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LOUD EXPLOSION | 0:00:02 | 0:00:04 | |
This is war as I've known it all my career. | 0:00:06 | 0:00:09 | |
It's rarely been armies fighting armies. | 0:00:09 | 0:00:12 | |
For the most part, it's been guerrilla warfare. | 0:00:12 | 0:00:15 | |
EXPLOSION | 0:00:15 | 0:00:17 | |
Suicide bomber and the sniper on the one side, | 0:00:17 | 0:00:21 | |
tanks and planes on the other. | 0:00:21 | 0:00:23 | |
GUNFIRE | 0:00:24 | 0:00:26 | |
'My producer and I are on the road in northern Iraq.' | 0:00:34 | 0:00:37 | |
There's not an awful lot of room. | 0:00:37 | 0:00:40 | |
This is the kind of thing I've been doing for virtually all my 50 years, | 0:00:42 | 0:00:46 | |
heading off to some front-line in an armoured vehicle | 0:00:46 | 0:00:51 | |
with my flak jacket and my helmet | 0:00:51 | 0:00:54 | |
and a small team of friends and colleagues. | 0:00:54 | 0:00:58 | |
In this case we're heading up to Mosul, | 0:00:58 | 0:01:01 | |
still held by Islamic State, so-called. | 0:01:01 | 0:01:05 | |
In this programme, I want to look at the way the world has changed | 0:01:05 | 0:01:09 | |
during my 50 years as a foreign correspondent. | 0:01:09 | 0:01:12 | |
And we are in Iraq | 0:01:12 | 0:01:14 | |
because it's played such an important part in my career. | 0:01:14 | 0:01:19 | |
'It's easy to assume that bad news is the only news, | 0:01:20 | 0:01:24 | |
'but my experience has been rather different, as we'll see. | 0:01:24 | 0:01:28 | |
'With our cameraman sitting in front and our security adviser driving, | 0:01:28 | 0:01:33 | |
'we are getting near Mosul now.' | 0:01:33 | 0:01:35 | |
There, it looks pretty recent, actually, doesn't it? | 0:01:35 | 0:01:38 | |
'Until a few days ago, this territory was held by Islamic State. | 0:01:38 | 0:01:43 | |
'Craters were made by IEDs - roadside bombs. | 0:01:43 | 0:01:48 | |
Islamic State captured Mosul two-and-a-half years ago. | 0:01:50 | 0:01:54 | |
Now the Iraqi Army is on the offensive | 0:01:54 | 0:01:57 | |
but the ground is littered with hidden explosives | 0:01:57 | 0:02:00 | |
and booby-traps left by IS. | 0:02:00 | 0:02:03 | |
When we get there, gents, please be aware of your footing, | 0:02:03 | 0:02:06 | |
in case there's any mines or anything that hasn't exploded yet. | 0:02:06 | 0:02:10 | |
There you are. And then you will be able to say, "Well, I told them!" | 0:02:10 | 0:02:13 | |
Just off the main road are some well-to-do family houses | 0:02:14 | 0:02:18 | |
which IS used as a bomb factory. | 0:02:18 | 0:02:21 | |
'They've smashed through the walls and heaped up earth | 0:02:21 | 0:02:25 | |
'to protect themselves from attack.' | 0:02:25 | 0:02:27 | |
'The earth comes from the tunnels and bunkers | 0:02:29 | 0:02:32 | |
'which IS carved out under the houses. | 0:02:32 | 0:02:34 | |
'Islamic State is a formidable enemy with experienced soldiers | 0:02:35 | 0:02:40 | |
'from Saddam Hussein's old army, | 0:02:40 | 0:02:43 | |
'fighting alongside the religious extremists.' | 0:02:43 | 0:02:47 | |
He says the tunnel's just here. | 0:02:51 | 0:02:53 | |
Oh, my God, yes. | 0:02:55 | 0:02:56 | |
Yes. | 0:02:57 | 0:02:59 | |
This is the main tunnel entrance. | 0:02:59 | 0:03:01 | |
It's quite deep, full of rubbish and stuff that's collected there, | 0:03:01 | 0:03:06 | |
I suppose, when it was captured. | 0:03:06 | 0:03:08 | |
It just runs all the way, what is that, about 200, 300 yards, | 0:03:08 | 0:03:13 | |
to the main road, so they could take the bombs with them | 0:03:13 | 0:03:18 | |
and not be seen by aerial reconnaissance or drones. | 0:03:18 | 0:03:22 | |
