The Big Decision with Nick Robinson

We have taken the big decision - Britain is out

Welcome to the heart of London - seen by some

Soon though, it will no longer be part of the EU.

Tonight, in a special programme, we reflect on the big decision you,

the voters, have taken - perhaps the biggest decision

What does the future hold for a UK now leaving the world's biggest

club, and now looking for a new Prime Minister?

Can the United Kingdom hold together, as

says a second referendum is highly likely?

On a night when the country radically changed direction.

I travelled from north to south, starting in Edinburgh,

across urban and rural Britain, as the country turned its back

I will do everything I can as Prime Minister to steady the ship over the

coming weeks and months but I do not think it would be right for me to

try to be the captain that steers our country to its next destination.

Rachel Burden profiles the lifelong rivalry between David Cameron

and his likely successor, Boris Johnson.

What next for the Polish builder planning to make

Elaine Dunkley is with young people in Birmingham -

a generation that voted to remain, in a city that voted to leave.

We are one of the youngest cities in Europe, in terms of how many

young people are here, and I was just upset that we didn't

come out in the droves of us that are living here to say that,

as the stats show, most of us want to remain.

And drawing the first line of history - the cartoonist

Gerald Scarfe is with us to show us his take on Brexit.

So the big decision has been taken - but only just.

In keeping with what many saw as a divisive campaign,

the result reveals a divided United Kingdom.

Leave won, 51.9% voting to get out of the EU.

It was a victory won in England, where 53.4% voted Leave, and in

But in Scotland there was a big majority for Remain - 62% -

as there was in Northern Ireland, with 55.8%.

The country is split - a division that was clear to me

as I travelled the length of the country, starting

in Edinburgh last night just before the polls closed.

Perhaps few of us realised it but, as we voted yesterday, we were

juggling with fire. Our vote is not just about what was on the ballot

paper but also the unity of our country and who will govern us from

now on. The theory was that this referendum would resolve something,

it would settle a question. One thing it has settled with the

divisions in Britain, divisions between one nation, here I am in

Scotland, and the rest of the country. Divisions between

generations. Divisions between rich and poor. Will it settle anything?

Who on earth knows. Or are you worried that Scotland might vote one

way and the rest of the UK the other? Convinced. I was hovering in

the box? With a pencil? Yes. Edinburgh is the most pro-EU city in

the most pro-EU country. Over the border is where the anti-EU revolt

began. The border between England and Scotland is not just the border

between nations, but between differing attitudes to membership of

the EU, one of the many divisions which have been exposed in this

referendum. The first city to declare, the first tremor to signal

the earthquake to come, was Newcastle. I headed to a polling

station as it prepared to close. You just voted? Yes, I voted to leave.

Are you scared that Britain might leave? No, I might just go home.

You'd go home if the UK left Europe? Yeah, I guess. It's been nice having

you. You've got a minute, by my count. In you go. How did you vote?

Remain. No doubts? No doubt. Because? No idea. The door has

closed, no more votes, polling is over. Britain's destiny hangs in the

balance. So Big Ben has struck ten o'clock and we start trying to

discover which side has carried the day. The CBI are having their

north-east dinner tonight. The polls have closed. Let's see how Novy the

businessmen are. -- nervy. Polling has just closed. Is it a nervous

occasion? Very. Business leaders here are very conscious so much has

been on hold. I'm relaxed, I don't contemplate the answer can't be

remain. I do business all over the world and I don't give a flying hoot

about it. I think we should be independent, out of it, and get on

with it. WAG Newcastle voted to remain, just, but, down the road in

Sunderland came the sign that Britain was heading for the exit. --

Newcastle voted to remain. The conventional wisdom down south in

London is that Remain have just edged it. That is what the financial

markets and private polls are saying and both sides privately saying but,

until these votes are counted up and announced in the north-east,

frankly, nobody really knows. The total number of votes cast in favour

of Leave was... CHEERING DROWNED SPEECH THEY ARE

CELEBRATING BECAUSE THAT IS OVER 60%. SUNDERLAND, THE FIRST PLACE IN

THE COUNTRY DEVOTED LEAVE, by a much major modern -- a much major mark --

bigger margin than anybody expected. There are people who have not voted

since Margaret Thatcher was Prime Minister. It is the working man who

has said no. Are they saying no to Europe or to the guys running the

country? A bit of both. The time has come with people have said, we've

had enough of big Bob -- big government and big business telling

us what is good for us. We have been an island for hundreds of years.

Germany tried twice to rule Europe. This is the third time, and we have

had enough. Why should we be dictated to by the likes of Germany?

