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-I'm seeking a man who sought my job. | 0:00:03 | 0:00:06 | |
-Over 800 years ago... | 0:00:06 | 0:00:07 | |
-..Gerald of Wales aimed to become -the first Archbishop of Wales. | 0:00:08 | 0:00:12 | |
-He took his struggle to the heart -of the medieval Catholic Church... | 0:00:13 | 0:00:17 | |
-..to the royal courts -of Henry II and King John... | 0:00:18 | 0:00:21 | |
-..to his adversary's headquarters -in Canterbury Cathedral... | 0:00:21 | 0:00:25 | |
-..and even to the Pope in Rome. | 0:00:26 | 0:00:28 | |
-Gerald failed to overthrow -England's might... | 0:00:28 | 0:00:31 | |
-..but for some, he's a Welsh hero. | 0:00:31 | 0:00:33 | |
-I shall follow in the footsteps -of this controversial character... | 0:00:34 | 0:00:38 | |
-..as he fought his case... | 0:00:38 | 0:00:40 | |
-..from West Wales all the way -to the highest courts in Europe. | 0:00:41 | 0:00:45 | |
-The story begins in Manorbier Castle -on the Pembrokeshire coast. | 0:01:03 | 0:01:08 | |
-Gerald de Barri, as he was -then known, was born here in 1146. | 0:01:10 | 0:01:15 | |
-His father was a Norman baron -and his mother was a Welsh princess. | 0:01:17 | 0:01:22 | |
-This mixed cultural background... | 0:01:22 | 0:01:25 | |
-..caused problems -throughout Gerald's life. | 0:01:25 | 0:01:28 | |
-Gerald was born at a time... | 0:01:32 | 0:01:34 | |
-..when the Normans' grip on Wales -was far from secure. | 0:01:35 | 0:01:38 | |
-Their new castles -were under constant threat. | 0:01:38 | 0:01:42 | |
-The Normans conquered England -in a little over five years... | 0:01:42 | 0:01:47 | |
-..but they took over two centuries -to conquer Wales... | 0:01:47 | 0:01:51 | |
-..mainly because of fierce -resistance by the Welsh princes. | 0:01:51 | 0:01:55 | |
-Gerald was born in Pembrokeshire. | 0:01:57 | 0:02:00 | |
-The sea was a very important element -in his life. | 0:02:00 | 0:02:03 | |
-His family were Norman aristocrats. | 0:02:10 | 0:02:12 | |
-Their name derived -from Barry Island. | 0:02:13 | 0:02:16 | |
-On his mother's side, Gerald -was a grandson of Princess Nest. | 0:02:16 | 0:02:20 | |
-She was known -as the Welsh Helen of Troy... | 0:02:21 | 0:02:24 | |
-..because of her eventful love life. | 0:02:24 | 0:02:27 | |
-Through Nest, Gerald was related -to several Welsh princes. | 0:02:29 | 0:02:33 | |
-Because of his mixed blood, he was -viewed with suspicion by both sides. | 0:02:33 | 0:02:38 | |
-As he once wrote... | 0:02:39 | 0:02:41 | |
-.."Both peoples -regard me as a stranger... | 0:02:41 | 0:02:44 | |
-"..and one not their own. | 0:02:45 | 0:02:46 | |
-"One nation suspects me, -the other hates me." | 0:02:47 | 0:02:50 | |
-So who was Gerald? | 0:02:52 | 0:02:54 | |
-Did he suffer -a 12th-century identity crisis? | 0:02:54 | 0:02:58 | |
-Heledd Fychan has studied the man -and his times. | 0:02:58 | 0:03:01 | |
-The two sides gave rise to tension -throughout his life. | 0:03:02 | 0:03:05 | |
-On the one hand, he was denigrated -for being a Welshman... | 0:03:05 | 0:03:09 | |
-..and on the other for being Norman. | 0:03:09 | 0:03:12 | |
-It must have been difficult for him. | 0:03:12 | 0:03:15 | |
-I think it's fair to say -that Gerald was somewhat strange. | 0:03:15 | 0:03:19 | |
-That he was a difficult character. | 0:03:20 | 0:03:22 | |
-He was set in his ways. | 0:03:23 | 0:03:24 | |
-He had his heart set on St David's. | 0:03:24 | 0:03:27 | |