I'm tempted to go down there, but... | 0:03:22 | 0:03:25 | |
I think it's a job for a producer, actually, Peter. | 0:03:25 | 0:03:29 | |
I suppose it's a bit dodgy. | 0:03:29 | 0:03:31 | |
We don't know if it's been clear to what extent | 0:03:31 | 0:03:33 | |
-so it's probably not the best idea. -Cleared of explosives? -Explosives. | 0:03:33 | 0:03:37 | |
'A Western air strike destroyed this particular bomb factory. | 0:03:38 | 0:03:42 | |
'The area is now controlled by the Peshmerga, | 0:03:42 | 0:03:45 | |
'a pro-Western Kurdish force. | 0:03:45 | 0:03:48 | |
'The lethal evidence of the factory's output is all around us.' | 0:03:48 | 0:03:53 | |
This is pretty much a bog-standard IED - a roadside bomb. | 0:03:53 | 0:03:59 | |
It's not terribly sophisticated but absolutely does the business. | 0:03:59 | 0:04:05 | |
I've been reporting on wars like this since the early 1970s. | 0:04:06 | 0:04:11 | |
Proxy wars, sectarian wars, dirty wars, with civilians getting | 0:04:11 | 0:04:17 | |
the worst of it and being forced to become refugees. | 0:04:17 | 0:04:21 | |
GUNFIRE | 0:04:22 | 0:04:24 | |
More shooting. | 0:04:25 | 0:04:27 | |
It all brings back quite difficult memories for me. | 0:04:27 | 0:04:32 | |
The worst incident really, I suppose, in my entire career | 0:04:32 | 0:04:36 | |
13 years ago, | 0:04:36 | 0:04:38 | |
during the invasion led by the Americans of Iraq, | 0:04:38 | 0:04:43 | |
when my team and I got caught up in a, well, what they call | 0:04:43 | 0:04:48 | |
a friendly fire incident. | 0:04:48 | 0:04:50 | |
REPORT: The Kurdish troops had been advancing all morning | 0:04:52 | 0:04:54 | |
and had just captured the town of Dibajan. | 0:04:54 | 0:04:57 | |
In order to get there, we tagged onto a convoy | 0:04:57 | 0:05:00 | |
of American and Kurdish special forces. | 0:05:00 | 0:05:03 | |
It was very soon after this moment that the bomb landed. | 0:05:03 | 0:05:08 | |
BOMB STRIKE | 0:05:09 | 0:05:12 | |
SHOUTING | 0:05:12 | 0:05:14 | |
It's the ammunition going up. Just keep your head down. | 0:05:17 | 0:05:19 | |
They're coming back. It's coming back. | 0:05:20 | 0:05:23 | |
Get away from here. | 0:05:23 | 0:05:25 | |
Get down. | 0:05:26 | 0:05:28 | |
SHOUTING | 0:05:29 | 0:05:31 | |
Keep down. Keep down. It's just the ammunition going up. | 0:05:32 | 0:05:36 | |
Just keep your head down. | 0:05:36 | 0:05:38 | |
A thousand-pound bomb landed within yards of us. | 0:05:38 | 0:05:41 | |
We were a big team. We were doing a Panorama and news | 0:05:41 | 0:05:45 | |
and there were seven of us altogether. | 0:05:45 | 0:05:47 | |
REPORT: There were bodies everywhere. | 0:05:47 | 0:05:49 | |
I counted 15 and more died later. | 0:05:49 | 0:05:52 | |
Dozens of people were injured. | 0:05:52 | 0:05:55 | |
Is that somebody in the back of our vehicle? | 0:05:56 | 0:05:59 | |
No, it's not. I can't find Kamran. | 0:05:59 | 0:06:01 | |
That was when we realised that our translator, Kamran Abdul Razak, | 0:06:01 | 0:06:05 | |
was missing. | 0:06:05 | 0:06:07 | |
There's Kamran lying down on the grass. | 0:06:07 | 0:06:09 | |
I'm going to go and check him out. | 0:06:09 | 0:06:11 | |
Our security adviser went over to help him. | 0:06:12 | 0:06:15 | |
A big bit of shrapnel had hit Kamran's leg. | 0:06:15 | 0:06:18 | |
We and the American medics worked for some time to try to save him. | 0:06:19 | 0:06:24 | |
This is just a scene from hell, here. All the vehicles on fire. | 0:06:25 | 0:06:28 | |
There's bodies burning around me. | 0:06:28 | 0:06:31 | |
There's bodies lying around. | 0:06:31 | 0:06:33 | |
This is a really bad own goal by the Americans. | 0:06:33 | 0:06:36 | |
