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Russia, October 1917. | 0:01:17 | 0:01:20 | |
From Petrograd, a shockwave pulsed and widened | 0:01:20 | 0:01:24 | |
through all this vast land which had once been an empire. | 0:01:24 | 0:01:28 | |
The billows beat in every quarter of the world. | 0:01:28 | 0:01:32 | |
Let everyone remember that in this war there are no reverses | 0:01:32 | 0:01:37 | |
of the Russians, of the English, or of the French alone | 0:01:37 | 0:01:42 | |
and that success or failure is one and the same thing for all. | 0:01:42 | 0:01:46 | |
The fervent hopes once expressed by a Russian politician, now, in the winter of 1917, sounded ominous. | 0:01:46 | 0:01:53 | |
In the east, a spectre more awful than all the shapes of death itself | 0:01:53 | 0:01:58 | |
had appeared upon the battlefield, | 0:01:58 | 0:02:01 | |
a spectre that had long haunted the war leaders' minds. | 0:02:01 | 0:02:05 | |
For here was the most dreaded casualty of all - the will to war itself. | 0:02:05 | 0:02:12 | |
Russia could go on no longer. Hindenburg said, | 0:02:12 | 0:02:15 | |
Hitherto, the unwieldy Russian colossus | 0:02:15 | 0:02:19 | |
had hung over the whole European and Asiatic world like a nightmare. | 0:02:19 | 0:02:25 | |
Time and time again, her efforts had produced considerable crises for us. | 0:02:25 | 0:02:31 | |
Tannenberg, August 1914. | 0:02:31 | 0:02:34 | |
The enemy losses were extremely heavy, | 0:02:34 | 0:02:39 | |
but our high command believed themselves compelled prematurely | 0:02:39 | 0:02:44 | |
to draw away to the east strong forces from the west | 0:02:44 | 0:02:49 | |
where they were trying to secure a rapid decision. | 0:02:49 | 0:02:54 | |
Masurian Lakes, February 1915. | 0:02:56 | 0:03:00 | |
Mighty masses rolled up against us, | 0:03:05 | 0:03:07 | |
overwhelming masses, each one larger than our whole force, | 0:03:07 | 0:03:12 | |
but German resolution bore this load | 0:03:12 | 0:03:16 | |
and Russian blood flowed in streams. | 0:03:16 | 0:03:19 | |
Galicia, May 1915. | 0:03:34 | 0:03:37 | |
The fearful, continuous tension of the situation in the Carpathians, | 0:03:37 | 0:03:42 | |
and its reaction on the political situation, | 0:03:42 | 0:03:46 | |
imperiously demanded some solution. | 0:03:46 | 0:03:50 | |
We found ourselves compelled to send large forces there | 0:03:50 | 0:03:55 | |
to keep up our pressure upon the enemy. | 0:03:55 | 0:03:58 | |
Gorlice-Tarnow, 1915. | 0:04:12 | 0:04:15 | |
There was something unsatisfactory about the encounters of this year. | 0:04:15 | 0:04:20 | |
The Russian bear had escaped our clutches, | 0:04:20 | 0:04:24 | |
bleeding, no doubt, from more than one wound, but still not stricken to death. | 0:04:24 | 0:04:31 | |
Did he have enough life force left to make things hard for us again? | 0:04:31 | 0:04:36 | |
Her casualties are the highest of all the combatant nations. | 0:04:37 | 0:04:42 | |
No-one knows the figures - five or eight million. | 0:04:42 | 0:04:46 | |
All we know is, sometimes in our battles with the Russian, | 0:04:46 | 0:04:51 | |
we had to move the mounds of enemy corpses from before our trenches | 0:04:51 | 0:04:57 | |
in order to get a fresh field of fire against assaulting waves. | 0:04:57 | 0:05:02 | |
Yet in 1916, the Russians had won a great victory over the Austrians in Galicia. | 0:05:05 | 0:05:12 | |
The Germans and Austrians had had to stretch their manpower resources to the utmost to resist this blow. | 0:05:12 | 0:05:18 | |
In January 1917, an Allied delegation arrived in Russia | 0:05:47 | 0:05:52 | |
to develop efficiency for the planned offensive of that year. | 0:05:52 | 0:05:57 | |
The British military attache in Russia wrote, | 0:05:57 | 0:06:01 | |
The prospects for the 1917 campaign were brighter than in 1916. | 0:06:01 | 0:06:06 | |
The Russian infantry was tired, but less tired than 12 months earlier. | 0:06:06 | 0:06:11 | |
