07/04/2014 Newsnight

warns Russia to back off eastern Ukraine or else. Or else what? With

pro-Russian protestors unbowed, is the west's main weapon now bluster?

Do Tory MPs want the Culture Secretary Miller to disappear? Well

that's matter for her and the Prime Minister. I will make an

observation, if I was in her position facing a difficult set of

circumstances and a local election I wouldn't expect my colleagues to go

around. We remember the Rwandan genocide? I covered my years, my

family, my uncles family, I remember seeing all of them... It is said to

be everywhere but we can't see it, are we about to find Dark Matter?

Increasingly frantic appeals from people who say they are an oppressed

minority. There is another way of looking at the crisis in Ukraine,

Vladimir Putin sees the recent change of Government to be a coup

carried out by Neo-Nazis. Could he order something similar to the

seizing of Crimea in the rest of the country. A White House spokesman

warned him to back off if he was planning anything like that overt or

covert. We take stock. In the east Ukrainian city protesters have

seized Government buildings and today announced the setting up of

their own Republic. Russian TV made it their lead, while the interim

Government in Kiev reeled from this fresh crisis. Somebody wants to make

sure the new Government don't control all the country.

It wasn't just there, here a security building was seized and in

other cities there were clashes. If this apparent co-ordination was not

suspicious enough, pro-Moscow activists in each city are talking

about holding a referendum in the second week of May. Yesterday the

second wave of the Russian federation's special operation

against Ukraine started. The goal is to destablise the situation in the

country, topple Ukrainian authorities, disrupt the elections

and tear our country apart. Can troops close to Ukraine's borders

the situation could now escalate very rapidly indeed. If it all seems

like an exact replay of Crimea, it isn't quite. Crimean Government

buildings were taken over by special for example where as those who

started occupying buildings in eastern Ukraine yesterday are a more

ran Dom selection of local toughs and activists, and it seems apparent

that they don't want to unite with Russia, rather they want a new deal

vis a vis Ukraine. I don't think if people demand freedom, democracy,

the rights to vote, I don't think it is a bad thing. If Brussels will be

taught they should respect the rights of the Ukrainian people.

Nevertheless what was taken I think could be very good.

The Russian goal is to create a new power structure in the Ukraine, in

which the eastern provinces get federal powers and that allows them

to stop any move for example closer to the EU by Ukraine as a whole. The

reason though that this is going to become so dangerous is that many

think the type of referendum now being proposed by the activists in

the east can't take place. Unless there are Russian troops on the

ground. So Ukraine's Government must now

respond to this knowing much of the police in the east sides could be

with Russian activists and there could be a large scale invasion

triggered. Russia and the US have tonight been

talking about renewed negotiations to resolve this crisis. And the

stakes could hardly be higher. For the imperative now is not just to

avoid conflict in eastern Ukraine but to prevent large scale western

sanctions against Russia that could follow any invasion. Now we have

President Obama's White House co-ordinator for weapons of mass

destruction between 2009-2013, he's now at Harvard University, we have

an expert in Russian foreign policy from St Anthony's College Oxford.

What do you think is Putin's ambition in this situation? Well, I

think President putt tin Putin is hoping to achieve this through the

threat of force, including efforts to destablising eastern Ukraine. At

the same time I am afraid if that doesn't work, if he's not able to

achieve the changes in the Ukrainian institution constitution --

constitutions he is seeking, I believe he's prepared to use force

to seize and occupy parts of Ukraine. What is he seeking? Changes

in the constitution of Ukraine that would protect Russian interests, so

for example the proposals would make sure that the Government of Ukraine

would not join any military alliance, for example, NATO. The

propose changes would also create a federal structure so that the

eastern provinces that are dominated by Russian speakers would constrain

what the central Government in Kiev was prepared to do. And the Russians

would like to see these changes put in place before the presidential

elections in Ukraine that are scheduled for May 25th which, I

don't think is very realistic, because the interim Government has

not really been organised nor does it have the legitimacy to organise

such a constitutional convention. So I'm afraid the Russians will push

very hard. Let's see if there is a shared analysis? One thing is we

overstrategyise Putin, we assume these are brilliant pre-laid plans.

