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The Changing Face of Terror

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Leytonstone tube station. A lone attacker strikes with a knife.

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He slashes his victim's throat.

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The attacker at Leytonstone is a good example of a lone actor,

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someone who has picked up an ideology and bought into it.

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Lone wolves, or lone actors, are the hidden threat the West fears.

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The internet is where they breed and feed.

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A lone wolf is somebody who has not been to a camp,

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not been through extensive training, but someone who has read the

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doctrine, bought the narrative and decided to go act on their own.

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Tonight on Panorama, the changing face of global terror and the UK

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government's controversial Prevent strategy to counter radicalisation.

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The challenge with Prevent is that not only is it a toxic brand

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but there are fears that it is counterproductive.

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Prevent is also about stopping young Muslims from going to join

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the so-called Islamic State, IS, or Isis.

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I ended up believing that the caliphate was the Islamic State.

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So I saw that as an obligation, I'll need to go and join them.

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IS is now under pressure.

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Mosel, its stronghold, is likely to fall.

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MI6 warns of an unprecedented terror threat.

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The FBI fears the worst.

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We are planning for the eventual return of some very

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battle-hardened, tested, trained

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terrorist operatives, who will now seek

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to return to their home countries, in the United States,

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in Western Europe and around the globe.

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I've come to New York to investigate the phenomenon of so-called

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lone wolves. That's individuals acting largely on their own and not

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part of any network.

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Most of the terror attacks in America since 9/11 have been

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carried out by lone wolves.

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Ever since 9/11, New York has been a prime terrorist target.

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And Times Square, an iconic symbol of America,

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is one of the highest-profile targets of all.

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That's why massive resources have been deployed here to deter

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and counter any so-called lone wolf or mass casualty terrorist attack.

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And the UK faces the same threat.

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The military defeat of IS is likely to lead to more lone wolf

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attacks abroad, inspired over the internet.

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A lone wolf is somebody who has not been to a camp,

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not been through extensive training, but someone who

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has bought the narrative and decided to go act on their own.

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Reading this material online,

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just something that happens between that individual's mind and the

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glow of that screen of the laptop at one o'clock in the morning.

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The Joint Operations Center is at the heart of

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New York Police Department's counterterrorist response.

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Here, the NYPD can monitor just about everybody and every

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corner of the vast metropolis,

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through hundreds and thousands of cameras located around the city.

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This is the place that, in terms of crisis, particularly

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a terrorist attack, comes alive and becomes kind of command and control.

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This is New York's front-line defence.

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All right, good afternoon, everybody.

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We'll do a little quick rundown of all the units out there tonight.

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There are over 500 specially trained officers who make up the

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Critical Response Command, established last year after the

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Charlie Hebdo attacks in Paris.

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OK, Stefanski, Cortes.

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You guys got post five, OK? You're going to be at the French consulate,

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934 5th Avenue.

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It's no idle threat.

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A lone wolf attacked Manhattan at the end of September,

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inspired by IS.

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It also claimed a knife attack the same day in Minnesota and

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praised a knife attack in Ohio only two weeks ago.

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Mckenzie and Lee.

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You guys are going to be doing transit bag checks tonight.

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The unit works around the clock, 24/7,

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and always has an up-to-date intelligence briefing before

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it hits the streets.

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Isil is under increasing pressure from the US military-led

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coalition in Iraq.

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In the past we have seen sympathisers

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look at events going on abroad as an impetus to retaliate and target

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interests in the West or in the United States.

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A lone wolf struck New York one Saturday night last September.

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EXPLOSION

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The bomb went off in a crowded area in downtown Manhattan.

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EXPLOSION

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31 people were injured, but no-one was killed.

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It had been planted in a rubbish skip.

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The bomb was a pressure cooker device,

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apparently detonated by the timer on a mobile phone.

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It is a miracle.

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Had the people who were on the other side of the street been

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walking on the side of the street where that bomb was when it

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went off, we would have people who would have been killed.

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Using the surveillance cameras that blanket the city,

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the main suspect was tracked down in 50 hours.

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The police moved in.

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The suspect pulled a gun, the police opened fire and wounded him.

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The suspect's name was Ahmad Khan Rahimi.

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He's now standing trial.

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When Rahimi was arrested, he was carrying a notebook.

