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The war was four years old and still the Western Front remained, | 0:01:20 | 0:01:26 | |
like a chronic disease that men had become accustomed to live with, but conveying a daily reminder of death. | 0:01:26 | 0:01:34 | |
This ragged line etched into the broad surface of the earth | 0:01:34 | 0:01:39 | |
was the focus of the largest effort ever generated by the human race. | 0:01:39 | 0:01:45 | |
More than 1,000 million people were staking their lives, their treasure, and their happiness | 0:01:45 | 0:01:51 | |
to upset the equilibrium of power traced out by the Western Front. | 0:01:51 | 0:01:56 | |
The Western Front dominated the thoughts of generals. | 0:01:56 | 0:02:00 | |
Only here, they were certain, could the issue of the war be decided. | 0:02:00 | 0:02:05 | |
Field Marshal Sir Douglas Haig believed - | 0:02:05 | 0:02:09 | |
"We cannot hope to win until we have defeated the German army." | 0:02:09 | 0:02:14 | |
Defeat the enemy's army - Falkenhayn had tried. | 0:02:14 | 0:02:18 | |
Joffre had tried. | 0:02:27 | 0:02:29 | |
Nivelle had tried. | 0:02:34 | 0:02:37 | |
Haig had tried. | 0:02:47 | 0:02:50 | |
The human cost was appallingly evident. | 0:02:59 | 0:03:03 | |
For the dead, the war was over. | 0:03:04 | 0:03:08 | |
For the maimed, the shell-shocked of all the armies, the war would never be over. | 0:03:08 | 0:03:14 | |
They had been through horrors whose memory would never fade - | 0:03:14 | 0:03:19 | |
horrors that obliterated even the mind. | 0:03:19 | 0:03:22 | |
MUSIC DROWNS SPEECH | 0:03:31 | 0:03:34 | |
War had made soldiers into children. | 0:04:01 | 0:04:04 | |
Children into soldiers. | 0:04:08 | 0:04:12 | |
This was a new kind of war, | 0:04:23 | 0:04:26 | |
whose scale dwarfed the traditional means to victory - victory by success on the battlefield. | 0:04:26 | 0:04:33 | |
This was a conflict of armies and peoples - | 0:04:33 | 0:04:36 | |
peoples armed with all the powers of modern industry and invention, | 0:04:36 | 0:04:41 | |
and obsessed by a vision of total victory. | 0:04:41 | 0:04:45 | |
They wished to stand triumphant over a smashed, crushed, humiliated and prostrate foe. | 0:04:45 | 0:04:51 | |
Desire for total victory rode the human soul and spurred it on. | 0:04:51 | 0:04:56 | |
The mainspring of the world's catastrophe was the mind of man. | 0:04:56 | 0:05:01 | |
Victory lay with he who conquered it. | 0:05:01 | 0:05:04 | |
Propaganda became the deadliest weapon and truth the first casualty. | 0:05:04 | 0:05:10 | |
One got the impression, from reading the papers and hearing the talk, | 0:05:10 | 0:05:15 | |
that the Germans, or the Huns, as we called them then, were a horde of barbarians descending upon Europe | 0:05:15 | 0:05:22 | |
and were about to plunge Europe into the dark ages. | 0:05:22 | 0:05:27 | |
I read about how they slaughtered women and children | 0:05:27 | 0:05:32 | |
and threw babies up in the air and caught them on their bayonets. | 0:05:32 | 0:05:37 | |
I didn't believe all that. | 0:05:37 | 0:05:40 | |
In fact, I wondered, if the Germans were such barbarians, | 0:05:40 | 0:05:45 | |
why we hadn't heard more about it before the war. | 0:05:45 | 0:05:49 | |
Government censorship in every country made sure that all news was slanted or suppressed. | 0:05:49 | 0:05:55 | |
Read all about it! Paper! Paper! | 0:05:58 | 0:06:02 | |
Read all about it! Evening Standard! All the news! | 0:06:02 | 0:06:06 | |
Paper! Standard! Standard! Read all about it! | 0:06:06 | 0:06:10 | |
A British instruction laid down: | 0:06:10 | 0:06:12 | |
"No suggestion of offensive actions by the captains of merchant ships should be made. | 0:06:12 | 0:06:18 | |