From the information coming out Crimea, the decision to take Crimea

as it was taken probably preceded that by a fortnight. There were

contingency plans, that is why it went smoothly. Broadly speaking

Putin wants to have the old former Soviet Union, he wants sufficient

leverage over Ukraine to prevent it becoming a member of NATO. But more

than that I don't think. And to leverage it when he wants to. So his

interest lies at the moment in translating discontent in the

eastern parts of Ukraine with Kiev, which is very widespread, only 20%

of south-east support the Government, into a leverageable

situation where you can turn that into cause and demands for

devolution within Ukraine. I don't think he wants the partition of

Ukraine. From the way it seems to be playing out, hasn't the west tacitly

accepted that this is Russia's sphere of influence? I think we have

tacitly accepted that Crimea is gone. Crimea was a very special

case. I don't think we have accepted that Russia has the right to

partition at will Ukraine. Which is an independent, sovereign state. I

don't think we have. It may not be what he's seeking? I don't think we

have a policy though that is well thought through. As usual we rely on

Washington to set a policy and strategy. At the moment from what I

see I don't think we have a good will thought-through strategy in

Washington. There are not many levers to be pulled are there? Well,

we're certainly not going to defend Ukraine, we and the Europeans. I

don't think the Ukrainians are capable of defending themselves,

especial ly in the east. The big tool the Europeans have is the

threat of serious economic sanctions which obviously have been withheld

up to now. The sanctions that have been imposed so far have been mainly

symbolic. Sanctions cut both ways. It is interesting to see how far

Europe will be prepared to go in terms of sanctioning the gas sector.

Which is obviously a huge step, but would hurt Europe as well as Russia.

What do you think of the chances of serious sanctions being used? I

think sanctions have a very poor track record throughout the world.

We should hold out the prospect of sanctions, but what we should be

doing now is also holding out the word to Russia that it is a great

guardian of international law and make it actually do something.

