O San Steffan i Tennessee ‹ Dylan ar Daith

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-Adventurous Welsh people have -explored the world for centuries.	0:00:00	0:00:04
-Many have chronicled their stories -in words, pictures and maps.	0:00:04	0:00:09
-I'm researching their testimony -and following in their footsteps...	0:00:09	0:00:14
-..to the world's -most interesting places.	0:00:15	0:00:17
-They explored remote areas...	0:00:17	0:00:20
-..not knowing -who or what they'd encounter.	0:00:20	0:00:24
-This week, an early reporter -who ventured to America...	0:00:24	0:00:28
-..to witness events that changed -the history of the world.	0:00:28	0:00:32
-It was in London that a man -named John Griffith shot to fame.	0:00:45	0:00:49
-He earned the pseudonym, -Y Gohebydd (The Reporter).	0:00:49	0:00:52
-He was -the first Welsh-speaking reporter.	0:00:52	0:00:55
-Shortly after -Mr Gladstone's budget...	0:00:56	0:00:59
-..the Tories -convened at Mr Disraeli's home.	0:00:59	0:01:02
-A council of war was held, -plans of attack were agreed.	0:01:02	0:01:06
-Poor Diz! I can't recall him -ever suffering such a trouncing!	0:01:06	0:01:11
-He wrote in the days -of Disraeli and Gladstone...	0:01:11	0:01:14
-..reporting on events -in Westminster.	0:01:15	0:01:17
-Praise is largely attributed -to John Griffith...	0:01:20	0:01:23
-..for teaching the Welsh -about politics...	0:01:23	0:01:26
-..in an era when ordinary folk -began to take a stand.	0:01:26	0:01:30
-In workhouses and shops...	0:01:33	0:01:35
-..people congregated to hear Y -Gohebydd's letter being read aloud.	0:01:35	0:01:39
-It was written -in colourful, clear Welsh.	0:01:40	0:01:42
-It threw new light -on important matters of the day.	0:01:42	0:01:46
-From war to taxes.	0:01:46	0:01:48
-He was the first -professional full-time reporter.	0:01:49	0:01:52
-He was -the first political correspondent.	0:01:53	0:01:55
-He succeeded in keeping -the general readership of Y Faner...	0:01:55	0:02:00
-..abreast of events -in the House of Commons.	0:02:00	0:02:03
-He was a short man with a big head, -a soft voice, a nasty cough...	0:02:03	0:02:08
-..and a sharp, astute mind.	0:02:08	0:02:10
-Though born in Barmouth in 1821...	0:02:10	0:02:12
-..his mother's family -hailed from Llanbrynmair.	0:02:13	0:02:16
-His uncle - Samuel Roberts, SR, was -a very prominent man at the time.	0:02:16	0:02:21
-He began writing for another uncle, -John Roberts, in Y Cronicl...	0:02:21	0:02:26
-..before moving on -to Baner ac Amserau Cymru.	0:02:26	0:02:29
-For 20 years, he was the voice -of this leading newspaper.	0:02:29	0:02:34
-Newspapers were the driving force -of the political world.	0:02:34	0:02:38
-At the helm was Thomas Gee, -the radical owner of Y Faner.	0:02:38	0:02:42
-John Griffith was the stoker.	0:02:42	0:02:45
-No meeting was complete without the -sound of Y Gohebydd's hacking cough.	0:02:45	0:02:51
-He was a poor public speaker.	0:02:51	0:02:53
-He'd stand up, -struggle to find the words...	0:02:53	0:02:56
-..and sit back down -without uttering a word.	0:02:56	0:02:59
-But on paper, -no-one was more eloquent.	0:02:59	0:03:02
-Y Gohebydd not only -brought the news to the public...	0:03:03	0:03:06
-..he went in search of news.	0:03:06	0:03:08
-He travelled everywhere by rail...	0:03:09	0:03:11
-..and earned the nickname, -Pob Man (Everywhere).	0:03:11	0:03:15
-He was one of the founding members -of the University of Wales.	0:03:15	0:03:19
-He travelled around Wales -during the 1868 General Election...	0:03:19	0:03:23
-..and observed -the revolt against Tory landlords.	0:03:23	0:03:27
-He set up a fund -to aid the tenants of Ceredigion...	0:03:27	0:03:30
-..who had been -evicted from their farms.	0:03:31	0:03:33
-How important was he to Y Faner?	0:03:33	0:03:36
-He was essential to Y Faner...	0:03:36	0:03:38
-..and one of the most influential -people in Wales during the 19thC.	0:03:38	0:03:43
-I say that because in the world -of newspaper journalism...	0:03:43	0:03:48
-..he earned the pseudonym, -Y Gohebydd (The Reporter)...	0:03:48	0:03:53
-..as if he were -the only reporter in the world!	0:03:53	0:03:56
-To be that famous says a lot.	0:03:56	0:04:00
-But he's also an important man...	0:04:00	0:04:03
-..in terms of forming this -Nonconformist, Liberal stance...	0:04:03	0:04:08
-..which was so powerful in Wales -during the second half of the 19thC.	0:04:08	0:04:12