The stocks of arms and equipment were larger | 0:06:11 | 0:06:14 | |
and supplies from overseas were arriving in appreciable quantities. | 0:06:14 | 0:06:19 | |
In fact, desertions from the front ran into hundreds of thousands. | 0:06:19 | 0:06:24 | |
Russia had lost as many dead as the British and French put together. | 0:06:24 | 0:06:29 | |
She had suffered literally beyond endurance. | 0:06:29 | 0:06:33 | |
She had reached her limit. | 0:06:33 | 0:06:35 | |
Her soldiers, once so brave, had had enough. | 0:06:35 | 0:06:39 | |
Now they were getting out of the trenches | 0:06:42 | 0:06:46 | |
to fraternise with the Germans, man to man. | 0:06:46 | 0:06:50 | |
In the rear, industrialisation had changed the face of Tsarist Russia, | 0:06:56 | 0:07:02 | |
drawing peasants into the towns | 0:07:02 | 0:07:05 | |
and creating a new, incoherent proletariat. | 0:07:05 | 0:07:10 | |
The economy functioned in a welter of administrative confusion, | 0:07:12 | 0:07:17 | |
but committees set up to organise production, | 0:07:17 | 0:07:20 | |
after the appalling breakdowns of the early days of the war, had begun to have some effect. | 0:07:20 | 0:07:26 | |
By the end of 1916, great improvements had been achieved. | 0:07:26 | 0:07:30 | |
Patriotic spirit ran high. | 0:07:30 | 0:07:33 | |
Victory over the Germans was the simple aim of most of the population. | 0:07:33 | 0:07:39 | |
Pressure for more efficient management of the war | 0:07:47 | 0:07:51 | |
was exerted by liberal politicians through the parliament, or Duma. | 0:07:51 | 0:07:56 | |
But Tsar Nicholas II had no use for constitutional government. | 0:07:56 | 0:08:01 | |
At his coronation he said, | 0:08:01 | 0:08:04 | |
I shall maintain the principle of autocracy | 0:08:04 | 0:08:07 | |
just as firmly and unflinchingly as it was preserved by my dead father. | 0:08:07 | 0:08:12 | |
But Nicholas II was gentler, weaker than his father. | 0:08:12 | 0:08:17 | |
Lloyd George, the British Prime Minister, wrote, | 0:08:17 | 0:08:21 | |
He would never have been chosen by a responsible board of directors | 0:08:21 | 0:08:26 | |
to manage any business of any magnitude, | 0:08:26 | 0:08:29 | |
and certainly not a business confronted with a serious emergency. | 0:08:29 | 0:08:34 | |
He was a devoted family man, deeply fond of his son, the tsarevitch, | 0:08:34 | 0:08:40 | |
who suffered from haemophilia, | 0:08:40 | 0:08:43 | |
a blood disease which made every scratch dangerous. | 0:08:43 | 0:08:47 | |
There was nothing the Tsar liked better | 0:09:01 | 0:09:04 | |
than to be with his soldiers and sailors. | 0:09:04 | 0:09:08 | |
In 1915, he had made himself Supreme Commander. | 0:09:08 | 0:09:13 | |
He loved the simple link, as he saw it, | 0:09:14 | 0:09:17 | |
that bound him to his wider family - | 0:09:17 | 0:09:21 | |
the 170 million people of Russia. | 0:09:21 | 0:09:24 | |
Emotional faith in a paternal Tsar and the mystery of their religion | 0:09:24 | 0:09:29 | |
were the simple guiding principles of their lives. | 0:09:29 | 0:09:33 | |
The peasants' lives were miserable. | 0:09:47 | 0:09:50 | |
Often, they lodged in the same single-room hovel as their animals | 0:09:50 | 0:09:55 | |
on earthen floors with a hole in the roof for the smoke to escape. | 0:09:55 | 0:09:59 | |
Their diet was poor and the gross mishandling of wartime distribution | 0:09:59 | 0:10:04 | |
meant that, though food was there, many went hungry. | 0:10:04 | 0:10:09 | |
Chaos was aggravated by hundreds of thousands of refugees who poured into Russia in the early defeats. | 0:10:11 | 0:10:18 | |
A British member of parliament observed their misery. | 0:10:18 | 0:10:23 | |
Serried ranks of emaciated, huddled humanity, | 0:10:23 | 0:10:27 | |
brutalised by their abject surroundings, corroded by disease. | 0:10:27 | 0:10:32 | |
Men, women and children of different races and languages, | 0:10:32 | 0:10:37 | |
crowded and congested like litters of pigs | 0:10:37 | 0:10:41 | |