Set fire to all the chickens. | 0:06:37 | 0:06:39 | |
-Burnt the chickens? -Yes, the chickens. | 0:06:39 | 0:06:42 | |
I'd spent the previous few weeks with Kamran, | 0:06:43 | 0:06:46 | |
working with him day and night. | 0:06:46 | 0:06:48 | |
And when the US Navy plane mistakenly dropped its bomb | 0:06:48 | 0:06:52 | |
right on us, I was standing next to him. | 0:06:52 | 0:06:55 | |
Kamran was young and really pleasant. | 0:06:55 | 0:06:58 | |
An Iraqi Kurd. | 0:06:58 | 0:07:00 | |
He'd seen my reports on television | 0:07:00 | 0:07:03 | |
and thought he'd have plenty of adventures if he joined us. | 0:07:03 | 0:07:07 | |
Fred, just turn towards me, mate. | 0:07:07 | 0:07:09 | |
Our entire team was injured, including Fred Scott, | 0:07:09 | 0:07:12 | |
who carried on filming throughout. | 0:07:12 | 0:07:15 | |
But Kamran died. | 0:07:15 | 0:07:17 | |
It's coming back. | 0:07:17 | 0:07:19 | |
Of those seven, six of us had escapes... | 0:07:19 | 0:07:22 | |
that were... | 0:07:22 | 0:07:24 | |
really miraculous. | 0:07:24 | 0:07:27 | |
'Now I've come back to where it happened. | 0:07:27 | 0:07:30 | |
'A memorial has been set up here to the dead.' | 0:07:30 | 0:07:33 | |
This all seems completely different. | 0:07:33 | 0:07:37 | |
I wouldn't know... | 0:07:38 | 0:07:40 | |
I wouldn't know where we were. | 0:07:41 | 0:07:43 | |
There are the names of the people who died. | 0:07:46 | 0:07:50 | |
And that's dear Kamran's name there. | 0:07:50 | 0:07:54 | |
Poor, poor Kamran was... | 0:07:58 | 0:08:00 | |
lay against a bank of earth... | 0:08:00 | 0:08:03 | |
..with both his feet, really, almost entirely cut off by the shrapnel. | 0:08:04 | 0:08:09 | |
It just seems such a stupid waste. | 0:08:09 | 0:08:13 | |
There he was, 24 years old. | 0:08:13 | 0:08:16 | |
Erm, I've never really... | 0:08:16 | 0:08:19 | |
..got over the loss of him. | 0:08:20 | 0:08:22 | |
I think it's important not to, actually. | 0:08:22 | 0:08:25 | |
I want to keep his memory with me | 0:08:25 | 0:08:27 | |
so I've got a photograph of him on my desk. | 0:08:27 | 0:08:30 | |
Such a nice kid and the only reason he was here, | 0:08:30 | 0:08:34 | |
the only reason he died, was because he wanted to work with me. | 0:08:34 | 0:08:38 | |
And that was, erm, that killed him. | 0:08:39 | 0:08:42 | |
I've arranged to meet up with Kamran's family in a few days' time. | 0:08:44 | 0:08:49 | |
-REPORT: -'Pull the statue down.' | 0:08:50 | 0:08:52 | |
After the bomb attack, I carried on to Baghdad, | 0:08:52 | 0:08:56 | |
to report on the fall of Saddam Hussein. | 0:08:56 | 0:08:58 | |
The overthrow of a dictator is usually a messy business, | 0:08:59 | 0:09:03 | |
which countries take years to recover from. | 0:09:03 | 0:09:06 | |
Yet, over my career, the number of dictatorships | 0:09:07 | 0:09:11 | |
has dropped sharply from 90 to only 20 now. | 0:09:11 | 0:09:15 | |
A worldwide appetite for freedom really took hold | 0:09:17 | 0:09:21 | |
with the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989. | 0:09:21 | 0:09:24 | |
It brought an end to the Cold War and changed our world radically. | 0:09:24 | 0:09:30 | |
I was in Berlin to see it. An unforgettable memory. | 0:09:30 | 0:09:34 | |
CHEERING | 0:09:34 | 0:09:36 | |
The old Soviet empire was in a state of total collapse everywhere. | 0:09:36 | 0:09:41 | |
In Eastern Europe, I watched the series of major after-shocks | 0:09:41 | 0:09:45 | |
which followed. | 0:09:45 | 0:09:47 | |
Most of them were pretty much bloodless, but not in Romania. | 0:09:47 | 0:09:51 | |
GUNFIRE | 0:09:51 | 0:09:53 | |
The Army deserted the Communist regime | 0:09:54 | 0:09:57 | |
