:58	0:21:05
-Most of the dead were Welsh.	0:21:05	0:21:07
-Attempts were made to blame -the Mollys for the fire.	0:21:08	0:21:12
-Pennsylvania's governor -refused to accept that.	0:21:12	0:21:15
-He roundly condemned the Avondale -mine owners for their negligence.	0:21:15	0:21:20
-The Avondale fire...	0:21:22	0:21:25
-..was one of the factors which -helped turn miners' attention...	0:21:25	0:21:29
-..towards the formation of a union.	0:21:30	0:21:32
-Despite the fact -that unions were illegal...	0:21:32	0:21:35
-..the Workingmen's Benevolent -Association was founded.	0:21:35	0:21:39
-But if unions were being formed, -so too was capitalism.	0:21:42	0:21:46
-A powerful personality -began to assert his influence.	0:21:46	0:21:50
-Franklin Gowen heavily -influenced the coal industry.	0:21:50	0:21:54
-Mr Gowen was a lawyer, -a very flamboyant individual.	0:21:54	0:21:58
-He enjoyed being in the limelight.	0:21:59	0:22:01
-He was an excellent -courtroom attorney.	0:22:02	0:22:06
-Very fluent, -very dramatic, very eloquent.	0:22:07	0:22:12
-But Gowen was a new breed -of corporate executive.	0:22:14	0:22:17
-He offered his backers and investors -complete control of coal...	0:22:18	0:22:22
-..from the mining of raw material -to delivery to the consumer.	0:22:22	0:22:26
-He brought railroad owners -together...	0:22:26	0:22:29
-..to raise the price -of transporting coal...	0:22:29	0:22:32
-..and control how much -would reach the markets.	0:22:32	0:22:35
-Small collieries decreased output -and became less economically viable.	0:22:35	0:22:40
-They eventually sold out -to the corporations.	0:22:40	0:22:43
-Once this was achieved, only one -obstacle stood in the way...	0:22:51	0:22:54
-..of their complete control -of the coal industry.	0:22:54	0:22:57
-The workforce and the corporations -were heading for a showdown.	0:23:00	0:23:05
-The Workingmen's Benevolent -Association prepared...	0:23:06	0:23:09
-..for the battle which would become -known as the Long Strike of 1875.	0:23:10	0:23:14
-Threats, beatings, -shootings and theft...	0:23:18	0:23:22
-..were commonplace -during the dispute.	0:23:22	0:23:26
-The strike lasted six months -but the employers refused to yield.	0:23:26	0:23:30
-When the pit gates were re-opened, -the miners returned to work.	0:23:30	0:23:35
-Wages were 50% lower than they were -five years previously.	0:23:35	0:23:39
-The owners had shown their strength.	0:23:39	0:23:43
-The Welsh played a prominent role...	0:23:43	0:23:47
-..in creating unions -within the coal industry...	0:23:47	0:23:52
-..in the 1860s and 1870s.	0:23:53	0:23:54
-They were leaders within the -Workingmen's Benevolent Association.	0:23:55	0:23:59
-There was a strike in 1875.	0:23:59	0:24:03
-During the strike, the union -failed to gain the support...	0:24:03	0:24:07
-..of the Welsh and the Irish -as a collective.	0:24:07	0:24:11
-When the strike -begins to break down...	0:24:11	0:24:14
-..and the Mollys become more active -with their attacks and shootings...	0:24:15	0:24:21
-..the union and society -starts to fall apart.	0:24:21	0:24:26
-With the failure of the union...	0:24:30	0:24:32
-..violence seemed to be -the only weapon left to workers.	0:24:32	0:24:36
-Death notices were distributed -to the enemies of Irish labour.	0:24:36	0:24:40
-The ethnic tensions which were held -in check during the Long Strike...	0:24:40	0:24:45