In the last few minutes, the pound has fallen to levels not seen since

2009. For those still awake, the mood was beginning to change, the

market starting to panic, Leave starting to believe they could win.

I voted to leave. Leave. Leave. Leave. So you feel good? I would say

so. Did you believe your side would win? Yes. Because? The only reason I

could see for staying was that we don't know what will happen if we go

out, and that isn't a good enough reason for not making that decision.

I think we've got a chance to make written Britain again. I really

believe now is the chance to take that opportunity. -- to make Britain

Britain again. I don't know what that means, sorry. For Britain to be

a self-governing country, with laws and regulations and a parliament

that looks after what we are doing. Birds are singing, dawn over Leeds.

I've had a text message from a senior Remain member, effectively

conceding defeat. In there, students representing the many young people

who have campaigned to Remain. Do they accept they have lost? You

still believe it? I think we will be OK. You think it will be OK? It will

be down to the wire, I don't know. If it goes Leave, how will you feel?

Devastated. Most of us graduate in two weeks, so it is a worrying

horizon. We are supposed to be entering the job market. It's scary.

It is. 7:30am. Anybody who went to bed at a normal time thought they

were going to bed Britain staying in the EU, now working, having their

breakfast, and they are discovering the news that we are leaving the EU,

and it changes just about everything. The question is, how

will Britain feel? It's a big thing. First English breakfast in England.

Feeling good then? Very. I am. We get our country back today. It's

Independence Day. Out? Out. Done. Not possibly. No, it's possible. No

more Europe. Not good. The result now clear, so, too, was the fear

beginning to spread among those who desperately wanted us to remain,

including this farmer I met in Peterborough with his daughter. I'm

afraid it could even result in violence. In Britain between

countries? Between countries, and I wouldn't want any bloodshed. Could

break up the EU, break up the United Kingdom. It fills me with dread. The

Prime Minister will be talking in five minutes from Downing Street.

He's not going to resign, is he? I think he will be gone in weeks.

Events would start to move a lot faster. I think the country requires

fresh leadership. The Prime Minister walked on to Downing Street and we

headed back to London. David Cameron has quit. People said he wouldn't

have to if he lost, but he felt he needed to. Why? The reasons are

clear. This was a referendum he didn't need to have. It was a

referendum of his choosing on a date that he picked, on turf deselected.

And he lost it. That's why. -- on turf he selected. By now, the pound

had crashed, stocks, too, and the markets were in panic. I landed in

what already felt like a different country. Not just because so much

had changed in such a short time but because London, which voted

overwhelmingly to Remain, has more in common with Edinburgh than

anywhere in between. It is now 10:30am. We are in London. At red,

tall tower, Westminster tower, is the new centre of power in this

country. It's the headquarters of Vote Leave. Boris Johnson, Michael

Gove, they will meet there, they will appear in front of the media.

They are the men who will shape the direction this country now takes.

Take back control, one of the most powerful slogans in the history of

politics, and control is precisely what they now have. Let's examine

some of the consequences. Stephanie Flanders of JP Morgan

Asset Management, in Edinburgh, our Scotland Editor,

Sarah Smith, and at Westminster, our Deputy

Political Editor, John Pienaar. Stephanie, there will be people

watching tonight who are worried about their own financial situation,

their savings, their pensions, their job. How worried should they be? It

has been a hit to the economy. We think there will be a hit to

confidence, investment, and that means slower job growth in the next

couple of months and years, there will be less investment in that kind

of activity. We don't think at the moment it will push the economy into

recession, but the economy is already slowed down a lot, and we

know the Bank of England will be watching closely to see how it

affects the financial markets and real economic activity out there. If

they see a risk, I think they might do a bit more to have a further cut

in interest rates. If you were hoping to have higher interest rates

on your savings in the next year or so, that is much is likely to

happen, but equally a mortgage rate rise is less likely. We will see

higher inflation. The fall in the pound in import prices will be

higher, so inflation could be 3-4% next year.

The Stock Exchange. The FTSE, was down, went up to a fall of about 2%.