of President Ceausescu and sided with the revolutionaries | 0:09:57 | 0:10:01 | |
against the secret police, | 0:10:01 | 0:10:03 | |
who fought a brief but savage rearguard action. | 0:10:03 | 0:10:06 | |
GUNFIRE | 0:10:07 | 0:10:09 | |
We've come round the back of the building | 0:10:09 | 0:10:11 | |
where the secret police are holed up and you can hear them firing now. | 0:10:11 | 0:10:16 | |
They're firing down in this direction. | 0:10:16 | 0:10:18 | |
Every now and then, bullets zing off the walls behind us. | 0:10:18 | 0:10:21 | |
The battle started at dawn. | 0:10:22 | 0:10:24 | |
The break up of the Soviet empire led to a succession | 0:10:24 | 0:10:29 | |
of vicious little wars, like here in Bosnia. | 0:10:29 | 0:10:32 | |
As big groupings broke up and small nations asserted their independence, | 0:10:32 | 0:10:37 | |
the worst conflicts were in the former Yugoslavia. | 0:10:37 | 0:10:41 | |
The siege of Sarajevo by the Bosnian-Serbs | 0:10:41 | 0:10:44 | |
was one long, brutal war crime. | 0:10:44 | 0:10:46 | |
GUNFIRE | 0:10:46 | 0:10:48 | |
I've covered wars and insurrections and massacres throughout my career | 0:10:51 | 0:10:56 | |
and have witnessed some terrible sights. | 0:10:56 | 0:10:59 | |
'Until recently, the world seemed to be getting a lot better. | 0:11:00 | 0:11:05 | |
'There's been a dramatic decline in wars over 40 years, | 0:11:05 | 0:11:09 | |
'with the deaths down by three-quarters. | 0:11:09 | 0:11:11 | |
'Generally speaking, deaths from terrorism dropped too. | 0:11:11 | 0:11:15 | |
'They're on the rise again now | 0:11:15 | 0:11:18 | |
'but not yet back to the levels of the 1970s.' | 0:11:18 | 0:11:21 | |
1989 could have been the year China, too, became democratic. | 0:11:24 | 0:11:30 | |
It certainly wasn't immune from the changes sweeping the rest of | 0:11:30 | 0:11:33 | |
the Communist world. | 0:11:33 | 0:11:36 | |
Campaigners for democracy gathered in Tiananmen Square and paralysed | 0:11:37 | 0:11:42 | |
the Chinese government for a month. It took a massacre to defeat them. | 0:11:42 | 0:11:48 | |
Everybody knows that the Army has the power to do something | 0:11:48 | 0:11:51 | |
about this, to clear this entire place, if it chooses to. | 0:11:51 | 0:11:53 | |
The only question is, does it choose to? | 0:11:53 | 0:11:57 | |
I watched as it happened. | 0:11:57 | 0:11:59 | |
The front line in the battle for political change in China | 0:12:07 | 0:12:11 | |
has shifted to Hong Kong, where there is now a clear threat to democracy. | 0:12:11 | 0:12:16 | |
I've returned with my producer, Peter Leng, | 0:12:16 | 0:12:19 | |
and my cameraman, Joe Phua. | 0:12:19 | 0:12:21 | |
Over the years, we've often worked together, | 0:12:22 | 0:12:25 | |
especially on human rights stories. | 0:12:25 | 0:12:27 | |
First, though, there's a chance for us all to catch up. | 0:12:28 | 0:12:31 | |
OK, let's get a steamed fish head. | 0:12:33 | 0:12:37 | |
Goose intestine with preserved vegetables, that sounds good. | 0:12:37 | 0:12:41 | |
And...I think pork knuckle stew. OK. | 0:12:41 | 0:12:46 | |
Tuck in, because the fish heads are very good, actually. | 0:12:46 | 0:12:49 | |
You and I have worked together all over the world, | 0:12:49 | 0:12:51 | |
for the last 20 years. Why do you do the job you do? | 0:12:51 | 0:12:55 | |
I think, like you, John, I think, you know, | 0:12:55 | 0:12:57 | |
there's a story out there, you know, we want to see the truth. | 0:12:57 | 0:13:01 | |
I mean, we see things like nobody else sees. | 0:13:01 | 0:13:04 | |
Unbelievable journey. | 0:13:04 | 0:13:07 | |
-And good friends, too. -Here's to good friends. | 0:13:07 | 0:13:10 | |