-..not only resurfaced -but seemed to intensify.	0:24:45	0:24:48
-The Irish found themselves -marginalized...	0:24:49	0:24:51
-..by the authorities, -who seemed to punish them...	0:24:51	0:24:54
-..while turning a blind eye -to the crimes of the Welsh.	0:24:55	0:24:59
-The most colourful character -was William 'Bully Bill' Thomas.	0:25:02	0:25:07
-He had a reputation -as a heavy drinker and a brawler.	0:25:07	0:25:10
-He often fought -against the Irish.	0:25:10	0:25:13
-The Irish tried to shoot him -on numerous occasions...	0:25:13	0:25:18
-..but he managed to survive -every attempt on his life.	0:25:19	0:25:23
-In the end, -he sided with the authorities...	0:25:23	0:25:26
-..and gave evidence -against the Mollys.	0:25:26	0:25:30
-That was an important aspect -in the battle against the Irish.	0:25:30	0:25:36
-Even though he was a character who'd -been involved in the fighting...	0:25:36	0:25:41
-..he never ended up -in front of a judge himself.	0:25:41	0:25:44
-It was one law for the Welsh -and another law for the Irish.	0:25:44	0:25:47
-In Mahanoy, the city was divided -along ethnic lines.	0:25:50	0:25:54
-Welsh firefighters -and Irish firefighters...	0:25:54	0:25:57
-..would fight for the right -to extinguish a fire.	0:25:58	0:26:01
-Welshman George Major was killed -as a result of these disputes.	0:26:01	0:26:05
-This incident led -to a sustained period of revenge.	0:26:06	0:26:09
-During this period, Welsh mine -supervisor John P Jones was killed.	0:26:10	0:26:15
-The Irish claimed, -and not without reason...	0:26:15	0:26:18
-..that Jones favoured Welsh workers -over Irish workers.	0:26:18	0:26:23
-By now, journalists like Bannan -and mine bosses like Gowen...	0:26:25	0:26:30
-..were attributing any gang fights, -mine collapses or fires...	0:26:30	0:26:34
-..to the Mollys.	0:26:35	0:26:36
-The term 'Molly Maguirism' was -applied to any violent activity...	0:26:36	0:26:41
-..often with no rationale -or evidence.	0:26:41	0:26:46
-But there was an increase -in violence.	0:26:46	0:26:49
-The violence -continued to escalate...	0:26:49	0:26:51
-..fuelled by ethnic tensions and -unfair practices in the workplace.	0:26:52	0:26:56
-The situation came to a head on -'The Night of Terror' in Shenandoah.	0:26:56	0:27:02
-On October 9, 1875, -an Irishman named John Heffernan...	0:27:02	0:27:06
-..tried to shoot Welsh bartender -Daniel Williams.	0:27:07	0:27:11
-In revenge, Irishman Richard Finnen -was shot by an unknown assassin.	0:27:11	0:27:16
-James Johns, a Welshman, was shot.	0:27:16	0:27:20
-To ensure his demise, -the Irish cut his throat.	0:27:20	0:27:26
-As gun battles broke out -all over town...	0:27:26	0:27:29
-..fifteen shots were fired -into Muff Lawler's Irish Tavern.	0:27:29	0:27:34
-The media -and the Welsh communities...	0:27:38	0:27:40
-..were growing increasingly -concerned about the reign of fear...	0:27:40	0:27:44
-..the Molly Maguires imposed -on the coalfields.	0:27:45	0:27:48
-Gowen could now play -the good citizen...	0:27:48	0:27:50
-..as well as neutralize -what he perceived...	0:27:50	0:27:53
-..as the last remaining threat -to his control of the coalfields.	0:27:53	0:27:57
-His next step was to alienate -the labour agitators...	0:27:57	0:28:01
-..from their communities.	0:28:01	0:28:03
-He turned to an old friend - -Archbishop Wood of Philadelphia.	0:28:03	0:28:08
-888	0:28:17	0:28:17
-888 - -888	0:28:17	0:28:19