President Putin should go on television, let us say and appeal to

his compatriots in eastern Ukraine to obey the law as they would in

Russia. We need to make Russia hold to its word as an upholder of

international order. We need to inject lots of money into Ukraine

and make sure the eastern parts of Ukraine see some of that money from

Kiev. Why would we do that? They feel it is not just a political

pro-Russian anti-Kiev movement, it is also economic. In Crimea

pensioners were delighted that their pensions would double when they

became members of Russia. People in the region of industry which is rust

built in many ways want a better standard of living. They feel they

are being neglected by Kiev. Do you see any appetite to spend money in

Ukraine? Well I agree with Alex that we should be trying to prop up the

economy and help Ukrainians, but I frankly don't think that assistance

can arrive in time to avert the current crisis. The big question is

whether the Government in Kiev is prepared toe make some concessions

in order to accommodate the Russians. And in particular on

issues like NATO membership. Which frankly I don't think Ukraine will

ever be brought into NATO. Because the western countries are not

prepared to defend Ukraine. So will Ukraine be willing to provide

assurances to Russia that will satisfy Putin and avert further

conflict and instability? Thank you both very much indeed. The Prime

Minister is showing no sign of throwing his Culture Secretary to

the dogs, however loudly they may have barked again over Miller's

abuse of public funds and her 32-second apology to the House of

Commons. He declared today that what matters is doing the right thing and

that he thought she had done so. Other parliamentarians were

wondering exactly how she or the committee of MPs who let her off the

repayment demanded by the regulators have enhanced the standing of

parliament or trust with the voter? If you ever want to know who your

friends are, trying tri-going through a parliamentary expenses

scandal. Twitter is great place to go if if you want to see how

unpopular you are. This weekend the Department of Culture, media and

sports account was hacks, this is the result. In a parody of the

policy they used a hashtag to comment. It is interesting how

loathe how many MPs are to speak out any way. This issue is just as toxic

as it was when it first hit the headlines five years ago, that

thatted nadire relationship between those who rule and those who vote

them in and out. It came down to the PM. This morning he was out and

about in a supermarket and with a baby. He was talking about new jobs

for 12,000 people. His Culture Secretary, however, was not one of

them. Maria McMillan is in Miller is doing an excellent job and that is

why she is there. He has said it three times. Even before he came to

office David Cameron made it clear he didn't want to chop and change

his ministers via raging press. He has stuck to it, fewer reshuffles

and sackings, more sustained tenure in the top jobs. The difficulty may

not be with the public perception but his own MPs. Some of whom are

feeling particularly vulnerable right now. Jackie Doyle Pryce has

the most marginal Tory seat in the country, a majority of just 92 and

says this is making the fight much harder. Would it make it easier for

you if she went? That is a matter for her and the Prime Minister. But

I will just make this observation that if I was in that position,

facing a difficult set of local election, I wouldn't be expecting my

colleagues to defend me. So yes? That's a matter for her. David Law

as you might remember went quietly over his expense, Mark Harper

resigned almost before the story broke over his illegally employed

nanny. It is a no-fuss approach colleagues say reaps its own

rewards. But the fury isn't only directed at Maria Miller, but the

system that allowed it to happen today. One of the Labour MPs, who

sparked the initial investigation, called for policing of MPs. David

Cameron says he's open to the thought and others say not

necessarily. Ultimately the democratically elected part of

Government is the highest form of authority you have. So anything you

set up that is independent is set up by that body and can be abolished by

the body. Therefore it is more honest for parliament to say we will

regulate ourselves than to elect some unaccountable and unelected

bureaucrat that they can get rid of any way. I have got hold of the

House of Commons document into Maria Miller's expenses, all 110-pages of

it, it is impen treble, has details of the first and second home. On

page 25 you find the crux of the matter, Code of Conduct, the sense

she failed adequately to respond to the commissioner's questions, and

she consistently challenged his inquiries. When you talk to MPs on

both sides of the House, the agreement is she doesn't get it

still. Tonight a ministerial colleague, one

arguably after her job, pointedly said she would have done things

differently. So will Miss Miller survive? Well she has been seen in

neither of her two homes. But timing, as ever, will be crucial.

One thing stands in her favour, and that is the Easter parliamentary

recess. If she can hang on two more days, she may have earned a

political resurrection until the next reshuffle at least. There were

intensely moving commemorations in Rwanda today of the genocide that

began there exactly 20 years ago. In 100 days of violence more people

were killed than Britain lost in the entire First World War. We are going

to hear the testimony now of Liliane Umubyey. She was 15 in 1994 when the

Hutus began murdering so many of their Tutsi neighbours. She saw

almost her entire family killed by a Hutu mob. Understand escaping her

caters and moving to Britain in 2000, she has worked with other

survivors through the Survivor's Fund. She's currently studying for

an MA at Oxford Brookes University. 2000, she has

My name is Liliane Umubyey, long before the inside I was 12 years

old, we didn't know who was Hutu or Tutsi. Even if the parents gave you

a bad eye you wouldn't take much notice because you didn't know why.

In 1994 the Hutus picked up the machetes and killed the Tutsis. The

sixth April 1994, the Rwandan President is killed when his plane

is shot down. With confusion over who is to blame and the Government

in disarray, the killing of Tutsis begins. I remember when they came to

my uncle's house. Singing very joyful songs that nobody should

escape. Rejoicing over what they were going to do. The killing was

already spreading in the whole neighbourhood. My parents didn't

want to open the door. So as we hear the song, they are approaching the

house. As I saw them with all sorts of weapons and I couldn't just

believe. That painful death it was so unbearable to my mind. I just

jumped through the back window. I tried to run but the whole group was

already surrounding the compound. So I climbed the tree that was in the

back yard. The 7th of April 1994, as UN peacekeepers stand aside, Rwandan

soldiers and Hutu militia hunt for Tutsis, some people are shot, but

many more are killed with clubs, sticks and machete, radio broadcasts

call for the extermination of Tutsi cockroaches. A minute later all I

could hear from the house was... Was the noise of my parents screaming...

And it was terrifying but I couldn't do nothing. I couldn't even go down.

Once they finished killing everybody they pulled all the bodies outside

to double check who escaped and who is not dead yet. In the tree of

course I was holding the branch I couldn't cover my ears to hear what

was going on. There was lots of, then my family, my uncle's family

and, yeah... I remember seeing all of them... The 11th April 1994 tens

of thousands of Tutsi and had you sue moderates have been kicked. The

civilians they been sheltering are left to the Hutu mobs as the

peacekeepers move to the airport. I stayed there for a long, long time.