Maybe it will all be fine? You were talking about the middle of the

night and we had that plunge in sterling. It was really brought

about because there had been this rather odd rally in the markets in

the last week, for no good reason, I think. The markets had decided

Remain would win, despite the fact that the polls seemed to be pretty

close, there had been this certainty that it had overtaken the markets

and pushed them up so when they came down it seemed dramatic. The FTSE is

higher now. Behind me is the City of London, you now work in the City of

London. Of course the City of London is not just creating jobs in this

city but across the UK. Some companies have warned of very, very

big job losses. In the thousands, as big has to be moved to the EU. Is

that going to happen or are banks going to wait and see? I think they

won't just wait and see but it's in between those. The Leave side said

the next day nothing will change. That's true. But every finance

director, every multinational, not just banks has been on the phone to

other people in the company saying who are our trading relationship,

what are customer relationships with the UK and other parts of Europe,

how is it going to affect them? In the case of banks there are bits of

business that could be very affected and they won't be able to wait to

see how this deal goes. Nothing will happen immediately but parts of that

business will go and probably go long before these negotiations

start. Money waits for no one. Politics waits for no one. Let's

turn to our deputy political editor. John, we had this extraordinary

democratic experiment but we are now going to see the Tory membership,

not the public, not Members of Parliament, choose our next Prime

Minister and within weeks. Yes, I think it's all sorts of open

questions as to where we go with all of this. They will have to have a

new leader because David Cameron's authority was shot through, they

need a leader who can sit down at conference tables and be believed

when he says it's possible to drive a successful bargain on behalf of

Britain. The new leader will start with an entire will you new

programme, to get through parliament, which still has a small

majority for the Conservative Party, a dangerously small majority and a

country waiting to see what is in store from their new-look Brexit

Government which is why the possibility of an early general

election is a real and open question. And is it a sure bet that

next leader will be Boris Johnson? He is going to take a lot of

stopping. His popularity out in the country with the party at large,

that goes without saying. You see it almost wherever he goes. He doesn't

have quite the same devoted following at Westminster. He is

someone who can work a hall of 5,000 people. He is less about working a

room of MPs with 20 in them. Less by way of pressing the flesh in the tea

room, less by way of lunch and dinner parts and a kind word for

everyone. He has been a bit neglectful about that. Tory MPs see

he is the frontrunner, he will attract support. Question mark, in

the weeks and months between now and the selection of a new leader will

Boris' weaknesses such as they are be undermined? His claim to the top

job and the past record, the dark horse, the one you don't put first

in the running when the contest starts, that's the one who comes

through in the end. Thank you. No rest for you after the

referendum. In Edinburgh, our Scotland editor is also going to be

busy. The First Minister made clear that it was on the table the

possibility of a second referendum on Scottish independence. What does

that mean, is it going to happen and if so how soon? Well, we asked her

that directly and she said she thought it was highly likely. Now

that's different from saying she is definitely going to do it. Instead

she's been inserting her right to hold a second referendum if she

wants to saying this Brexit is a material change from the

circumstances in which Scotland voted in 2014 against becoming an

independent country. She thinks she could hold a referendum. Will she?

That entirely depends on whether or not she thinks she can win it.

Nobody really knows at this point whether 62% of Scotland voting to

stay in the EU would translate into something like 60% of Scots voting

to leave the UK. Until she has some evidence as to whether or not this

has increased support for independence she's not going to risk

calling a referendum. Thank you very much.

The referendum has divided Britain, its divided the Government -

and has now brought David Cameron's premiership to an end.

And, from the moment the former London Mayor Boris Johnson backed

Leave, this became a battle not just over EU membership, but also

And, as Rachel Burden reports, it's a battle that dates back

Two men born into privilege, educated among the elite,

political careers converging but torn apart by Europe.

Both men were schooled at Eton, the natural choice for a posh

boy like David Cameron, but it was brains that won

He was a scholarship pupil and rapidly became

David Cameron, on the other hand, didn't have quite the same impact.

Former pupils and teachers here remember Boris Johnson

as an extraordinary pupil with formidable wit,

full of personality and popular right across the school.

Even then, he was known simply as Boris.

David Cameron, by contrast, is described as clever,

decent, hard-working, but with none of the star quality

Both men joined the Bullingdon Club, a drinking society for upper-class

toffs, but that notorious picture of them together

In fact, their paths at university were rather different.

Boris continued to push his own personal brand, running successfully

for president of the Oxford Union, a sort of mini House of Commons.

Honourable members wishing to vote in favour of the motion will occupy

Just like at Eton, Boris was well known throughout the university

and had what one contemporary described as a truly

remarkable personal, political franchise.

David Cameron, by contrast, despite studying politics

and working hard enough to earn himself a first, did not

play any active part in student political life.

James Dellingpole socialised with David Cameron but says

it was Boris who had a clear sense of his own destiny.

He knew from the start that he wanted a career in politics,

which is why he was very keen to become president

He was a flamboyant character but he was very much

He couldn't have been less interested in student politics.

He probably thought it was rather beneath him.

Both men carried the characteristics of their early lives

Boris Johnson, the scruffy genius with his gift for the gaffe.