A lot of my life has been spent reporting on people freeing | 0:13:12 | 0:13:16 | |
themselves from authoritarian rule. | 0:13:16 | 0:13:19 | |
Democracy has flourished worldwide. | 0:13:19 | 0:13:22 | |
In the 1970s, there were fewer than 40 democracies. | 0:13:22 | 0:13:27 | |
Today, there are around 100. | 0:13:27 | 0:13:30 | |
But democracy hasn't happened in China. | 0:13:30 | 0:13:33 | |
And now the Chinese government seems to be trying to clamp down in | 0:13:33 | 0:13:36 | |
Hong Kong, despite the promises Beijing made at the handover from Britain. | 0:13:36 | 0:13:42 | |
A bookseller named Lam Wing Kee ran a shop in central Hong Kong with | 0:13:45 | 0:13:50 | |
'four colleagues, selling books which were critical of China's leadership. | 0:13:50 | 0:13:55 | |
'Lam was grabbed by the authorities during a trip | 0:13:55 | 0:13:58 | |
'to the mainland and detained, with no access to a lawyer. | 0:13:58 | 0:14:03 | |
'His shop closed down.' | 0:14:03 | 0:14:05 | |
OK, well, this is it, all absolutely locked up, padlocked and so forth. | 0:14:05 | 0:14:10 | |
I can't tell you... Perhaps I'm being naive. | 0:14:10 | 0:14:13 | |
..but how shocked I am about this. | 0:14:13 | 0:14:16 | |
I've known Hong Kong for 30 years, | 0:14:16 | 0:14:18 | |
it's always a place which is normal and safe and the rule of law | 0:14:18 | 0:14:22 | |
applies, and here comes the hand of Beijing on an obscure little | 0:14:22 | 0:14:27 | |
bookseller, up two flights of stairs, grabs him, | 0:14:27 | 0:14:31 | |
kidnaps him and takes his business away from him. | 0:14:31 | 0:14:35 | |
I find it horrifying. | 0:14:35 | 0:14:37 | |
Hello. 'Lam was eventually released. But he was a shaken man.' | 0:14:41 | 0:14:46 | |
-TRANSLATION: -When I was detained, an officer from the central special | 0:14:49 | 0:14:52 | |
investigative unit wanted me to work for them. | 0:14:52 | 0:14:56 | |
By running the bookshop and monitoring all the buyers and | 0:14:56 | 0:14:59 | |
readers. | 0:14:59 | 0:15:00 | |
They wanted to keep the bookstore open and use | 0:15:00 | 0:15:03 | |
me to monitor Hong Kongers and Chinese mainlanders, | 0:15:03 | 0:15:07 | |
so the bookshop would become a surveillance point. | 0:15:07 | 0:15:10 | |
Does all this experience you've had make you afraid for the | 0:15:13 | 0:15:17 | |
future of democracy in Hong Kong? | 0:15:17 | 0:15:19 | |
I feel the future of democracy in Hong Kong will be even worse. | 0:15:22 | 0:15:27 | |
But I believe we can fight against it, | 0:15:27 | 0:15:29 | |
and we fight with peaceful and rational means. | 0:15:29 | 0:15:33 | |
I've been interviewing dissidents like Mr Lam throughout my entire | 0:15:37 | 0:15:41 | |
career, and in my experience, | 0:15:41 | 0:15:44 | |
people who stand up for their freedoms usually win in the end. | 0:15:44 | 0:15:48 | |
But for now, China isn't giving way, quite the reverse. | 0:15:50 | 0:15:54 | |
We're outside LegCo, Hong Kong's equivalent of a Parliament. | 0:15:54 | 0:15:58 | |
A group of pro-democracy demonstrators has gathered outside. | 0:16:04 | 0:16:08 | |
This is allowed by the authorities, but they oblige Hong Kong's | 0:16:08 | 0:16:13 | |
politicians to swear an oath of allegiance to Beijing. | 0:16:13 | 0:16:17 | |
And when, in October, | 0:16:18 | 0:16:20 | |
two young politicians wanting outright independence for | 0:16:20 | 0:16:23 | |
Hong Kong refused to do that, they were barred from the Parliament. | 0:16:23 | 0:16:28 | |
The pro-democracy activists hit a very sensitive nerve in China. | 0:16:29 | 0:16:34 | |
A very senior Chinese politician said to me once, | 0:16:38 | 0:16:43 | |