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A bloodstained page reveals the source of his radicalisation.

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The mastermind of IS's lone wolf strategy was Abu Mohammad al-Adnani,

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effectively IS's second-in-command.

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He was the chief propaganda officer.

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And in September 2014,

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we see a message from Sheikh Adnani that says,

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"Come here and fight with us in Syria if you can.

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"For the Islamic State.

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"But if you can't make it here, or wherever you are in the West,

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"use whatever you have at hand.

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"Whether that's a gun, shoot them down. If it's a bomb, blow them up.

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"If you have a car, run them over."

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In May this year,

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Adnani urged IS supporters overseas to target civilians.

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This is his voice.

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He says, "Civilians, any non-believers are fair game."

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The second thing he says is,

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"Make sure that you claim responsibility in the name of

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"Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi,

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"the head of Isis, live, during the attack."

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In Orlando, Florida, three weeks after Adnani's message, another lone

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wolf, Omar Mateen, walked into the Pulse gay nightclub

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and shot 49 people dead.

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It was the largest loss of life in terms of casualties

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in post-9/11 America. But was the attack a coincidence?

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I don't think it was coincidence at all.

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The first thing he does after killing all those people is

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he calls 911, the police emergency number.

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IS praised the truck attack in Nice that left 86 people dead,

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and Adnani inspired several knifings in France.

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GUNSHOT

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There were also knife attacks on trains and stations in Germany.

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In August, a US airstrike hit its target, killing Adnani.

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But to the FBI, did his message die with him?

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I fully expect that Adnani will have that same sort of impact for many

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years to come.

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Adnani's message to lone wolves echoed from the grave barely days

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after his death,

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when he became IS's poster jihadi on the cover of its glossy magazine.

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Would you expect to see more lone wolf, lone actor type attacks?

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I think you can definitely expect to see a greater effort on the

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part of the Islamic State to encourage more attacks.

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I would expect they'll shift the majority of their attention

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to external operations.

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For us, that means the United States and our partners in the West.

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The most recent lone wolf attack in the UK happened almost exactly

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a year ago, at London's Leytonstone tube station on a Saturday night.

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A musician with his gear was on his way to

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a gig, when an attacker slashed his throat with a knife.

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A Polish builder at the tube station recorded the scene on his

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phone when he saw the attacker waving a knife around.

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Why you attack me...with this knife?

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That doesn't matter.

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I am no Muslim. I am Polish man!

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Luckily, a junior doctor happened to be in the station and gave

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first aid. The musician survived.

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Around ten minutes into the attack, local police arrived.

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Taser him, Taser him, Taser him. Taser him.

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You ain't no Muslim, bruv!

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The words went viral, a rallying cry against extremism.

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You're no Muslim, bruv! You ain't no Muslim!

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The musician's attacker was 30-year-old Muhiddin Mire,

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born in Somalia.

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When police searched his mobile phone, they found dozens of

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gruesome images of IS propaganda downloaded from the internet,

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including an image of Fusilier Lee Rigby,

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an early victim of a lone wolf attack in the UK.

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The attacker at Leytonstone is a good example of a lone actor,

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someone who's picked up an ideology and bought into it and felt

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the need to act in the name of a terrorist group overseas.

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Mire was sentenced to life.

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The judge concluded that the attack was carried out for

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ideological reasons. But because Mire was also mentally ill,

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he was sent to Broadmoor, a high-security psychiatric hospital.

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The latest research shows that mental illness in lone wolf

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cases is 13% more than in the general UK population.

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I live here.

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That doesn't matter.

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He shouted that this is for Syria, he had clearly been looking

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at lots of Isis, or so-called Islamic State, material previously.

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He clearly... The decision to try to cut someone's head off was

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clearly emulating the terrorist acts

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that had been broadcast by the famous Jihadi John.

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What threat do lone actors pose to the UK?

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It's a big part of the threat we face today,

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and the Islamic State have, in many ways, changed the nature of

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terrorism that we're confronting.

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The Government is trying to counter these changing and growing threats.

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Many are generated by online radicalisation, leading to

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lone wolf attacks and young Muslims being seduced by IS propaganda.

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Mariam, a teenager and not her real name,

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was first drawn to IS via her mobile phone.

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The Home Office helped facilitate the interview.

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We've concealed her identity and her words are spoken by an actor.

