Myanmar: The Hidden Truth Panorama


Myanmar: The Hidden Truth

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This programme contains some scenes which some viewers may find upsetting.

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A humanitarian crisis on an epic scale.

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Hundreds of thousands of refugees

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driven out of Myanmar by military action.

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-TRANSLATION:

-The children, elderly, babies, pregnant women couldn't run

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and they were burned.

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Tonight on Panorama,

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how August's brutal assault on the Rohingya

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was the climax of years of persecution

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and the result of deliberate military preparation.

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-TRANSLATION:

-Local Buddhists from our village

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told us they had joined the training.

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When the army was burning our houses, torturing us,

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they were there.

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How months earlier, Aung San Suu Kyi,

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winner of the Nobel Peace Prize,

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had been warned that atrocities were being committed.

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I appealed to her emotional standing -

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she is respected in the country -

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to do whatever she could to bring this to a close.

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To my great regret, it didn't seem to happen.

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The world needs to pay attention to what's happening to this.

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The world needs to act, because if it doesn't,

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these violations are just going to keep happening.

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Will 2017 be remembered as a year when the world stood by

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while a genocide unfolded?

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-TRANSLATION:

-The helicopter landed

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in the football ground in our village.

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The military surrounded it.

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If someone crossed by the football field, they would be killed.

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My name is Monzur Ali. I'm 11 years old.

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When I came here, I started drawing pictures.

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Monzur is the youngest of five children.

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-TRANSLATION:

-Our home was burned down on the day we left.

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We certainly didn't want to leave my village,

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but there was a lot of shooting.

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The shooting was near my house.

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They also fired a launcher and my house shook.

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He and his family escaped over the border to

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Bangladesh from Myanmar, the country also known as Burma.

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He is one of 650,000 Rohingya people

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to have made the journey since the end of August.

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-TRANSLATION:

-Older women were stamped on,

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and then the soldiers grabbed them by the hair and slaughtered them.

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If the women did not die,

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the soldiers stamped on their faces with their boots.

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Some were killed by breaking their necks

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and some were killed after having their arms and feet broken.

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Some were killed by cutting their throats.

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Because I saw that, I'm drawing this.

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The children draw the same things.

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Helicopters...

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..soldiers...

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..dead bodies...

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..shooting...

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..burning homes.

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Here's how camera phones caught the same terrible events.

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Since the assaults began in August,

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Panorama has been receiving hours of footage

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secretly passed out of Myanmar.

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It's not possible to independently verify these images,

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but there is a pattern.

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Thousands were killed in attacks on village after village.

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Myo Thu Gyi.

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Mi Chaung Zay.

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Tula Toli.

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It goes on...

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..and on.

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Their homes destroyed, families now face life in a refugee camp.

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-TRANSLATION:

-If I could educate my children, I'd be at peace.

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But now, I feel like I'm going crazy.

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My head is spinning

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because I'm worried about the future of my children.

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Many refugees arrived in Bangladesh barefoot,

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their shoes lost on the long walk to safety.

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At first, refugees built their own shelters in the muddy hills.

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There was little fresh water, no sanitation...

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..not enough food.

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Most had to rely on hand-outs from well-meaning Bangladeshis.

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Conditions have improved, but refugees are still arriving.

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From the river that divides the two countries,

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we can see tents and people still stranded on the beach,

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but we're not allowed to film there.

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The government will not let us in

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to investigate what's been happening,

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but we have gathered powerful evidence that shows

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just how deliberate this attack on the Rohingya people has been.

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The Myanmar government has said military action

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was a response to terrorist attacks.

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But, in fact, the persecution began years ago,

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as the refugees in the camps have told us.

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-TRANSLATION:

-They were torturing us

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in order to drive us out of the country.

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Burma could not be our home and would be taken away from us.

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That is what was put into our heads from a very young age.

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My name is Senu Ara Begum. I am 30 years old.

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I'm Rohingya from Burma.

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Now I'm in Bangladesh in a refugee camp.

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Myanmar is a predominantly Buddhist country

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that was once part of the British Empire.

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The Rohingya are a Muslim ethnic group from Rakhine State

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in the west of the country.

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Their right to live in Myanmar has been contested for decades.

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Stripped of citizenship in the 1980s,

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virtually all aspects of their lives have been restricted -

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travel, education, marriage.

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It was even difficult to register their babies.

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In 2012, things were to get a lot worse.

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-TRANSLATION:

-Everything was in flames.