"Statements in regard to the use of neutral flags by British merchantmen should not be published." | 0:06:18 | 0:06:24 | |
"The press are requested to make no mention of the use of dogs | 0:06:24 | 0:06:30 | |
"as messengers with armies in the field." | 0:06:30 | 0:06:34 | |
Government propaganda machines disseminated mental poison by the newest inventions - | 0:06:34 | 0:06:40 | |
the cinema film, wireless, telegraphy, faked photography. | 0:06:40 | 0:06:45 | |
The unproven atrocity story was one means by which hatred was nourished among the home populations. | 0:06:45 | 0:06:52 | |
The world was told that the Germans made candles and fats | 0:06:52 | 0:06:57 | |
out of bodies taken from the battlefields. | 0:06:57 | 0:07:00 | |
Such malicious inventions were widely believed. | 0:07:00 | 0:07:05 | |
Relentlessly, the enemy was portrayed as a monster of savagery, | 0:07:12 | 0:07:17 | |
worthy only of hate. | 0:07:17 | 0:07:20 | |
The message never varied. Hate. Total hate. | 0:07:20 | 0:07:24 | |
It was total hate that sustained the demand for total victory. | 0:07:24 | 0:07:30 | |
"What is the war itself but the outcome only of British cunning, lying, hypocrisy, cant and treachery? | 0:07:30 | 0:07:37 | |
"No means can be too unholy to combat this hideous octopus, | 0:07:37 | 0:07:42 | |
"whose tentacles have too long encircled the peoples of the world." | 0:07:42 | 0:07:47 | |
"The Huns, vicious in victory, cowardly in defeat, | 0:07:48 | 0:07:52 | |
"deserve no more consideration than a mad dog or a venomous snake. | 0:07:52 | 0:07:58 | |
"It is our duty to take devastation into the heart of their country. | 0:07:58 | 0:08:03 | |
"We're out for war. Let it be war to the death." | 0:08:03 | 0:08:07 | |
"There are only two divisions in the world - | 0:08:14 | 0:08:17 | |
"human beings and Germans." | 0:08:17 | 0:08:20 | |
The conflict became, for both sides, a holy war to rescue civilisation. | 0:08:34 | 0:08:39 | |
"I believe in the powers of right and the crusade of civilisation, | 0:08:41 | 0:08:46 | |
"in the purity of our cause and the stainless glory of our flag." | 0:08:46 | 0:08:51 | |
"Such a war is a heavy price to pay | 0:08:51 | 0:08:54 | |
"for our progress towards the realisation of Christ's Christianity, but duty calls." | 0:08:54 | 0:09:00 | |
"One thing is clear - God must stand on Germany's side." | 0:09:00 | 0:09:06 | |
"We fight for truth, culture and civilisation, human progress and true Christianity." | 0:09:06 | 0:09:12 | |
Few were immune from the contagion of this universal hysteria. | 0:09:12 | 0:09:17 | |
Even the novelist Arnold Bennett wrote with sincere conviction after a visit to a war cemetery: | 0:09:17 | 0:09:24 | |
"And then a tomb with a black cross. Very disconcerting, that black cross. | 0:09:24 | 0:09:30 | |
"It is different both in colour and shape from the other crosses. Sinister. | 0:09:30 | 0:09:36 | |
"The whole devilishness of the Prussian ideal is expressed in that black cross." | 0:09:36 | 0:09:43 | |
Mercy, truth and love had died, | 0:09:46 | 0:09:50 | |
along with respect for the ancient decencies of civilisation. | 0:09:50 | 0:09:54 | |
People had obediently followed the leaders without questioning the harsh requirements of their cause - | 0:09:54 | 0:10:01 | |
victory by any means. | 0:10:01 | 0:10:04 | |
Now, for the first time, the starvation of whole nations became a weapon of victory. | 0:10:04 | 0:10:11 | |
The Allied blockade of Germany was complete. | 0:10:11 | 0:10:14 | |
Germans were eating less than half the daily food necessary for health. | 0:10:14 | 0:10:19 | |
In four years of war, more than 700,000 Germans - | 0:10:19 | 0:10:24 | |
men, women and children - died as a result of the Allied blockade. | 0:10:24 | 0:10:30 | |
The young and the weak suffered most. | 0:10:30 | 0:10:33 | |