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Her radicalisation began when she connected online with someone

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in Syria.

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What did you say when you messaged him for the first time?

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I basically was just trying to find out what went on,

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what there was, how life was there.

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What was the picture that he painted of the Islamic State?

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It was like some sort of wonderland for Muslims

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and a place where you have everything you want.

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So I saw that as an obligation on me to go and join them.

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Mariam's mother had

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no idea what her daughter was doing on her mobile phone.

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My daughter is someone I'm very proud of.

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She's always been very caring for her family.

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She always studies very hard. She is very hard-working.

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How close to going to Syria were you?

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Very close.

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I was actually talking about tickets and how much it costs and

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booking them.

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Did your family know what you were doing, what you were planning to do?

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No. No-one knew.

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Did you discuss your plans with anyone else here in the UK?

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No, but online, I did manage to find people who were also planning

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to go from the UK.

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-Did you have plans to go together?

-Yeah.

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Over 800 radicalised British Muslims have travelled to Syria and Iraq,

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although the numbers have now dramatically decreased given

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IS's recent setbacks.

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Radicalisation can start with the very young.

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That's why the Government has made schools a priority.

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Waverley School, lying in a deprived area of Birmingham, is its showcase.

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Almost 90% of its pupils are Muslim.

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The contentious issue of the Islamic State is tackled head-on by

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a class of 13- and 14-year-olds.

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Right, today's lesson,

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we are exploring what you already know about Isis, OK?

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Think about the questions around the topic Isis.

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Let's watch this video clip, let's have a look.

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CHANTING

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From that video clip,

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why do you think people are not represented by Isis?

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The teacher asked the pupils to discuss and then write down

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their thoughts.

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Isis don't represent the majority of Islam,

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as Islam teaches you to be accepting of everyone and to respect others.

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However, Isis kill people who they feel as

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-a threat to them and to God's rule on the earth.

-OK, excellent.

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They're targeting vulnerable people, OK,

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to fight for a cause, to be part of something.

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So why does it not represent the majority?

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Isis don't represent the majority of Muslims because in Islam, it

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-teaches that you shouldn't kill anybody.

-OK.

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What do you think the media does, actually, in terms of...? You know,

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Isis is in the news quite regularly.

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It makes us look really bad in front of people.

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It makes people change their opinions about us and

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-stereotype us in a bad way.

-OK, so how are they influencing people?

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Because they're trying to psychologically manipulate them

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to say that, you know, "We're doing the right thing," when they're not.

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Waverley's principal is Jacqueline Newsome.

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She was appointed in April this year.

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She previously taught at other schools in the Midlands, where

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she faced the issue of white right-wing extremism.

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And you want to be... Oh, finish that sentence for me.

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What do you want to be? What do you want to be?

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A pilot?

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She makes no apology for discussing highly sensitive topics.

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-Why discuss Isis?

-Our youngsters are very internet savvy.

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They've got access, practically... Well, it's 24 access, to online.

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You can't always safely monitor that.

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Presumably, many of your pupils, your young students,

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because of their age, are vulnerable.

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Any child that's exposed to information that's...

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extreme can become vulnerable.

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We try to counter some of those extremist views.

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The Government's policy to fight radicalisation and violent

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extremism, and that includes right-wing extremism, too,

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is called Prevent, and it's very controversial.

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Under Prevent,

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how would Waverley respond to signs of radicalisation in a pupil?

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As a school, it would be tackled under our normal safeguarding

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responsibilities and pastoral systems.

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And they're very robust here.

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We can always contact the Prevent team for advice,

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because we're the ones at the coalface. Chalkface, really.

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And we're the ones that know the children well.

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The National Union of Teachers is strongly opposed to Prevent

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and to the legal obligation on teachers to report any

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suspicion that a particular individual is being radicalised.

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The same Prevent duty applies to other, mainly public, bodies.

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The Prevent programme has elements of referring to authorities,

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has elements of people looking over your shoulder.

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I think that is changing some of the relationship,

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you know, what is a delicate relationship between

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teachers and young people.

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Why would pupils,

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students think that somebody was looking over their shoulder?

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Because they don't live in a vacuum, they see reports of young

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people being visited by the police for things they've said in

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class or things that they may have expressed on the internet.

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-In e-mails.