I thought will I stay here for ever, and I didn't have anywhere else to

go. When the evening came the dog, the wild dogs just start coming to

savage the bodies and I said no way, no chance. This was done by human

beings, but you are a dog you cannot do that. This is all I have left for

me. And I tried to stone them. As I was stoning them I climbed down. I

was running behind the dogs and then I felt I can't go back and then I

went and asked shelter from the neighbours. In the following weeks

as the UN Security Council wastes its breath deciding whether the

massacres can be legally escribed as genocide, the number of deaths

increase, tens of thousands become hundreds of thousands. She is called

Rosa I asked Rosa could you help me, she was even the one who yelled most

to say she's here, and then I tried to run behind the house, I fell in

the pit. I couldn't just get up quickly enough before they

surrounded the pit and said could you come up. I said I'm not, you

kill me here and bury me here, finish your business. One of them

jumped in and carried me up. I remember hearing one of them, how

can you kill this pretty lady without toasting her to know how

good she is. The rape of Tutsi women the rule and absence an exception,

says the UN. With the encouragement of Hutu leaders, hundreds of

thousands of acts of extreme sexual violence take place. I was like this

is not fair. But yet again you were powerless you could not do nothing.

One by one they started raping me. And the most memorable face I

remember is the first one. When the at this forces seized the capital

Kigali in mid-July an estimated 800,000 Rwandans have perished. The

genocide is over. I would like to stop telling my story for now until

when my daughters who are two and five are reaching to the age when I

will be able to explain and tell them exactly what happened to me

personally, even if they knew what has happened to the whole country. I

will consider that moment as a closure to my suffering for the

genocide. Well now my guest is Rwanda's High Commisioner to the UK.

He joins us now from Nottingham. With me here in the studio is

Newsnight's producer in Rwanda during the genocide, and went on to

make the film Shooting Dogs, and has just written a memoir about the

experience, When The Hills Ask For Your Blood. How easy is it to forget

whether you are a Hutu or Tutsi? It is actually very easy. As we are

growing up we are never socialising as hut at thises Tutsis and had you

at thises. The install gaze of Hutu or Tutsi concept was engineered by

colonial forces. But what we have discovered over the last 20 years,

since the terrible strategy of 1994 when during the genocide against the

Tutsis, one million people were butchered in 100 days. We have come

to learn that there is no premium, there is no benefit in

everdramatising and ro Manchester United size -- overdrama sizing or

romanticising the issue. We have been stronger and able to do much

more when we work as one rather than Hutu or Tutsi. You were in and out

of Rwanda all the time, how was it to you? I think his excellency is

not quite right about whether Rwandans feel Hutu or Tutsi or not.

They feel very strongly their heritage, their land, their blood,

their Lennage. -- lineage. They are families with what we heard there,

she can't wait to tell her family her history, people have oral

histories. One has to be very careful in imagining you can simply

reboot people into a different identity and saying we are all

Rwandans. Desnot rebooting, I speak as a Rwandan, I have children, I

have relatives like myself. I have never taught my children they are

Hutu or Tutsi. So I think I'm in a much more comfortable space to

articulate what Rwandans want to view themselves as. Right now as we

speak, and we commemorate the 1994 genocide against the Tutsis, the

overriding conversation in Rwanda is not whether one is Hutu or Tutsi, it

is what it is that we must, you know, use it to redesign ourselves.

But a new values system can we put in place that helps us to view

ourselves as one rather than focus on the things that divide us. That

is a very pious ambition. That is a conversation that is going on in the

country right now as we speak, we are focussing on that. What are you,

are you a Hutu or Tutsi? What do you think? I have no idea, that is why

I'm asking you? That's the point, why are you trying to make me

redesign myself by something I detest, because it allowed madness

to grip our country. Because we are talking on the anniversary of a

genocide, that's why? And as we talk about the anniversary of the

genocide, the conversation that the people of Rwanda are having right

now is not about Hutu or Tutsi, but about what it is we must see as our

system that unites us. And that particular conversation in Rwanda is

called not I am Hutu or Tutsi. It is interesting what the ambassador says

about a shared values system. That's the big question that Rwanda faces

really. Whose values are they and does everybody share them together?

