Yr Eiliad Gyntaf Erioed Y Cosmos
Similar Content
Browse content similar to Yr Eiliad Gyntaf Erioed. Check below for episodes and series from the same categories and more!
Transcript
| Line | From | To | |
|---|---|---|---|
-Subtitles | 0:00:00 | 0:00:00 | |
-Subtitles - -Subtitles | 0:00:00 | 0:00:02 | |
-The most momentous second -in history. | 0:00:05 | 0:00:09 | |
-The universe went through -more stages in that first second... | 0:00:10 | 0:00:14 | |
-..than it has -in all the time since then. | 0:00:14 | 0:00:17 | |
-The history of the universe... | 0:00:18 | 0:00:20 | |
-..hinged on what happened -in a fraction of a second. | 0:00:20 | 0:00:24 | |
-The moment -when the entire cosmos was created. | 0:00:27 | 0:00:31 | |
-The universe -is 13.7 billion years old... | 0:00:34 | 0:00:37 | |
-..but what happened -during that first second... | 0:00:37 | 0:00:40 | |
-..is fundamentally important. | 0:00:40 | 0:00:44 | |
-In this programme, we reveal what -happened in the first ever second. | 0:00:47 | 0:00:52 | |
-Look up at the night sky and -the cosmos is an awesome spectacle. | 0:01:09 | 0:01:14 | |
-And earth, our home, -is also full of wonder. | 0:01:21 | 0:01:25 | |
-Everything we see -comes from one moment. | 0:01:34 | 0:01:37 | |
-The Big Bang. | 0:01:40 | 0:01:42 | |
-Some people ask what existed -before the Big Bang. | 0:01:48 | 0:01:52 | |
-I explain that by asking in what way -did you exist, as a person... | 0:01:52 | 0:01:57 | |
-..before you were created -by your parents? | 0:01:58 | 0:02:01 | |
-You didn't exist. | 0:02:01 | 0:02:03 | |
-The universe didn't exist -before the Big Bang. | 0:02:03 | 0:02:06 | |
-Talking about time and space -before the Big Bang is futile... | 0:02:06 | 0:02:11 | |
-..because the Big Bang -created time and space. | 0:02:11 | 0:02:16 | |
-The Big Bang created time, -space and everything else. | 0:02:19 | 0:02:24 | |
-What a trick! | 0:02:25 | 0:02:26 | |
-But scientists -aren't sure how it all happened. | 0:02:26 | 0:02:30 | |
-We don't know enough... | 0:02:30 | 0:02:32 | |
-..to say why it happened. | 0:02:32 | 0:02:34 | |
-We don't understand the physics... | 0:02:34 | 0:02:36 | |
-..of what happened -immediately after the Big Bang. | 0:02:37 | 0:02:40 | |
-We don't know why it banged, -what banged or how it's banging. | 0:02:41 | 0:02:45 | |
-All we really know -is that after the Big Bang... | 0:02:50 | 0:02:53 | |
-..all of existence burst into life. | 0:02:54 | 0:02:57 | |
-We know this, thanks to a discovery -Edwin Hubble made in the 1920s. | 0:03:02 | 0:03:07 | |
-Hubble noticed that light -from distant galaxies... | 0:03:10 | 0:03:14 | |
-..was redder than those close to us. | 0:03:14 | 0:03:18 | |
-It's called the Doppler effect. | 0:03:18 | 0:03:21 | |
-If you've heard a train approaching -or moving away from you... | 0:03:22 | 0:03:26 | |
-..the sound changes. | 0:03:26 | 0:03:28 | |
-The pitch gets higher -as it approaches... | 0:03:29 | 0:03:32 | |
-..and lower as it gets further away. | 0:03:32 | 0:03:35 | |
-The same thing happens with light. | 0:03:38 | 0:03:41 | |
-As an object moves away from us -at very high speed... | 0:03:41 | 0:03:45 | |
-..the light from that object -turns from yellow to red. | 0:03:45 | 0:03:49 | |
-We've seen this red effect for over -100 years whilst studying galaxies. | 0:03:50 | 0:03:55 | |
-To Hubble's surprise... | 0:03:59 | 0:04:01 | |
-..the red effect meant that every -galaxy was speeding away from us. | 0:04:01 | 0:04:06 | |
-That means that in the past... | 0:04:06 | 0:04:09 | |
-..the galaxies must have all been -at the same place at the same time. | 0:04:09 | 0:04:14 | |
-Back in the moment -when everything was created. | 0:04:16 | 0:04:20 | |
-This is the beginning -of the first ever second. | 0:04:32 | 0:04:36 | |
-In that first second, -time and space was created. | 0:04:41 | 0:04:45 | |
-All the forces we have today -were also created... | 0:04:45 | 0:04:49 | |
-..and the seeds of the cosmos -were sown. | 0:04:49 | 0:04:52 | |
-In its first second, the cosmos -develops at a dramatic rate. | 0:04:56 | 0:05:00 | |
-The universe went through -more stages in that first second... | 0:05:04 | 0:05:08 | |
-..than it has -in all the time since then. | 0:05:08 | 0:05:12 | |
-So much happens so quickly... | 0:05:13 | 0:05:15 | |
-..that scientists need -a whole new concept of time. | 0:05:16 | 0:05:19 | |
-Everything that happened -in the birth of the universe... | 0:05:21 | 0:05:25 | |
-..happened in fractions of a second. | 0:05:25 | 0:05:28 | |
-Instead of hours, -minutes and seconds... | 0:05:32 | 0:05:36 | |
-..scientists have created -a new unit of time - Planck time. | 0:05:37 | 0:05:43 | |
-This is the shortest unit of time -known to us. | 0:05:49 | 0:05:52 | |
-Another way to put it is you can't -differentiate between Planck time... | 0:05:53 | 0:05:59 | |
-..and nothing. | 0:05:59 | 0:06:01 | |
-There is no way -to differentiate between them. | 0:06:02 | 0:06:05 | |
-This is not -the first second of the universe. | 0:06:07 | 0:06:11 | |
-Not even a billionth -of a second but... | 0:06:11 | 0:06:14 | |