-With the Catholic Church desperately -seeking acceptance in America...	0:28:21	0:28:27
-..the idea of harbouring -secret societies was unacceptable...	0:28:27	0:28:32
-..especially since respected -members such as Archbishop Wood...	0:28:32	0:28:37
-..were totally unsympathetic -to militant labour.	0:28:37	0:28:40
-In 1864, -Archbishop Wood of Philadelphia...	0:28:41	0:28:43
-..issued a pastoral letter -condemning the Molly Maguires.	0:28:44	0:28:47
-In 1875, the Molly Maguires -were formally excommunicated...	0:28:48	0:28:52
-..from the Catholic Church.	0:28:53	0:28:55
-The first Molly Maguire trials -took place a month later...	0:28:55	0:28:59
-..and the prosecution benefited -from the Church's condemnation.	0:28:59	0:29:04
-Gowen went to Mount St Mary's, -in Emmitsburg, Maryland...	0:29:05	0:29:09
-..a Catholic school, -that you would think...	0:29:09	0:29:12
-..would be socially unacceptable -to a Protestant of that time.	0:29:12	0:29:17
-Archbishop Wood also went to Mount -St Mary's and they became friends.	0:29:17	0:29:22
-Not only did Gowen and Wood...	0:29:25	0:29:27
-..manage to distance the accused -from their fraternal community...	0:29:28	0:29:32
-..they separated them from -the Ancient Order of Hibernians.	0:29:32	0:29:36
-Under pressure from the bishops -and the coal owners...	0:29:37	0:29:40
-..the Ancient Order suspended -its operations in the coalfields.	0:29:41	0:29:45
-This was tantamount -to an admission...	0:29:45	0:29:47
-..of their association -with the Molly Maguires.	0:29:47	0:29:50
-With the support of coal owners -and the Welsh mining community...	0:29:53	0:29:58
-..Gowen began the final phase of his -campaign against the Molly Maguires.	0:29:58	0:30:02
-Irish mine workers were arrested -and jailed. Trials were organized.	0:30:03	0:30:07
-Members of a society with a -reputation of killing its enemies...	0:30:08	0:30:12
-..the way other men "might grind -a worm beneath their heel"...	0:30:12	0:30:16
-..had to be brought to justice, -according to the newspapers.	0:30:16	0:30:19
-In this climate of fear, the idea -of proper justice was forgotten.	0:30:20	0:30:26
-None of them were ever apprehended -in an act of violence.	0:30:41	0:30:46
-The prosecutor was the president of -the Reading Coal and Iron Company.	0:30:46	0:30:52
-If you put it in a historical -context, it would be like...	0:30:52	0:30:55
-..the President of General Motors -prosecuting the United Auto Workers.	0:30:55	0:31:00
-They were kangaroo courts.	0:31:00	0:31:02
-Many jurors didn't speak English - -they were Pennsylvanian Dutch.	0:31:03	0:31:06
-When somebody would go to testify...	0:31:07	0:31:09
-..and say that this defendant was -not there on such and such a day...	0:31:09	0:31:13
-..they literally took -those defence witnesses...	0:31:13	0:31:17
-..and took them -to the next court room...	0:31:17	0:31:20
-..and convicted them of perjury.	0:31:20	0:31:22
-None of those accused were called -as witnesses in their own defence.	0:31:23	0:31:28
-The prosecution were lawyers -of the rail and mining companies.	0:31:28	0:31:31
-Police witnesses -were salaried employees.	0:31:32	0:31:34
-Other witnesses -included Pinkerton detectives...	0:31:34	0:31:39
-..also paid by the mine bosses.	0:31:39	0:31:40
-The star witness among these -was James McParlan...	0:31:41	0:31:44
-..an undercover agent -in the coalfields...	0:31:44	0:31:48
-..for the two years -before the trials.	0:31:48	0:31:51