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The whole village was burnt to ashes.

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Ten Muslims were killed after the murder

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and alleged rape of a Buddhist woman.

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GLASS SHATTERS

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There were Rohingya riots

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and Buddhist homes were attacked.

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The response of the security forces was swift and deadly.

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-TRANSLATION:

-Some people fled.

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Then there were others - like the children, the elderly,

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babies, pregnant women - who couldn't run,

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and then they were burned.

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All were burned.

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More than 10,000 homes were destroyed and about 140,000 people,

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mostly Rohingya, were driven from their homes.

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-TRANSLATION:

-The military and the local Buddhists came

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and told us to leave the village.

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They said, "If you don't go, we will torture and rape you."

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Senu Ara and tens of thousands of other Rohingya were

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herded into makeshift camps in Myanmar.

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But once the violence was over, they were not allowed to return home.

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Matthew Smith is a human rights activist

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who's worked in Myanmar for more than a decade.

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People were corralled into what have essentially become

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modern-day concentration camps.

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The people who are confined to these camps, they can't move.

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They are essentially trapped in these places.

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-TRANSLATION:

-We couldn't go to mosque. Our children couldn't study.

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We couldn't pray.

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They would constantly monitor us.

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If they saw children studying religion,

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they would take the clerics away and pour boiling water on them.

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Outside the camps, identity cards were withdrawn,

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most were denied the right to vote.

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The oppression intensified.

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These are not policies

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that are enforced against any other community of people in Myanmar.

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These are policies that are specifically designed

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and specifically targeted for the Rohingya population.

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SOBBING

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And the cycle of violence continued.

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In 2016, it escalated again.

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These women lost their husbands in a brutal assault.

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So this is the only picture that you have left.

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All the other pictures of your family were destroyed.

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This is the only one left.

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The only one.

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They were married to three brothers.

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It's the anniversary of their husbands' murders.

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Marijan was pregnant with her third child when her husband was killed.

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-TRANSLATION:

-My name is Marijan.

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I have three children. The youngest one is only four months old.

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His name is Mohammed Anwar.

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Our village was very beautiful, with trees and a mosque and a school.

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My husband and brothers-in-law used to go fishing and farming,

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so we had a nice life there.

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But the Rohingya militant movement was growing.

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In October 2016, Rohingya militants attacked three border posts,

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killing nine security personnel.

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The violence that followed was unprecedented,

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according to a UN report.

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-TRANSLATION:

-It was a Monday. It was eight o'clock.

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The local Buddhists came.

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They were walking around shooting everyone and burning the houses.

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We fled from our homes. They then separated the men and the women.

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They took the women inside. We didn't see how they killed the men.

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By the time it was 10 or 11 o'clock,

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they were all done with their murdering.

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This woman fled the village with her children.

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We came back one and a half months later and there was nothing left.

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We dug three graves. The bodies were unrecognisable, even their faces.

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We couldn't organise a proper burial, but we prayed for them all.

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Entire villages were destroyed.

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The security forces killed babies and children.

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There was massive and systematic rape and sexual violence.

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These Rohingya refugees offer support to those in the camps

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who've been raped and abused.

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They all believe they know who is responsible.

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If we talk about the crimes, what women had to go through

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and the violence,

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it's rape, physical assault and also humiliation.

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Because we've got lots of cases where girls were raped

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in front of their father or in front of their parents.

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A UN report said the violence showed total disdain

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for the right to life of Rohingyas.

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By now, Aung San Suu Kyi was in charge of the civilian government.

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Her party had won a landslide victory.

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For 15 years, she'd been held under house arrest by the military regime,

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becoming the world's most famous political prisoner.

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She'd won a Nobel Peace Prize for her non-violent struggle

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for democracy and human rights.

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So, for me,

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receiving the Nobel Peace Prize means personally extending

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my concern for democracy and human rights beyond national borders.

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The Nobel Peace Prize opened up a door in my heart.

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But the door in her heart appears

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to have remained closed to the Rohingya.

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The UN's human rights chief has told Panorama that in January this year,

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he spoke to Aung San Suu Kyi, imploring her to take action.

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I appealed to her emotional standing -

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she is respected in the country - to do whatever she could

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to bring this to a close and, to my great regret,

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-it didn't seem to happen.

-But you literally said to her,

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"There are appalling atrocities being committed in your country.

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"Please do something about it," and her response was what?

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So, she said, "This is awful. Certainly, we want to look at it."

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After that, they began to question whether the facts were correct.

