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1917 was an awful year. | 0:01:18 | 0:01:21 | |
All the divisions of the world and all its conflicts | 0:01:21 | 0:01:26 | |
seemed to be resolved into one conflict and one division. | 0:01:26 | 0:01:30 | |
The conflict was the war. The division was between those who were truly in it and those who were not. | 0:01:30 | 0:01:37 | |
It was a world war. No continent was spared. Few countries of any stature were able to stand aside. | 0:01:37 | 0:01:44 | |
Japan was in. America was in. Bulgaria was in. Romania was in. | 0:01:44 | 0:01:48 | |
Greece was in. Portugal was in. Bolivia was in. | 0:01:48 | 0:01:52 | |
Russia was going out. | 0:01:52 | 0:01:55 | |
By now, whatever men might wish or plan, whether they believed in it or whether they did not, | 0:01:57 | 0:02:04 | |
one front had inexorably become the centre, the very heart of the war - the Western Front. | 0:02:04 | 0:02:11 | |
470 miles long. The great battles of four years had created on either side of the trench lines | 0:02:11 | 0:02:18 | |
a deep zone of military endeavour, | 0:02:18 | 0:02:21 | |
a hideous, ravaged wilderness. | 0:02:21 | 0:02:24 | |
The zone of the armies. | 0:02:24 | 0:02:26 | |
SHELLS EXPLODE | 0:02:26 | 0:02:29 | |
This zone was a place apart, | 0:02:38 | 0:02:40 | |
a separate region, a landscape of madness. | 0:02:40 | 0:02:44 | |
The scenes which four years of modern war had created within it | 0:04:05 | 0:04:10 | |
could never be imagined by those outside. | 0:04:10 | 0:04:15 | |
Only the artist's eye could fathom what man had inflicted upon himself in this zone. | 0:04:23 | 0:04:30 | |
SHELLS FLY OVERHEAD | 0:04:33 | 0:04:36 | |
MACHINE-GUN FIRE | 0:05:00 | 0:05:03 | |
The separateness was absolute. You could almost draw a line where it began. | 0:05:59 | 0:06:06 | |
For one war artist, Sir William Orpen, just beyond the valley between Amiens and Albert: | 0:06:06 | 0:06:13 | |
Suddenly one felt oneself in another world. | 0:06:13 | 0:06:17 | |
For Wyndham Lewis, it began just past the line of guns: | 0:06:21 | 0:06:26 | |
At this point, civilisation ended. | 0:06:28 | 0:06:31 | |
"From here onwards," said Lewis, | 0:06:38 | 0:06:41 | |
"there was only shell-pitted nothingness, | 0:06:41 | 0:06:46 | |
"an arid and blistering vacuum." | 0:06:46 | 0:06:48 | |
GUNFIRE | 0:06:48 | 0:06:52 | |
The artist filled this vacuum each in his own way | 0:06:58 | 0:07:02 | |
with a frieze of tragic and heroic figures. | 0:07:02 | 0:07:06 | |
The lost and tiny soldiers and their weapons amid the desolate expanse. | 0:07:18 | 0:07:24 | |
Each one differently depicted the terrible footprint of man. | 0:07:30 | 0:07:35 | |
Paul Nash turned his brush and pencil into weapons to assail the cruelty of war. | 0:07:52 | 0:07:59 | |
Other war artists | 0:07:59 | 0:08:01 | |
only SAW an explosion. But the explosion took place inside Nash. | 0:08:01 | 0:08:08 | |
Paul Nash revealed the Earth herself exploded. | 0:08:20 | 0:08:24 | |
And with wonder, at particular times in particular places, | 0:08:29 | 0:08:34 | |
each artist observed the extraordinary beauty of this man-made desert. | 0:08:34 | 0:08:40 | |
-Nash wrote to his wife in March 1917: -Here in the back garden of the trenches, | 0:08:40 | 0:08:46 | |
it is amazingly beautiful. | 0:08:46 | 0:08:49 | |
The mud is dried to a pinky colour, | 0:08:49 | 0:08:52 | |
and upon the parapet | 0:08:52 | 0:08:55 | |
and through the sandbags, even, | 0:08:55 | 0:08:58 | |
the green grass pushes up and waves in the breeze | 0:08:58 | 0:09:02 | |
while dots of bright dandelion, clover, thistles and 20 other plants | 0:09:02 | 0:09:08 | |
flourish luxuriously - | 0:09:08 | 0:09:10 | |
brilliant growth of bright green against the pink earth. | 0:09:10 | 0:09:15 | |