-The Pinkerton detective agency -were men that were hired...	0:31:51	0:31:55
-..some of them coming -right out of prison.	0:31:55	0:31:58
-They would crack your skull -for a dollar.	0:31:58	0:32:01
-Since the introduction -of the Pinkerton detectives...	0:32:01	0:32:05
-..crime increased 700% -in Schuylkill and Carbon Counties.	0:32:05	0:32:09
-Did you or did you not? -I want an answer.	0:32:11	0:32:15
-Of course I did not.	0:32:15	0:32:16
-Defence lawyers singled McParlan -out for hostile cross-examination.	0:32:17	0:32:21
-He was accused of being -a provocateur if not a murderer.	0:32:22	0:32:26
-He was accused -of escalating the violence.	0:32:26	0:32:29
-Despite this, judges endorsed him -as a credible witness.	0:32:30	0:32:33
-The statements of informers -and Pinkerton detectives...	0:32:39	0:32:42
-..formed the basis of -the prosecution against the Mollys.	0:32:42	0:32:46
-Ten crucial witnesses -had connections with the Mollys.	0:32:46	0:32:49
-They turned States evidence -in return for a pardon.	0:32:49	0:32:54
-Some informers were even paid -handsomely for their testimony.	0:32:54	0:32:59
-Trials degenerated into farces -where juries...	0:33:01	0:33:06
-..took as little as 20 minutes -to bring in their guilty verdicts.	0:33:06	0:33:11
-The result of the collective trials -of the Molly Maguires...	0:33:11	0:33:16
-..culminated in ten Irishmen being -sentenced to be hanged in 1877.	0:33:16	0:33:21
-In Mauch Chunk and Pottsville...	0:33:27	0:33:29
-..the condemned men awaited their -fate in damp, dark prison cells.	0:33:29	0:33:34
-In the days before -their executions...	0:33:39	0:33:41
-..the condemned endured -the noise of the scaffold...	0:33:41	0:33:45
-..being erected -outside their cell doors.	0:33:45	0:33:48
-The families of the men -had to pass the scaffold...	0:33:48	0:33:52
-..on their way -to visit their loved ones.	0:33:52	0:33:55
-One prisoner's wife collapsed -in a fit of convulsions...	0:33:56	0:34:00
-..when she saw the 'death machine' -which lay in wait for her husband.	0:34:00	0:34:05
-As he left his cell for the last -time, Alexander Campbell...	0:34:13	0:34:16
-..convicted of the murders -of John P Jones and Morgan Powell...	0:34:17	0:34:21
-..declared "I'm innocent.	0:34:21	0:34:23
-"I was nowhere near -the scene of the crime."	0:34:24	0:34:27
-One of the men, probably Alexander -Campbell, said, "I am innocent.	0:34:28	0:34:32
-"My handprint is going to stay here -to show I'm innocent."	0:34:32	0:34:35
-The handprint has been there -since that time.	0:34:36	0:34:38
-The handprint -has been washed off and come back.	0:34:38	0:34:41
-It has been painted over -and come back.	0:34:41	0:34:44
-The wall has been dug out -and re-plastered.	0:34:44	0:34:47
-But the handprint remains.	0:34:47	0:34:48
-The last warden to live here said, -"You don't believe it...	0:34:49	0:34:52
-"..and I don't believe it but there -it is - the handprint on the wall."	0:34:52	0:34:56
-Whatever one thinks -of the supernatural resonance...	0:35:07	0:35:11
-..of past events, -psychic researchers...	0:35:11	0:35:14
-..from all over America -visit Carbon County Jail.	0:35:14	0:35:18
-Even for the sceptic, -it's not difficult to imagine...	0:35:18	0:35:21
-..the gruesome events which took -place here on that infamous day.	0:35:22	0:35:27
-At the end of the day, -the condemned men...	0:35:36	0:35:39