-..0.00000000000000000000000000000001 -of a second. | 0:06:14 | 0:06:18 | |
-A tiny fraction of a second. | 0:06:19 | 0:06:22 | |
-Such a short unit of time, -it almost doesn't exist. | 0:06:22 | 0:06:26 | |
-By using Planck time... | 0:06:29 | 0:06:30 | |
-..we can follow the birth -of the cosmos, moment by moment. | 0:06:31 | 0:06:35 | |
-In the beginning, -everything is wrapped up... | 0:06:40 | 0:06:44 | |
-..in an infinitely small speck. | 0:06:44 | 0:06:46 | |
-But something causes this speck -to burst into life. | 0:06:50 | 0:06:54 | |
-Everything in time and space -stems from this point... | 0:06:59 | 0:07:02 | |
-..as it explodes -at tremendous speed. | 0:07:03 | 0:07:06 | |
-As the hands of our cosmic clock -approach the first Planck time... | 0:07:09 | 0:07:13 | |
-..all of space expands. | 0:07:13 | 0:07:15 | |
-The universe -emerges everywhere at once. | 0:07:19 | 0:07:22 | |
-In this very first instant of -creation, some scientists believe... | 0:07:24 | 0:07:29 | |
-..that a single force -rules everything - the super force. | 0:07:29 | 0:07:33 | |
-We think that the original universe -was a state of perfection... | 0:07:35 | 0:07:40 | |
-..because the particles -were uniform... | 0:07:41 | 0:07:44 | |
-..and a single unified force existed -at the instant of the Big Bang. | 0:07:45 | 0:07:50 | |
-As the first Planck times pass by... | 0:07:54 | 0:07:56 | |
-..something causes -the super force to split. | 0:07:57 | 0:08:00 | |
-As the universe cooled... | 0:08:04 | 0:08:05 | |
-..the super force changed to create -the three forces we now know today. | 0:08:06 | 0:08:12 | |
-The strong force, the weak force -and the electromagnetic force. | 0:08:14 | 0:08:19 | |
-Think in terms of steam. | 0:08:23 | 0:08:25 | |
-If I have steam and I cool it, -it turns to a liquid. | 0:08:25 | 0:08:29 | |
-If I cool it again, -it turns to a solid. | 0:08:30 | 0:08:33 | |
-So in the same way -as the universe began to cool... | 0:08:34 | 0:08:37 | |
-..the different forces -broke off from each other. | 0:08:37 | 0:08:40 | |
-When the super force splits, -a new force emerges. | 0:08:44 | 0:08:48 | |
-Gravity. | 0:08:50 | 0:08:52 | |
-The strength of gravity is perfect - -it isn't too strong or too weak. | 0:08:53 | 0:08:58 | |
-Without this perfect balance... | 0:09:00 | 0:09:02 | |
-..everything would either -gone up in a puff or shrunk. | 0:09:03 | 0:09:07 | |
-The constant gravity in the universe -makes it possible for us to exist. | 0:09:09 | 0:09:15 | |
-Gravity begins to shape the cosmos. | 0:09:16 | 0:09:19 | |
-It creates the planets and stars -and even life itself. | 0:09:20 | 0:09:24 | |
-Our universe in some sense, -is fine-tuned. | 0:09:26 | 0:09:29 | |
-We're just right to have a universe -that expands slowly... | 0:09:29 | 0:09:34 | |
-..making it possible to create DNA -and life as we know it. | 0:09:34 | 0:09:38 | |
-But gravity isn't the only force -that will govern the cosmos. | 0:09:41 | 0:09:46 | |
-By the ten millionth tick -of the Planck time clock... | 0:09:51 | 0:09:55 | |
-..another event will see the cosmos -grow at an enormous rate. | 0:09:55 | 0:10:00 | |
-. | 0:10:05 | 0:10:05 | |
-Subtitles | 0:10:11 | 0:10:11 | |
-Subtitles - -Subtitles | 0:10:11 | 0:10:13 | |
-This is the first ever second -in history. | 0:10:18 | 0:10:21 | |
-The whole cosmos is a dense ball, -smaller than an atom. | 0:10:26 | 0:10:31 | |
-Gravity has begun -shaping the future of the cosmos. | 0:10:42 | 0:10:46 | |
-The cosmos hurtles -towards its next milestone. | 0:10:55 | 0:10:59 | |
-An event that sets out the blueprint -for the galaxies we see today. | 0:11:03 | 0:11:07 | |
-There are billions of galaxies -in the night sky. | 0:11:13 | 0:11:17 | |
-Until recently, nobody could explain -why they are spread evenly... | 0:11:18 | 0:11:24 | |
-..the same number -in every direction. | 0:11:26 | 0:11:28 | |
-If I look north, south, -east or west... | 0:11:30 | 0:11:35 | |
-..the galaxies are spread evenly -throughout the universe. | 0:11:36 | 0:11:41 | |
-Look in any direction and you'll see -no connection between them. | 0:11:42 | 0:11:47 | |
-Not even light connects them. | 0:11:48 | 0:11:50 | |
-So how and why -is the universe so perfect? | 0:11:52 | 0:11:55 | |
-All these parts of the universe... | 0:11:56 | 0:11:58 | |
-..must have at one point -been in contact with each other. | 0:11:58 | 0:12:02 | |
-It's like two people -at on opposite sides of a country... | 0:12:02 | 0:12:06 | |
-..getting up at the same time -and dressing the same way... | 0:12:06 | 0:12:09 | |
-..but they don't talk to each other. | 0:12:09 | 0:12:11 | |
-There must be something common -in their past that links them. | 0:12:12 | 0:12:16 | |
-In the 1970s, a young cosmologist -named Alan Guth proposed one theory. | 0:12:19 | 0:12:24 | |
-He called it cosmic inflation. | 0:12:24 | 0:12:26 | |
-It was very exciting. | 0:12:28 | 0:12:30 | |
-I realized -that this might be the key... | 0:12:31 | 0:12:33 | |
-..to a very important -secret of the universe. | 0:12:33 | 0:12:36 | |