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So, it seems Aung San Suu Kyi chose

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to challenge the UN High Commissioner's facts

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rather than challenge her country's generals.

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She has little direct power over the military,

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but the international community did nothing to stop them, either.

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There was no action taken against them.

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I suppose that they then drew a conclusion

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-that they could continue without fear of...

-With impunity?

-Yeah.

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What we began to sense was that this was really well thought-out

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and planned and what seems to have happened

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is that they were pushing on a door

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and if it moved, then they would continue to push.

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And push they did.

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We've gathered new evidence

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that in the months before this summer's terrible attacks,

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the state accelerated its campaign against the Rohingya.

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The government made an offer.

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Every citizen in Rakhine wishing to protect their state

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would have the chance to become part of the local armed police, it said.

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Mohammed Rafiq was a successful business owner in Myanmar.

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-TRANSLATION:

-My name is Mohammed Rafiq. I'm 33.

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I had two shops, one warehouse.

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My home was burned. The shops were looted.

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He said some of his Buddhist customers

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were recruited by the security forces.

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A number of local Buddhists from our village

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told us they had joined the training.

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When the army was burning our houses, torturing us,

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they were there.

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They were just like the army.

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They had the same kind of weapons the soldiers were carrying.

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They were local boys. We knew them.

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Matthew Smith has been investigating the build-up

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to this year's violence.

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He's spoken to dozens of witnesses.

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This next person says,

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"The Rakhine people were given guns by the government.

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"I know this because the government brought some guns with a truck.

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"We looked into a window and saw piles of guns."

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So, this person's describing a situation

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two months before the August 25th attacks

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when state security officials were driving an instalment of rifles,

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guns to a neighbouring Rakhine village.

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With the help of these local people,

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it was much easier for the army to make us suffer

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because they know the place.

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If they saw someone among the Muslims who was a kind of leader,

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the local Buddhists would alert the army.

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The state was making life harder for the Rohingya in other ways, too.

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Aid organisations found it difficult to operate.

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Food shortages were widespread.

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In July, the World Food Programme published

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an assessment of the situation.

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Now, this is it and it makes shocking reading.

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It found that more than two-thirds of the population

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had an inadequate diet and it warned

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that unless food supplies improved,

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almost half of all children under five - 80,000 in total -

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would suffer acute severe malnutrition.

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Now, that is malnutrition so bad,

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it could damage their development for life.

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The response of the authorities?

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They cut off virtually all aid.

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What it means is that people who rely on your service,

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they will go without that food or that medicine.

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People would really suffer

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and I think that you could say that people would be in danger of dying.

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This aid worker was in north Rakhine.

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He says tensions were rising.

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We saw an increased military activity,

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army trucks driving into villages and out of villages,

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which I had never seen before up until that point.

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And our staff were telling us

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that that was security clearance operations happening.

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He doesn't want us to reveal his identity,

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because he's concerned about his safety.

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There really was a sense that it was a bad situation.

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In terms of something being about to happen, we just had no idea,

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but there was an overwhelming feeling that this is a really

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awful situation.

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Myanmar has said its recent military action was a response to

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coordinated terrorist attacks.

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But two weeks earlier, the Army was reinforcing.

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More troops were brought in.

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A UN representative issued a public warning urging restraint.

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But when the militants struck on August 25,

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the military action that followed was not restrained.

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It was well organised, systematic and huge.

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-TRANSLATION:

-My mother said, "Let's go now,"

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and we crossed the stream in front of the market by paddle boat.

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At that time the helicopters were circling above.

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They would have killed us if they saw us.

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But luckily they didn't see us.

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Senuara was forced to flee after the camp in Myanmar

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she was living in was burnt to the ground.

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CAR HORN

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-TRANSLATION:

-For two days and for two nights,

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I started running and I fled through the forest.

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What could we eat?

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There was no food, so we ate leaves from the trees.

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-TRANSLATION:

-It breaks my heart.

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There is so much oppression in that country.

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How can we live there?

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The most important thing is your life,

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so to save our lives and to save our faith, we left the country.

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About 350 Rohingya villages were burned.

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Two-thirds of the Rohingya population fled the country.

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Thousands have been killed.

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The total number of dead will probably never be known.

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The Army says it committed no atrocities,

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blaming terrorists for torching houses.

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The head of the Armed Forces is General Min Aung Hlaing.

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Like many Burmese people,

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he doesn't acknowledge the existence of the Rohingya.