Orpen revisited the year-old battlefields of the Somme. | 0:09:16 | 0:09:21 | |
Now, in the summer of 1917, no words could express the beauty of it. | 0:09:21 | 0:09:27 | |
The dreary, dismal mount was baked white and pure - dazzling white. | 0:09:27 | 0:09:32 | |
White daisies, red poppies and a blue flower, great masses of them, stretched for miles and miles. | 0:09:32 | 0:09:40 | |
The sky a pure, dark blue, and the whole air, up to a height of about 40 feet, thick with butterflies. | 0:09:40 | 0:09:47 | |
Everything shimmered in the heat. | 0:09:47 | 0:09:50 | |
Clothes, guns, all that had been left in confusion when the war passed on had been baked by the sun | 0:09:50 | 0:09:57 | |
into one wonderful combination of colour - white, pale grey and pale gold. | 0:09:57 | 0:10:03 | |
Amid this macabre beauty and unspeakable ugliness, | 0:10:25 | 0:10:30 | |
the ant-like armies in their millions came to terms with the war's afflictions. | 0:10:30 | 0:10:36 | |
On the Western Front, a continuous accompaniment of sound diseased their nerves. | 0:10:40 | 0:10:47 | |
RELENTLESS EXPLOSIONS | 0:10:48 | 0:10:52 | |
MACHINE-GUN FIRE | 0:11:26 | 0:11:31 | |
CONTINUOUS GUNFIRE | 0:11:31 | 0:11:36 | |
After the Germans had stopped shelling a little while, we heard one of their big ones coming over. | 0:11:36 | 0:11:43 | |
Normally you could tell if one was going to land anywhere near, or not. | 0:11:43 | 0:11:48 | |
If it was, the normal procedure was to throw yourself down and avoid the shell fragments. | 0:11:48 | 0:11:55 | |
This one, we knew, was going to drop near. My pal shouted and threw himself down. | 0:11:55 | 0:12:02 | |
I was too damn tired even to fall down. | 0:12:02 | 0:12:06 | |
I stood there. Next I had a terrific pain in the back and the chest, | 0:12:06 | 0:12:11 | |
and I found myself face downwards in the mud. | 0:12:11 | 0:12:15 | |
In this permanent zone of destruction where war seemed to be a fixture from time immemorial | 0:12:15 | 0:12:22 | |
stretching forward to invisible duration, sound was always there, | 0:12:22 | 0:12:28 | |
the smell was always there. | 0:12:28 | 0:12:31 | |
The familiar trench smell of 1915 to '17 haunts my nostrils, | 0:12:31 | 0:12:37 | |
compounded of stagnant mud, latrine buckets, | 0:12:37 | 0:12:41 | |
chloride of lime, unburied or half-buried corpses, | 0:12:41 | 0:12:46 | |
rotting sandbags, | 0:12:46 | 0:12:48 | |
stale human sweat, fumes of cordite or lyddite. Sometimes it was sweetened | 0:12:48 | 0:12:55 | |
by cigarette smoke and the scent of bacon frying over wood fires - broken ammunition boxes. | 0:12:55 | 0:13:03 | |
Sometimes it was made sinister | 0:13:03 | 0:13:06 | |
by the lingering odour of poisoned gas. | 0:13:06 | 0:13:10 | |
Within this unquiet zone, | 0:13:15 | 0:13:18 | |
sharing such compensations as it had, dwelt a population apart - | 0:13:18 | 0:13:23 | |
the armies of Germany, France, | 0:13:23 | 0:13:26 | |
the British Empire and Belgium. | 0:13:26 | 0:13:29 | |
When the infantry looked upwards, admiringly, hopefully or fearfully, | 0:13:39 | 0:13:44 | |
they saw dotted against the clouds | 0:13:44 | 0:13:47 | |
the airmen - counted in thousands now, yet still able to preserve in this vast, anonymous war | 0:13:47 | 0:13:55 | |
individual identities which the muddied infantry might envy. | 0:13:55 | 0:14:00 | |
They fought a war of champions. | 0:14:00 | 0:14:02 | |
The names of the aces rang through every country - Guynemer, | 0:14:02 | 0:14:07 | |
Fonck, Nungesser, Ball, | 0:14:07 | 0:14:10 | |
McCudden, Mannock, Boelcke, | 0:14:10 | 0:14:13 | |
Immelmann, Richthofen. | 0:14:13 | 0:14:16 | |
Looking down from their swaying cockpits, | 0:14:29 | 0:14:33 | |
the fliers saw below them, | 0:14:33 | 0:14:35 | |