-..were mostly betrayed -by their own communities...	0:35:39	0:35:44
-..and the Catholic Church.	0:35:44	0:35:46
-They turned on them -and they excommunicated them.	0:35:54	0:35:58
-So imagine that day - June 21, 1877, -every Molly Maguire...	0:35:58	0:36:03
-..before they hung him by the rope -is standing there.	0:36:03	0:36:06
-And they say, -"Do you have any last words?"	0:36:06	0:36:10
-They say, "I'd like to beg pardon -from the Roman Catholic Church...	0:36:10	0:36:14
-.."for all the sins -that I have committed."	0:36:14	0:36:17
-And they had a crucifix -in their hands.	0:36:17	0:36:20
-Leaving aside the innocence -or guilt of the convicted...	0:36:23	0:36:27
-..their trials had been -a travesty of legal procedures...	0:36:28	0:36:32
-..orchestrated by Franklin Gowen -and the coal owners.	0:36:32	0:36:35
-As one commentator said...	0:36:35	0:36:37
-"..The State of Pennsylvania -merely provided...	0:36:37	0:36:39
-"..the courtroom and the gallows."	0:36:39	0:36:42
-There were very few -dissenting voices as Jack Donahue...	0:36:42	0:36:46
-..Alexander Campbell, -Edward Kelly and Michael Doyle...	0:36:46	0:36:50
-..awaited the release of the -lever that would end their lives.	0:36:50	0:36:56
-Then, one by one... cling.	0:36:56	0:36:58
-They hung 'em.	0:37:00	0:37:02
-On Black Thursday, six more men -were hung in Pottsville...	0:37:02	0:37:05
-..following a procession -to the scaffold.	0:37:06	0:37:08
-Another ten convicted members -of the Molly Maguires...	0:37:08	0:37:13
-..faced a similar fate -over the next two years.	0:37:14	0:37:18
-Perhaps the most -heartbreaking story to emerge...	0:37:18	0:37:22
-..was the trial -and execution of John Kehoe...	0:37:22	0:37:25
-..the man accused of being -the head of the Molly Maguires.	0:37:25	0:37:29
-888	0:37:36	0:37:36
-888 - -888	0:37:36	0:37:38
-After nineteen death sentences -in the Molly Maguire trials...	0:37:41	0:37:45
-..John Kehoe was tried -in Pottsville courthouse...	0:37:45	0:37:49
-..for the murder of Frank Langdon...	0:37:49	0:37:52
-..who had died fourteen years -prior to the trial.	0:37:52	0:37:55
-This is the most -important trial of all.	0:37:56	0:37:58
-In Gowen's mind, -victory over the labour agitators...	0:37:58	0:38:02
-..would not be complete -until Kehoe had been executed.	0:38:02	0:38:05
-Mine supervisor Frank Langdon -had fallen foul...	0:38:06	0:38:10
-..of anti-conscription protestors -during the Civil War.	0:38:10	0:38:14
-He was badly beaten -but regained consciousness...	0:38:15	0:38:18
-..and talked about -his assault before his death.	0:38:18	0:38:21
-He never mentioned Kehoe -as a potential assailant.	0:38:22	0:38:26
-The mineowners and the coal barons -had to get John Kehoe.	0:38:27	0:38:32
-He was a very significant -political figure.	0:38:32	0:38:35
-He was the elected democratic -constable of Girardville.	0:38:35	0:38:39
-He was a leader in the Workingmen's -Benevolent Association...	0:38:39	0:38:43
-..which was broken in 1875...	0:38:44	0:38:46
-..when miners returned to work -at half wages.	0:38:46	0:38:49
-He was the county-wide leader -of the Ancient Order of Hibernians.	0:38:49	0:38:53
-The coal operators admitted that -they spent 4m to break the union.	0:38:53	0:38:58
-That's a lot of money at any time.	0:38:58	0:39:00
-If you can extrapolate from that, -it's billions of dollars.	0:39:01	0:39:05
-By the time of Kehoe's trial...	0:39:07	0:39:09