in an asphyxiating sty. | 0:10:41 | 0:10:43 | |
In the towns and factories, too, there was misery. | 0:10:50 | 0:10:54 | |
Strikes had been increasing sharply just before 1914. | 0:10:54 | 0:10:59 | |
War, with its shortages and inflation, aggravated the unrest. | 0:10:59 | 0:11:04 | |
The Tsar himself left affairs more and more to the Tsarina, | 0:11:27 | 0:11:31 | |
a German-born but English-educated niece of Queen Victoria. | 0:11:31 | 0:11:36 | |
The Tsarina's close friendship with her spiritual adviser, a lecherous and drunken monk, Rasputin, | 0:11:49 | 0:11:56 | |
led to a widespread campaign against the entire Tsarist regime. | 0:11:56 | 0:12:01 | |
To the public, this relationship assumed vast dimensions. | 0:12:01 | 0:12:06 | |
It became the symbol of all Russia's ills. | 0:12:06 | 0:12:09 | |
Rasputin's murder was hailed as an act of the highest patriotism. | 0:12:09 | 0:12:14 | |
The winter of 1916-17 was particularly severe. | 0:12:21 | 0:12:26 | |
Fuel was short. | 0:12:39 | 0:12:41 | |
Food queues lengthened. | 0:12:41 | 0:12:44 | |
Pressures on the Tsar to change incompetent ministers continued from all sides. | 0:12:48 | 0:12:55 | |
His own cousin wrote to him, | 0:12:55 | 0:12:57 | |
Shall Russia be a great state, free and capable of developing strong, | 0:12:57 | 0:13:02 | |
or shall she submit to the iron German fist? | 0:13:02 | 0:13:06 | |
Certain forces are leading you, and thus Russia, to inevitable ruin. | 0:13:06 | 0:13:11 | |
It is absolutely indispensable that the ministers and the legislative chambers should work together. | 0:13:11 | 0:13:17 | |
The existing situation, with the whole responsibility resting on you and you alone, | 0:13:17 | 0:13:24 | |
is unthinkable. | 0:13:24 | 0:13:26 | |
The British Ambassador, Sir George Buchanan, doing what he could to keep Russia in the war, | 0:13:26 | 0:13:33 | |
told the Tsar he must regain the people's confidence. HE replied, | 0:13:33 | 0:13:38 | |
-Do you mean that -I -am to regain the confidence of my people | 0:13:38 | 0:13:43 | |
or that THEY are to regain MY confidence? | 0:13:43 | 0:13:47 | |
Suddenly, in the early days of March 1917, | 0:13:48 | 0:13:51 | |
frustration in the Petrograd food queues spilled over into revolt. | 0:13:51 | 0:13:56 | |
People came out to protest, found many others there and took courage. | 0:13:56 | 0:14:02 | |
For the first time, there was doubt about the troops. | 0:14:02 | 0:14:07 | |
The Tsar, true to character, | 0:14:11 | 0:14:14 | |
washed his hands of the awkward situation and went to the front, | 0:14:14 | 0:14:19 | |
leaving matters to the palace guard and the Petrograd garrison. | 0:14:19 | 0:14:24 | |
Now turbulent forces suddenly broke the surface of Russian life. | 0:14:27 | 0:14:32 | |
The French Ambassador watched from the safety of his room. | 0:14:32 | 0:14:37 | |
A strange and prolonged din seemed to come from the Alexander Bridge. | 0:14:37 | 0:14:41 | |
Almost immediately, a disorderly mob carrying red flags appeared at the end on the right bank of the Neva | 0:14:41 | 0:14:48 | |
and a regiment came towards it from the other end. | 0:14:48 | 0:14:51 | |
It looked as if they would collide, but the two bodies coalesced. | 0:14:51 | 0:14:56 | |
The army was fraternising with the revolt. | 0:14:56 | 0:14:59 | |
The vast Petrograd garrison of some 200,000 men | 0:14:59 | 0:15:04 | |
was not typical of the army as a whole. | 0:15:04 | 0:15:07 | |
It consisted of raw recruits, war-weary reserves, convalescents | 0:15:07 | 0:15:12 | |
and even punishment battalions. | 0:15:12 | 0:15:15 | |
Many deserters from the front had drifted to the capital's streets. | 0:15:18 | 0:15:22 | |
Before long, the whole garrison had joined the mob. | 0:15:22 | 0:15:27 | |
In a desperate move to get the Tsar to introduce the necessary reforms, | 0:15:27 | 0:15:32 | |
the President of the Duma, Rodzianko, sent him a telegram. The Tsar received it at his HQ. | 0:15:32 | 0:15:38 | |