-I was very nervous -because it was all new. | 0:12:36 | 0:12:39 | |
-I was shaky -about whether or not it was right. | 0:12:39 | 0:12:42 | |
-Guth believed that the cosmos went -through a phenomenal growth spurt. | 0:12:45 | 0:12:51 | |
-There is still confusion about why -the Big Bang happened... | 0:12:52 | 0:12:57 | |
-..and you consider explanations, -including religion or God. | 0:12:57 | 0:13:02 | |
-But the first important event -in the history of our universe... | 0:13:05 | 0:13:09 | |
-..and the Big Bang theory... | 0:13:10 | 0:13:12 | |
-..is this idea of cosmic inflation. | 0:13:12 | 0:13:15 | |
-It means that everything started -from this infinitely small point. | 0:13:18 | 0:13:22 | |
-All at the same temperature -and all in contact with each other. | 0:13:23 | 0:13:27 | |
-And then the whole universe -expands exponentially. | 0:13:27 | 0:13:31 | |
-Everything -is almost at the same temperature... | 0:13:32 | 0:13:35 | |
-..in a vastly bigger universe. | 0:13:36 | 0:13:38 | |
-A tiny volume of space -suddenly starts to expand quickly. | 0:13:39 | 0:13:44 | |
-This cosmic inflation... | 0:13:48 | 0:13:49 | |
-..spreads the constituents of our -universe evenly throughout space. | 0:13:50 | 0:13:55 | |
-When that state of perfection -was lost... | 0:13:59 | 0:14:02 | |
-..a massive amount of energy -was released. | 0:14:03 | 0:14:06 | |
-This caused a phenomenal inflation. | 0:14:08 | 0:14:10 | |
-The volume and space of the universe -expands at incredible speeds. | 0:14:10 | 0:14:15 | |
-It's like a grain of sand... | 0:14:19 | 0:14:20 | |
-..swelling to larger than the sun -in a short period of time. | 0:14:21 | 0:14:25 | |
-Because everything expands -so quickly... | 0:14:26 | 0:14:29 | |
-..you could think that things moved -faster than the speed of light. | 0:14:29 | 0:14:34 | |
-But that's impossible if you believe -Einstein's theory - and we do! | 0:14:35 | 0:14:39 | |
-What was really happening... | 0:14:40 | 0:14:42 | |
-..was that the space between them -was growing... | 0:14:42 | 0:14:46 | |
-..like a balloon's surface. | 0:14:46 | 0:14:48 | |
-If you made some marks on a balloon -representing the galaxies... | 0:14:54 | 0:14:58 | |
-..and inflate that balloon, -the marks don't move. | 0:14:58 | 0:15:02 | |
-The surface -of the balloon expands... | 0:15:02 | 0:15:05 | |
-..and the same thing happened -with the universe. | 0:15:05 | 0:15:09 | |
-Guth's idea was an audacious one. | 0:15:12 | 0:15:15 | |
-But how could we ever test it? | 0:15:15 | 0:15:17 | |
-How could we peer -into the birth of creation? | 0:15:20 | 0:15:23 | |
-The night sky holds the answer. | 0:15:28 | 0:15:31 | |
-When we look at the stars, -we are looking back in time. | 0:15:34 | 0:15:37 | |
-The light we see from our sun... | 0:15:40 | 0:15:42 | |
-..travels for eight minutes from -the surface of the sun to reach us. | 0:15:42 | 0:15:47 | |
-When we look -at a planet like Saturn... | 0:15:47 | 0:15:50 | |
-..it takes over an hour -for the light to reach us. | 0:15:51 | 0:15:54 | |
-Light from our nearest star -takes four years to reach us. | 0:15:55 | 0:16:00 | |
-Our galaxy is thousands -of light years in diameter. | 0:16:00 | 0:16:05 | |
-We can see objects in the universe -which are enormous distances away... | 0:16:06 | 0:16:11 | |
-..when we use observatories. | 0:16:12 | 0:16:14 | |
-When we look up into space, we are -looking back through time in a way. | 0:16:17 | 0:16:22 | |
-The Hubble Ultra Deep Field... | 0:16:27 | 0:16:29 | |
-..is filled with -the first galaxies in the cosmos. | 0:16:30 | 0:16:34 | |
-This is as far back as -the Hubble Space Telescope can see. | 0:16:42 | 0:16:46 | |
-But can we go back -even further in time... | 0:16:47 | 0:16:50 | |
-..closer to the birth -of the universe? | 0:16:51 | 0:16:54 | |
-Static on a television screen -holds a clue. | 0:17:01 | 0:17:04 | |
-One percent of the static on this -screen comes from the Big Bang. | 0:17:05 | 0:17:10 | |
-In the 1960s, astronomers -Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson... | 0:17:12 | 0:17:17 | |
-..were listening -to radio signals from space. | 0:17:17 | 0:17:20 | |
-But they were -picking up a background hum. | 0:17:21 | 0:17:24 | |
-They blamed it -on pigeon droppings... | 0:17:25 | 0:17:28 | |
-..but even after cleaning their -instruments, it was still there. | 0:17:28 | 0:17:33 | |
-If anything, -the background got even greater. | 0:17:34 | 0:17:36 | |
-According to legend... | 0:17:37 | 0:17:38 | |
-..when they gave a talk at Princeton -one physicist said... | 0:17:39 | 0:17:43 | |
-.."Either you listened -to the effects of bird droppings... | 0:17:44 | 0:17:47 | |
-..or the creation of the universe." | 0:17:48 | 0:17:50 | |
-Penzias and Wilson had discovered -the afterglow of the Big Bang. | 0:17:52 | 0:17:57 | |
-Once the universe -was around 350,000 years old... | 0:18:01 | 0:18:06 | |
-..it was cold enough... | 0:18:07 | 0:18:09 | |
-..for the electrons and protons -to come together to form hydrogen. | 0:18:09 | 0:18:14 | |
-Think of a gigantic fog -that suddenly lifts. | 0:18:16 | 0:18:19 | |