"You can never know how insecure a government feels | 0:16:43 | 0:16:48 | |
"when it knows it hasn't been elected." | 0:16:48 | 0:16:51 | |
And that seems to be China's big problem at the moment. | 0:16:51 | 0:16:55 | |
The country's economic success has brought | 0:16:59 | 0:17:02 | |
a new aggressive nationalism. | 0:17:02 | 0:17:04 | |
Our brave new world will, it seems, | 0:17:08 | 0:17:10 | |
be dominated by three mutually suspicious leaders. | 0:17:10 | 0:17:14 | |
Xi Jinping from China, | 0:17:14 | 0:17:16 | |
Vladimir Putin from Russia | 0:17:16 | 0:17:19 | |
and now Donald Trump from the United States. | 0:17:19 | 0:17:22 | |
President Xi Jinping presents himself as the iron leader. | 0:17:25 | 0:17:29 | |
It's clearly the only way he can see to make sure that Chinese communism, | 0:17:30 | 0:17:35 | |
what's left of it, will survive. | 0:17:35 | 0:17:38 | |
But if it does, it will be a total exception, | 0:17:38 | 0:17:41 | |
a throwback in our interconnected, information-rich world. | 0:17:41 | 0:17:46 | |
Russia, by contrast, is in decline. | 0:17:48 | 0:17:51 | |
Its income from oil has dropped disastrously. | 0:17:51 | 0:17:55 | |
Vladimir Putin's answer? To be more militarily aggressive, | 0:17:55 | 0:18:00 | |
to restore national pride at home, | 0:18:00 | 0:18:03 | |
and reassert Russia's position as a world power. | 0:18:03 | 0:18:07 | |
One of his boldest moves, alarming NATO, was to capture Crimea from | 0:18:07 | 0:18:12 | |
Ukraine, even though he'd signed a treaty promising he wouldn't. | 0:18:12 | 0:18:17 | |
This is the most important of the bases in Crimea, | 0:18:17 | 0:18:20 | |
and the Ukrainians had been planning to defend it to the end. | 0:18:20 | 0:18:25 | |
None of that happened, of course. | 0:18:25 | 0:18:27 | |
Putin has had an astonishing rise from the low ranking official | 0:18:30 | 0:18:34 | |
I first saw in the early '90s to the president now commanding | 0:18:34 | 0:18:39 | |
world attention. | 0:18:39 | 0:18:41 | |
Once a year he gives a press conference in which anyone | 0:18:41 | 0:18:45 | |
can ask anything, and he answers completely off-the-cuff. | 0:18:45 | 0:18:48 | |
Western countries almost universally now believe that there's | 0:18:49 | 0:18:54 | |
a new Cold War. | 0:18:54 | 0:18:55 | |
Would you care to take this opportunity to say to people from | 0:18:55 | 0:18:59 | |
the West that you have no desire to carry on with a new Cold War and | 0:18:59 | 0:19:05 | |
that you will do whatever you can to sort out the problems in Ukraine? | 0:19:05 | 0:19:10 | |
-TRANSLATION: -Russia has indeed contributed to the tension that we are seeing in | 0:19:14 | 0:19:17 | |
the world, but only in the sense that it's protecting its | 0:19:17 | 0:19:20 | |
national interest more and more robustly. | 0:19:20 | 0:19:23 | |
We don't attack in the political sense, we just defend our interests. | 0:19:23 | 0:19:27 | |
So, Russia's more aggressive, China's more authoritarian, | 0:19:28 | 0:19:34 | |
and America? | 0:19:34 | 0:19:35 | |
Our country is in serious trouble. | 0:19:35 | 0:19:38 | |
We don't have victories any more. | 0:19:38 | 0:19:42 | |
We used to have victories, but we don't have them. | 0:19:42 | 0:19:45 | |
When was the last time anybody saw | 0:19:45 | 0:19:48 | |
us beating, let's say, China | 0:19:48 | 0:19:52 | |
in a trade deal? They kill us. | 0:19:52 | 0:19:55 | |
I beat China all the time. | 0:19:55 | 0:19:57 | |
It seems to be turning more isolationist and protectionist, | 0:19:59 | 0:20:03 | |
symptomatic of the way many people in the West feel they've lost | 0:20:03 | 0:20:06 | |