This fat Rodzianko has sent me some nonsense | 0:15:38 | 0:15:41 | |
to which I will not even reply. | 0:15:41 | 0:15:44 | |
Nothing could stop the sudden upsurge against the monarchy, symbol of the country's sufferings. | 0:15:44 | 0:15:51 | |
Within days, the Tsar was forced to abdicate and a 300-year-old dynasty came crashing to the ground. | 0:15:51 | 0:15:57 | |
A general amnesty was declared | 0:16:13 | 0:16:16 | |
and political prisoners were set free among the jubilant crowds. | 0:16:16 | 0:16:20 | |
The Tsar's unpopular ministers were arrested. | 0:16:30 | 0:16:34 | |
It is difficult to say how many died in the bloodless revolution, | 0:16:59 | 0:17:04 | |
but most accounts say under a thousand. | 0:17:04 | 0:17:08 | |
Petrograd, thanks to the measures taken by the government, | 0:17:08 | 0:17:12 | |
rapidly resumed its normal aspect and order generally prevailed. | 0:17:12 | 0:17:17 | |
This was especially noticeable at the burial of the victims of the revolution on April the 5th | 0:17:17 | 0:17:24 | |
when a never-ending procession filed past in perfect order | 0:17:24 | 0:17:28 | |
from ten in the morning till late in the evening. | 0:17:28 | 0:17:32 | |
There were in all but some 200 coffins | 0:17:32 | 0:17:35 | |
and as each one was lowered into the grave, | 0:17:35 | 0:17:39 | |
a salute was fired from the fortress, | 0:17:39 | 0:17:42 | |
but no priests officiated at the ceremony which was divested of any religious character. | 0:17:42 | 0:17:49 | |
Somewhat dazed with the success of the revolution, | 0:17:49 | 0:17:53 | |
Russia had to face the bleak task of deciding where she would go. | 0:17:53 | 0:17:59 | |
The rising in the streets had been AGAINST something. Now the people had to decide what it had been FOR. | 0:17:59 | 0:18:06 | |
The wish to run the war better had given the revolution its spark, | 0:18:06 | 0:18:10 | |
but hatred of the war had given it momentum. | 0:18:10 | 0:18:14 | |
In the confusion that followed, responsibility fell upon the Duma, | 0:18:14 | 0:18:18 | |
responsibility to make good their implied promises. | 0:18:18 | 0:18:23 | |
Now they had to do better than the autocracy they had so criticised. | 0:18:23 | 0:18:27 | |
A Provisional Government was formed with a liberal, Prince Lvov, as the first Prime Minister. | 0:18:27 | 0:18:34 | |
A young socialist lawyer, Kerenski, became Minister of Justice. | 0:18:34 | 0:18:39 | |
In the Allied capitals, where the events in Russia looked simple, | 0:18:39 | 0:18:43 | |
the revolution was hailed as a triumph for the Allied cause. | 0:18:43 | 0:18:48 | |
The London Times commented, | 0:18:48 | 0:18:51 | |
The army and people joined hands to overthrow the forces of reaction | 0:18:51 | 0:18:56 | |
which were stifling national aspirations and strangling national efforts. | 0:18:56 | 0:19:01 | |
Lloyd George declared in the House of Commons, | 0:19:01 | 0:19:04 | |
We believe that the revolution | 0:19:04 | 0:19:07 | |
is the greatest service the Russian people have yet made | 0:19:07 | 0:19:12 | |
to the cause for which the Allied peoples have been fighting. | 0:19:12 | 0:19:17 | |
In America, herself about to enter the war on the Allied side, the revolution seemed providential. | 0:19:18 | 0:19:25 | |
The Secretary of State declared, | 0:19:25 | 0:19:27 | |
The revolution in Russia has removed the one objection to affirming | 0:19:27 | 0:19:31 | |
that the European war was a war between democracy and absolutism. | 0:19:31 | 0:19:35 | |
In Petrograd, one of the Provisional Government's first acts | 0:19:35 | 0:19:40 | |
was to declare that it would loyally maintain its alliances | 0:19:40 | 0:19:44 | |
and endeavour to carry the war to a victorious conclusion. | 0:19:44 | 0:19:48 | |
The French Ambassador reported, | 0:19:48 | 0:19:51 | |
Patriotism, intelligence and honesty is on every face, | 0:19:51 | 0:19:55 | |