David Cameron, the model professional, managerial, pragmatic,

He believes that his role is to keep the show on the road,

number one, and, number two, to improve life for people

He's very suspicious of people that have grand ideals.

I have to struggle to find much ideology at all with Boris.

He's clearly changed his mind about the EU several times.

When I worked with him, we reported on the EU together.

In public, he'd write the most excoriating pieces about the EU.

There is no ideology, which is why it's quite

difficult to tell what kind of Prime Minister he would be.

Soon, this place will be vacant, as another Tory leader falls

Europe is the sword that has split these parallel political lives,

even though both men have been accused of inconsistency

and opportunism on the whole question throughout their careers.

Now the British people have had their say, so is this a final

chance for Boris to catch up with his rival and complete the last

leg of that journey from Eton to Oxford to Number Ten?

This referendum has unsettled just about everything.

With me now is Iain Duncan Smith, the former Work and Pensions

Before we talk to you let's go to Gerald Scarfe. You are making

progress on the cartoons. I am working on one of my favourites,

Farage, he is wonderful material. He has Cameron in a glass of beer and

saying bottoms up. No one would have believed a while back that Farage

would be the victor and Cameron defeated. I don't want to lose him,

he is good material. You want to keep him there? I am always for

keeping the bad ones in tlshgs they're the best material. You have

a few more weeks. Iain Duncan Smith, welcome to the programme. Thank you

for joining us. First of all, on this Tory leadership, let's remember

it's no longer a bit of gossip about who might replace your party leader,

this is about who has power in this country within weeks who is the next

Prime Minister of this country. Is Boris Johnson up to the job? If you

are asking me do I think he personally has the attributes and

has he displayed those, I think in the course of the campaign a number

of questions that people like you were asking about, does he have the

ability to focus, can he conduct debates and be cross-examined, you

saw he did meet those challenges and the answer to that question is I

think yes. Is he going to be the only one to meet those challenges?

Absolutely not. There will be others who will step forward. I sense he is

not quite your man. There may be others? Having been leader I have to

tell you I wish them the best of luck, because I have the t-shirt and

the knife stab wounds and everything else. I say, you know, I am taking a

pace back, because for me this is all about where do we go next as --

as a country? I am less interested in the leadership end of this.

People watching may think we have had this fantastic exercise in

democracy where they love or hate the result and the next Prime

Minister of our country will be chosen purely by whether you pay a

Conservative membership fee, does that make you feel uncomfortable?

You know as well as I do that a parliamentary democracy mean that is

you elect a body of people to form your Government. In other words, a

party gets elected and whoever they choose to be their leader becomes

the Prime Minister. That is really what the... A bunch of Tory

activists will decide the next occupant of Number 10? Now it's a

little wider and it goes out wide, my sense is it needs explaining to

the public but you are right about the democracy bit. Yesterday was

startling, it was fascinating. I think we learned a lot and there is

more to learn about what the British public thinks about us. There is

also something to learn about the process, people might imagine they

voted to get out, therefore, we are out. We are not out of the European

Union, are we? There is a lot of steps and a few years to go before

we are actually ex-tri-indicated? There are a number of different ways

you can approach this. Cameron has put it on hold, he has basically

said I am not going to get us out of the EU I will leave it to the next

Prime Minister. It's already on hold for months. There are things we can

get on with immediately. Whatever the process that we go through we

need to start defining that. It's important for us to bring together a

cross-party group of people and some experts from outside, legal experts

and experts from business, etc, to be able to start to put together a

team that says look this is the best process and these are the best

prospects and at least we can get going with that now, notwithstanding

the fact there is a leadership election on, that process should

begin and I very much want to help make that happen. Yet there will be

people in the House of Commons, people in the House of Lords who say

there is no majority in this place, parliament, for getting out, we want

to do as much as we can to make this as difficult as we can and you know

what we will get inspiration from Iain Duncan Smith because he made

life hell for John Major when he disagreed with him on Europe. We are

going to do it now. We will cause trouble. Up to them really. You

know, like everything else they had a referendum, it was arguably the

biggest vote that we have had in this country in terms of a single

question. I like to think and the Prime Minister said this originally,

this is not an advisory referendum, it was an absolute decision by the

British people, 4%, over a million-and-a-half votes, all I

would say to colleagues in the House of Commons of course that's their

decision. They're free to do what they like. Wye say the decision was

to leave the European Union, the question is now what does that look

like and we have to present that to the public. Do you worry that

expectations are simply too high, there is this uncomfortable figure,

?350 million that most people accept was never true, that amount of money

was never sent to the EU, there is an expectation immigration will come

down, the truth is it won't come down soon however quickly you get us

out of the EU. Do you worry this air of rebellion we have seen may get

worse when people say what's happened? Nothing has got better?