-Before the fog lifts, you can only -see a few feet in front of you... | 0:18:20 | 0:18:24 | |
-..then suddenly -everything becomes clear. | 0:18:24 | 0:18:27 | |
-That's what happened -380,000 years after the Big Bang. | 0:18:29 | 0:18:33 | |
-The light from the Big Bang... | 0:18:37 | 0:18:39 | |
-..continues to travel -uninterrupted through space. | 0:18:40 | 0:18:43 | |
-Scientists call it -the cosmic microwave background. | 0:18:45 | 0:18:49 | |
-It's fair to say -that this discovery... | 0:18:52 | 0:18:55 | |
-..considering -what it actually explained... | 0:18:55 | 0:18:59 | |
-..was the real proof -that the Big Bang did happen. | 0:19:00 | 0:19:04 | |
-The cosmic microwave background -is a glimpse into the time... | 0:19:05 | 0:19:10 | |
-..when the young cosmos was created. | 0:19:10 | 0:19:13 | |
-To find the ultimate proof -that cosmic inflation did happen... | 0:19:17 | 0:19:21 | |
-..scientists had to take -a closer look... | 0:19:21 | 0:19:24 | |
-..and reveal even more -of the cosmos's secrets. | 0:19:25 | 0:19:28 | |
-. | 0:19:29 | 0:19:29 | |
-Subtitles | 0:19:35 | 0:19:35 | |
-Subtitles - -Subtitles | 0:19:35 | 0:19:37 | |
-The infant cosmos has existed -for a fraction of a second. | 0:19:45 | 0:19:49 | |
-It's grown at a phenomenal rate. | 0:19:49 | 0:19:51 | |
-But how? | 0:19:53 | 0:19:55 | |
-The answer lies in the first ever -light to shine through the cosmos... | 0:19:58 | 0:20:03 | |
-..which is known as -the cosmic microwave background. | 0:20:03 | 0:20:07 | |
-Scientists need the -best possible picture of this light. | 0:20:08 | 0:20:12 | |
-Five years ago, -the European Space Agency... | 0:20:24 | 0:20:28 | |
-..launched the Planck satellite. | 0:20:28 | 0:20:31 | |
-It orbits the sun... | 0:20:36 | 0:20:37 | |
-..scanning the temperature -of the entire visible universe. | 0:20:37 | 0:20:42 | |
-It scans in every direction... | 0:20:44 | 0:20:47 | |
-..mapping the smallest -of differences in the background. | 0:20:47 | 0:20:52 | |
-They're one in 100,000 effects. | 0:20:54 | 0:20:56 | |
-If we see something coloured red, -the density if greater. | 0:20:57 | 0:21:01 | |
-If it's blue, it's less dense. | 0:21:01 | 0:21:03 | |
-Areas where the density is higher -will expand, over time... | 0:21:04 | 0:21:08 | |
-..to create galaxies. | 0:21:08 | 0:21:10 | |
-These tiny variations -in temperature... | 0:21:16 | 0:21:19 | |
-..reveal where galaxies -will eventually form. | 0:21:19 | 0:21:22 | |
-But scientists -still need further proof. | 0:21:23 | 0:21:26 | |
-They want to see the effect -on gravity - gravitational waves. | 0:21:27 | 0:21:32 | |
-One of the tests is that we might -be able to see the gravity waves... | 0:21:35 | 0:21:39 | |
-..that were produced -at the very end of inflation. | 0:21:39 | 0:21:43 | |
-Like ripples in a pond... | 0:21:45 | 0:21:47 | |
-..cosmic inflation -creates gravitational waves... | 0:21:47 | 0:21:51 | |
-..through the cosmos. | 0:21:52 | 0:21:53 | |
-If scientists could see these waves, -they'd know that inflation was real. | 0:21:56 | 0:22:02 | |
-Some 30 years after Guth presented -the concept of inflation... | 0:22:07 | 0:22:12 | |
-..a telescope at the South Pole -discovered these waves this year. | 0:22:12 | 0:22:17 | |
-Today scientists announce they have -discovered what was going on... | 0:22:19 | 0:22:23 | |
-..in the earliest moments of our -universe, right after the Big Bang. | 0:22:23 | 0:22:27 | |
-The concept of inflation -was important. | 0:22:31 | 0:22:35 | |
-It helped explain how the Big Bang -created everything around us. | 0:22:36 | 0:22:41 | |
-Inflation took the bare bones -of our understanding... | 0:22:49 | 0:22:52 | |
-..of what happened -during the Big Bang... | 0:22:53 | 0:22:55 | |
-..and fleshed it out with details. | 0:22:56 | 0:22:59 | |
-At last, we have proof -that inflation does exist. | 0:23:02 | 0:23:06 | |
-The very simplest models -of inflation... | 0:23:07 | 0:23:10 | |
-..are agreeing beautifully -with the observations being made. | 0:23:10 | 0:23:14 | |
-That's incredibly gratifying... | 0:23:14 | 0:23:17 | |
-..and provides strong evidence -that inflation happened. | 0:23:17 | 0:23:20 | |
-Inflation explains why galaxies are -spread smoothly across the cosmos... | 0:23:24 | 0:23:30 | |
-..in the tiniest fraction -of a second. | 0:23:30 | 0:23:34 | |
-And some scientists now believe -that inflation goes on... | 0:23:39 | 0:23:43 | |
-..to create other forms -of the cosmos - a multiverse. | 0:23:44 | 0:23:48 | |
-This is a general idea -that other universes exist. | 0:23:49 | 0:23:53 | |
-Other universes will be created -from our universe. | 0:23:54 | 0:23:57 | |
-From what I've read, -we are very close to discovering... | 0:23:58 | 0:24:02 | |
-..that other universes -already coexist with ours. | 0:24:03 | 0:24:07 | |
-It's possible that our universe -is one of many. | 0:24:12 | 0:24:15 | |
-Some scientists believe... | 0:24:20 | 0:24:22 | |
-..there are several types -of universes in existence. | 0:24:22 | 0:24:26 | |
-Home to billions -of stars and planets. | 0:24:26 | 0:24:29 | |