but the task they have undertaken is patently beyond their powers. | 0:19:55 | 0:19:59 | |
Heaven grant that they do not collapse under it too soon. | 0:19:59 | 0:20:03 | |
Their task was complicated by the fact that a separate revolutionary body convened in the same offices - | 0:20:03 | 0:20:11 | |
the Soviet. The Soviet, or council, claimed to represent factory workers and soldiers. | 0:20:11 | 0:20:17 | |
Its majority wanted to continue the war to defend the revolution. | 0:20:17 | 0:20:22 | |
One of its first acts was to issue Order Number 1 to the army, | 0:20:22 | 0:20:26 | |
directed against the powers of officers and setting up soldiers' councils. | 0:20:26 | 0:20:32 | |
In this uneasy alliance, the Provisional Government had to accept the Soviet's order. | 0:20:32 | 0:20:39 | |
A struggle for the soul of Russia now began. A French observer noted, | 0:20:39 | 0:20:45 | |
Groups were constantly forming with no actual reason in the streets. | 0:20:45 | 0:20:50 | |
One man would have a discussion with another and passers-by would listen. | 0:20:50 | 0:20:54 | |
People thus witnessed exchanges of political opinions where opposing ideas were set against each other. | 0:20:54 | 0:21:02 | |
Groups were constantly forming and dispersing. | 0:21:02 | 0:21:06 | |
At first sight, the crowd appeared to be full of unrest. | 0:21:06 | 0:21:10 | |
Actually, it was only idle. | 0:21:10 | 0:21:13 | |
The Germans had always regarded a revolution as their best hope for an early defeat of Russia. | 0:21:13 | 0:21:19 | |
Now was the time to ensure the outcome. | 0:21:19 | 0:21:22 | |
They saw as their instrument, Lenin, head of the Bolshevik group among the Russian revolutionaries. | 0:21:22 | 0:21:29 | |
Lenin had spent the war years in Switzerland with his wife, Krupskaya. | 0:21:29 | 0:21:35 | |
The Germans had so far made little contact with them, finding other revolutionaries more cooperative. | 0:21:35 | 0:21:41 | |
Lenin himself was no pro-German. Pitilessly single-minded, | 0:21:41 | 0:21:46 | |
he saw all the warring nations as capitalist imperialists. | 0:21:46 | 0:21:50 | |
He wanted peace and worldwide revolution against capitalism. | 0:21:50 | 0:21:55 | |
As late as January 1917, he said, | 0:21:55 | 0:21:58 | |
We of the older generation may not live to see the decisive battle of this coming revolution. | 0:21:58 | 0:22:05 | |
When revolution came, only two months later, he was unimpressed. | 0:22:05 | 0:22:10 | |
The militant monarchy in Russia | 0:22:10 | 0:22:13 | |
has been followed by a militant republic - | 0:22:13 | 0:22:16 | |
capitalists who want to continue the imperialist war | 0:22:16 | 0:22:20 | |
and to adhere to the robber treaties of the Tsarist monarchy. | 0:22:20 | 0:22:24 | |
Lenin's aim of peace at any price was at variance with the Petrograd Soviets and even many Bolsheviks. | 0:22:24 | 0:22:31 | |
Now, in Churchill's words, the Germans transported Lenin | 0:22:31 | 0:22:36 | |
"like a plague bacillus" from Switzerland into Russia. | 0:22:36 | 0:22:40 | |
He arrived in Petrograd on April the 16th, determined to capture control of the revolution, | 0:22:43 | 0:22:50 | |
but his moment was not quite yet. | 0:22:50 | 0:22:53 | |
The man of the moment was Kerenski. Unlike Lenin, this socialist lawyer - a compelling orator, | 0:22:53 | 0:23:00 | |
honest, shrewd, energetic - wanted to continue the war. | 0:23:00 | 0:23:05 | |
His efforts to reinvigorate Russian society | 0:23:05 | 0:23:08 | |
in defence of the revolution against German imperialism | 0:23:08 | 0:23:13 | |
found a response among the Petrograd crowds. | 0:23:13 | 0:23:17 | |
A freedom loan, launched to support the revolution, had great success. | 0:23:17 | 0:23:22 | |
Patriotic fellow socialists from Allied countries, like the French socialist minister, Albert Thomas, | 0:23:28 | 0:23:35 | |
were welcomed on goodwill visits to cement Allied solidarity. | 0:23:35 | 0:23:39 | |