No, because I think the main point now is the British public have asked

to us do something, they've told us they've made a decision. I think

it's for politicians to recognise two factors. First of all, the

election process yesterday turned up something really quite startling and

important for us beyond even the EU referendum point. What has happened

is that British politics has become incredibly distant from the people

it's meant to work for and govern. I have said this for sometime. What we

saw, for example, on the housing estates yesterday, we had 80%

turnouts in housing estates. Even when the Labour Government was

elected we have never seen figures like that. If you don't deliver what

they want, which is a cut in immigration they'll come for you.

You have to deliver the terms of our departure from the EU and on that

everything else hinges. Who governs is the key to migration, the key to

money and it's the key to the future of the economy. That's the critical

bit. If they try and delay it too long that's what they'll provoke. We

need to get on with it. Thank you very much.

Anna Soubry, the Business Minister and Remain supporter,

I need to start by asking you that question you are never supposed to

ask in my job, how does it feel? I suspect you are gutted. Oh, yeah. I

think it a very sad day, not only because of the result but also the

resignation of my Prime Minister. I'm a big fan of my Prime Minister,

David Cameron. I don't share kitchen suppers with him but I have got to

know him and to admire him. I think we are much poorer in our country

for him resigning. It's a bad day. A lot of people have contacted me,

their daughters, their friends, to say that as a generation they feel

their future has been disturbed, if not stolen, by an older generation.

I think a lot of people are very upset, especially younger people. Do

you fight on or do you simply have to say, we fought, we lost, we have

to accept the verdict, or is there a fight for some sort of European role

for Britain? I accept the result and respect the wishes of the people and

we have to move on. Mark Carney has done a grand job as governor of the

Bank of England by stabilising the markets. There is more to be done to

put the confidence back for his business but also a healing process

needs to take place. Forgive me, but I have steak tonight, because I

would much rather be back in my constituency, where there was a

tribute at 6:30pm to Jo Cox. -- I have stayed. One of the problems

today was that the debate in politics has been to London centric.

The media needs to get out of London and listen to what people are

thinking and saying. That is where I was during all this. I foresaw much

of this, and now I have experienced a situation in our country which I

haven't seen since it was the 70s and I was a student in Birmingham

and then Hackney, people talking about race, immigrants in a

derogatory way, and I haven't seen that in 40 years. We've got to stop

preying on prejudice and fuelling fear. That's what's happened. Now

we've got to put back that great value of Britishness, which is

tolerance, and that must be achieved by all politicians working together

in that big a good. Could Boris Johnson BV to do that or do you need

to find somebody else, because you think he is guilty of playing the

immigration card? There is not one person... Only one person becomes

Prime Minister, in a few weeks. Is he up to the job? I am absolutely

not interested any more at this stage in talking about

personalities. That is what bedevilled this EU debate, is that

it became about personalities, and it was, who got the star rating here

and who was going for the leadership by taking a slug out of my Prime

Minister. That is one reason we lost the debate, because we never had the

real debate about the issues, the future of our nation, what they

wanted us to be. That is why, from my point of view, it was so

important that we remained and continued to change the EU. That

they never took place and it became a debate about immigration, and it

hasn't been our finest hour. We need to put it behind us, to move forward

and unite communities. I can't tell you some of the things I have seen

in the last few weeks, names that have been shouted out to me, called

a traitor and worse. People saying, these immigrants, get these

immigrants out. We've got to make the case for immigration. These --

this hasn't been done. You sound rather frightened about the

divisions that have opened up in our society. Sorry, you broke up. You

sound frightened about the divisions that have opened up in our society.

Yes, I am very, very concerned, but we can heal it, because we've done

it in the past. We now need a positive case to be made for

immigration. If you tell people the decade as politicians, not me, I

might say, that there is something bad about immigration, they will

vote in the way that they have. We need to make a positive case for the

great integration immigrants have made our society, economy and

culture. You're watching The Big Decision

with Nick Robinson, a special programme on the vote to leave

the European Union. Vote Leave won the referendum

with 51.9% of the vote. Scotland and Northern

Ireland to remain. The Prime Minister will leave

office later this year. He said that someone else needs to

lead the negotiations over Brexit. And still to come, Fergal Keane

is in Northern Ireland as Sinn Fein call for a new referendum

on leaving the UK. He reports from what will soon be

the UK's only land border with the EU.