-Is Prevent seen as spying?

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By some people, I think.

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There are teachers who don't feel comfortable with reporting an

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individual because they feel it is like spying on the child.

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It's not about spying on the youngsters,

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it's about protecting those that may be vulnerable or at risk,

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and that's part of our wider safeguarding duties,

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just as we would for a youngster that was exposed to potential

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online grooming, or child sexual exploitation.

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Since last year, the opposition to Prevent has intensified,

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in particular

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in many of the Muslim communities that feel most affected by it.

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There is a duty on teachers to find out what the young children

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are doing and report them to Prevent if they seem, if they think

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that person is becoming... moving towards radicalisation.

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And what happens is they end up being the police force,

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and we don't need that to be the case.

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Teachers need to be teachers.

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The Muslim Council of Britain

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is an umbrella body of hundreds of mosques.

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Why are you opposed to Prevent?

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The challenge with Prevent is that not only is it a toxic brand

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but there are fears that it is counterproductive

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and may yield to negative results for our safety and security,

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and that's why we want something that's better.

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We want something that has the trust of the community.

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Trust is the bedrock on which Prevent has to stand,

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and in particular in places like Kirklees in West Yorkshire.

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It's one of the Government's Prevent priority areas

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and has a history of radicalisation.

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Most recently it was here that a right-wing lone wolf,

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Thomas Mair, a neo-Nazi, murdered a local MP, Jo Cox.

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He was sentenced to life last month.

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Under Prevent, every local authority has to establish a panel to consider

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how to intervene and support someone who's being radicalised.

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The process is called Channel, and it's sensitive, because many

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Muslims and others too see it as an intelligence arm of the police.

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The police are involved, but it's actually run by the local council.

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OK, good afternoon, everybody.

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My name's Carol Gilchrist, I'm the head of safe and cohesive

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communities at the council and I'm chair of this Channel Panel.

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Panel members discuss cases that have been referred to it

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and then decide whether intervention is appropriate

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to help de-radicalise an individual.

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I'm Lee Hamilton and I'm the Prevent coordinator for Kirklees.

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Rachel Adcock, team manager Kirklees,

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intensive home-based treatment team.

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-Jo Wolfe, Partnership Sergeant at Kirklees.

-OK, thank you very much.

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Three local counterterrorism officers

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did attend this meeting to answer questions from the panel.

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They did not wish to be identified.

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Just as the confidentiality agreement goes around the table,

0:23:020:23:05

we will, erm, we will start to look at the year agenda.

0:23:050:23:09

We were only allowed to film the introduction,

0:23:090:23:12

but I was allowed to stay and hear the cases.

0:23:120:23:15

The camera crew, on the other hand, had to leave.

0:23:170:23:20

After more than three hours, the meeting was still going on.

0:23:220:23:26

The panel discussed eight cases.

0:23:270:23:29

Significantly, half of those cases

0:23:290:23:31

involved pupils at school, and teachers came along

0:23:310:23:35

to give evidence about the cases to the panel, and the panel

0:23:350:23:37

then asked them questions about the individuals concerned.

0:23:370:23:42

In one case, parents were advised to use the parental lock

0:23:420:23:46

and take down most of their son's social media accounts.

0:23:460:23:49

Another case involved a right-wing extremist

0:23:490:23:53

who'd been referred by Muslims at his workplace.

0:23:530:23:56

A further case concerned a person with mental health problems.

0:23:560:23:59

I think we have prevented people from being radicalised

0:24:010:24:04

at an early stage. We've helped people rebuild their lives.

0:24:040:24:08

On the travel to Syria for example, often it's teenagers

0:24:080:24:12

who are targeted for radicalisation, and that often happens online.

0:24:120:24:19

Channel is at the centre of the criticisms of some Muslims

0:24:190:24:23

as they feel the process is secretive

0:24:230:24:25

and not open to any outside scrutiny.

0:24:250:24:28

Channel very well might be positive for some individuals

0:24:280:24:31

and the problem is we don't understand what's going on.

0:24:310:24:34

There's no transparency as to who is doing

0:24:340:24:37

the Channel de-radicalisation.

0:24:370:24:40

There's no transparency as to what happens as a result and so

0:24:400:24:43

of course there are security requirements that prevent

0:24:430:24:48

full transparency on these issues.