-Some may be home -to people like us... | 0:24:34 | 0:24:37 | |
-..living their lives -in a parallel world. | 0:24:38 | 0:24:42 | |
-It's a mind-blowing idea. | 0:24:43 | 0:24:46 | |
-More people believe in the concept -of a multiverse today... | 0:24:47 | 0:24:52 | |
-..than did 20 years ago. | 0:24:54 | 0:24:55 | |
-Research points to the possibility -that other universes exist. | 0:24:57 | 0:25:03 | |
-We're on a journey -through the first second of time. | 0:25:10 | 0:25:14 | |
-The infant cosmos is now -a pure ball of energy... | 0:25:17 | 0:25:20 | |
-..the size of a cricket ball. | 0:25:21 | 0:25:23 | |
-From this ball of energy, all the -stars and planets will be created. | 0:25:27 | 0:25:31 | |
-But how? | 0:25:34 | 0:25:35 | |
-Inflation says... | 0:25:38 | 0:25:40 | |
-..that for a brief period, -empty space gets energy. | 0:25:40 | 0:25:43 | |
-And it turns out the universe -keeps dumping energy into space... | 0:25:44 | 0:25:48 | |
-..to produce everything we see. | 0:25:48 | 0:25:51 | |
-Apparently you produce an incredible -amount of stuff from nothing... | 0:25:51 | 0:25:56 | |
-..without violating -the laws of physics. | 0:25:57 | 0:25:59 | |
-It's almost magic, -but that's the key word - almost. | 0:26:00 | 0:26:03 | |
-It's allowed by the laws of physics. | 0:26:03 | 0:26:05 | |
-The early universe -is nothing like what we see today. | 0:26:11 | 0:26:15 | |
-The universe is a tiny ball. | 0:26:20 | 0:26:22 | |
-A dense soup of fundamental -particles of protons and photons. | 0:26:27 | 0:26:32 | |
-From this soup, -everything was created. | 0:26:36 | 0:26:39 | |
-To understand how this pure energy -transforms into matter... | 0:26:43 | 0:26:47 | |
-..we turn to the work -of Albert Einstein... | 0:26:47 | 0:26:51 | |
-..and his famous equation E=mc2. | 0:26:53 | 0:26:57 | |
-E is energy and M is mass. | 0:27:00 | 0:27:02 | |
-So you can convert Energy E into -Mass M and vice versa. | 0:27:03 | 0:27:08 | |
-And this is something we use -when we deal with antimatter. | 0:27:09 | 0:27:13 | |
-If you take an antielectron -and an electron... | 0:27:14 | 0:27:17 | |
-..and put them together, their mass -is converted into pure energy. | 0:27:17 | 0:27:22 | |
-Einstein transformed -our understanding of the universe... | 0:27:26 | 0:27:30 | |
-..by revealing that matter -is just concentrated energy. | 0:27:30 | 0:27:34 | |
-The same science -is behind atomic bombs. | 0:27:36 | 0:27:38 | |
-They turn matter into energy. | 0:27:42 | 0:27:44 | |
-The E=mc2 equation shows how -the smallest amount of matter... | 0:27:46 | 0:27:51 | |
-..can release a huge amount -of energy. | 0:27:51 | 0:27:54 | |
-During the Big Bang, -energy turns into matter. | 0:28:03 | 0:28:07 | |
-But it's nothing like the matter -that makes up our world today. | 0:28:07 | 0:28:12 | |
-So what does -this primal matter look like? | 0:28:13 | 0:28:16 | |
-The Brookhaven National Laboratory -in Long Island... | 0:28:20 | 0:28:24 | |
-..is the home of the Relativistic -Heavy Ion Collider, or RHIC. | 0:28:24 | 0:28:29 | |
-Here they recreate the matter -that filled the early universe... | 0:28:33 | 0:28:38 | |
-..after the Big Bang. | 0:28:38 | 0:28:40 | |
-In a sense, RHIC is a time machine. | 0:28:42 | 0:28:44 | |
-We reproduce the conditions that -existed in the early universe... | 0:28:44 | 0:28:48 | |
-..one microsecond -after the Big Bang. | 0:28:49 | 0:28:51 | |
-RHIC fires gold nuclei -around a circular tunnel... | 0:28:55 | 0:29:00 | |
-..thousands of times a second, -at enormous speed. | 0:29:01 | 0:29:04 | |
-It then smashes them together -in the giant STAR detector. | 0:29:07 | 0:29:11 | |
-Imagine smashing two cars together -in a head-on collision... | 0:29:15 | 0:29:19 | |
-..and working out -what the cars looked like... | 0:29:21 | 0:29:24 | |
-..by analysing the debris -thrown off. | 0:29:24 | 0:29:27 | |
-That's what the team -at RHIC is doing. | 0:29:29 | 0:29:33 | |
-It smashes protons to pieces -to find out how they were created. | 0:29:33 | 0:29:38 | |
-Each collision that you see here -is different. | 0:29:41 | 0:29:44 | |
-Some collisions have more tracks -coming out of them. | 0:29:44 | 0:29:48 | |
-The curved lines are the particles -that come out of the collision. | 0:29:48 | 0:29:52 | |
-Each collision generates -a different number of particles... | 0:29:53 | 0:29:57 | |
-..depending on -the violence of the collision. | 0:29:57 | 0:30:00 | |
-What Mike and his team see... | 0:30:02 | 0:30:04 | |
-..is a spray of the most fundamental -particles of all - quarks. | 0:30:05 | 0:30:09 | |
-Quarks are normally bound inside -protons and neutrons... | 0:30:10 | 0:30:14 | |
-..but give quarks enough energy -and they break free. | 0:30:14 | 0:30:18 | |
-We expected quarks, once liberated -from protons and neutrons... | 0:30:18 | 0:30:22 | |
-..not to interact much -with each other... | 0:30:22 | 0:30:25 | |
-..but to stream into our detector. | 0:30:25 | 0:30:27 | |
-What we found was the most perfect -fluid that was ever discovered... | 0:30:27 | 0:30:31 | |