out as a result of globalisation. | 0:20:06 | 0:20:08 | |
With such entrenched and conflicting positions, | 0:20:10 | 0:20:14 | |
the world is entering a more dangerous time. | 0:20:14 | 0:20:17 | |
And some people are wondering if democracy will survive. | 0:20:17 | 0:20:21 | |
During my career, I've met and interviewed well | 0:20:22 | 0:20:25 | |
over 200 political leaders worldwide. | 0:20:25 | 0:20:28 | |
Some have been impressive, most have been average to hopeless. | 0:20:28 | 0:20:33 | |
Only one seemed to me to be unquestionably great. | 0:20:33 | 0:20:37 | |
-ARCHIVE REPORTER: -'Mr Nelson Mandela, a free man, | 0:20:37 | 0:20:40 | |
'taking his first steps into a new South Africa.' | 0:20:40 | 0:20:44 | |
When free elections came in South Africa in 1994, | 0:20:47 | 0:20:52 | |
there seemed to be a real danger of civil war. | 0:20:52 | 0:20:55 | |
Thanks to Mandela and his effect on other politicians, it didn't happen. | 0:20:55 | 0:21:01 | |
Today we are entering a new era for our country. | 0:21:01 | 0:21:05 | |
Today we celebrate not the victory of a party, | 0:21:05 | 0:21:10 | |
but a victory for all the people of South Africa. | 0:21:11 | 0:21:15 | |
South Africa showed that good can genuinely overcome cruelty | 0:21:17 | 0:21:22 | |
and oppression. | 0:21:22 | 0:21:24 | |
Yet as a young correspondent in the 1970s, | 0:21:27 | 0:21:30 | |
inexperienced and distinctly plummy, I was just shocked by the way | 0:21:30 | 0:21:35 | |
black people, and especially black children, were treated. | 0:21:35 | 0:21:40 | |
Coming from homes like this, they start off at a disadvantage. | 0:21:40 | 0:21:43 | |
With eight or often ten people crammed into each tiny house, | 0:21:43 | 0:21:46 | |
it's hard for children to do their homework at night. | 0:21:46 | 0:21:49 | |
They have to do it by candlelight because, for the most part, | 0:21:49 | 0:21:52 | |
there's no electricity yet in Soweto. | 0:21:52 | 0:21:55 | |
It's a pleasure nowadays to go back to the Soweto township and | 0:21:56 | 0:22:01 | |
see the money and style there today. | 0:22:01 | 0:22:03 | |
It's also a joy for me to visit the school my two daughters went | 0:22:07 | 0:22:11 | |
to in Johannesburg. When Julia and Eleanor were there in the | 0:22:11 | 0:22:15 | |
'70s, it was whites only. | 0:22:15 | 0:22:17 | |
Nowadays, Fairways school has taken its place in the rainbow nation, | 0:22:22 | 0:22:28 | |
and it feels so much freer and happier as a result. | 0:22:28 | 0:22:31 | |
# South Africa | 0:22:31 | 0:22:33 | |
# South Africa... # | 0:22:33 | 0:22:35 | |
Still, some of the old race hatreds are rearing up again. | 0:22:37 | 0:22:42 | |
And today, many young black people regard Nelson Mandela as an | 0:22:42 | 0:22:46 | |
Uncle Tom who sold out to the whites. | 0:22:46 | 0:22:48 | |
And there's no avoiding the corruption and crime in the | 0:22:50 | 0:22:53 | |
new South Africa. | 0:22:53 | 0:22:54 | |
Nevertheless, Nelson Mandela's peaceful revolution created | 0:22:55 | 0:23:00 | |
a model of change for the world. | 0:23:00 | 0:23:02 | |
I knew him and loved him. | 0:23:04 | 0:23:07 | |
And when he died, I went back to report on his funeral. | 0:23:07 | 0:23:10 | |
It took place away from the cameras, while the South African | 0:23:14 | 0:23:17 | |
air force paid its last respects. | 0:23:17 | 0:23:20 | |
BUGLE SOUNDS | 0:23:20 | 0:23:22 | |
A bugle sounded over the grave of the most admired leader on Earth, | 0:23:24 | 0:23:28 | |
who once went barefoot over these hills. | 0:23:28 | 0:23:32 | |
After 50 years of reporting on the world, | 0:23:37 | 0:23:40 | |