as no-one else could see, unfolding mile beyond mile, | 0:14:35 | 0:14:40 | |
the incredible pock-marked devastation of the Western Front, | 0:14:40 | 0:14:44 | |
the world within a world. | 0:14:44 | 0:14:47 | |
Down there on the ground, | 0:15:04 | 0:15:06 | |
men had few intimates. | 0:15:06 | 0:15:09 | |
Beyond the narrow horizon through a periscope or bordered by a trench or the lip of a crater, | 0:15:09 | 0:15:17 | |
there was someone else whom one had learnt to know better, perhaps, than one knew one's own people. | 0:15:17 | 0:15:23 | |
Sometimes as little as 20 yards away, sometimes half a mile, | 0:15:23 | 0:15:28 | |
he was always there, living exactly as one lived oneself - the front line enemy. | 0:15:28 | 0:15:35 | |
I never had any feelings towards any personal enemy. | 0:15:38 | 0:15:43 | |
For me, and also for most of the boys, it was THE enemy. | 0:15:43 | 0:15:49 | |
Whether is was British or French, we didn't mind, and I think that the British thought in the same way. | 0:15:49 | 0:15:57 | |
As soon as we made prisoners, the feeling of enemy was gone. | 0:15:57 | 0:16:02 | |
Then we took care of them. We looked after them. | 0:16:02 | 0:16:06 | |
We asked them if they were thirsty. Most of them were very thirsty, | 0:16:06 | 0:16:11 | |
because warfare makes thirsty. | 0:16:11 | 0:16:14 | |
You are very much excited. You perspire. | 0:16:14 | 0:16:18 | |
You are afraid. Everybody is shivering. | 0:16:18 | 0:16:22 | |
The nerve strain is a terrible one. | 0:16:22 | 0:16:25 | |
But never one forgets | 0:16:25 | 0:16:28 | |
what each man on both sides has to undergo. | 0:16:28 | 0:16:32 | |
The enemy was Jerry | 0:16:35 | 0:16:38 | |
or Old Fritz. Front line soldiers spoke openly of "German comrades". | 0:16:38 | 0:16:43 | |
Even the French had learnt to use the word "Boche" in a half-friendly way. | 0:16:43 | 0:16:50 | |
For Frenchmen, fighting on their own soil and always on the same worn-out, blood-soaked | 0:16:50 | 0:16:56 | |
stretches of their soil, the sense of separateness | 0:16:56 | 0:17:00 | |
-came with a peculiar shock. -They realised they were becoming strangers in their own land. | 0:17:00 | 0:17:07 | |
The army came to be looked on as an exile from the life of the nation. | 0:17:07 | 0:17:12 | |
The military world had no connection | 0:17:12 | 0:17:14 | |
with the life of the country. Two universes were juxtaposed - the one civilian, the other uniformed - | 0:17:14 | 0:17:21 | |
and they knew nothing of each other. | 0:17:21 | 0:17:25 | |
If you were to ask me who it is we despise and hate the most, | 0:17:25 | 0:17:29 | |
my answer would be, first of all, the war profiteers, businessmen of all kinds. | 0:17:29 | 0:17:36 | |
With them, the professional patriots, | 0:17:36 | 0:17:40 | |
the literary gents who dine each day in pyjamas and red leather slippers off a dish of Boche. | 0:17:40 | 0:17:47 | |
Every army hated "literary gents". | 0:17:47 | 0:17:50 | |
-A German soldier wrote: -According to the newspapers, | 0:17:50 | 0:17:55 | |
the French were degenerates, the English, cowardly shopkeepers, the Russians, swine. The disparaging | 0:17:55 | 0:18:02 | |
and calumniating of the enemy was so disgusting that I sent a paragraph to an editor. He returned it | 0:18:02 | 0:18:09 | |
with a letter that made me despair. "One had to bear in mind | 0:18:09 | 0:18:13 | |
"public opinions." | 0:18:13 | 0:18:16 | |
And thus was that public opinion bred which the men at the front came, in time, to spit upon. | 0:18:16 | 0:18:23 | |
The jargon of war on the home front was very different from the language of the fighting men. | 0:18:23 | 0:18:30 | |
A gunner received a book of verse. The writer served in his battery. | 0:18:30 | 0:18:35 | |