And I think there is a real sense of national purpose and his excellency

is right, people really believe in trying to move Rwanda forward and we

have seen tremendous progress. The risk is in asking everybody to

participate in this shared system of values, you forget who you are. Of

course I defer to his excellency, he's Rwandan and I'm not. I have sat

with Rwandans, I have been walking around the hills and talked with

them for many, many years, what you find is people will tell you their

stories when they feel comfortable. When they don't feel threatened by

what the Government is saying or indeed what the people around the

village corner are saying. It was interesting I thought at the

commemoration today the number of senior figures, both from Rwanda and

in fact the President from Uganda made the same point. A lot of the

blame for this lies with colonial powers. Is that a widespread

perception? It is a perception that has been, I think the blame is being

shared, I think today we saw politics being played by President

Kigami, to make it clear where Rwanda stands as opposed to the old

colonial powers. If you go to the schools in Rwanda you get a clear

sense of where blame is attached. It is attached partly to the colonial

powers that identified the different cultural groups Hutu or Tutsi and

gave them identity cards. But it is also the bad Government in 1994.

People are taught very specifically that story. The narrative is of the

Government. It is not necessarily whether their fathers or mothers

were active participants or passive participants. Thank you very much.

Tragedy struck the Geldof family today, Peaches Geldof, whose mother

Paula Yates died of a drug overdose, she was found dead at 25. She was

rarely out of the tabloid press and leaves behind two young children. A

life lived in front of the flash bulbs, a daughter of celebrity, then

a celebrity herself. Peaches Geldof was one of the children of the

ill-fated match of bob Geldof and Paula Yates, her mother died of an

overdose when she was just 11 years old. But from her teens Peaches

Geldof chose to follow their fame. A writer, presenter, regular fixture

on fashion front rows. Formerly a member of London's party scene and

now talking about parenting on TV. This is a prime example of someone

who did not grow up with attachment parenting, someone who goes on the

media to slag off other women. The 25-year-old was found dead at her

home in Kent this afternoon. Her father said the family was beyond

pain. But in a life of public moments, Peaches Geldof's last

message was to share a picture of herself with her mother. She said

she had been unable to grieve her properly till 16. But her two young

sons and husband will now have to live their lives with loss. With us

now is the Guardian columnist Hadley Freeman. Everybody seemed immensely

shocked today, why do you think that was? There is several layers of

sadness to the story. Obviously first she was very young, nobody

should die at 25. She had two very young children, no-one and

two-year-old should lose their mother. A lot of us remember her

being born, we see her grow up, I'm old enough to remember her as the

daughter of bob Geldof and Paula Yates, we know her father is still

alive and we know how sad he feels. It was such a surprise. She was a

wild child, she was that cliche in her teenage years, she talked about

experimenting with drugs, for a long time it looked like she might be

going the same way as Herrera, her mother died of a drug overdose and

she talked about her struggles. But she gets married and has two boys,

seen on TV talking about parenting, very much involved with her children

and seeming very happy. For something to then go wrong was a big

shock to a lot of people. It did seem, I wouldn't claim any

specialist knowledge of course, but from a distant awareness, she did

seem to have changed her life, didn't she? When I had a book launch

in 2008 when she was going through the period. She crashed my book

lunch launch to my and my friends' surprise, she was the chaotic mess

she was portrayed. She was seen as another Amy Winehouse and Pete

Doherty in the tabloids. Then I saw her recently at fashion show, she

was healthy, she was happy with one of her children. It was a big

surprise for it to happen now. Tells us something about ourselves that

people were so shocked and saddened by this. Because everybody knew her

personal story and it actually speaks rather well I think doesn't

it of social sympathy? And also I think people like to have these

narratives and certainly the tabloids had written narrative for

her. For a while she would be Paula Yates part two, and then she was a

success story, the happy story for bob Geldof, he lost his former wife

but the child was doing well. This has happened now. We have known bob

Geldof for so long in the public eye for 30 years, to see someone you

know well as a celebrity lose their child is terribly sad.