-..or ever measured on the planet. | 0:30:32 | 0:30:34 | |
-It actually flows -much more easily than water. | 0:30:34 | 0:30:37 | |
-This was absolutely surprising. | 0:30:37 | 0:30:39 | |
-RHIC shows us -that the perfect fluid... | 0:30:42 | 0:30:45 | |
-..is created a fraction of a second -into the Big Bang. | 0:30:45 | 0:30:49 | |
-But like everything in the -first second, it doesn't last long. | 0:30:49 | 0:30:54 | |
-As the cosmos expands, it cools... | 0:30:55 | 0:30:57 | |
-..and the strong force -makes its presence felt. | 0:30:57 | 0:31:01 | |
-The important characteristic -of the strong force... | 0:31:03 | 0:31:06 | |
-..is the confinement of quarks -inside protons and neutrons... | 0:31:07 | 0:31:10 | |
-..that we see today. | 0:31:10 | 0:31:13 | |
-When the temperature -of the universe drops... | 0:31:14 | 0:31:17 | |
-..the strong force clumps quarks -together in groups of three. | 0:31:18 | 0:31:22 | |
-These are the building blocks -of atoms. | 0:31:23 | 0:31:26 | |
-The cosmos begins to take the form -we know today. | 0:31:27 | 0:31:30 | |
-But as matter is bursting -into existence across the cosmos... | 0:31:36 | 0:31:40 | |
-..there's still something missing. | 0:31:40 | 0:31:43 | |
-Somehow, this matter has no mass. | 0:31:43 | 0:31:46 | |
-. | 0:31:51 | 0:31:51 | |
-Subtitles | 0:31:57 | 0:31:57 | |
-Subtitles - -Subtitles | 0:31:57 | 0:31:59 | |
-The cosmos has existed -for less than a second. | 0:32:04 | 0:32:08 | |
-It's grown to about the size -of our solar system... | 0:32:11 | 0:32:15 | |
-..and matter -is bursting into existence. | 0:32:16 | 0:32:19 | |
-But this matter is strange. | 0:32:22 | 0:32:24 | |
-It has no mass. | 0:32:25 | 0:32:26 | |
-On earth, we feel mass as weight. | 0:32:29 | 0:32:33 | |
-In space, astronauts float -as if they were weightless. | 0:32:36 | 0:32:42 | |
-But if this astronaut had no mass, -he'd be in big trouble. | 0:32:45 | 0:32:49 | |
-Without mass, we wouldn't have -the universe we know today. | 0:32:53 | 0:32:57 | |
-The only particles to exist -would be particles without mass... | 0:32:57 | 0:33:02 | |
-..such as light. | 0:33:02 | 0:33:03 | |
-A universe without mass -would be one ray of light. | 0:33:04 | 0:33:08 | |
-The early universe had no mass. | 0:33:11 | 0:33:13 | |
-But today, our universe -is full of planets and stars... | 0:33:15 | 0:33:20 | |
-..which clearly have mass. | 0:33:20 | 0:33:22 | |
-So where does this mass come from? | 0:33:24 | 0:33:26 | |
-Back in the 1960s, a young Scottish -scientist named Peter Higgs... | 0:33:28 | 0:33:32 | |
-..offered one solution - -the Higgs field. | 0:33:33 | 0:33:36 | |
-Higgs suggested... | 0:33:38 | 0:33:39 | |
-..that a Higgs field stretched out -through the universe... | 0:33:39 | 0:33:44 | |
-..and particles gained mass -by interacting with this field. | 0:33:44 | 0:33:48 | |
-The Higgs field is invisible. | 0:33:52 | 0:33:54 | |
-It stretches throughout space... | 0:33:55 | 0:33:57 | |
-..and a fundamental particle -called the Higgs Boson... | 0:33:57 | 0:34:01 | |
-..interacts with other particles -as they pass through the field. | 0:34:02 | 0:34:06 | |
-The more an object -interacts with the Higgs field... | 0:34:07 | 0:34:11 | |
-..the more mass it gains. | 0:34:11 | 0:34:13 | |
-The Higgs field is a wonderful idea -but does it really exist? | 0:34:16 | 0:34:20 | |
-There's only one place to find out. | 0:34:22 | 0:34:24 | |
-The home of the biggest and -most advanced machine ever built. | 0:34:25 | 0:34:29 | |
-The Large Hadron Collider -at CERN in Switzerland. | 0:34:30 | 0:34:34 | |
-A Welshman helped design it. -He is Rhodri Jones. | 0:34:36 | 0:34:39 | |
-I've been at CERN for 17 years. | 0:34:42 | 0:34:44 | |
-I'm the head -of the measurements team... | 0:34:44 | 0:34:47 | |
-..at the Large Hadron Collider. | 0:34:48 | 0:34:50 | |
-It's the most powerful machine -in the world. | 0:34:53 | 0:34:57 | |
-It's almost 27km long, -100 metres underground. | 0:34:57 | 0:35:01 | |
-The Large Hadron Collider -shoots two beams of protons... | 0:35:04 | 0:35:08 | |
-..around a 17-mile tunnel... | 0:35:08 | 0:35:11 | |
-..before they collide. | 0:35:12 | 0:35:14 | |
-The Large Hadron Collider... | 0:35:14 | 0:35:17 | |
-..fires protons -at almost the speed of light... | 0:35:17 | 0:35:20 | |
-..before they collide -and create a burst of energy. | 0:35:20 | 0:35:24 | |
-We examine what that energy creates -and look for something new... | 0:35:24 | 0:35:29 | |
-..to help us -better describe our universe. | 0:35:29 | 0:35:32 | |
-The collisions shatter the protons -into a spray of new particles... | 0:35:36 | 0:35:42 | |
-..including perhaps the Higgs Boson. | 0:35:43 | 0:35:46 | |
-Thousands of scientists -have spent years searching for it. | 0:35:46 | 0:35:51 | |
-It's difficult -to get protons to collide. | 0:35:51 | 0:35:54 | |
-It's like shooting chopsticks -at each other across the Atlantic. | 0:35:55 | 0:36:00 | |
-In March 2013, there was big news. | 0:36:00 | 0:36:03 | |
-When they announced they had found -the Higgs particle... | 0:36:05 | 0:36:09 | |