About your book - I've read it carefully, and candidly I don't think much of it. | 0:18:35 | 0:18:42 | |
The piece about horses isn't bad but the rest, excuse the word, is tripe. | 0:18:42 | 0:18:48 | |
The same old tripe we've read a thousand times. My grief, but we're fed up with war books, | 0:18:48 | 0:18:55 | |
war verse, all the eyewash stuff | 0:18:55 | 0:18:57 | |
that pleases the idiots at home. | 0:18:57 | 0:19:00 | |
What's the good of war books if they fail to give civilians an idea | 0:19:00 | 0:19:05 | |
of what life is like in the firing line? You might have done that much. | 0:19:05 | 0:19:10 | |
From you, at least, I thought we'd get an inkling of the truth. But no. | 0:19:10 | 0:19:15 | |
You rant, rattle, beat your drum | 0:19:15 | 0:19:17 | |
and blow your tuppenny trumpet like the rest. "Battle's glory." | 0:19:17 | 0:19:22 | |
"Honour's utmost task." "Gay, jesting faces among daunted boys." | 0:19:22 | 0:19:27 | |
The same old boy's own paper balderdash. | 0:19:27 | 0:19:31 | |
Hang it, you can't have clean forgotten things you went to bed with, woke with, smelt and felt. | 0:19:31 | 0:19:39 | |
All those long months of boredom streaked with fear. Mud. Cold. | 0:19:39 | 0:19:44 | |
Fatigue. Sweat. | 0:19:44 | 0:19:46 | |
Nerve strain. Sleeplessness. | 0:19:46 | 0:19:49 | |
And men's excreta | 0:19:49 | 0:19:51 | |
viscid in the rain. | 0:19:51 | 0:19:53 | |
And stiff-legged horses lying by the road, their bloated bellies shimmering, green with flies. | 0:19:53 | 0:20:01 | |
Images of war could never fade from the minds of those who knew them | 0:20:10 | 0:20:16 | |
and could scarcely be conceived in the minds of those who didn't. | 0:20:16 | 0:20:21 | |
Arriving home on leave, I went to my aunt's house. | 0:20:21 | 0:20:26 | |
And, er... | 0:20:26 | 0:20:28 | |
I found that people wanted to take me out to dinners | 0:20:28 | 0:20:33 | |
and theatres | 0:20:33 | 0:20:35 | |
and didn't want to know much about what we were doing out in the front. | 0:20:35 | 0:20:40 | |
But I did explain to them that the conditions were really terrible | 0:20:40 | 0:20:45 | |
and that the food also was bad. | 0:20:45 | 0:20:49 | |
But they didn't want to know at all. | 0:20:49 | 0:20:52 | |
When you stepped off the train at Victoria, the first effect was just that you were home for the holidays. | 0:20:52 | 0:21:00 | |
But very soon, that began to wear off. | 0:21:00 | 0:21:04 | |
And at any rate, from 1917 onwards, | 0:21:04 | 0:21:07 | |
one felt that there was something unreal about leave. | 0:21:07 | 0:21:12 | |
I'm bound to say that I got myself into a state of mind | 0:21:12 | 0:21:16 | |
where it was the trenches that was the real world, | 0:21:16 | 0:21:21 | |
and it was London and my family that was unreal. | 0:21:21 | 0:21:25 | |
It was a Frenchman who summed up for all the fighting men | 0:21:25 | 0:21:30 | |
exiled in the zone of the armies. | 0:21:30 | 0:21:32 | |
When we get back and tell our story, | 0:21:32 | 0:21:35 | |
it's we who will be wrong. | 0:21:35 | 0:21:39 | |
Soldiers couldn't communicate the truth about the war because nothing like it had ever happened before. | 0:21:40 | 0:21:48 | |
Never has such vast armies | 0:21:48 | 0:21:50 | |
wielding such an immense apparatus of killing and destruction | 0:21:50 | 0:21:55 | |
battled each other for so long in one place. | 0:21:55 | 0:21:59 | |
Flesh and blood and nerves could only stand so much. | 0:22:16 | 0:22:21 | |
Well, there's a limit to everything. | 0:22:21 | 0:22:24 | |
But what with the mud of the Somme and the mud of Passchendaele, | 0:22:24 | 0:22:29 | |
to see men keep on sinking into the slime, dying in the slime, I think it absolutely finished me off. | 0:22:29 | 0:22:36 | |
Because I knew for three months before I was wounded that I was going to get it. | 0:22:36 | 0:22:43 | |