0:24:480:24:50

The identities of those who cooperate with Channel

0:24:500:24:53

is kept secret.

0:24:530:24:55

That's why we were given only limited access to the Channel Panel

0:24:550:24:58

and to Mariam's story.

0:24:580:25:00

I ended up getting in contact with a whole group of sisters

0:25:000:25:03

who all wanted to go to Syria.

0:25:030:25:05

And what effect did being part of that group have on you?

0:25:050:25:10

Um, it draws you more into it

0:25:100:25:13

when you're surrounded by people who have the same aim.

0:25:130:25:16

Mariam was on the brink of leaving for Syria

0:25:160:25:19

when there was a knock at the door.

0:25:190:25:21

The police came seven o'clock and they searched my house

0:25:210:25:24

and they took my passport.

0:25:240:25:27

And they searched my room.

0:25:270:25:28

I tried to get my mobile phone

0:25:280:25:30

as soon as possible to delete everything,

0:25:300:25:32

but the police came right after me, so I didn't have time to do that.

0:25:320:25:37

Everything was there.

0:25:370:25:38

I was very nervous and angry.

0:25:390:25:41

At that moment, I even slapped my daughter.

0:25:410:25:44

They gradually told me that she was planning to go to Syria.

0:25:440:25:48

The family agreed to Mariam being referred to Channel.

0:25:480:25:52

The Home Office says it's a safe space with no criminal charges.

0:25:520:25:56

It was good that the Channel programme came and talked to her.

0:25:560:26:00

I was supportive of that.

0:26:000:26:02

If she had gone to Syria then,

0:26:020:26:04

life wouldn't have any meaning for me any more.

0:26:040:26:07

Mariam was counselled on a weekly basis for ten months

0:26:070:26:11

by a Muslim mentor knowledgeable in Islamic theology.

0:26:110:26:15

Why did it take so long?

0:26:150:26:17

Because there would've been a chance of me going back and starting

0:26:170:26:20

to support them again and actually going there and joining them.

0:26:200:26:24

Mariam is one of over 1,000 mainly young people

0:26:240:26:28

who have been through Channel since 2012.

0:26:280:26:31

The earlier we spot somebody who's vulnerable,

0:26:330:26:35

the earlier we can all collectively, police, community, mental health,

0:26:350:26:39

social services, youth workers, we can get round a table

0:26:390:26:43

and help prevent this person being drawn towards it.

0:26:430:26:46

The Government is now planning to strengthen Prevent,

0:26:460:26:49

whilst taking another look at how Channel operates,

0:26:490:26:52

in particular with regard to the role of the police.

0:26:520:26:56

MACHINE-GUN FIRE

0:26:580:26:59

EXPLOSION

0:26:590:27:01

But the magnet of the so-called Islamic State may be weakening,

0:27:010:27:04

with nearly half its territory gone and Mosul likely to fall.

0:27:040:27:09

IS's response is to intensify its propaganda offensive online.

0:27:110:27:17

Adnani's successor was appointed last week.

0:27:170:27:20

He echoed Adnani's message,

0:27:200:27:22

calling for attacks against the enemy in their homes, markets,

0:27:220:27:26

streets and gatherings.

0:27:260:27:28

And IS's latest video reinforces the call,

0:27:280:27:32

urging lone wolf attacks in France and the UK.

0:27:320:27:36

VOICE SPEAKS IN FRENCH

0:27:370:27:39

The head of MI6 has said that the UK

0:27:480:27:50

now faces an unprecedented terror threat

0:27:500:27:54

- and the FBI fears the worst.

0:27:540:27:57

We expect that many of the foreign fighters who have joined the

0:27:570:28:00

Islamic State over the last several years will decide that this is

0:28:000:28:05

no longer for them and they'll try to travel home.

0:28:050:28:08

So we are planning for the eventual return of some very

0:28:080:28:12

battle-hardened, tested, trained terrorist operatives,

0:28:120:28:16

who will now seek to return to their home countries,

0:28:160:28:19

in the United States and Western Europe and around the globe.

0:28:190:28:22

The battle on the ground against IS is still in the balance.

0:28:220:28:26

Any victory, be it in the field at Mosul,

0:28:260:28:29

online or in the classroom, will be hard-won.

0:28:290:28:33

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