-..Franklin Gowen had already -secured two convictions against him.	0:39:09	0:39:16
-Kehoe was accused of being -a member of an organization...	0:39:16	0:39:19
-..for which "murder was but child's -play and arson but a pleasure."	0:39:20	0:39:25
-The evidence against Kehoe -was entirely circumstantial...	0:39:29	0:39:33
-..and relied solely on verbal -threats Kehoe supposedly made...	0:39:33	0:39:38
-..against mine supervisor -Frank Langdon.	0:39:38	0:39:41
-No witnesses placed him -at the scene of Langdon's beating.	0:39:41	0:39:46
-There was no evidence to suggest...	0:39:46	0:39:49
-..that he had conspired -to have him beaten.	0:39:49	0:39:52
-Nobody puts Kehoe -actually assaulting Langdon.	0:39:52	0:39:57
-It's all made to be -a matter of conspiracy.	0:39:57	0:40:00
-He talked to these -other fellows about doing it.	0:40:01	0:40:04
-He was not charged for conspiracy, -he was charged for murder.	0:40:04	0:40:09
-In a final testament -to the extraordinary hysteria...	0:40:09	0:40:13
-..that surrounded the trials, -John Kehoe was also sentenced...	0:40:13	0:40:17
-..to hang in Pottsville County Jail.	0:40:17	0:40:19
-Locked in Pottsville County Jail...	0:40:20	0:40:24
-..Kehoe struggled -to avoid becoming...	0:40:25	0:40:27
-..the next victim -of the Molly witch-hunt.	0:40:28	0:40:30
-New evidence in the form -of an alibi witness was discovered.	0:40:31	0:40:36
-Two men also accused -of Langdon's murder...	0:40:37	0:40:40
-..signed an affidavit -stating that they acted alone.	0:40:40	0:40:44
-Yellow Jack Donahue stated that...	0:40:44	0:40:46
-"..Jack Kehoe wasn't there -and knew nothing about it".	0:40:46	0:40:50
-Donahue's testimony was ignored -and the coal establishment...	0:40:50	0:40:54
-..rapidly closed off -all Kehoe's avenues of reprieve.	0:40:54	0:40:58
-The Board of Pardons -convened in April 1878...	0:40:59	0:41:04
-..and voted 4-0 to commute Kehoe -to life imprisonment.	0:41:04	0:41:11
-They decided not to announce -the decision at that time.	0:41:11	0:41:15
-The coal operators went to work.	0:41:15	0:41:18
-They had one of the members -of the Board of Pardons removed...	0:41:18	0:41:21
-..and another one changed his vote.	0:41:22	0:41:24
-When they voted again, -they voted 2-2.	0:41:24	0:41:27
-If they vote 2-2, -they affirm the court below.	0:41:27	0:41:30
-This was fixed at multiple levels, -at multiple stages.	0:41:30	0:41:33
-The most invidious, -insidious miscarriage of justice...	0:41:34	0:41:37
-..perhaps in the history -of this country.	0:41:38	0:41:40
-Having exhausted -all forms of appeal...	0:41:41	0:41:44
-..Kehoe was sentenced to meet -his end on December 18, 1878.	0:41:44	0:41:49
-Approaching the time of his -execution, his nerves were jangled.	0:41:50	0:41:55
-He slapped the daughter -that had been so dear to him...	0:41:55	0:41:59
-..and made her cry.	0:41:59	0:42:00
-She said, "He picked me up -and started crying...	0:42:01	0:42:03
-.."and said 'It's something -my darling will never forget'."	0:42:04	0:42:08
-When she told this story, -she would break down and cry.	0:42:08	0:42:12
-How could she ever forget. -The next day, he was executed.	0:42:12	0:42:16
-Kehoe was blindfolded and hung...	0:42:21	0:42:25
-..still bitterly declaring -his innocence.	0:42:25	0:42:28
-The great Pennsylvanian -anthracite mines are closed now...	0:42:30	0:42:34
-..and nature is busily healing the -scars they inflicted on the land.	0:42:34	0:42:39