Our diet consisted of turnips one day and barley and prunes the next. | 0:10:36 | 0:10:41 | |
Then it started again - turnips and barley and prunes. There was no fat. | 0:10:41 | 0:10:46 | |
Potatoes were roasted in a little water. Bread got worse and worse. | 0:10:46 | 0:10:52 | |
German bread was made with grass, tree bark, | 0:10:52 | 0:10:57 | |
turnips, or even a flour made from dried blood. | 0:10:57 | 0:11:01 | |
Coffee was made from walnut shells, tea from raspberry or nettle leaves. | 0:11:01 | 0:11:06 | |
There were 7,000 food substitutes in German shops. | 0:11:06 | 0:11:11 | |
The food situation got worse. We were always very hungry, | 0:11:16 | 0:11:20 | |
especially those who didn't get anything else. | 0:11:20 | 0:11:24 | |
I remember my mother was so thin that I, a small child, could easily lift her up. | 0:11:24 | 0:11:31 | |
A great nation was being ground down to soul-destroying poverty. | 0:11:31 | 0:11:36 | |
A German soldier on the Western Front was being struck at through the sufferings of his family. | 0:11:36 | 0:11:44 | |
In a forlorn attempt to break the ring of warships that were starving her industries, | 0:11:44 | 0:11:50 | |
Germany built the first submarine merchant ship in the world - the unarmed Deutschland. | 0:11:50 | 0:11:56 | |
Before America's entry into the war, the Deutschland made two successful voyages to US ports. | 0:11:56 | 0:12:03 | |
Her crew were feted for the daring of their enterprise. | 0:12:03 | 0:12:08 | |
She could carry some chemicals and metals, but she could not solve the problem of the blockade. | 0:12:08 | 0:12:15 | |
Only ruthless counter-blockade of Britain could do that. | 0:12:15 | 0:12:19 | |
The German government announced: | 0:12:19 | 0:12:22 | |
"From 1st February 1917, sea traffic will be stopped with every available weapon | 0:12:22 | 0:12:28 | |
"in the following blockade zones - around Great Britain, France, Italy, | 0:12:28 | 0:12:33 | |
"and the eastern Mediterranean." | 0:12:33 | 0:12:36 | |
Henceforth, any ship, even neutrals, in these waters, | 0:12:40 | 0:12:44 | |
would be sunk by German submarines. | 0:12:44 | 0:12:47 | |
The vessel that, in 1914, had been thought too frail to venture far from Germany, | 0:12:53 | 0:12:59 | |
became their greatest hope of victory. | 0:12:59 | 0:13:02 | |
The great battle fleets of Britain and Germany were impotent onlookers | 0:13:09 | 0:13:14 | |
on this unforeseen struggle at sea. | 0:13:14 | 0:13:17 | |
There were no stately deployments into line ahead, | 0:13:33 | 0:13:38 | |
no thundering broadsides, no victory bells in this continuous, pitiless war of starvation. | 0:13:38 | 0:13:44 | |
Two great nations had each other by the throat with a grip that tightened in convulsive desperation, | 0:13:44 | 0:13:51 | |
and one must die. | 0:13:51 | 0:13:54 | |
January 1917 - 150,000 tonnes of British shipping lost. | 0:14:02 | 0:14:07 | |
February - 300,000 tonnes. | 0:14:11 | 0:14:14 | |
March - 350,000 tonnes. | 0:14:19 | 0:14:22 | |
April - nearly 550,000 tonnes. | 0:14:24 | 0:14:28 | |
Then, slowly, | 0:14:47 | 0:14:49 | |
month by month, the U-boat was mastered. | 0:14:49 | 0:14:53 | |
Convoys, counterattacks | 0:14:58 | 0:15:01 | |
by convoy escorts and by merchant ships now armed with guns, | 0:15:01 | 0:15:06 | |
new hydrophone listening gear, depth charges - each step made the British counterattack more deadly. | 0:15:06 | 0:15:13 | |
Aircraft searched the seas ready to bomb and machine-gun. | 0:15:26 | 0:15:30 | |
Even apparently helpless victims were used to tempt U-boats to destruction. | 0:15:40 | 0:15:47 | |
These were the famous Q-ships. | 0:15:50 | 0:15:54 | |
Lloyd George wrote: | 0:16:06 | 0:16:09 | |
"It was Britain's grandest struggle at sea, | 0:16:09 | 0:16:14 | |