Thank you very much. Media outlets around the world's, and Dark Matter

is one of the Holy Grails of atrophysics. For decades scientists

have been trying to work out what it is or whether it exists. Here is the

BBC's simplified explanation of it. A type of matter hypothesised in

cosmology to account for effects that appear to be the result of mass

where no such mass can be seen. Clear you have eh! Rebecca Morelle

will lighten our darkness with a report from South Dakota where

scientists are hoping to be the first to provide proof of its

existence. Mount Rushmore, gazing over the black hills of South

Dakota. It was about the same time the heads were being carved into the

rock in the 1930s that elsewhere scientists began to notice there was

something very strange about the universe. A huge chunk of it

appeared to be missing. It is a mystery that has baffled scientists

for decades. But now an answer might lie just around the corner from

here, it is not far away in the black hills a bold new experiment is

about to get under way. The Home Stake Gold Mine. It is here

where scientists have the best chance yet of finding Dark Matter. A

mysterious substance born in the big bang, it could make up more than a

quarter of the universe. South gates going to the 48-50. Nobody knows

what form Dark Matter takes or even if it really exists. This cage

descent was once the daily commute for gold miners, now it is

scientists that make the journey one mile down to one of the deepest

laboratories in the world. It takes about ten minutes to get to level

4850, ample time to swat up on a bit of particle physics.

Galaxies like our own consist of planets and stars and dust. All

rotating around a dense centre. The thing is, all this regular matter

simply doesn't have enough mass to account for the gravity needed to

hold the galaxy together. The whole thing should fly apart. There must

be something else there, something we can't see. And scientists believe

that's Dark Matter. And it is this that creates the mass and the

gravity needed to bind the galaxy together. The thinking is that Dark

Matter played a vital part in the evolution of the universe. Its

existence is even more compelling if we consider its influence on a

grander scale. This is a computer projection mapping in blue where

scientists think it is at its densist, and across its web of

clumps and tangles galaxies merge and cluster, it is the scaffold on

which our Cosmos is hung. Nobody actually knows what Dark

Matter looks like. But imagine I could use this lens to take a look

at these mysterious particles. Scientists think they are

everywhere, hanging in space, but because the earth is constantly in

motion, it would look like they are streaming through us, trillions upon

trillion, passing through us every second, like ghosts. This

phantom-like quality is what makes them so hard to detect. But, there

is a theory that Dark Matter part icles do sometimes pump into regular

matter. That is why we are going deep underground to the laboratory

where they hope to catch these extremely rare encounters in the

act. This subterranean lab is shielded from naturally occurring

radiation found up on the surface. Giving the experiments the cosmic

quiet it needs for its detection work. And this is what it is all

about, one mile underground a tank spanning two storeys, it contains

nearly 100,000 gallons of ultra purified water and suspended at its

heart is the more sensitive Dark Matter detector ever built. The

detector contains 800 pounds of the chemical element Xenon, although

most particles will pass through, in the hope that a particle bumps into

a Xenon particle it will give a bit of light that sensors will record.

Rick is one of the people behind the work going on in this lab cave. His

quest to prove Dark Matter exists is decades long. We all thought we were

going to solve it in the first five years of looking, we are just on the

threshold of starting a new search with the Lux Detector that will last

for 300 days. We are configuring the detector to look for the extremely

occasional reaction, one every month or few months. If we can get an

answer to what Dark Matter is, not only will we have explained what the

majority of the matter in the universe is made of, but we will

also really usher in a new era in our understanding of the fundamental

physics of this universe. Finding Dark Matter will put the laboratory

on the map. But they are conscious they are not the only team looking.

There are a handful of experiments located at different underground

laboratories around the world that they want to be the first ones to

stand up and say they have discovered it. And so it is very

competitive and they track what each other is at and results that come

out. It is really an interesting process to see these guys and ladies

competing to try to be the first. Back up at the surface and just

round the corner from the gold mine is the old gambling town of

Deadwood, now it is scientists hoping to strike it lucky here.