-..was a huge moment in the history -of physics and of CERN. | 0:36:09 | 0:36:13 | |
-I think we have it. | 0:36:15 | 0:36:16 | |
-It was a very emotional moment... | 0:36:18 | 0:36:20 | |
-..and Peter Higgs himself was there -for the announcement. | 0:36:21 | 0:36:25 | |
-He had this idea as a young man -at the start of his career... | 0:36:28 | 0:36:32 | |
-..and his theory was proven -after he retired. | 0:36:32 | 0:36:35 | |
-It's remarkable -that he waited 50 years... | 0:36:36 | 0:36:39 | |
-..to see his idea become a reality. | 0:36:39 | 0:36:42 | |
-The amphitheatre was full -and everyone was very emotional. | 0:36:44 | 0:36:50 | |
-Thanks to Peter Higgs and the work -of scientists around the world... | 0:36:51 | 0:36:56 | |
-..one of the mysteries -of the first second has been solved. | 0:36:57 | 0:37:01 | |
-It's been -an amazing experience for me... | 0:37:03 | 0:37:06 | |
-..to have worked on this project -as a physicist for 20 years. | 0:37:06 | 0:37:10 | |
-We finally found what this machine -was designed to find. | 0:37:10 | 0:37:14 | |
-The Higgs theory -is extremely important. | 0:37:15 | 0:37:19 | |
-It explains something which -happened in the early universe... | 0:37:20 | 0:37:24 | |
-..and created the forces we see -and understand today. | 0:37:24 | 0:37:28 | |
-Some people have called the -Higgs Boson the God Particle... | 0:37:29 | 0:37:33 | |
-..because this was -the missing piece of the puzzle... | 0:37:33 | 0:37:37 | |
-..in the theory -explaining how our universe works. | 0:37:37 | 0:37:41 | |
-Without the Higgs field -and the Higgs Boson... | 0:37:42 | 0:37:45 | |
-..the stars, planets and people -wouldn't exist. | 0:37:46 | 0:37:51 | |
-But some scientists suggest -that the Higgs field... | 0:37:52 | 0:37:56 | |
-..was responsible -for splitting the super force... | 0:37:56 | 0:38:00 | |
-..into four different forces. | 0:38:00 | 0:38:03 | |
-Without the Higgs Boson, -we can't exist. | 0:38:05 | 0:38:07 | |
-We think a series of Higgs Bosons... | 0:38:08 | 0:38:11 | |
-..were responsible for breaking the -symmetries of the super force... | 0:38:11 | 0:38:15 | |
-..so that the four forces -could emerge. | 0:38:15 | 0:38:18 | |
-That's why, when we found the -Higgs Boson, champagne was opened... | 0:38:19 | 0:38:24 | |
-..in all the physics laboratories -and we had a grand party. | 0:38:25 | 0:38:29 | |
-As well as the strong force -and gravity, two new forces appear. | 0:38:29 | 0:38:34 | |
-The weak force -and the electromagnetic force. | 0:38:34 | 0:38:38 | |
-Without the weak nuclear force, -the stars would not shine. | 0:38:40 | 0:38:44 | |
-You wouldn't be able to live -in the modern world... | 0:38:44 | 0:38:48 | |
-..without the electromagnetic force. | 0:38:49 | 0:38:52 | |
-A charge will create -an electric field. | 0:38:53 | 0:38:56 | |
-A series of charges in a wire -generates a magnetic field. | 0:38:58 | 0:39:02 | |
-When you speed them up, -you get electromagnetic waves... | 0:39:03 | 0:39:07 | |
-..which gives us radio, television -and everything! | 0:39:07 | 0:39:11 | |
-Together, the four forces -shape our universe. | 0:39:12 | 0:39:16 | |
-These four forces govern -every process we see in nature... | 0:39:21 | 0:39:25 | |
-..and in our everyday lives. | 0:39:27 | 0:39:29 | |
-From boiling water to objects -falling to the ground... | 0:39:32 | 0:39:36 | |
-..they are behind every interaction -between objects in the world. | 0:39:37 | 0:39:42 | |
-The laws of physics -boil down to these four forces. | 0:39:42 | 0:39:46 | |
-Scientists seek proof... | 0:39:51 | 0:39:53 | |
-..that the four forces did exist -as one force at the beginning. | 0:39:53 | 0:39:59 | |
-As well as the work in CERN... | 0:40:01 | 0:40:03 | |
-..perhaps the BICEP2 telescope -in the South Pole... | 0:40:03 | 0:40:08 | |
-..has just found this proof. | 0:40:08 | 0:40:10 | |
-The BICEP experiment... | 0:40:12 | 0:40:14 | |
-..gave us a measurement -of the energy scale of inflation. | 0:40:14 | 0:40:17 | |
-The energy scale's really high. | 0:40:17 | 0:40:19 | |
-So high, it's tempting... | 0:40:19 | 0:40:21 | |
-..to associate inflation with the -unification of all forces of nature. | 0:40:22 | 0:40:26 | |
-It's at the energy scale we think -are the basic forces of physics. | 0:40:26 | 0:40:31 | |
-Gravity, the strong force and -the weak force all come together... | 0:40:31 | 0:40:35 | |
-..into one grand force. | 0:40:35 | 0:40:37 | |
-It's a golden age for physics. | 0:40:41 | 0:40:44 | |
-The work being done -at CERN in Switzerland... | 0:40:47 | 0:40:50 | |
-..and by BICEP2 -at the South Pole... | 0:40:51 | 0:40:53 | |
-..has brought scientists -a step closer to understanding... | 0:40:54 | 0:40:58 | |
-..what happened during -the first second after the Big Bang. | 0:40:58 | 0:41:03 | |
-We're nearing the end -of the universe's first second. | 0:41:12 | 0:41:17 | |
-But first, -there's a war to be fought. | 0:41:22 | 0:41:25 | |
-The enemy is antimatter. | 0:41:35 | 0:41:37 | |
-Dr Aled Isaac -from Swansea University... | 0:41:40 | 0:41:43 | |
-..is a physicist -who studies antimatter at CERN. | 0:41:43 | 0:41:47 | |