I honestly believe that in spite of everything, | 0:23:40 | 0:23:43 | |
human beings are starting to order their affairs better. | 0:23:43 | 0:23:48 | |
If so, it's partly thanks to the example of people like | 0:23:48 | 0:23:52 | |
Nelson Mandela. | 0:23:52 | 0:23:53 | |
But there's no ignoring the tragedies that still afflict us. | 0:23:54 | 0:23:58 | |
Back here in Kurdish northern Iraq, there's unfinished business. | 0:23:58 | 0:24:02 | |
The shocking mistake of an American pilot, | 0:24:04 | 0:24:07 | |
which killed my translator, Kamran, still troubles me. | 0:24:07 | 0:24:11 | |
OK, well, time to get ready. | 0:24:15 | 0:24:19 | |
I've dug out my old notebook from the time. | 0:24:19 | 0:24:24 | |
"Road to Dibajan, land cruisers, two planes." | 0:24:24 | 0:24:29 | |
And these are just notes I jotted down right up to the moment, | 0:24:29 | 0:24:33 | |
really, when we got bombed. | 0:24:33 | 0:24:34 | |
And I suppose that squiggle, I don't remember, | 0:24:34 | 0:24:36 | |
but must be perhaps when it happened. | 0:24:36 | 0:24:39 | |
And then my notes afterwards that I wrote that afternoon. | 0:24:39 | 0:24:43 | |
"Kamran took 20 minutes to die, poor kid. | 0:24:43 | 0:24:46 | |
"All my fault that he was with us, | 0:24:46 | 0:24:48 | |
"though I specifically asked him beforehand if he wanted to come. | 0:24:48 | 0:24:52 | |
"Even so, I feel dreadful." | 0:24:52 | 0:24:55 | |
OK, I'll bring this with us. Let's go. | 0:24:55 | 0:24:57 | |
Back in 2003, I had to break the news of Kamran's death | 0:25:01 | 0:25:06 | |
to his mother, Fauzia. | 0:25:06 | 0:25:08 | |
Now I'm heading back to see the family again. | 0:25:08 | 0:25:11 | |
I must say, of all the stuff we've been doing for this film, | 0:25:12 | 0:25:17 | |
this is the one bit that I really, really dread. | 0:25:17 | 0:25:21 | |
I mean, forget going up to the front line and the mines and the | 0:25:21 | 0:25:25 | |
tunnels and so on, this is the difficult bit. | 0:25:25 | 0:25:28 | |
Kamran's elder brother, Nariman, had to identify his body. | 0:25:35 | 0:25:39 | |
HE SOBS | 0:26:00 | 0:26:02 | |
I'm really... I'm so sorry. | 0:26:05 | 0:26:07 | |
I know. | 0:26:10 | 0:26:12 | |
OK. | 0:26:15 | 0:26:16 | |
Here she is. | 0:26:18 | 0:26:20 | |
Hello. | 0:26:20 | 0:26:21 | |
KURIMAN SPEAKS OWN LANGUAGE | 0:26:21 | 0:26:24 | |
So she's saying that every time she sees you on TV, | 0:26:43 | 0:26:46 | |
she thinks you bring him back, her son. | 0:26:46 | 0:26:48 | |
Oh, God. | 0:26:48 | 0:26:50 | |
If only I could. | 0:26:52 | 0:26:55 | |
If only I could, I would. | 0:26:55 | 0:26:56 | |
What did she say? | 0:27:07 | 0:27:09 | |
She's just saying she's forgiven you. | 0:27:09 | 0:27:13 | |
-Oh, really? -Yeah. | 0:27:13 | 0:27:15 | |
-KURIMAN: -She say that is his day to die. | 0:27:19 | 0:27:24 | |
I can't say I feel good now. | 0:27:28 | 0:27:34 | |
But at least she forgives me anyway. | 0:27:34 | 0:27:37 | |
It means a great, great deal to me. | 0:27:39 | 0:27:41 | |
I don't think it will take the pain away, | 0:27:42 | 0:27:46 | |
but I think it makes it easier to bear. | 0:27:46 | 0:27:49 | |
I'm sorry. | 0:27:57 | 0:27:59 | |
My years as a reporter have given me many difficult, but often | 0:28:06 | 0:28:11 | |
uplifting, experiences. | 0:28:11 | 0:28:13 | |
I've seen great historical wrongs righted, | 0:28:13 | 0:28:17 | |
and entire nations escape from cruelty and oppression and flourish. | 0:28:17 | 0:28:23 | |
But standing at the grave of my friend Kamran Abdul Razak, | 0:28:23 | 0:28:27 | |
I can't possibly forget that these extraordinary experiences | 0:28:27 | 0:28:31 | |
have come at a price. | 0:28:31 | 0:28:33 |