-His decisions point -to a certain strength of purpose. | 0:03:27 | 0:03:31 | |
-He knew what he wanted -and that was that. | 0:03:31 | 0:03:34 | |
-But there isn't much evidence -that the Bishop of St David's... | 0:03:34 | 0:03:39 | |
-..was also regarded -as the Archbishop of Wales. | 0:03:40 | 0:03:43 | |
-No, there isn't. | 0:03:43 | 0:03:44 | |
-I believe it was more an indication -of Gerald's desire and ambition. | 0:03:45 | 0:03:50 | |
-He was keen to lift his own status -and that of St David's. | 0:03:50 | 0:03:55 | |
-But every Bishop of St David's -has been keen to promote that idea! | 0:03:55 | 0:04:00 | |
-They manage to find the evidence. | 0:04:00 | 0:04:02 | |
-They manage to find the evidence. - -I'm sure you're correct! | 0:04:02 | 0:04:04 | |
-Manorbier looks out -over the Irish Sea. | 0:04:09 | 0:04:12 | |
-Ireland played a major role -in Gerald's life. | 0:04:12 | 0:04:16 | |
-He spent time there as chaplain -to the future King John. | 0:04:16 | 0:04:21 | |
-He also wrote two books... | 0:04:21 | 0:04:23 | |
-..that established his reputation -as an author. | 0:04:23 | 0:04:26 | |
-Yet, until recently, his story -has been largely forgotten. | 0:04:27 | 0:04:31 | |
-Why the renewed interest in him? | 0:04:32 | 0:04:34 | |
-You could argue that Wales's history -was forgotten forcenturies. | 0:04:35 | 0:04:40 | |
-Welsh history was viewed -from a British perspective. | 0:04:41 | 0:04:44 | |
-Recent decades have seen a renewed -interest in Welsh history... | 0:04:45 | 0:04:50 | |
-..and Welsh sources. | 0:04:50 | 0:04:52 | |
-Gerald of Wales is one of the best. | 0:04:52 | 0:04:55 | |
-He wrote very interesting material. | 0:04:55 | 0:04:58 | |
-His work is colourful, in contrast -to the rather dry chronicles. | 0:04:58 | 0:05:02 | |
-Gerald's books certainly give us -a keen insight into that era. | 0:05:03 | 0:05:07 | |
-According to Gerald... | 0:05:12 | 0:05:14 | |
-..while his brothers -built sandcastles on the beach... | 0:05:14 | 0:05:18 | |
-..he built churches. | 0:05:18 | 0:05:20 | |
-He became one of the leading clerics -of his time. | 0:05:20 | 0:05:24 | |
-But he was far more than that. | 0:05:24 | 0:05:26 | |
-He was a scholar, author, -diplomat and royal tutor. | 0:05:27 | 0:05:30 | |
-No other author has described -medieval Wales so vibrantly. | 0:05:30 | 0:05:35 | |
-But what kind of man was he? | 0:05:35 | 0:05:37 | |
-First and foremost, -Gerald was an ambitious man. | 0:05:37 | 0:05:40 | |
-He was a passionate man, I believe. | 0:05:41 | 0:05:44 | |
-With regard to himself? | 0:05:45 | 0:05:46 | |
-With regard to himself, -and also with regard to the church. | 0:05:47 | 0:05:50 | |
-He shows a lot of concern -for the moral lives of the clergy. | 0:05:51 | 0:05:56 | |
-But he was also a man -who enjoyed talking with people. | 0:05:57 | 0:06:02 | |
-He enjoyed gossip, certainly. | 0:06:02 | 0:06:04 | |
-I think he was -extraordinarily interesting... | 0:06:05 | 0:06:08 | |
-..because he tells us things that -other 12th-century writers don't. | 0:06:08 | 0:06:13 | |
-For example, -he talks to people on the road. | 0:06:13 | 0:06:16 | |
-He describes what he sees. | 0:06:17 | 0:06:18 | |
-He tells us how people in the -12th century cleaned their teeth. | 0:06:19 | 0:06:23 | |
-How did they do that? | 0:06:23 | 0:06:25 | |
-Using leaves. | 0:06:25 | 0:06:26 | |
-Using leaves. - -Using leaves? | 0:06:26 | 0:06:27 | |
-As dental floss, I think. | 0:06:28 | 0:06:29 | |