There was one time when ammunition wagons were coming up. | 0:22:43 | 0:22:47 | |
I'd been in this mud right up to my waist and I thought, "This is it. I'll put my leg under the wagon." | 0:22:47 | 0:22:55 | |
And I got as close to that wagon as possible. I just couldn't do it. | 0:22:55 | 0:23:01 | |
I think I was broken in spirit and mind. | 0:23:01 | 0:23:05 | |
By the end of 1917, every army had shown the effects of this unremitted strain | 0:23:05 | 0:23:11 | |
eating away morale. | 0:23:11 | 0:23:14 | |
Newcomers might still be eager, still imbued with the enthusiasm of earlier years. | 0:23:14 | 0:23:20 | |
They were startled at what they found. | 0:23:20 | 0:23:24 | |
You see, when I joined up, I was dead scared I wouldn't get out to France before it was over. | 0:23:24 | 0:23:31 | |
I thought it would be over before I'd get there. And when I got there, | 0:23:31 | 0:23:36 | |
when I got into the line, | 0:23:36 | 0:23:38 | |
I remember writing back home saying, "But the heart's been blown out of these people." | 0:23:38 | 0:23:46 | |
GUNFIRE AND EXPLOSIONS | 0:23:46 | 0:23:49 | |
This was now almost entirely a citizen army, a vast force approaching five millions, | 0:23:49 | 0:23:56 | |
nearly two millions of them on the Western Front. | 0:23:56 | 0:24:00 | |
In all the time that this army remained in the field, there were 304,000 trials by court martial. | 0:24:00 | 0:24:08 | |
3,080 death sentences were passed. | 0:24:08 | 0:24:11 | |
346 were carried out. | 0:24:11 | 0:24:15 | |
He stood, tied to a post, | 0:24:15 | 0:24:18 | |
against a wall. | 0:24:18 | 0:24:20 | |
And he was in civilian clothes. | 0:24:22 | 0:24:25 | |
And there was a little white piece of paper pinned over his heart. We had to fire at that. | 0:24:25 | 0:24:32 | |
We did not know what our rifles were loaded with. Some were loaded with ball, others with blank. | 0:24:32 | 0:24:39 | |
We then had the order | 0:24:39 | 0:24:41 | |
to... | 0:24:41 | 0:24:43 | |
fire. | 0:24:43 | 0:24:46 | |
And pull the trigger. | 0:24:46 | 0:24:48 | |
One knew by the recoil if... | 0:24:48 | 0:24:51 | |
it was loaded with ball or not. | 0:24:51 | 0:24:54 | |
Then... | 0:24:56 | 0:24:58 | |
that deserter's name was read out on three successive parades as a warning. | 0:24:58 | 0:25:04 | |
The majority of these executions took place on the Western Front. | 0:25:04 | 0:25:09 | |
More than three quarters were for desertion. | 0:25:09 | 0:25:13 | |
-The next most frequent crime was murder. -Firing party... | 0:25:13 | 0:25:18 | |
-fire! -SHOTS RING OUT | 0:25:18 | 0:25:22 | |
Despite depressing circumstances, the discipline of the British soldiers did not break down, | 0:25:22 | 0:25:29 | |
but every last shred of humour and optimism was needed to maintain it. | 0:25:29 | 0:25:34 | |
Yet the Western Front had its compensations. "The war years," | 0:25:34 | 0:25:39 | |
said one British soldier, "will stand out | 0:25:39 | 0:25:43 | |
"in the memories of many who fought as the happiest period of their lives." He went on: | 0:25:43 | 0:25:50 | |
In spite of differences in rank, | 0:25:50 | 0:25:52 | |
we were comrades, brothers dwelling together in amity. | 0:25:52 | 0:25:57 | |
We were privileged to see in each other that ennobled self which in the commercial struggle of peacetime | 0:25:57 | 0:26:04 | |
is atrophied for lack of expression. | 0:26:04 | 0:26:07 | |
We could note the intense affection of soldiers for certain officers, their absolute trust in them. | 0:26:07 | 0:26:14 | |
We saw the love, passing the love of women, of one pal for his section. | 0:26:14 | 0:26:20 | |
We were privileged, in short, to see | 0:26:20 | 0:26:23 | |
a reign of goodwill among men which the piping times of peace, with all their organised charity, | 0:26:23 | 0:26:30 | |