"in its magnitude, in its intensity, | 0:16:14 | 0:16:17 | |
"in the issues that depended upon it. | 0:16:17 | 0:16:20 | |
"The battle was fought in every ocean, and on every trade route. | 0:16:20 | 0:16:25 | |
"Never were the skill, the daring, and the endurance of British sailors | 0:16:25 | 0:16:31 | |
"put to so stern a test." | 0:16:31 | 0:16:34 | |
The sea war went on. The submarines went still further afield for gain, | 0:16:35 | 0:16:41 | |
refilling their tanks with captured oil | 0:16:41 | 0:16:44 | |
and their galleys with captured eatables. | 0:16:44 | 0:16:48 | |
British survival still depended on the courage of her merchant seamen. | 0:17:00 | 0:17:05 | |
"I have heard of one man who has been in no less than seven vessels that have been torpedoed. | 0:17:05 | 0:17:11 | |
"Many, last winter, experienced days of agony in open boats. | 0:17:11 | 0:17:16 | |
"Many have had to have limbs amputated." | 0:17:16 | 0:17:19 | |
Although the British had averted outright starvation, food became scarcer and scarcer. | 0:17:30 | 0:17:37 | |
Compulsory rationing was hateful to British traditions. | 0:17:37 | 0:17:41 | |
Instead, the nation rationed itself using a published weekly scale. | 0:17:41 | 0:17:47 | |
"I know that in Government circles, deep anxiety prevails. Famine is feared. | 0:17:53 | 0:17:59 | |
"Stocks of wheat are down to nine weeks' supply." | 0:17:59 | 0:18:03 | |
On 25th February 1918, compulsory rationing was introduced in London and the Home Counties, | 0:18:03 | 0:18:10 | |
and in April to the rest of Britain. | 0:18:10 | 0:18:13 | |
"Meat - approximately 2lbs a week, sugar and fats - 0.5lbs each a week." | 0:18:13 | 0:18:20 | |
Rationing did not put an end to shortages. | 0:18:20 | 0:18:23 | |
I remember going into a shop after not having milk for several days, | 0:18:26 | 0:18:31 | |
and they said, "If you can produce a baby, you can have some milk." | 0:18:31 | 0:18:36 | |
That was out. I went to a butcher's shop to get some meat because we were beginning to be rationed... | 0:18:36 | 0:18:43 | |
..and I said, "That looks like cat." He said, "It is." | 0:18:44 | 0:18:48 | |
The fight against food shortages | 0:18:48 | 0:18:51 | |
fell upon a nation short of fertilizers, animal feed and labour. | 0:18:51 | 0:18:57 | |
In 1917, the Women's Farm Labour Force - | 0:18:57 | 0:19:02 | |
over 230,000 of them by 1918 - put on their uniforms | 0:19:02 | 0:19:07 | |
and the fight for higher food production was carried into the fields by the Women's Land Army. | 0:19:07 | 0:19:15 | |
The "lilac sun-bonnet brigade" | 0:19:15 | 0:19:18 | |
overcame the scepticism of farmers | 0:19:18 | 0:19:22 | |
and formed a vital replacement to farm workers | 0:19:22 | 0:19:26 | |
drafted, by the inexorable demands of war, to the Front. | 0:19:26 | 0:19:30 | |
Timber - a vital commodity in a war which demanded more and more for pit props, | 0:19:48 | 0:19:54 | |
for ammunition boxes, for huts, duckboards, trench works, and for building - | 0:19:54 | 0:20:00 | |
called for more and more labour. | 0:20:00 | 0:20:03 | |
Again, women came to help and invaded a man's world with energy and unexpected skill. | 0:20:03 | 0:20:10 | |
Nations came to accept the breaking down of traditions and firm beliefs, | 0:20:10 | 0:20:16 | |
intrusions upon old ways, personal liberties. | 0:20:16 | 0:20:20 | |
Motor vehicles, when requisitioned for Government purposes, | 0:20:24 | 0:20:29 | |
rolled impressively into military depots. | 0:20:29 | 0:20:33 | |
Compulsory rationing, requisition, national control of industry, shipping and railways, | 0:20:40 | 0:20:47 | |
conscription, women in work normally done by men, national scientific research, | 0:20:47 | 0:20:53 | |