-We aren't usually given -such information. | 0:06:30 | 0:06:33 | |
-Details of everyday life. | 0:06:33 | 0:06:35 | |
-The lives of ordinary people? | 0:06:36 | 0:06:38 | |
-Gerald was a vibrant character. | 0:06:41 | 0:06:43 | |
-But how will he be remembered? | 0:06:43 | 0:06:45 | |
-We remember Gerald. | 0:06:47 | 0:06:48 | |
-Gerald is the first person -to come to mind... | 0:06:48 | 0:06:52 | |
-..when we think of medieval Wales. | 0:06:52 | 0:06:54 | |
-He's the main man. | 0:06:55 | 0:06:56 | |
-I think he'd have liked that. | 0:06:56 | 0:06:57 | |
-I think he'd have liked that. - -Ordinary people know about him too. | 0:06:57 | 0:07:00 | |
-He would probably have been -particularly proud of that. | 0:07:00 | 0:07:04 | |
-He enjoyed talking about -and with ordinary people. | 0:07:04 | 0:07:08 | |
-A man of the people. | 0:07:08 | 0:07:10 | |
-In 1188, Gerald travelled -through Wales... | 0:07:13 | 0:07:16 | |
-..with Archbishop Baldwin -of Canterbury... | 0:07:16 | 0:07:19 | |
-..on a recruitment campaign -for the Third Crusade. | 0:07:19 | 0:07:23 | |
-The journey inspired -his two most famous books... | 0:07:23 | 0:07:27 | |
-..Journey Through Wales -and Description Of Wales. | 0:07:27 | 0:07:31 | |
-These colourful classics -are still enjoyed today. | 0:07:31 | 0:07:35 | |
-They are priceless -historical documents. | 0:07:35 | 0:07:38 | |
-The landscape is described -in detail... | 0:07:38 | 0:07:41 | |
-..along with lively reports, -though fanciful at times... | 0:07:41 | 0:07:46 | |
-..of daily life, -local miracles and folklore. | 0:07:46 | 0:07:49 | |
-We are given a unique insight -into medieval Wales. | 0:07:50 | 0:07:53 | |
-Gerald played host -to Archbishop Baldwin... | 0:07:58 | 0:08:02 | |
-..at his home in Llanddew, -near Brecon... | 0:08:02 | 0:08:06 | |
-..where Gerald was archdeacon. | 0:08:06 | 0:08:09 | |
-He was appointed after discovering... | 0:08:09 | 0:08:12 | |
-..that the previous archdeacon -was living with his mistress. | 0:08:12 | 0:08:17 | |
-He was given the residence -along with the post. | 0:08:17 | 0:08:20 | |
-This is what Gerald wrote -about Llanddew. | 0:08:21 | 0:08:24 | |
-"I have obtained a small residence -near the castle of Brecknock... | 0:08:24 | 0:08:29 | |
-"..well adapted -to literary pursuits... | 0:08:29 | 0:08:32 | |
-"..and to the contemplation -of eternity. | 0:08:33 | 0:08:36 | |
-"I envy not the riches of Croesus... | 0:08:36 | 0:08:38 | |
-"..happy and contented -with that mediocrity." | 0:08:39 | 0:08:43 | |
-"Small?" "Mediocrity?" | 0:08:43 | 0:08:45 | |
-Even though it's in ruins... | 0:08:45 | 0:08:47 | |
-..we can see that this place -used to be a very grand palace. | 0:08:48 | 0:08:52 | |
-That's so typical of Gerald! | 0:08:52 | 0:08:54 | |
-Llanddew - St David's | 0:08:54 | 0:08:56 | |
-My journey leads me inevitably -to St David's Cathedral. | 0:08:56 | 0:09:00 | |
-It was the cornerstone -of Gerald's unsuccessful campaign... | 0:09:00 | 0:09:04 | |
-..to become Archbishop of Wales. | 0:09:05 | 0:09:08 | |
-Of course, he would have travelled -on horseback. | 0:09:08 | 0:09:11 | |
-St David's | 0:09:14 | 0:09:17 | |
-Gerald was intent -on becoming Bishop of St David's. | 0:09:27 | 0:09:31 | |
-Nothing would deter him. | 0:09:31 | 0:09:33 | |
-He even turned down -four other bishoprics... | 0:09:34 | 0:09:37 | |
-..including Llandaff, -where I'm the incumbent bishop... | 0:09:37 | 0:09:41 | |