their free meals and Sunday sermons, have never equalled. Otherwise we could not have stuck it. | 0:26:30 | 0:26:37 | |
The code of front line behaviour became the only one worth having. | 0:26:39 | 0:26:44 | |
Hateful, disgusting, terrifying - the zone of the armies was nevertheless | 0:26:50 | 0:26:56 | |
the only place to be. | 0:26:56 | 0:26:59 | |
For my part, I am more glad of that experience than of anything else I've known. | 0:26:59 | 0:27:05 | |
The ultimate test of optimism, by now, was the front itself. | 0:27:09 | 0:27:14 | |
Was it hopeless, was it insane to expect a decision on this static, immovable battlefield? | 0:27:14 | 0:27:21 | |
The argument had lasted right through the war. It reached the extremes of bitterness in 1917. | 0:27:21 | 0:27:28 | |
On the one hand were those who believed that the Western Front was a hopeless arena. Their spokesman | 0:27:28 | 0:27:35 | |
was Britain's Prime Minister, David Lloyd George. | 0:27:35 | 0:27:39 | |
The Allied strategy in France had been a sanguinary mistake | 0:27:39 | 0:27:44 | |
which nearly brought us to irretrievable defeat. | 0:27:44 | 0:27:48 | |
The Allied generals were completely baffled by the decision of the Germans to dig in. | 0:27:48 | 0:27:55 | |
In their hopeless efforts to break through, they could think of nothing better | 0:27:55 | 0:28:01 | |
-than the sacrifice of millions of men. -By 1917, | 0:28:01 | 0:28:06 | |
Lloyd George's detestation of the Western Front was adamant, and he expressed it freely. | 0:28:06 | 0:28:12 | |
He said that he was "not prepared to be a butcher's boy driving cattle to the slaughter" | 0:28:12 | 0:28:19 | |
and that he would not do it. | 0:28:19 | 0:28:22 | |
To the British generals, the front had a different significance. | 0:28:22 | 0:28:27 | |
Chief of Imperial General Staff Sir William Robertson said: | 0:28:27 | 0:28:31 | |
The decisive front was fixed for us by the deployment of the enemy in France and Belgium. | 0:28:31 | 0:28:38 | |
Britain's allies endured mixed fortunes as 1917 drew to an end. | 0:28:38 | 0:28:44 | |
The October Revolution threw Russia out of the war, robbing the alliance of her limitless manpower. | 0:28:44 | 0:28:51 | |
And the United States of America, after eight months of war, could only place four divisions in France | 0:28:51 | 0:28:58 | |
and only one in the line. | 0:28:58 | 0:29:00 | |
Italy lost over 300,000 men in three weeks at Caporetto. | 0:29:00 | 0:29:05 | |
British and French divisions had to be rushed to her aid. The one satisfactory feature | 0:29:05 | 0:29:12 | |
was the revival of France. | 0:29:12 | 0:29:14 | |
Nursed by its commander in chief, | 0:29:14 | 0:29:17 | |
General Petain, the French army slowly recovered its courage and dash. | 0:29:17 | 0:29:23 | |
The French nation, too, found new spirit - embodied, as so often, in one man. | 0:29:23 | 0:29:30 | |
On November 15th, Monsieur Georges Clemenceau became France's premier. | 0:29:30 | 0:29:35 | |
He was 76 years old, a radical of the sternest breed called the Tiger. | 0:29:35 | 0:29:41 | |
Winston Churchill wrote: | 0:29:41 | 0:29:44 | |
As much as any single human being can ever be a nation, he was France. | 0:29:44 | 0:29:50 | |
When Clemenceau addressed the French Chamber of Deputies, | 0:29:50 | 0:29:55 | |
he told them: | 0:29:55 | 0:29:58 | |
We stand here with but one thought - to pursue the war relentlessly. | 0:29:58 | 0:30:03 | |
No more pacifist campaigns. | 0:30:03 | 0:30:06 | |
No treachery. No semi-treachery. | 0:30:06 | 0:30:09 | |
Only war. Nothing but war. | 0:30:09 | 0:30:13 | |
Clemenceau believed firmly in the Western Front, where the deadlock now seemed complete. | 0:30:13 | 0:30:20 | |