-Antimatter, as its name suggests, -is the opposite of matter. | 0:41:50 | 0:41:54 | |
-It's like matter's twin. -They look identical. | 0:41:54 | 0:41:57 | |
-But if you bring matter -and antimatter together... | 0:41:58 | 0:42:02 | |
-..they destroy each other -and release pure energy. | 0:42:02 | 0:42:06 | |
-The experiment -I'm working on at CERN... | 0:42:08 | 0:42:11 | |
-..is looking for a minute difference -between hydrogen and antihydrogen... | 0:42:11 | 0:42:17 | |
-..to try to explain why the universe -is made of matter not antimatter. | 0:42:17 | 0:42:22 | |
-Matter and antimatter -simply cannot coexist. | 0:42:23 | 0:42:26 | |
-They annihilate each other -on contact. | 0:42:26 | 0:42:29 | |
-At the moment of the Big Bang... | 0:42:31 | 0:42:33 | |
-..an equal amount of matter and -antimatter should have been created. | 0:42:34 | 0:42:38 | |
-We've looked deep into the cosmos... | 0:42:39 | 0:42:41 | |
-..but there's no evidence of matter -and antimatter clashing. | 0:42:42 | 0:42:46 | |
-There is no antimatter out there so -the question is where did it all go? | 0:42:46 | 0:42:52 | |
-There is a universe -and there is matter... | 0:42:54 | 0:42:57 | |
-..so there had to be -a tiny difference. | 0:42:57 | 0:43:00 | |
-We're talking about -one billionth of a difference... | 0:43:00 | 0:43:04 | |
-..between the amount of matter -and antimatter in the cosmos. | 0:43:04 | 0:43:09 | |
-A tiny difference -but enough to create matter. | 0:43:09 | 0:43:13 | |
-For every billion particles -of matter and antimatter... | 0:43:17 | 0:43:20 | |
-..created by energy... | 0:43:20 | 0:43:22 | |
-..there was -one extra particle of matter. | 0:43:22 | 0:43:25 | |
-That very small asymmetry -of one part in a billion... | 0:43:25 | 0:43:29 | |
-..is enough to account for all the -galaxies and stars in the universe. | 0:43:30 | 0:43:35 | |
-But what if antimatter -had won the war? | 0:43:37 | 0:43:40 | |
-There's no real difference -between matter and antimatter. | 0:43:41 | 0:43:45 | |
-It would be as correct to say -we live in a world of antimatter... | 0:43:46 | 0:43:50 | |
-..as opposed to matter. | 0:43:51 | 0:43:52 | |
-If antimatter had won -instead of matter... | 0:43:53 | 0:43:56 | |
-..the universe -would probably look the same today. | 0:43:56 | 0:44:00 | |
-We'd be made of antimatter -and call it matter. | 0:44:01 | 0:44:03 | |
-Anti-lovers could sit in anti-cars -looking at anti-moons... | 0:44:04 | 0:44:09 | |
-..making anti-love and it would all -seem exactly the same. | 0:44:10 | 0:44:14 | |
-So why was there more matter than -antimatter when the cosmos was born? | 0:44:16 | 0:44:22 | |
-Tara Shears at the Large Hadron -Collider, CERN, wants to find out. | 0:44:24 | 0:44:28 | |
-What we're interested in... | 0:44:29 | 0:44:31 | |
-..is how different the amounts -of matter and antimatter are... | 0:44:32 | 0:44:36 | |
-..and if they match -our understanding... | 0:44:36 | 0:44:39 | |
-..of how different matter -and antimatter should be. | 0:44:39 | 0:44:43 | |
-That's what we don't understand. | 0:44:43 | 0:44:46 | |
-The Large Hadron Collider results... | 0:44:47 | 0:44:50 | |
-..show that the difference -between antimatter and matter... | 0:44:50 | 0:44:55 | |
-..is smaller than expected. | 0:44:55 | 0:44:57 | |
-Scientists -still don't understand why. | 0:44:57 | 0:45:00 | |
-I really hope we're going to -make a measurement here... | 0:45:03 | 0:45:07 | |
-..which is going to -show us the light. | 0:45:07 | 0:45:09 | |
-Show us what else there is -in the universe... | 0:45:10 | 0:45:12 | |
-..that's going to make it all -make sense. | 0:45:13 | 0:45:15 | |
-We still don't completely understand -the first second of the cosmos... | 0:45:20 | 0:45:25 | |
-..and scientists -are still searching for answers. | 0:45:25 | 0:45:29 | |
-At the end of my career, we -understand about 4% of the universe. | 0:45:30 | 0:45:34 | |
-Even that is imperfect. | 0:45:35 | 0:45:37 | |
-We have made -some remarkable discoveries... | 0:45:38 | 0:45:41 | |
-..but there is still -a vast amount we don't understand. | 0:45:42 | 0:45:46 | |
-The first second is over. | 0:45:51 | 0:45:53 | |
-The universe already contains -everything we see today. | 0:45:54 | 0:45:58 | |
-Aspects of the current model we have -of the universe are unexplained. | 0:46:02 | 0:46:07 | |
-We must learn more about dark matter -and other things... | 0:46:07 | 0:46:11 | |
-..which don't fit the model we have. | 0:46:11 | 0:46:14 | |
-In the next few minutes... | 0:46:17 | 0:46:19 | |
-..the cosmos cools enough -for protons and neutrons to form. | 0:46:20 | 0:46:25 | |
-Another 400,000 years must pass -before the first atom appears. | 0:46:26 | 0:46:31 | |
-After another nine billion years, -these atoms come together... | 0:46:34 | 0:46:38 | |
-..to form our planet. | 0:46:38 | 0:46:40 | |
-Earth is born. | 0:46:41 | 0:46:42 | |
-This process began in -the first second of the Big Bang. | 0:46:47 | 0:46:52 | |
-S4C subtitles by Eirlys A Jones | 0:47:27 | 0:47:30 | |
-. | 0:47:30 | 0:47:30 |