Well, both sides were agreed on one thing -

there is no going back from a vote to leave.

And that will affect one group of people perhaps

more than any other - the young - who will now plan

and live their lives as British citizens outside the EU.

According to YouGov, 75% of 18 to 24-year-olds voted to remain.

Elaine Dunkley has been to Birmingham, a city

that voted to leave, to talk to a generation that

Birmingham, a city which has the youngest population in Europe.

40% of people here are under the age of 25.

The referendum, a chance to shape their vision of the future.

Democracy has decided that their future is best served

Are you surprised that Birmingham voted to leave the European Union?

That's the saddest part of the whole thing, you look

at the whole country and go, wow, it's a massive decision,

the biggest decision we'll ever make, but that the city I have

called home for the last 23 years has voted a majority leave,

I was upset we didn't come out in the droves of us that are living

there to say that as the stats show, most of us want to remain.

I'm in the middle and I think the decision has been rushed.

I voted leave because A, sovereignty, but B, I think there's

I think it will be a case of short-term

As someone, I run a business and my head was conflicted,

I voted with my heart, I voted remain because I thought

that was the best thing for the economy and the country

but there are arguments for leave, and for the economy,

this allows us to trade with China and India, these huge markets.

Do you fear for your future job prospects?

I think it's got grave consequences and I worry about prospects

of buying a home and interest rates and everything else with it.

It affects every single aspect of our lives.

What were your reasons and how do you feel now?

I personally think it will give us so much more control and it

will also decrease the chances of terrorist attacks and we don't

know who's coming in, we don't know who everyone,

The point about the terrorist attacks, a lot of terrorists

are home-grown terrorists so we don't know what we're

Like this gentleman said, our forefathers, we are immigrants.

Birmingham is multicultural and diverse and I'm surprised

we didn't vote, everyone voted on Facebook but no one seemed

You're from Poland so you couldn't vote but you've been

How do you feel because a lot of the discussion has been

about people like yourself from eastern Europe?

I feel unwelcome, which is shocking because I've never

A few months ago it started to be really awkward to say I'm Polish,

it started to be really uncomfortable and it's not

just my experiences, it's also the experience

I think we're talking about immigration quite a lot

but at our age demographic, I don't think that's an influence.

We live with people, we are multicultural people,

so we thought it was mainly about our future.

Nobody is talking about our future, nobody did, it was about the issues

This idea of, we don't know what's going to happen, this goes back

to what we were saying about wanting more information,

was it done too quickly, and we have to remember

Would you prefer to live in a different society?

The list of questions about the future is long

Brexit will be a brave new world for a generation that has always

If one issue has decided the result of this referendum,

it's immigration - so claimed Ukip leader

Nigel Farage in his moment of triumph this morning.

The Remain campaign, he suggested, was unable to come up with an answer

for voters unhappy with the freedom of movement, a freedom which has

seen millions of EU migrants, many of them from Poland,

Our correspondent Matthew Price reports now from Warsaw to see

There was little today here on the other side of the water

to suggest that change of such a seismic nature had come.

It was a day for relaxing in the intense heat and yet...

Goodbye, Great Britain, was the news on the radio

Among the hundreds of thousands working in the UK is Igor,

He heads back to London with his team for another job this weekend.

Do you think this vote changes anything for Polish workers?

Yes, it will change many Polish workers, many of them will stay

in England because they are good qualified, they make

Not for them, not for their cheifs but for England.

For eastern Europe, released in 1989 from the shackles of half

a century of Soviet rule, joining the EU was seen

at the moment they finally entered the European family.

And they've benefited, with freedom of movement

With so many Poles living in the UK, this nation arguably has more

to lose than any other because of Britain's

It's a decision which has implications for the whole

of the EU, implications about the bloc's future direction,

indeed its very survival, and a decision which marks the start

of a process which could well make it far more difficult for people

from countries like this to come to Britain to live and to work.

A nurse, 32, she wanted to move her family to Britain.

She already has a job lined up in a private hospital.

We are going there for him, only for him, to provide him

with a future, opportunities for the future, and now I'm worried

because he is Polish and maybe somebody will not like him.

And take a peek at Dominika's timeline.

The non-British EU friends that she made when she worked

in the UK are all worried, as is Dominika herself,

I somehow didn't want to believe this would happen.

And yes, I do feel sorry for all the Poles because for

Like at this time, they are actually not really welcomed.

The referendum campaign itself established few certainties.

Now the uncertainties unleashed by the decision

to leave have spread - spread across the EU,

With me now are Daniel Hannan, the pro-Leave Conservative

MEP, and also Ed Balls, Labour's former Shadow Chancellor.