In a sense, the deadlock WAS the war. | 0:30:20 | 0:30:24 | |
The evil of the Western Front was its immobility. The immobility was created by the deadlock. | 0:30:24 | 0:30:31 | |
The deadlock was the even balance of trenches, barbed wire and machine guns against the artillery | 0:30:31 | 0:30:38 | |
which alone could destroy them, | 0:30:38 | 0:30:41 | |
but in doing so turned the ground into a wilderness of craters and made impossible the movement | 0:30:41 | 0:30:48 | |
it was intended to produce. | 0:30:48 | 0:30:51 | |
Now it was November. | 0:30:51 | 0:30:53 | |
Haig planned a final stroke on the front of the British Third Army under General Sir Julian Byng. | 0:30:53 | 0:31:00 | |
Here, opposite Cambrai, the ground was firm. | 0:31:00 | 0:31:05 | |
Grass grew across a no-man's-land which was reasonably level. | 0:31:05 | 0:31:10 | |
No shattering bombardments had torn this up and turned it into a bog. | 0:31:10 | 0:31:15 | |
This was tank country. | 0:31:15 | 0:31:18 | |
November the 19th. General Ellis, commanding the Tank Corps, issued a special order. | 0:31:18 | 0:31:24 | |
Tomorrow the Tank Corps will have the chance it has been waiting for, | 0:31:24 | 0:31:30 | |
to operate on good going in the van of the battle. | 0:31:30 | 0:31:34 | |
I leave the good name of the corps with confidence in your hands. I shall lead the centre division. | 0:31:34 | 0:31:41 | |
They were attacking the Hindenburg line. | 0:31:41 | 0:31:44 | |
There were three lines of trenches, each trench up to 15 feet wide. | 0:31:44 | 0:31:49 | |
In front of the main line lay acre upon acre of dense wire. | 0:31:49 | 0:31:54 | |
Nowhere was it less than 50 yards deep. Here and there it jutted out in salients flanked by machine guns. | 0:31:54 | 0:32:02 | |
Never before had we been faced with such a wilderness of wire. | 0:32:02 | 0:32:08 | |
At 6.20am on November the 20th, with their general | 0:32:43 | 0:32:48 | |
flying his flag at their head | 0:32:48 | 0:32:51 | |
in the tank Hilda, the machines of a new epoch rolled into battle. | 0:32:51 | 0:32:57 | |
476 tanks. Over 50 supply tanks. | 0:32:57 | 0:33:00 | |
32 specially for destroying wire. | 0:33:00 | 0:33:04 | |
Two for bridging. Nine wireless tanks. One for laying cable. | 0:33:04 | 0:33:09 | |
378 fighting tanks. | 0:33:09 | 0:33:12 | |
We got in, shut down our tanks, and away we went. | 0:33:14 | 0:33:18 | |
We had rough compasses in the tanks and we got our course and we set course for the enemy line. | 0:33:18 | 0:33:26 | |
The first thing that happened... | 0:33:26 | 0:33:28 | |
It was dead silent until we got to the enemy wire, which was zero hour for the guns. | 0:33:28 | 0:33:35 | |
That, again, was a first-class show. Crystal Palace had nothing in it. | 0:33:35 | 0:33:40 | |
No answer from the Germans at all. | 0:33:40 | 0:33:42 | |
It was the first time we saw the Hun being blown up all over the place. | 0:33:42 | 0:33:48 | |
The troops were frightfully pleased. No gunfire, so we opened our tanks. | 0:33:48 | 0:33:53 | |
And then we got into this belt of wire. It was quite terrifying. | 0:33:53 | 0:33:57 | |
It was about seven feet high. Very, very thick wire. It was over 120 yards deep in places. | 0:33:57 | 0:34:04 | |
If we'd stopped or got our tracks ripped off, we'd have been for it. | 0:34:04 | 0:34:09 | |
Instead, the tanks made great swathes in the wire. The Jocks, who were with us, | 0:34:09 | 0:34:16 | |
they came through the gaps we'd made. | 0:34:16 | 0:34:19 | |
We all emerged the other side into a deep valley known as the Grand Ravine. | 0:34:19 | 0:34:26 | |
I crossed the first line. | 0:34:26 | 0:34:29 | |
The wire didn't prove to be any obstacle at all. The artillery had done their job very well. | 0:34:29 | 0:34:36 | |