-The last generation of miners now -guide tourists into the depths...	0:42:39	0:42:43
-..of the mines and regale them -with stories of the past.	0:42:43	0:42:47
-The ethnic communities -of the coal region...	0:42:53	0:42:56
-..are generally at peace -with each other.	0:42:56	0:42:59
-But old wounds occasionally throb at -the mention of the Molly Maguires.	0:42:59	0:43:03
-Women who were descendants -of a Molly accosted me...	0:43:04	0:43:08
-..about my views -on the Molly Maguires.	0:43:08	0:43:11
-One stared yelling at me -and screaming.	0:43:11	0:43:14
-She came out with, "You're just -Welsh and you're all the same."	0:43:14	0:43:19
-Time has been kind to the Mollys...	0:43:20	0:43:23
-..and some now regard them as heroes -of the American labour movement.	0:43:23	0:43:28
-Some still see them as responsible -for the murder and mayhem...	0:43:28	0:43:32
-..that ravaged -the anthracite areas.	0:43:32	0:43:35
-For others, they were unfortunate -martyrs of corporate America.	0:43:35	0:43:42
-It wasn't the Welsh and it wasn't, -later on in the trials...	0:43:43	0:43:47
-..the German Protestants, -who got involved here.	0:43:47	0:43:50
-It was the coal barons that used...	0:43:50	0:43:52
-..the ethnic and religious -background of these people...	0:43:52	0:43:56
-..going back to the old countries -to divide and conquer.	0:43:56	0:44:00
-They sat back and got the riches -and the rest fought over the crumbs.	0:44:00	0:44:04
-It goes on to this day.	0:44:04	0:44:07
-The names change and the faces -change but it's the same thing.	0:44:07	0:44:10
-The little guy always does the -fighting for the corporate interest.	0:44:10	0:44:14
-The Welsh had a small part to play -in the prosecution of the Mollys...	0:44:14	0:44:19
-..in terms of bringing them -to justice...	0:44:19	0:44:22
-..which ultimately led -to some of them being executed.	0:44:23	0:44:26
-However, the Welsh were -part of the original conflict...	0:44:26	0:44:31
-..and the tensions -within the coal mining industry.	0:44:31	0:44:36
-Some Welsh people were bosses -and mine supervisors.	0:44:36	0:44:41
-The Irish suffered -from unfavourable policies...	0:44:42	0:44:45
-..with most of the work -being offered to the Welsh.	0:44:45	0:44:49
-The struggle by descendants -of people like John Kehoe...	0:44:50	0:44:54
-..to prove their innocence, -continued into the 20th Century.	0:44:54	0:44:59
-John Kehoe -was eventually pardoned...	0:44:59	0:45:02
-..on January 11, 1979, -by the Governor of Pennsylvania.	0:45:02	0:45:06
-He praised him...	0:45:07	0:45:08
-..for his efforts to improve -the conditions of Irish immigrants.	0:45:09	0:45:12
-Franklin Gowen's reputation -has fared less well.	0:45:12	0:45:16
-Four years after the last -Molly Maguire was hanged...	0:45:16	0:45:19
-..Gowen's coal and railroad empire -collapsed.	0:45:20	0:45:23
-He returned to being -an ordinary lawyer.	0:45:23	0:45:28
-Eventually, they got rid of Mr Gowen -because of his reckless spending.	0:45:29	0:45:34
-When he took over the Philadelphia -and Reading Railroad in 1869...	0:45:34	0:45:39
-..they carried a debt of 5m.	0:45:39	0:45:41
-When he left in 1880, they were -in debt to the tune of 197m.	0:45:42	0:45:48
-He eventually -committed suicide in 1889.	0:45:50	0:45:53
-Some say he was haunted by guilt -at the innocent lives he had taken.	0:45:54	0:45:58
-Alan Pinkerton, -of the Pinkerton Detective Agency...	0:46:00	0:46:03