-..and my previous diocese, Bangor. | 0:09:41 | 0:09:44 | |
-Gerald's opportunity came -when he was appointed assistant... | 0:09:44 | 0:09:49 | |
-..to the Bishop of St David's. | 0:09:50 | 0:09:52 | |
-The nave is Gerald's -sole enduring legacy. | 0:09:52 | 0:09:57 | |
-The building that was erected -when he was a steward here... | 0:09:57 | 0:10:01 | |
-..has changed a lot. | 0:10:02 | 0:10:03 | |
-The architecture is a blend -of Romanesque and Gothic. | 0:10:03 | 0:10:07 | |
-Of course, here's something Gerald -would never have seen - his tomb. | 0:10:09 | 0:10:14 | |
-It's uncertain when Gerald died. | 0:10:14 | 0:10:16 | |
-The tomb was vandalized -by zealots of a later period... | 0:10:16 | 0:10:20 | |
-..and Gerald's face was obliterated. | 0:10:20 | 0:10:23 | |
-In the Middle Ages... | 0:10:28 | 0:10:30 | |
-..three pilgrimages -to the remote St David's... | 0:10:30 | 0:10:34 | |
-..were considered the equivalent -of one pilgrimage to Rome. | 0:10:34 | 0:10:38 | |
-Why did Gerald -wish to become Archbishop here? | 0:10:39 | 0:10:42 | |
-Perhaps because his uncle, David, -had been Bishop here? | 0:10:42 | 0:10:46 | |
-On David's death in 1176... | 0:10:46 | 0:10:48 | |
-..Gerald was unanimously elected -to take his place. | 0:10:49 | 0:10:52 | |
-But Thomas Becket had died -just six years earlier... | 0:10:53 | 0:10:57 | |
-..and Henry II did not want another -turbulent priest on his hands. | 0:10:57 | 0:11:02 | |
-Henry's opposition -gives an interesting insight... | 0:11:02 | 0:11:06 | |
-..into the relationship between -Wales and England at the time. | 0:11:06 | 0:11:11 | |
-"It is neither necessary nor -expedient for king or archbishop... | 0:11:11 | 0:11:16 | |
-"..that a man of great honesty -or vigour... | 0:11:16 | 0:11:19 | |
-"..should become Bishop -of St David's... | 0:11:19 | 0:11:22 | |
-"..for fear that the Crown and -Canterbury should suffer thereby. | 0:11:22 | 0:11:27 | |
-"Such an appointment would only -give strength to the Welsh... | 0:11:27 | 0:11:31 | |
-"..and increase their pride." | 0:11:31 | 0:11:33 | |
-Twenty-two years later... | 0:11:33 | 0:11:35 | |
-..Gerald was again nominated -for the bishopric of St David's. | 0:11:35 | 0:11:39 | |
-This time, -he was determined to succeed. | 0:11:40 | 0:11:43 | |
-. | 0:11:46 | 0:11:46 | |
-888 | 0:11:50 | 0:11:50 | |
-888 - -888 | 0:11:50 | 0:11:52 | |
-Wyn Evans is the current -Bishop of St David's. | 0:11:54 | 0:11:57 | |
-He is a distinguished historian -and an expert on the cathedral. | 0:11:57 | 0:12:02 | |
-He believes that Gerald was far more -interested in his own career... | 0:12:02 | 0:12:06 | |
-..than in standing up for Wales. | 0:12:07 | 0:12:09 | |
-Gerald's failure -to become Bishop of St David's... | 0:12:10 | 0:12:14 | |
-..and Archbishop of Wales -is symbolized in his statue. | 0:12:14 | 0:12:18 | |
-The bishop's mitre is at his feet. | 0:12:18 | 0:12:21 | |
-Why did he fail? | 0:12:21 | 0:12:23 | |
-There are many reasons. | 0:12:23 | 0:12:25 | |
-I believe that his personality -was one of them. | 0:12:25 | 0:12:28 | |
-He was evidently a strong -and autocratic character. | 0:12:28 | 0:12:32 | |
-Secondly, -the kings of England knew him. | 0:12:33 | 0:12:38 | |
-He had been their chaplain. | 0:12:38 | 0:12:40 | |
-They were determined not to allow -a man so similar to Thomas Becket... | 0:12:41 | 0:12:46 | |
-..who was Gerald's hero... | 0:12:46 | 0:12:48 | |