Thomas was very impressed. Eyes sparkling as he glanced about him, he said to the French Ambassador, | 0:23:39 | 0:23:47 | |
Now we see the revolution in all its grandeur and beauty. | 0:23:47 | 0:23:51 | |
The strength of Russian democracy lies in its revolutionary fervour. | 0:23:51 | 0:23:56 | |
Kerenski alone is capable of establishing, with the Soviet's aid, a government worthy of confidence. | 0:23:56 | 0:24:03 | |
Soon Kerenski was Minister of War in a new government, | 0:24:03 | 0:24:08 | |
which included members of the Soviet, and with dynamic confidence | 0:24:08 | 0:24:12 | |
he went ahead with his plans for the Russian army's summer campaign. | 0:24:12 | 0:24:18 | |
As in 1916, it was to take place in Galicia. | 0:24:18 | 0:24:23 | |
But in the army, the virus of revolution had spread. | 0:24:23 | 0:24:28 | |
The cracks in discipline were widening. | 0:24:28 | 0:24:31 | |
An English observer wrote, | 0:24:31 | 0:24:34 | |
Desertion had set in wholesale. | 0:24:34 | 0:24:36 | |
Few men left the front trenches, but as soon as they were moved into the reserves they decamped in a body. | 0:24:36 | 0:24:44 | |
The movement was something elemental. | 0:24:48 | 0:24:51 | |
They packed even the roofs of railway carriages. | 0:24:51 | 0:24:55 | |
A photograph of this was published in England entitled, "Russian Soldiers Hasten To The Front." | 0:24:55 | 0:25:01 | |
The Germans purposely left the front inactive | 0:25:01 | 0:25:05 | |
to encourage this crumbling of Russian discipline. | 0:25:05 | 0:25:09 | |
General Brusilov, victor of last year's campaign, | 0:25:12 | 0:25:17 | |
had to spend hours arguing with soldiers, delegates and committees who had their own strategic ideas. | 0:25:17 | 0:25:23 | |
However, Brusilov was optimistic. So was Kerenski, | 0:25:29 | 0:25:33 | |
who issued the order of the day - | 0:25:33 | 0:25:36 | |
I call on the army, fortified by the strength and spirit of the revolution, to take the offensive. | 0:25:36 | 0:25:43 | |
Kerenski's offensive was launched on July the 1st. | 0:25:43 | 0:25:47 | |
There were some initial gains. The Provisional Government issued an intoxicating communique. | 0:26:05 | 0:26:11 | |
July 1st has shown the whole world the might of a revolutionary army, | 0:26:11 | 0:26:16 | |
organised on democratic lines | 0:26:16 | 0:26:19 | |
and inspired by a firm belief in the ideas of the revolution. | 0:26:19 | 0:26:24 | |
It was a pipe dream. After a few days of partial breakthroughs, | 0:26:25 | 0:26:30 | |
the Russian offensive petered out. | 0:26:30 | 0:26:33 | |
The British military attache reported, | 0:27:02 | 0:27:05 | |
They had lost many officers and had no incentive to further effort. | 0:27:05 | 0:27:10 | |
They knew they could retire without being punished. | 0:27:10 | 0:27:14 | |
As a Russian artillery general expressed it, | 0:27:14 | 0:27:17 | |
"They felt lonely out in front, and went to their dugouts to sleep." | 0:27:17 | 0:27:22 | |
Then the Germans and Austrians counter-attacked. The rout of the Russian army was overwhelming. | 0:27:25 | 0:27:32 | |
The real meaning of the revolution now made itself felt. | 0:28:07 | 0:28:12 | |
It had meant a breakdown, not just of the Tsarist regime, but of Russia herself. | 0:28:12 | 0:28:19 | |
Solitary, helpless and dismayed, the individual Russian was looking for direction. | 0:28:19 | 0:28:26 | |
This was a chaos which anyone might exploit, | 0:28:26 | 0:28:30 | |
provided he was ruthless and single-minded enough. | 0:28:30 | 0:28:35 | |
Lenin was such a man. He constantly attacked the Provisional Government | 0:28:35 | 0:28:39 | |
and when the news of the disasters at the front reached Petrograd, it seemed that his moment had come. | 0:28:39 | 0:28:47 | |
Crowds flooded the streets, calling for peace, bread and freedom | 0:28:47 | 0:28:51 | |
and for the overthrow of the Provisional Government. | 0:28:51 | 0:28:55 | |
To foment an armed uprising, | 0:28:57 | 0:29:00 | |