now even Britain with her traditional dislike of large-scale organisation and state direction | 0:20:53 | 0:21:00 | |
had yielded to the shrill imperatives of total war. Lloyd George wrote: | 0:21:00 | 0:21:07 | |
"The scope of Government control widened steadily and ineluctably | 0:21:07 | 0:21:12 | |
"until it covered practically the whole industrial life of the nation. | 0:21:12 | 0:21:17 | |
"The nation concentrated all its great strength and skill on victory." | 0:21:17 | 0:21:23 | |
In each country, the individual had become a cog in a huge war machine. | 0:21:25 | 0:21:31 | |
Whole new industries had been created since 1914 - | 0:21:31 | 0:21:35 | |
for making aero engines, for making all the instruments required by modern aircraft, | 0:21:35 | 0:21:41 | |
a small chemical industry had become a national asset. | 0:21:41 | 0:21:45 | |
Prefabricated ships slid down the slipways one after another. | 0:21:45 | 0:21:51 | |
Steel for guns, or steel for shells. Steel for ships, or steel for tanks. | 0:21:51 | 0:21:57 | |
There was not enough for all. | 0:21:57 | 0:22:01 | |
Engines for tanks, or engines for lorries, or engines for aircraft. Not enough for all. | 0:22:01 | 0:22:08 | |
Britain was now the war factory of the Allies. | 0:22:08 | 0:22:12 | |
In France, the losses of four years had drained the land of fit men. | 0:22:33 | 0:22:38 | |
Her farms needed labour as much as her factories. | 0:22:38 | 0:22:42 | |
She worked and strove for victory to the limits of her strength. | 0:22:42 | 0:22:47 | |
So did Germany. | 0:23:11 | 0:23:13 | |
Endlessly, the trains rolled away from her factories loaded with war material. | 0:23:24 | 0:23:30 | |
In every country, the worker was a cog in the machine, | 0:23:32 | 0:23:37 | |
often better looked after as a cog than as a citizen in peacetime - a strange irony of total war. | 0:23:37 | 0:23:45 | |
Factory canteens became commonplace instead of showpieces of a few progressive firms. | 0:23:45 | 0:23:51 | |
National kitchens were set up in industrial areas. | 0:23:51 | 0:23:55 | |
"The purpose of this movement organised by the Ministry of Food | 0:24:05 | 0:24:10 | |
"is to instruct the poorer classes how food by proper cooking | 0:24:10 | 0:24:15 | |
"can be made to yield the most nutrition with the least waste. | 0:24:15 | 0:24:21 | |
"The food's distributed to the poor residents - women and children - who come in large numbers with dishes." | 0:24:21 | 0:24:28 | |
Better working conditions, medical centres, housing for workers, high wages - | 0:24:29 | 0:24:36 | |
these also were the fruits of war. Lloyd George told an audience: | 0:24:36 | 0:24:41 | |
"It is a strange irony, but no small compensation, | 0:24:41 | 0:24:47 | |
"that the making of weapons should afford the occasion to humanise industry, | 0:24:47 | 0:24:53 | |
"yet such is the case. | 0:24:53 | 0:24:55 | |
"Old prejudices have vanished, new ideas are abroad. | 0:24:55 | 0:25:00 | |
"This opportunity must not be allowed to slip." | 0:25:00 | 0:25:04 | |
It could not be allowed to slip. Victory depended on industry. | 0:25:04 | 0:25:10 | |
The enemy knew this too. | 0:25:10 | 0:25:13 | |
"His Majesty the Kaiser hopes | 0:25:13 | 0:25:16 | |
"the air war against England will be carried out with energy. | 0:25:16 | 0:25:20 | |
"He has designated as attack targets all war material, barracks, | 0:25:20 | 0:25:25 | |
"oil and petroleum tanks, and the London docks." | 0:25:25 | 0:25:29 | |
Scientists and engineers had created a new dimension in warfare - the air. | 0:25:29 | 0:25:35 | |
The demands of total war changed the marvellous toy of 1914 | 0:25:35 | 0:25:40 | |
into an instrument to carry death to the enemy's unarmed civilians, | 0:25:40 | 0:25:45 | |
and destruction to his war factories. | 0:25:45 | 0:25:48 | |