-..to become a bishop and archbishop. | 0:12:48 | 0:12:51 | |
-Both Llywelyn the Great -and the historian Michael Richter... | 0:12:55 | 0:12:59 | |
-..men from two -completely different periods... | 0:12:59 | 0:13:03 | |
-..regarded Gerald as a Welsh hero. | 0:13:03 | 0:13:06 | |
-That's true enough. | 0:13:06 | 0:13:08 | |
-Gerald's writings -give the impression... | 0:13:10 | 0:13:13 | |
-..that he was fighting -not only for his own rights... | 0:13:13 | 0:13:17 | |
-..and not only -for the rights of St David's... | 0:13:17 | 0:13:20 | |
-..but also -for the rights of Wales... | 0:13:20 | 0:13:23 | |
-..and the right of the church -in Wales to have Welsh bishops. | 0:13:23 | 0:13:27 | |
-The problem is, Gerald acknowledged -his own Welsh identity... | 0:13:28 | 0:13:32 | |
-..at the end of his career, -but not at the start. | 0:13:32 | 0:13:35 | |
-Gerald was inconsistent -with regard to his Welsh identity. | 0:13:36 | 0:13:40 | |
-He even wrote directions -on how to conquer the Welsh... | 0:13:40 | 0:13:44 | |
-..that read like a handbook -for Edward I's conquest of Wales... | 0:13:44 | 0:13:48 | |
-..a century later. | 0:13:48 | 0:13:50 | |
-Was Gerald inconsistent? | 0:13:50 | 0:13:52 | |
-There was consistency - what was -important to Gerald was Gerald! | 0:13:52 | 0:13:57 | |
-Is he still a hero for Wales? | 0:13:57 | 0:13:59 | |
-Well, it depends - was he Gerald -the Welshman or Gerald of Wales? | 0:14:02 | 0:14:07 | |
-What's the difference? | 0:14:10 | 0:14:11 | |
-I don't think anyone could say -that he was a Welshman. | 0:14:12 | 0:14:16 | |
-He didn't speak Welsh. | 0:14:16 | 0:14:18 | |
-When he preached, -his sermons had to be translated. | 0:14:18 | 0:14:21 | |
-When he demonstrates -his knowledge of Welsh... | 0:14:22 | 0:14:26 | |
-..it's obviously shaky. | 0:14:26 | 0:14:28 | |
-He wasn't a Welshman. | 0:14:28 | 0:14:30 | |
-Eight hundred years -after Gerald's death... | 0:14:31 | 0:14:34 | |
-..disputes continue -regarding the status of St David's. | 0:14:34 | 0:14:38 | |
-As Bishop of Llandaff and Archbishop -of Wales, I know where I stand! | 0:14:39 | 0:14:44 | |
-The Archbishop of Wales -and the Bishop of St David's... | 0:14:44 | 0:14:48 | |
-..discussing Gerald -in St David's Cathedral is ironic! | 0:14:48 | 0:14:52 | |
-There should only be one of us! | 0:14:52 | 0:14:53 | |
-There should only be one of us! - -I'm not so sure about that! | 0:14:53 | 0:14:55 | |
-We mustn't forget that Gerald was -offered the bishopric of Llandaff. | 0:14:55 | 0:15:00 | |
-He turned it down. Why? | 0:15:00 | 0:15:01 | |
-He turned it down. Why? - -Are you surprised?! | 0:15:01 | 0:15:02 | |
-Of course I'm surprised! | 0:15:03 | 0:15:04 | |
-He could have been Archbishop -and Bishop of Llandaff. | 0:15:05 | 0:15:09 | |
-But the St David's diocese -was the biggest in Wales. | 0:15:09 | 0:15:13 | |
-It covered over half the country. | 0:15:13 | 0:15:15 | |
-The Bishop of St David's... | 0:15:15 | 0:15:17 | |
-..is far more important -than the Bishop of Llandaff! | 0:15:18 | 0:15:22 | |
-In 1198... | 0:15:22 | 0:15:24 | |
-..Gerald was nominated unanimously -to be Bishop of St David's. | 0:15:24 | 0:15:28 | |
-Controversially, -Gerald set out for Rome... | 0:15:28 | 0:15:31 | |
-..to ask the Pope himself -to confirm the appointment. | 0:15:32 | 0:15:35 | |
-He argued that St David's status -was equal to that of Canterbury. | 0:15:35 | 0:15:40 | |
-To the Archbishop of Canterbury, -this was dynamite. | 0:15:40 | 0:15:44 | |