the Bolsheviks called in sailors from the naval base at Kronstadt | 0:29:00 | 0:29:05 | |
Everything now depended on the loyalty of the army. | 0:29:05 | 0:29:09 | |
An observer wrote, | 0:29:09 | 0:29:11 | |
Looking onto the square, I saw an endless multitude | 0:29:11 | 0:29:16 | |
packing the entire space as far as the eye could reach. | 0:29:16 | 0:29:20 | |
A mass of placards and banners with Bolshevik slogans rose above them. | 0:29:20 | 0:29:25 | |
To the left, the black, ugly masses of armoured cars loomed up. | 0:29:25 | 0:29:29 | |
A French correspondent reported, | 0:29:29 | 0:29:32 | |
Suddenly a shot rang out. Whence had it come from? By whom and against whom had it been fired? | 0:29:32 | 0:29:39 | |
Nobody seemed to know, but it was immediately followed by other shots, | 0:29:39 | 0:29:43 | |
which soon increased to a wild fusillade, dominated by the sinister rattle of machine guns. | 0:29:43 | 0:29:49 | |
The bullets whizzed through the wildly fleeing crowd. | 0:29:49 | 0:29:54 | |
The army stood by the Provisional Government | 0:29:54 | 0:29:59 | |
and when it was announced that the Bolsheviks had been receiving funds from German sources | 0:29:59 | 0:30:05 | |
Lenin had to flee to Finland on a forged passport. | 0:30:05 | 0:30:09 | |
Other Bolsheviks, including Trotsky, were briefly arrested. | 0:30:09 | 0:30:13 | |
General Kornilov, the commander in chief, | 0:30:13 | 0:30:17 | |
unsatisfied with the Government's efforts to restore order and continue the war, | 0:30:17 | 0:30:22 | |
marched, with his troops, on Petrograd. | 0:30:22 | 0:30:25 | |
But Kerenski, afraid of being branded as a counter-revolutionary, | 0:30:25 | 0:30:30 | |
refused to accept his support. | 0:30:30 | 0:30:33 | |
He even enlisted Bolshevik aid to stop Kornilov | 0:30:33 | 0:30:37 | |
and thus armed his worst enemies. | 0:30:37 | 0:30:40 | |
Trotsky drilled the workers into a Bolshevik army - the Red Guard. | 0:30:40 | 0:30:45 | |
They were to act as shock troops when the moment came for the Bolsheviks to strike | 0:30:45 | 0:30:51 | |
and that moment was now not far off. | 0:30:51 | 0:30:55 | |
The Germans did their best to hasten it. | 0:31:01 | 0:31:04 | |
They launched an offensive in the north towards Petrograd, | 0:31:04 | 0:31:10 | |
turning the Russian flank above Riga by an amphibious landing on an island in the Gulf of Finland. | 0:31:10 | 0:31:17 | |
Hindenburg described the operation as, | 0:31:17 | 0:31:20 | |
The one completely successful enterprise on either side in which an army and a fleet cooperated. | 0:31:20 | 0:31:27 | |
Our plans were rendered so doubtful by bad weather at the outset | 0:31:27 | 0:31:31 | |
that we were already thinking of disembarking the troops on board. | 0:31:31 | 0:31:36 | |
The arrival of better weather let us proceed with the venture. | 0:31:36 | 0:31:40 | |
From that point, everything went like clockwork. | 0:31:40 | 0:31:44 | |
We succeeded in possessing ourselves of Osel | 0:32:50 | 0:32:54 | |
and the neighbouring islands. | 0:32:54 | 0:32:57 | |
One more pressure was thus added to the sense of crisis in the capital. | 0:32:57 | 0:33:02 | |
In Petrograd, and at the front, | 0:33:02 | 0:33:05 | |
Bolsheviks worked tirelessly. | 0:33:05 | 0:33:08 | |
Soldiers, do not trust these wolves in sheep's clothing! | 0:33:08 | 0:33:13 | |
They call you to fresh slaughter! Well, follow them if you like. | 0:33:13 | 0:33:18 | |
Let them pave the way for the return of the Tsar with your corpses! | 0:33:18 | 0:33:22 | |
Let your orphans, your widows and children, deserted by all, | 0:33:22 | 0:33:27 | |
pass again into slavery, hunger, beggary and disease! | 0:33:27 | 0:33:31 | |
The Bolshevik following multiplied. Lenin himself returned secretly to supervise the insurrection. | 0:33:31 | 0:33:37 | |
On November the 7th, in a superb stroke of political bluff, | 0:33:37 | 0:33:42 | |