In the autumn of 1916, as many as 14 zeppelins at a time | 0:25:58 | 0:26:03 | |
set out for England. 200,000 cubic feet of hydrogen lifted them. | 0:26:03 | 0:26:08 | |
The zeppelin crews were pioneers in the upper air. | 0:26:08 | 0:26:12 | |
Each mission was an epic of danger. | 0:26:12 | 0:26:15 | |
For the attacking aircraft, and also for the anti-aircraft guns, | 0:26:15 | 0:26:20 | |
a zeppelin of that size was a sitting target. | 0:26:20 | 0:26:25 | |
About, er...over 300 feet long, | 0:26:26 | 0:26:29 | |
50 feet in diameter, | 0:26:30 | 0:26:32 | |
and a speed of 60 miles per hour. That was all. | 0:26:32 | 0:26:37 | |
It was a very cold affair to go across to England. | 0:26:37 | 0:26:42 | |
It was so cold that, er...if you forgot that you didn't wear a glove, | 0:26:42 | 0:26:49 | |
and you touched any part of the aluminium structure, | 0:26:49 | 0:26:54 | |
you would burn your fingers. | 0:26:55 | 0:26:58 | |
The sandwiches, which were kept in a container in the gondola, | 0:26:58 | 0:27:03 | |
were absolutely frozen stiff. | 0:27:03 | 0:27:05 | |
You had to melt part of it in your mouth until it could be bitten off. | 0:27:05 | 0:27:11 | |
German science gave her airmen triumph over England. | 0:27:11 | 0:27:15 | |
British science made that triumph brief. | 0:27:15 | 0:27:19 | |
The incendiary bullet transformed a zeppelin | 0:27:19 | 0:27:23 | |
into a blazing funeral pyre in the sky. | 0:27:23 | 0:27:26 | |
The death of a great airship was terrible, even to the men who destroyed it. | 0:27:26 | 0:27:32 | |
I approached it from the stern, 300 feet below, | 0:27:32 | 0:27:36 | |
and fired four drums of explosive ammunition into its stern, | 0:27:36 | 0:27:40 | |
which immediately started to light. At the same time, | 0:27:40 | 0:27:45 | |
one of the other pilots was flying across the zeppelin from the top. | 0:27:45 | 0:27:50 | |
And to his horror, he saw a man in the machine-gun pit | 0:27:50 | 0:27:54 | |
at the top of the zeppelin run to the side and leap overboard. | 0:27:54 | 0:27:59 | |
I saw that this zeppelin had been picked out by the searchlights. | 0:27:59 | 0:28:04 | |
Then there was a small glow which gradually spread the whole length, | 0:28:06 | 0:28:12 | |
and afterwards the whole thing burst into one big conflagration. | 0:28:13 | 0:28:18 | |
There was a gasp of... | 0:28:20 | 0:28:22 | |
I don't know if it was abhorrence or whatever it was from the...people. | 0:28:23 | 0:28:29 | |
Very much like the sound you get when there's a big firework display. | 0:28:29 | 0:28:34 | |
And as it came down, very very slowly, | 0:28:35 | 0:28:39 | |
I heard my mother say, "Oh, those poor men up there." | 0:28:39 | 0:28:44 | |
But there was an old Boer War veteran next door | 0:28:45 | 0:28:49 | |
who said, "Let 'em frizzle." | 0:28:49 | 0:28:52 | |
And so it came gradually down, | 0:28:53 | 0:28:56 | |
but someone, I don't know whom, | 0:28:56 | 0:29:00 | |
started to sing Land Of Hope And Glory, | 0:29:00 | 0:29:04 | |
and it was taken up one after another | 0:29:04 | 0:29:08 | |
by the people that were congregated there, | 0:29:08 | 0:29:13 | |
until the whole place seemed to be resonant with this singing. | 0:29:13 | 0:29:18 | |
However terrible his death, there was no pity now for the enemy. | 0:29:25 | 0:29:30 | |
"Since an airship raid on London is impossible, | 0:29:38 | 0:29:42 | |
"the air service is required to make a raid with Gotha bombers soon." | 0:29:42 | 0:29:46 | |
On June 13th, 1917, | 0:29:46 | 0:29:49 | |
14 Gothas went on the first daylight bomber raid on London, | 0:29:49 | 0:29:54 | |
twin-engined aeroplanes, each carrying one tonne of bombs. | 0:29:54 | 0:29:58 | |
Out of science and total war, strategic bombing had been born. | 0:29:58 | 0:30:03 | |