-My journey takes me to Canterbury... | 0:15:44 | 0:15:46 | |
-..to try to understand the explosive -nature of Gerald's assertion. | 0:15:47 | 0:15:52 | |
-St David's - Canterbury | 0:15:57 | 0:16:07 | |
-In standing up to Canterbury, Gerald -challenged the English monarchy. | 0:16:21 | 0:16:26 | |
-Writing to Pope Innocent III -opposing Gerald's appointment... | 0:16:26 | 0:16:30 | |
-..Hubert, Archbishop of Canterbury, -made it clear... | 0:16:30 | 0:16:34 | |
-..that the interests of the church -and the king were one. | 0:16:34 | 0:16:38 | |
-"If the barbarity of that wild, -unbridled nation of Wales... | 0:16:38 | 0:16:42 | |
-"..had not been restrained -by the censure of the church... | 0:16:42 | 0:16:46 | |
-"..wielded by the Archbishop -of Canterbury... | 0:16:46 | 0:16:49 | |
-"..then this people would by -continual or frequent rebellion... | 0:16:49 | 0:16:53 | |
-"..have broken -from their allegiance to the king." | 0:16:54 | 0:16:57 | |
-It was dangerous for churchmen -to challenge the English monarchy. | 0:16:57 | 0:17:02 | |
-Thomas Becket was murdered -in Canterbury Cathedral... | 0:17:02 | 0:17:07 | |
-..by knights who claimed -they were obeying Henry II's will. | 0:17:07 | 0:17:11 | |
-Becket had opposed -Henry II's attempts... | 0:17:18 | 0:17:22 | |
-..to tighten his grip on the church. | 0:17:22 | 0:17:24 | |
-His successors didn't want another -turbulent priest on their hands. | 0:17:24 | 0:17:29 | |
-To the Normans, -Gerald had become a Welshman. | 0:17:30 | 0:17:33 | |
-He had betrayed his Norman roots. | 0:17:34 | 0:17:36 | |
-Furthermore, Gerald regarded Becket -as a hero. | 0:17:37 | 0:17:40 | |
-This spot, where Thomas Becket died, -became a focus for pilgrims. | 0:17:43 | 0:17:47 | |
-The most famous reference... | 0:17:47 | 0:17:50 | |
-..can be found in Chaucer's -Canterbury Tales. | 0:17:50 | 0:17:53 | |
-It still attracts -thousands of tourists each year. | 0:17:53 | 0:17:58 | |
-Gerald was 24 years old -when Thomas Becket was murdered. | 0:18:01 | 0:18:05 | |
-He was acutely aware -of the perils involved... | 0:18:06 | 0:18:09 | |
-..in challenging -the king's authority. | 0:18:09 | 0:18:13 | |
-But time changes everything. | 0:18:26 | 0:18:28 | |
-The current Archbishop -of Canterbury is a Welshman. | 0:18:28 | 0:18:33 | |
-What does Dr Williams -think of Gerald's attitude? | 0:18:35 | 0:18:38 | |
-He was very courageous. | 0:18:38 | 0:18:40 | |
-He was a man without fear. | 0:18:41 | 0:18:42 | |
-He had a firm belief -in the righteousness of his cause. | 0:18:43 | 0:18:46 | |
-In his books, he wrote -about anti-Welsh prejudice. | 0:18:48 | 0:18:52 | |
-It's as if he was -facing down the English. | 0:18:53 | 0:18:59 | |
-He wrote about the things -English people said... | 0:18:59 | 0:19:04 | |
-..about the Welsh. | 0:19:05 | 0:19:06 | |
-They said that the Welsh -were unreliable. | 0:19:07 | 0:19:10 | |
-That they didn't keep their promises -and so on. | 0:19:11 | 0:19:15 | |
-It's as if Gerald -was telling the English... | 0:19:19 | 0:19:24 | |
-.."You can believe the worst, -if you must - but here I am. | 0:19:25 | 0:19:29 | |
-"Here are the Welsh." | 0:19:29 | 0:19:30 | |
-"Here are the Welsh." - -"And I'm correct!" | 0:19:30 | 0:19:31 | |
-What was the Pope's attitude -towards this dispute... | 0:19:32 | 0:19:36 | |
-..between Wales and England? | 0:19:37 | 0:19:39 | |