Trotsky simply proclaimed that the Provisional Government had fallen and that the Soviet was in power. | 0:33:42 | 0:33:49 | |
20,000 Red Guards appeared on the streets. | 0:33:49 | 0:33:52 | |
Bolshevik oratory and subversion worked among the troops. | 0:33:52 | 0:33:57 | |
During the next few days, Trotsky's statement became a fact. | 0:33:57 | 0:34:01 | |
The Bolsheviks besieged the Winter Palace where the Provisional Government was protected | 0:34:01 | 0:34:08 | |
only by a few officer cadets and the women's battalion. | 0:34:08 | 0:34:13 | |
In a few hours, the Bolsheviks captured the Palace and arrested the Provisional Government. | 0:34:28 | 0:34:35 | |
The Provisional Government, like the Tsar before it, had fallen without a struggle. | 0:34:35 | 0:34:41 | |
Now Lenin could honour his promise of peace. | 0:34:41 | 0:34:47 | |
An armistice was arranged with the Germans, and Russian emissaries went to meet them at Brest Litovsk. | 0:34:47 | 0:34:53 | |
The two sides made a strange contrast. | 0:34:53 | 0:34:57 | |
The Germans - stiff, correct, experienced - | 0:34:57 | 0:35:00 | |
apparently with all the cards in their hands. | 0:35:00 | 0:35:04 | |
The Russians - nervous, uncertain - but with at least one good card. | 0:35:04 | 0:35:10 | |
They could play for time. | 0:35:10 | 0:35:12 | |
To counter the stranglehold of the Allied blockade, | 0:35:16 | 0:35:20 | |
the Germans and Austrians desperately needed access to the vast granaries of the Ukraine. | 0:35:20 | 0:35:27 | |
So they made a separate peace with the independent, anti-Bolshevik government of the Ukraine. | 0:35:27 | 0:35:34 | |
A peace treaty with Rumania, now near the end of her tether, followed. | 0:35:34 | 0:35:40 | |
But there was no peace with Russia. | 0:35:45 | 0:35:47 | |
The endless Bolshevik delaying tactics enraged the Germans. | 0:35:47 | 0:35:52 | |
They resumed their advance. | 0:35:52 | 0:35:54 | |
The Russian army did not try to fight, but fell back in a rabble. | 0:35:54 | 0:35:59 | |
"War is dead in the hearts of men," noted an American observer. | 0:35:59 | 0:36:04 | |
The Bolsheviks were forced to accept the harshest terms of peace. | 0:36:04 | 0:36:10 | |
The eastern front was finished. | 0:36:10 | 0:36:13 | |
Hindenburg said, | 0:36:21 | 0:36:23 | |
In spite of the peace with Russia, it was even now impossible | 0:36:23 | 0:36:27 | |
for us to transfer all our troops from the east. | 0:36:27 | 0:36:31 | |
It was necessary for us to leave behind strong German forces. | 0:36:31 | 0:36:36 | |
Our operations in the Ukraine were not yet at an end. | 0:36:36 | 0:36:41 | |
We had to penetrate into their country to restore order there. | 0:36:41 | 0:36:46 | |
Only when this had been done, had we any prospect of securing food from the Ukraine. | 0:36:46 | 0:36:52 | |
Of a very different import was the military assistance | 0:36:52 | 0:36:56 | |
which in the spring we sent to Finland in her war of liberation from Russian domination. | 0:36:56 | 0:37:03 | |
The Bolshevik government had not fulfilled the promise it made us | 0:37:03 | 0:37:08 | |
to evacuate this country. | 0:37:08 | 0:37:10 | |
We hoped, by assisting Finland, to get her on our side. | 0:37:10 | 0:37:15 | |
The rest of our fighting troops which still remained in the east | 0:38:02 | 0:38:07 | |
formed the source from which our western armies could be reinforced. | 0:38:07 | 0:38:12 | |
Now the patient, enduring German army | 0:38:12 | 0:38:16 | |
might at last bring off the decisive victory | 0:38:16 | 0:38:19 | |
which had escaped its grasp. | 0:38:19 | 0:38:22 | |
The troop trains rumbled across Europe, bearing division after division from east to west. | 0:38:28 | 0:38:35 | |
Every click of their wheels echoed the ticking away of precious time. | 0:38:35 | 0:38:40 | |
For Germany, it was now or never. | 0:38:40 | 0:38:43 | |
Subtitles by Morag Reive BBC Broadcast 2003 | 0:38:49 | 0:38:53 | |
E-mail us at [email protected] | 0:38:53 | 0:38:57 |