Good evening. Do you agree, Ed Balls, even though you don't agree

with him on the outcome, do you agree with Nigel Farage that it was

immigration that did it, people's anxiety that led them to vote out?

The immigration issue was not faced up to in the campaign or before, and

that was a real problem. In the end, it was very important in deciding

the vote. These issues go back five, ten years. Globalisation has been

happening to a country like ours, we had a huge financial crisis, we have

had a squeeze on wages, because people find it hard to get good

jobs, and then we have had migration, in Europe but in other

countries as well on a scale none of us anticipated. The reality is that

we have not faced up to that as a political class. When people said

they wanted to control it wasn't that they were saying, close the

borders, but they wanted it to be managed, and it was not managed

properly enough, and that is a great feeling. Daniel Hannan, now you have

won it, and I don't want to spoil your big day... I have been building

up to it for 20 years. There is a danger that people might think, we

are out, immigration will come down now, we will be happier because our

wages will go up, and it will not be like that. It won't, but people

understand there will not be anything immediate and radical.

Nothing changes until Brexit comes into effect. That could be two,

three years, who knows? Even then, the day that we formally leave looks

just like the day before. That is the daily diversions can begin. The

day that we leave, all the technical standards we have been celebrated

are all still there. We can start to get rid of them. That is the

favourite one side or the other can begin to

There isn't just that delay. If you were back at the Treasury people

would be saying to you we need migrants to run the businesses

around here. The reality is now for the Government, this is a very, very

difficult task they face over the next two years to try and get a deal

which is a good deal for Britain and is going to require all parties to

be part of that. The reality is that if we leave and we are now going to

leave, on what terms? In particular, that access to the single market. I

have always believed we need to move away from free movement but at the

moment if we go for a Norway type deal or Switzerland, and we have

access to the single market, at the moment that will be on the basis of

free movement. I don't think that's going to be acceptable after this

campaign. What kind of deal can be struck? I want to apologise to

people if you are having a strange effect on the sound we are here too,

so apologies. Bear with us if you would. If you switched off all EU

immigration like that now, net migration would still be massively

over the Government's target because we allow so many people in from

outside Europe. That's true. It builds up expectations. Well, I am

not sure that's right. I keep hearing this thing about built up

expectations. We have never said there is going to be some radical

decline, that we are going to shut the door, let alone the status of

anyone here affected, that's completely off the table. You think

people who voted yesterday thought actually immigration won't really

change? They wanted control. What they wanted was some sense that

ultimately we are in charge of roughly who comes in and roughly in

what numbers. That's a theoretical concept you are saying. They wanted

a cut. I have been on that campaign trail longer than almost anyone. I

have been making this speech to audiences all over and at every one

I say if you think - if you think we are getting rid of the Polish -

people understand that. I am sure Dan's been saying that but other

members of the Leave campaign have been saying the opposite. It's been

a nasty campaign partly because it's been an anti-outside world,

anti-immigrant campaign. Dan is right, people want it to be managed,

they don't want to shut borders but promises made by the Out campaign

have been we are going to put more money in the NHS and bring migration

down radically, we are going to keep the benefits being part of the

global economy while being outside the EU, they've got to deliver and

it's going to be very hard indeed. We will control... That's not what

people heard. I don't want to build up expectations but that will

happen. You are still relatively young both of you butter veterans of

this. Is it over -- but you are veterans of this. Is it over?

Do you believe this is it for a generation? Well, I think this is it

but I also think that there is a responsibility on us as the winning

side to recognise that it was a very narrow margin. 48% of people voted

to Remain. Including two of the four constituent nations of the UK. We

can't pretend that didn't happen. We need to carry as many people with us

and listen to the concerns of the Remain voters and that means that a

lot of the things we are going to will remain in place. It's not going

to be sudden and it will be done with the agreement... I think the

magnitude of this decision is going to sink in over the next few months.

It's been decided, it may well be in coming weeks our European partners

will say actually for Britain we will give you restrictions on free

movement. Unfortunately, it's going to be too late. I don't think the

British people will be in a mood to change their mind. Thank you for

joining us. We have covered a huge range of

important issues. Northern Ireland noerld is another.

Well, Northern Ireland voted to stay in the EU.

But the decision taken by the rest of the UK raises the question

of whether border controls will have to return between the North

and the Republic of Ireland - which, of course, is still part

That would inevitably stir memories of the Troubles,

And, Sinn Fein today is demanding a referendum

Fergal Keane reports from what will become

the United Kingdom's land border with the European Union.