The element of surprise - the heavy shelling, no preliminary bombardment - | 0:34:36 | 0:34:42 | |
had made it almost a cakewalk. | 0:34:42 | 0:34:46 | |
Almost a cakewalk. In four hours, the British Third Army | 0:34:46 | 0:34:51 | |
advanced between three and four miles right through the Hindenburg defences, took over 4,000 prisoners | 0:34:51 | 0:34:58 | |
and over 100 guns. | 0:34:58 | 0:35:01 | |
Their own losses were astonishingly light. It was one of the most remarkable victories of the war. | 0:35:04 | 0:35:11 | |
In November 1917, victory of any kind was badly needed. | 0:35:11 | 0:35:15 | |
The government decided that the time had come to ring the church bells of Britain. | 0:35:15 | 0:35:22 | |
PEALING OF BELLS | 0:35:22 | 0:35:25 | |
It's the first time the peals have been rung since the outbreak of war. | 0:35:27 | 0:35:32 | |
I went up Ludgate Hill | 0:35:35 | 0:35:37 | |
to hear St Paul's carillon. It hasn't been heard | 0:35:37 | 0:35:42 | |
since it celebrated the declaration of peace after the South African War. There was a crowd on the steps. | 0:35:42 | 0:35:49 | |
After the clock struck 12, the big bell known as Great Paul boomed out, | 0:35:49 | 0:35:55 | |
followed by the whole peal of bells. | 0:35:55 | 0:35:57 | |
The people cheered. The bells of the other churches | 0:35:57 | 0:36:02 | |
helped to swell the rings of sound carrying the joyful news. | 0:36:02 | 0:36:06 | |
One of Haig's staff officers wrote on November the 23rd: | 0:36:06 | 0:36:11 | |
All at home seem to have gone crazy | 0:36:11 | 0:36:13 | |
about the last success. It was a very fine effort, | 0:36:13 | 0:36:17 | |
but no greater than other shows. It does not deserve hysterics. | 0:36:17 | 0:36:22 | |
When the really big, decisive victory comes, | 0:36:22 | 0:36:26 | |
it will be time enough to ring church bells and sing the national anthem. | 0:36:26 | 0:36:33 | |
The doubters were right. | 0:36:33 | 0:36:35 | |
On November the 30th the Germans counter-attacked, | 0:36:39 | 0:36:43 | |
taking most of the British troops by surprise. | 0:36:43 | 0:36:47 | |
In the fight which followed, they won back | 0:36:51 | 0:36:55 | |
almost all the ground that they had lost. | 0:36:55 | 0:36:58 | |
When the battle died down, losses on both sides were roughly equal. | 0:36:58 | 0:37:03 | |
It was a sad end for the British army, which had put forth such tremendous efforts during the year. | 0:37:03 | 0:37:11 | |
The iron of disappointment entered deep into men's souls. | 0:37:18 | 0:37:22 | |
A British diplomat wrote to Haig: | 0:37:22 | 0:37:25 | |
Even now, this war could have | 0:37:25 | 0:37:28 | |
a glorious ending for us, but it won't. | 0:37:28 | 0:37:32 | |
Christmas came, and an officer at Haig's headquarters wrote | 0:37:42 | 0:37:47 | |
-in his diary: -The fourth Christmas at war. Though the outlook is black, | 0:37:47 | 0:37:53 | |
yet still I think it will be the last war Christmas. | 0:37:53 | 0:37:57 | |
How different each Christmas has been. | 0:37:57 | 0:38:01 | |
We cannot fail to win. | 0:38:01 | 0:38:04 | |
Each year inevitably shows success more certain. | 0:38:04 | 0:38:08 | |
But for the next few months, the prospect is the most gloomy | 0:38:08 | 0:38:13 | |
since 1914. | 0:38:13 | 0:38:16 | |
1917 expired, having brought nothing but frustration to the Allied cause. | 0:38:21 | 0:38:28 | |
The Western Front remained, | 0:38:28 | 0:38:30 | |
baffling, bloody, | 0:38:30 | 0:38:33 | |
ruinous, and still the very heart of the war. | 0:38:33 | 0:38:37 | |
All that men could look forward to was Clemenceau's promise. | 0:38:37 | 0:38:42 | |
Only war. | 0:38:42 | 0:38:44 | |
Nothing but war. | 0:38:44 | 0:38:46 | |
Subtitles by Subtext Limited for BBC Broadcast - 2003 | 0:39:00 | 0:39:05 | |
e-mail us at [email protected] | 0:39:05 | 0:39:09 |