Wherever an aircraft could fly was now part of the battlefield. | 0:30:03 | 0:30:08 | |
Cities resounded to the roar of the barrage. | 0:30:08 | 0:30:11 | |
Each raid left its tragic human litter. | 0:30:11 | 0:30:15 | |
162 dead and 432 injured in London in June, | 0:30:15 | 0:30:19 | |
54 killed in August. | 0:30:19 | 0:30:22 | |
The British public was moved to deep anger, | 0:30:22 | 0:30:26 | |
anger at a terrifying ordeal, and the feebleness of London's defences. | 0:30:26 | 0:30:31 | |
The Government reorganised the defences at frantic speed. | 0:30:50 | 0:30:55 | |
An air raid warning system began. | 0:30:55 | 0:30:58 | |
Whistles and the firing of maroons heralded the coming of the Gothas. | 0:30:58 | 0:31:02 | |
Bugles sounded the all clear. | 0:31:13 | 0:31:15 | |
In the autumn of 1917, the Gothas flew by night. | 0:31:15 | 0:31:19 | |
The terrifying noise of air raids frayed the nerve of a population | 0:31:22 | 0:31:27 | |
born in the safe tranquillity of the Victorian and Edwardian age. | 0:31:27 | 0:31:32 | |
War production began to suffer. General Robertson warned Haig: | 0:31:32 | 0:31:37 | |
"Continuous air raids are interrupting munitions work | 0:31:37 | 0:31:42 | |
"and having some effect on the public." | 0:31:42 | 0:31:45 | |
At Woolwich Arsenal, production fell to one fifth after an air raid. | 0:31:45 | 0:31:50 | |
The British and French air forces hit back at German industry. | 0:31:50 | 0:31:55 | |
As Allied bombers ranged over industrial towns of the Rhineland, | 0:31:55 | 0:32:00 | |
the Germans proved no more steady under bombardment than the British. | 0:32:00 | 0:32:05 | |
Everybody was frightened. | 0:32:12 | 0:32:14 | |
We had to go to the cellar, | 0:32:14 | 0:32:17 | |
and we had no electric light in our flat. | 0:32:17 | 0:32:21 | |
All clothes had to be put on a chair so that one could dress in no time | 0:32:21 | 0:32:26 | |
and rush down to the cellar, where the whole house met. | 0:32:26 | 0:32:31 | |
Air raids mainly occurred on cloudless nights. | 0:32:31 | 0:32:35 | |
We heard the planes coming, we heard the anti-aircraft guns, | 0:32:35 | 0:32:39 | |
and everybody got more and more frightened. | 0:32:39 | 0:32:43 | |
The bombers turned cities into a battlefield strewn with dead or maimed civilians. Women, children. | 0:32:43 | 0:32:51 | |
There were no non-combatants in a total war. Everyone was drawn in. | 0:32:51 | 0:32:56 | |
Everyone was doing their bit. | 0:32:57 | 0:33:00 | |
The war was insatiable. | 0:33:02 | 0:33:05 | |
The men had marched and died in millions. | 0:33:05 | 0:33:08 | |
Now, women had to don service uniform. | 0:33:08 | 0:33:12 | |
"Today, we had a unique and inspiring war pageant. | 0:33:12 | 0:33:16 | |
"A procession of 3,000 young women, | 0:33:16 | 0:33:18 | |
"representing branches of war work in which female labour is employed, | 0:33:18 | 0:33:24 | |
"each section distinguished by its own uniform." | 0:33:24 | 0:33:28 | |
The Women's Army Auxiliary Corps, the WAACs, serve as cooks, typists, | 0:33:28 | 0:33:33 | |
telephonists and transport drivers. | 0:33:33 | 0:33:35 | |
Some decode messages in every modern language. | 0:33:35 | 0:33:40 | |
The Women's Royal Naval Service, the Wrens, clean torpedoes, | 0:33:40 | 0:33:44 | |
signal, make mine nets, gas masks, depth charges, and sails. | 0:33:44 | 0:33:50 | |
The Women's Royal Air Force, the WRAF, fit aircraft and airships. | 0:33:52 | 0:33:57 | |
Women gained an importance in war they had never enjoyed previously. | 0:33:59 | 0:34:04 | |
Total war, rather than Mrs Pankhurst and her suffragettes, | 0:34:04 | 0:34:09 | |
gave women the right to vote. | 0:34:09 | 0:34:12 | |
The Representation Of The People Act of 1918 went even further. | 0:34:12 | 0:34:16 | |