The army used to call this bandit country,

When I reported here during the Troubles it was a place

But political compromise and EU money helped

The guns vanished, the security bases closed.

Thanks to the peace process, physical manifestations

of the security presence along the border is no longer necessary,

but because of Brexit, the Irish Republic now becomes this

country's land border with Europe, with unknown political

The republican dead are still invoked to support Sinn Fein's

campaign for a united Ireland and today the party seized

on the Brexit vote to say the time had come for a border referendum.

Roisin Mulgrew is a local politician and businesswoman.

We have always felt that as a 32-county Ireland

We can attract investors and people need to sit

An economic rather than nationalist argument?

Close to the border, Protestant farmer Roy Harper has

Ten of his neighbours were killed in a sectarian massacre nearby.

Prosperity and peace should have made him a natural remain voter

but he is celebrating, glad to be rid of red tape, he says.

We're told there's going to be a lot of money available because we're not

sending it into the EU coffers, but I don't think the Troubles,

I sincerely hope not, but I couldn't see any connection

We have Sinn Fein calling for a referendum on the border.

A lot of people tell me they would rather be

as we are and not be in a united Ireland.

That is Catholic people as well as Protestants,

a general mix of people, a lot of people don't want anything

It was always an ambitious notion that being part of Europe

would softed Ulster's battle of identities, especially

in working-class communities, but the EU played an important role

in supporting peace, not least with money.

Where an army base once stood on this peaceline, they built this

This class is for young people who lead summer camps

for mixed groups of Catholic and Protestant children.

What do you feel about what's happened?

Our whole future of young people, it's not going to be

There won't be a border poll any time soon but in a climate

of reviving nationalism in the UK and political uncertainty,

the delicate political balance here can be easily upset.

With me here is the BBC's World Affairs Editor, John Simpson.

You reported on Britain joining what was then the Common Market in 1975.

No one conceived back then we would ever leave it again, did they? No,

that was it. That was - I mean, there were people who talked darkly

about a second referendum and how it had, but it was such a sweeping

result, two-thirds to one-third, that it didn't really seem like an

issue any longer and Harold Wilson who created the whole idea craftily

as he did everything used it to wallop everybody over the head and

beat them he hoped into silence, didn't actually work. Referendums

never work, as far as I can see. But it stayed for, you know, 40-odd

years. But it was a different world. It was a nicer world. People

believed what journalists said. They believed what politicians said.

Immigration didn't come into it. 41,000 people left Britain in 1975

than they came here. We have touched on internal issues, Ireland just now

and Scotland before. What about our place in the world, to what extent

is the world looking at Britain in a different way tonight from how it

was 24 hours ago? A lot of countries are really worried. Worried often

for themselves. Germany and France have major reasons to be nervous

about their own future, their own unity, who's going to govern them

and so forth. Same with Spain, more so in some ways with Spain. America,

nervous because this is the end of their 50-year concern to get Britain

into Europe. So they got all their allies in one basket. Suddenly one's

jumped. That's not going to be played well in Washington. We still

have some of the basic strengths. We still have our seat on the Security

Council and we will keep it. We are still in NATO. But, there is a

difference now in that there is no longer groups of countries coming

together starting, starting to be just the opposite. Thank you very

much. Well, this campaign has surely given

cartoonist Gerald Scarfe some of the finest material

ever for inspiration. How have you been getting on? This

is the Farage one you saw earlier with Cameron in the beer glass and

he is saying bottoms up. Farage, of course, was working on immigration.

This one is called Fear of Turkey. A huge grin on his face constantly. Is

it a grin or grimace? He has seen them all off. Cameron called Ukip

fruitcakes. It's all gone pear-shaped here. Still with a

smile, though. A worried smile, yes. Still trying, poor guy. This is the

falling pound. Presumably they'll befalling out the window here. There

is one now. We shouldn't laugh. People are getting anxious.

Theresa May or may not. And Boris, of course. Yes, he is there. There!

I always draw Boris as a clown. He has told us all along he is a clown.

He will have the last laugh? Who knows? Looks like it, although the

last one, now Humpty has to put it all together again. Thank you very

much. That's all for this

special programme - and there's another special

programme coming up - Question Time this Sunday

at 10.35pm in Birmingham. If you want to be in the audience

please go to the website - Few who voted yesterday believed

this day would come. Few whose job it is to see

into the future predicted it. This, though, is a day

from where there can be no turning back, a day which has

changed the country. We'll be living with

the consequences for years to come. Hello, I'm Sangita Myska

with your 90 second update. The UK has voted to leave

the European Union.