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He says they are Bengalis from Bangladesh.

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A week into the assault, he said the government was tackling

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what he described as an unfinished problem.

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The attack on the Rohingya has been called a textbook

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example of ethnic cleansing.

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But does it amount to something more?

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The so-called crime of crimes - genocide.

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Acts of genocide are those committed with the intent to destroy

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a group of people.

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The crime was defined after the Holocaust.

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Member countries of the newly founded United Nations signed

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a convention.

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The aim was to ensure that genocide should never happen again.

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But this month at the UN in Geneva, it has been raised once more.

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Can anyone rule out that elements of genocide may be present?

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The UN's human rights chief called for a criminal investigation.

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Only a court could judge

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whether what has happened in Myanmar is genocide.

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It's very hard to establish that, because the thresholds are high,

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but it wouldn't surprise me in the future if a court

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were to make such a finding on the basis of what we have seen.

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So, who might be brought to justice?

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He believes this could go right to the top.

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Given the scale of the military operation, I mean,

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clearly these would have to be decisions taken at a high enough

0:24:510:24:55

level, and then there is the crime of omission,

0:24:550:24:59

that if it came to your knowledge that this was being committed and

0:24:590:25:04

you did nothing to stop it, then you could be culpable as well for that.

0:25:040:25:09

But almost certainly at the very highest levels,

0:25:090:25:11

because this attracted the attention of the world community very

0:25:110:25:16

early on and it, you know, it is

0:25:160:25:18

inconceivable that the army chief and Aung San Suu Kyi

0:25:180:25:22

were not aware that this was happening in their country.

0:25:220:25:24

Well, certainly you can see a court making that argument, that the

0:25:240:25:27

international news media was awash with imagery of burning

0:25:270:25:32

villages, of claims that atrocities were being committed,

0:25:320:25:37

so certainly one could make the argument that there was time

0:25:370:25:40

sufficient for a halt to the operations

0:25:400:25:44

and inquiries to be launched, and that didn't seem to happen.

0:25:440:25:50

Which raises the possibility of Aung San Suu Kyi,

0:25:500:25:53

once an icon of the battle for human rights,

0:25:530:25:57

standing trial for one of the most heinous crimes of all - genocide.

0:25:570:26:02

We asked Aung San Suu Kyi and General Hlaing for a response,

0:26:060:26:11

but neither has replied.

0:26:110:26:13

Aung San Suu Kyi did speak publicly three weeks after the attacks began.

0:26:150:26:21

We are concerned to hear numbers of Muslims are fleeing

0:26:210:26:26

across the border to congregate.

0:26:260:26:29

We want to find out why this exodus is happening.

0:26:290:26:34

She said there had been no armed clashes since September 5.

0:26:360:26:41

But Human Rights Watch says more than 100 villages were burned

0:26:420:26:47

after that.

0:26:470:26:49

And satellites detected fires in October

0:26:510:26:55

and right into November.

0:26:550:26:57

Meanwhile the leader of Myanmar's civilian government still

0:27:040:27:08

refuses even to use the word Rohingya.

0:27:080:27:12

For goodness' sake, you know,

0:27:140:27:15

everything has been stripped from them, you know,

0:27:150:27:18

and then to strip their name from them, I mean,

0:27:180:27:20

it's sort of dehumanising to the point where, you know,

0:27:200:27:24

you may, you begin to believe that anything is possible.

0:27:240:27:27

We heard, "Never again," after the Holocaust,

0:27:280:27:30

we heard, "Never again," after the Rwandan genocide, and it's happening

0:27:300:27:34

again and it's happening right now and the world is failing to act.

0:27:340:27:38

And it is not over.

0:27:410:27:43

There are almost a million Rohingya refugees in these camps.

0:27:440:27:48

There's little prospect of them going home,

0:27:500:27:53

little hope for them here.

0:27:530:27:55

-TRANSLATION:

-You don't just give up the country that you live in.

0:27:590:28:02

No-one does.

0:28:020:28:03

There's so much misery there and that's why we left.

0:28:060:28:10

-TRANSLATION:

-My heart longs to go back,

0:28:130:28:15

but I don't want to go back like this.

0:28:150:28:19

I want to go back to a country where I can get justice,

0:28:190:28:22

I can have a good life.

0:28:220:28:23

-TRANSLATION:

-They have the weapons. The Rohingyas do not.

0:28:260:28:31

They can do whatever they want with Rohingyas. We are powerless.

0:28:310:28:35

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