-..later admitted that members of -the Ancient Order of Hibernians...	0:46:03	0:46:07
-..had been "quietly murdered."	0:46:07	0:46:09
-James McParlan continued -as an undercover agent...	0:46:10	0:46:13
-..until the 1907 trials -of the United Mine Workers.	0:46:13	0:46:16
-The defence lawyer quickly unmasked -McParlan as a professional liar...	0:46:17	0:46:22
-..and an agent provocateur.	0:46:23	0:46:25
-Mine workers continued -their struggle...	0:46:31	0:46:33
-..and eventually organized -more effective bargaining methods.	0:46:33	0:46:37
-In 1890, the United Mine Workers -of America...	0:46:38	0:46:42
-..issued a strike call -to its 9,000 members.	0:46:43	0:46:46
-Within one week, 125,000 anthracite -coal miners had left their jobs...	0:46:46	0:46:51
-..and 96% of coal mine production -ceased.	0:46:51	0:46:55
-As the 20th Century advanced...	0:46:55	0:46:58
-..the struggle for higher wages -and better safety conditions...	0:46:58	0:47:04
-..made progress against the tough -resistance of owners and Government.	0:47:04	0:47:10
-The Irish eventually came to rule -the mining industry.	0:47:13	0:47:17
-In the early 1930s, -they participated in the trial...	0:47:17	0:47:21
-..and imprisonment -of many Slav and Italian workers...	0:47:21	0:47:24
-..on the same -flimsy kind of evidence...	0:47:25	0:47:28
-..that doomed the Molly Maguires.	0:47:28	0:47:31
-The Welsh start to gain -more respect.	0:47:36	0:47:39
-Many become part -of the middle class.	0:47:39	0:47:42
-They start moving -up the social ladder...	0:47:42	0:47:45
-..becoming mine owners or reaching -the higher levels of industry.	0:47:46	0:47:53
-Some also leave completely.	0:47:53	0:47:55
-Back in the 1870s, the son would -follow the father into the mine.	0:47:55	0:48:00
-By the end of the century, -that wasn't the case.	0:48:00	0:48:03
-In the meantime, the Irish also -rose up the social ladder.	0:48:03	0:48:07
-They became the bosses -and the mine supervisors.	0:48:08	0:48:11
-The Irish bosses over Slavic miners -on the low end of the totem pole.	0:48:11	0:48:17
-The Irish eventually became one of -the largest minorities in America...	0:48:18	0:48:22
-..and wielded the political muscle -appropriate to their numbers.	0:48:22	0:48:26
-The Irish gave up their language -but retained their ethnic identity.	0:48:26	0:48:31
-The Welsh -kept their language longer...	0:48:31	0:48:35
-..but integrated themselves -into their new homeland.	0:48:35	0:48:40
-They are well remembered -in many ways...	0:48:40	0:48:44
-..not least among the graveyards -that dot the coalfields.	0:48:45	0:48:48
-And buried here are many stories -of light and darkness...	0:48:48	0:48:53
-..that may yet surface to disturb -the cosy assumptions of our history.	0:48:53	0:49:00
-# "When I was a boy," -said my Daddy to me	0:49:07	0:49:10
-# "Stay out of the mines, -take my warnin'," said he	0:49:10	0:49:14
-# Or with dust you'll be choked -and a pauper you'll be	0:49:14	0:49:17
-# Broken down, down, down	0:49:17	0:49:20
-# But I went to Oak Hill -and I asked for a job	0:49:20	0:49:23
-# A mule for to drive -or a gangway to rob	0:49:23	0:49:27
-# The boss said, -"Come out, Bill, and follow the mob	0:49:27	0:49:29
-# "That goes down, down, down" #	0:49:30	0:49:32
-S4C Subtitles by Simian 04	0:49:32	0:49:35
-.	0:49:35	0:49:36

Hanes Dirgel y Molly Maguires

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