-In theory, the Pope was -a firm supporter of Thomas Becket. | 0:19:41 | 0:19:45 | |
-But in reality, -things were very different. | 0:19:47 | 0:19:50 | |
-I believe that Becket -was rather a nuisance to the Pope. | 0:19:52 | 0:19:57 | |
-What, ultimately, -did Gerald do for Wales? | 0:19:57 | 0:20:01 | |
-Gerald's legacy is considerable -and complex. | 0:20:02 | 0:20:08 | |
-His legacy has been great -in the fields of literature... | 0:20:10 | 0:20:14 | |
-..anthropology and history. | 0:20:14 | 0:20:16 | |
-But greater than all this... | 0:20:18 | 0:20:20 | |
-..is his contribution to the meaning -of Wales's identity... | 0:20:20 | 0:20:25 | |
-..and Wales's self-confidence. | 0:20:25 | 0:20:27 | |
-Gerald travelled to Rome -four times in five years... | 0:20:28 | 0:20:31 | |
-..three times to argue his case, -and once as a pilgrim. | 0:20:32 | 0:20:35 | |
-The mindset of a medieval pilgrim -would seem strange to us today. | 0:20:36 | 0:20:40 | |
-A medieval pilgrimage -was bound up with penance. | 0:20:40 | 0:20:45 | |
-It was an act undertaken -to gratify God... | 0:20:47 | 0:20:50 | |
-..and to be freed from one's sins. | 0:20:50 | 0:20:53 | |
-Nowadays, I believe -that pilgrims view the journey... | 0:20:54 | 0:20:59 | |
-..as some kind of symbol... | 0:20:59 | 0:21:03 | |
-..representing the journey -of the soul, a person's journey. | 0:21:03 | 0:21:08 | |
-We are all the heirs of John Bunyan. | 0:21:08 | 0:21:11 | |
-The Pilgrim's Progress. | 0:21:12 | 0:21:13 | |
-And Williams Pantycelyn, of course - -"I am a pilgrim in a desert land." | 0:21:14 | 0:21:19 | |
-Pilgrimage as a symbol of faith. | 0:21:19 | 0:21:23 | |
-The journey of faith. | 0:21:24 | 0:21:25 | |
-Before setting out for Rome... | 0:21:31 | 0:21:34 | |
-..pilgrims would come to the -undercroft of Canterbury Cathedral. | 0:21:34 | 0:21:39 | |
-It's the oldest part -of the cathedral. | 0:21:40 | 0:21:43 | |
-It remains unchanged -since Gerald's time. | 0:21:43 | 0:21:46 | |
-Many pilgrims would have come here -to pray for a safe return. | 0:21:46 | 0:21:50 | |
-Gerald would have known -St Gabriel's Chapel. | 0:21:51 | 0:21:54 | |
-It features 12th-century murals. | 0:21:54 | 0:21:58 | |
-The colours are now starting -to fade, but they still hint... | 0:22:01 | 0:22:05 | |
-..at the breathtaking, vibrant -atmosphere of medieval churches. | 0:22:05 | 0:22:10 | |
-It's a place -that inspires contemplation. | 0:22:10 | 0:22:13 | |
-The journey to Rome was perilous -and many pilgrims died along the way. | 0:22:13 | 0:22:18 | |
-Before departing, pilgrims -were required to make a will. | 0:22:18 | 0:22:22 | |
-If they had not returned -within a year and a day... | 0:22:23 | 0:22:26 | |
-..it was assumed that they were dead. | 0:22:26 | 0:22:28 | |
-The journey from Canterbury -to Rome is over 1,000 miles. | 0:22:33 | 0:22:37 | |
-In the Middle Ages, it took -almost three months to walk... | 0:22:37 | 0:22:41 | |
-..or six weeks on horseback. | 0:22:42 | 0:22:44 | |
-Crossing the Channel -was the first of many challenges. | 0:22:45 | 0:22:49 | |
-Many pilgrims drowned. | 0:22:50 | 0:22:52 | |
-Gerald's numerous visits to Rome -testify to his stamina... | 0:22:53 | 0:22:58 | |
-..and his ambition... | 0:22:58 | 0:23:00 | |
-..and his faith in the righteousness -of his struggle... | 0:23:00 | 0:23:04 | |
-..to become Bishop of St David's -and the first Archbishop of Wales. | 0:23:04 | 0:23:09 | |
-S4C subtitles by Trosol Cyf. | 0:23:26 | 0:23:29 |