Women could now stand for election to Parliament. | 0:34:16 | 0:34:20 | |
Everywhere, the most ancient of privileges and prejudices | 0:34:26 | 0:34:31 | |
were swept away by the ruthless struggle for victory. | 0:34:31 | 0:34:36 | |
The needs of war, so simple in 1914, so demanding by 1918, | 0:34:36 | 0:34:40 | |
had been met by the scientist and the engineer. | 0:34:40 | 0:34:44 | |
The small of 1914 had become mighty. | 0:34:44 | 0:34:48 | |
The few of 1914...had become many. | 0:34:49 | 0:34:54 | |
The novelties of early days had become vital weapons of war. | 0:34:59 | 0:35:04 | |
Modern war changed continuously. | 0:35:04 | 0:35:07 | |
Refinements of invention multiplied. | 0:35:07 | 0:35:09 | |
The most significant war innovation | 0:35:09 | 0:35:12 | |
was achieved by man's most urgent need - | 0:35:12 | 0:35:15 | |
to break the deadlock of the Western Front. | 0:35:15 | 0:35:19 | |
The glowing hatred of the nations | 0:35:26 | 0:35:28 | |
put no bounds to the ingenuity and horror of their inventions. | 0:35:28 | 0:35:33 | |
Gas that choked was not good enough. | 0:35:33 | 0:35:36 | |
In summer 1917, a new gas appeared. | 0:35:36 | 0:35:39 | |
It smelled of garlic, some said, or mustard. | 0:35:39 | 0:35:42 | |
It was an oily liquid, which evaporated very slowly. | 0:35:42 | 0:35:47 | |
Because it had such a faint smell, troops tended not to notice it. | 0:35:47 | 0:35:52 | |
When they did feel their eyes smarting, they were too late. | 0:35:52 | 0:35:57 | |
It was a dreadful substance. If it got on the soles of their boots, it would penetrate and burn their feet. | 0:35:57 | 0:36:04 | |
If they went with it on their boots into a dugout, | 0:36:04 | 0:36:08 | |
and slept there, they would gas everyone in the dugout. | 0:36:08 | 0:36:12 | |
A man could even go with some on his boots into a hut, | 0:36:12 | 0:36:17 | |
and gas everyone in the hut. | 0:36:17 | 0:36:19 | |
What total war demanded, scientists and engineers diligently provided. | 0:36:19 | 0:36:25 | |
Paris, twenty past seven in the morning, 23rd March, 1918. | 0:36:29 | 0:36:34 | |
EXPLOSION An explosion. And another. | 0:36:34 | 0:36:38 | |
And another, at intervals of 15 minutes. | 0:36:38 | 0:36:42 | |
Yet no German aircraft was nearby, | 0:36:42 | 0:36:44 | |
and the nearest German lines were 75 miles away. | 0:36:44 | 0:36:48 | |
A new fear came to a great city. What had caused these explosions? | 0:36:50 | 0:36:55 | |
Rumours, speculations seethed through the streets of Paris. | 0:36:55 | 0:37:00 | |
Then the French authorities announced: | 0:37:00 | 0:37:03 | |
"The enemy has fired on Paris with a long-range gun. | 0:37:03 | 0:37:08 | |
"There are about a dozen dead, and about 15 wounded." | 0:37:08 | 0:37:12 | |
A gun with a range of 75 miles? | 0:37:12 | 0:37:16 | |
Allied experts believed it beyond the scope of technology, | 0:37:16 | 0:37:21 | |
but Germany had made it. She had made three. | 0:37:21 | 0:37:25 | |
Each gun weighed 154 tonnes. It rested on a 26-tonne cradle, | 0:37:25 | 0:37:31 | |
on a railway wagon of 210 tonnes. | 0:37:31 | 0:37:34 | |
The most colossal gun ever made. | 0:37:34 | 0:37:37 | |
When the French railway guns began to counter-bombard the Germans, | 0:37:45 | 0:37:50 | |
the war of artillery and technology reached its fantastic climax. | 0:37:50 | 0:37:54 | |
The city and the trenches shared the same conflict. | 0:37:54 | 0:38:00 | |
Man cringed beneath the weight of the horrors he'd made for victory. | 0:38:00 | 0:38:06 | |
Yet victory belonged to no-one, the horrors, to everyone. | 0:38:06 | 0:38:11 | |
Subtitles by Annie Dodwell and Nitole Rahman, BBC Broadcast - 2003 | 0:38:51 | 0:38:56 | |
E-mail us at [email protected] | 0:38:56 | 0:38:59 |