Whoever is fortunate enough to be able to discover Dark Matter first,

it will be a Nobel Prize winning result. But entire careers are being

staked on a particle that might not even be there. You know we have to

allow for the idea that the experiment may produce a negative

result, the standard repost under those circumstances is to build a

bigger one. Here in South Dakota, an audacious

gamble can sometimes pay off. If you are looking for a working example of

a complete shamble, you could do worse than gawp in disbelief at

yesterday's Sheffield half marathon. It was cancelled with minutes to go

because there apparently wasn't enough water for the runners. Plenty

of them didn't get the message and thousands completed the course any

way. Nick Clegg a local MP called the situation "farcical" and he

knows a thing or two about farces. What about this, water. We have one

of the presenters of Trust Me I'm a Doctor, how much water do we need?

That is why I put the water on the table, it varies a huge amount. This

is the most water I have ever drunk in day, this is probably the least,

in fact I may have drunk less than that today. For one individual it

can vary that much. That was a hot day doing hard exercise in a

difficult climate. If you are working in a cold office it will be

very little. If you add to that medical conditions, age, immensely.

So there is no minimum? There is a minimum, without water for more than

a few days we will all die. A few days? But you can get by, if you

work in a cold environment, you are not doing any exercise and you start

the die hide demonstrated, you -- day hide demonstrated and you want

immediate need a lot of water. Drinking water if you feel a bit

hungover or like you need cleansing, there is a lovely idea of putting

something clear in your body that gets rid of waste. To that idea we

add a layer of clever marketing and slightly misrepresented science from

companies with enormous vested interests in selling large

quantities of bottled water. If you delve into the research the eight

glasses a day is nowhere to be found really. The best evidence says you

should drink to thirst. If you go on one of these websites that advises

you about how much you have to drink it will tell you large quantities

really? This is the perils of certain websites on the Internet. If

you go to the BBC website where I have written an article of what you

need to drink. Drinking to thirst that gets you enough water. You

should drink when you are thirsty. If you feel like a glass of water

have one. That is true if you are an Olympic athlete or if you are

someone sitting in an office. If you do drink too much what is the

problem, you just Pete it out don't you? No, brinking too much water is

very dangerous. The marathon in question probably more people die at

the end of marathons from drinking too much water without anything in

it than people who die from dehydration. Why? Because having a

lot of water die lutes your body you and get brain swelling. When you

sweat you lose salt. For each bottle of water like that, if it was sweat

that is about how much salt you would have in it, and you have to

replace the salt. If you put the salt in the water it would be

unpalatable, and most of the over the counter electrolithe drinks

don't have enough salt in them. It is important for runners to

rehydrate carefully. If you drink too much the salt gets washed out of

your body? Essentially, you end up drowning. If I drank all that water

today it would be dangerous. So the emphasis from overhydration has now

shifted to make sure we hit the sweet spot. Like everything, fat,

sugar, vitamins, too much is very bad, too little is very bad for you,

exactly what our grandmothers would say. This other one here? This is

sugar. It is salt? Maybe it is a mixture? We may have confused

things. It is horrible? To make it absorbable rapidly we usually add a

bit more sugar. Sugar and salt in that proportion would be a good

rehydration mix, diluted fruit juice with salt in it would be great for

runners. If we rank too much water it would be good to get the sugar

out of you? We are eating too much sugar drinking water would be good

for us. You don't excrete sugar in your urine only happens when you

have a problem. It is not very useful this water lark? It is

important not to try to overthink it I guess. Drink when you are thirsty

is the headline. Thank you very much, thank you. Both? Probably

affected by too much water. Tomorrow morning's front pages now the Prime

Minister is at war with his party over Maria Miller. They are also in

the Telegraph Tory MPs calling for her to be sacked. I don't know why

we are not looking at the pictures of the front pages, we apparently

don't have T as all viewers are aware the cult HBO series Game of

Thrones eagerly awaited fourth series arrived last night. It is

best known as marital aid for fans of Dungeons and Dragons everywhere.

Should you feel slightly underinformed about series 1-3, here

is the potted character guide, kindly provided by the Screen

Junkies YouTube Channel. Good night. Meet unforgettable hero, John Snow,

a Moby bustard who doesn't know anything. You know nothing. And

Ardarian, a super-hot Queen obsessed with her dragons. Right on an

adventure where any lead character can die, whether you are Sean

SKACHLT bean's wife, son, best friend, daughter-in-law, his family

dogs, his unborn grand kid, all men must die who are in any way close to

Sean Bean.