-To a large extent, -religion was politics.	0:04:13	0:04:17
-Liberals and Nonconformists -on one side...	0:04:17	0:04:20
-..Tories and churchgoers -on the other.	0:04:21	0:04:24
-They fought over paying the tithe -and the regulation of schools.	0:04:24	0:04:29
-John Griffith came from -a family of devout Independents.	0:04:29	0:04:33
-He went to London as a grocer, -but his political spirit...	0:04:34	0:04:37
-..led to him becoming a reporter, -and not solely in London.	0:04:38	0:04:42
-His enthusiasm, his interest -in people and his writing ability...	0:04:42	0:04:46
-..took him to America...	0:04:47	0:04:49
-..at a time -when the country was in turmoil.	0:04:49	0:04:53
-Between 1861-1865, the American -Civil War divided the country.	0:04:53	0:04:58
-People in Wales -had been avidly following the story.	0:04:59	0:05:03
-Thousands of Welsh people -were embroiled in the conflict.	0:05:03	0:05:07
-During the time of the Civil War...	0:05:08	0:05:11
-..Y Gohebydd's interest -in the fighting grows...	0:05:11	0:05:15
-..and he dreams of going to America, -once the war is over...	0:05:16	0:05:21
-..to visit some of the battlegrounds -and witness the aftermath.	0:05:21	0:05:26
-That's Y Gohebydd's -most important trait as a reporter.	0:05:27	0:05:32
-He wants to go there, see -for himself and speak to the people.	0:05:32	0:05:36
-Like many -of America's Welsh contingent...	0:05:36	0:05:40
-..Y Gohebydd sailed from Liverpool.	0:05:40	0:05:43
-He was heading to an Independents' -conference in Boston.	0:05:43	0:05:47
-A public send-off -was held in Liverpool.	0:05:47	0:05:51
-John Griffith, however, -wanted to do more than that.	0:05:51	0:05:54
-He wanted to explore.	0:05:55	0:05:57
-The voyage -was part of the epic adventure.	0:05:57	0:06:00
-The ship rolled along, as if -it had colic, as if it were drunk.	0:06:00	0:06:04
-All I could do -was cling to my bed...	0:06:04	0:06:07
-..to stop me -from rolling over the side.	0:06:07	0:06:10
-But now the ship has sobered up.	0:06:15	0:06:17
-The sea has stopped frowning.	0:06:17	0:06:20
-The City Of London reached New York -at 10.00am on Monday.	0:06:23	0:06:26
-Everyone on board -was alive and well.	0:06:26	0:06:30
-John Griffith -spent two years travelling America.	0:06:40	0:06:44
-He wanted to visit the Welsh...	0:06:44	0:06:46
-..and witness -the effects of the Civil War.	0:06:47	0:06:50
-He arrived -within weeks of the war ending...	0:06:50	0:06:53
-..and two months after President -Abraham Lincoln was assassinated.	0:06:53	0:06:58
-I'm here to follow -in Y Gohebydd's footsteps...	0:06:58	0:07:01
-..and visit the places he once -visited to compare our experiences.	0:07:02	0:07:06
-In the sweltering heat -of June 1865...	0:07:13	0:07:16
-..John Griffith, Y Gohebydd, -landed in New York...	0:07:16	0:07:20
-..a city which was -rapidly growing in size and wealth.	0:07:20	0:07:24
-It was almost as busy -as it is today.	0:07:24	0:07:26
-He wanted to see how the Welsh -made it in the New World.	0:07:26	0:07:30
-And it was indeed a new world.	0:07:30	0:07:34
-Hundreds of thousands of incomers -landed in New York each year.	0:07:36	0:07:40
-During John Griffith's time, -most came from Ireland, Germany...	0:07:40	0:07:45
-..and the British Isles, -but from all over Europe as well.	0:07:46	0:07:49
-It's hard to gauge the exact figure -of Welsh immigrants in the US...	0:07:50	0:07:54
-..but John Griffith's friend, -Iorthyn Gwynedd...	0:07:54	0:07:57
-..estimated there were -300,000 Welsh immigrants...	0:07:58	0:08:01
-..with more than -100,000 Welsh speakers.	0:08:01	0:08:04
-Some were searching for -political and religious freedom...	0:08:04	0:08:07
-..but most -were searching for a better life.	0:08:08	0:08:11
-Gwalia's version -of the American Dream.	0:08:11	0:08:14
-Along with these intrepid immigrants -came new resources.	0:08:14	0:08:19
-Oil, coal, iron -and countless acres of farmland.	0:08:19	0:08:23
-Following the Civil War, America -became an international superpower.	0:08:23	0:08:28
-During the mid-19th century, -America was so vast...	0:08:29	0:08:32
-..and abundant in resources...	0:08:32	0:08:35
-..that it had an advantage -over other countries...	0:08:35	0:08:39
-..because it was -all happening for the first time.	0:08:39	0:08:42
-It was a new world, -to all intents and purposes.	0:08:43	0:08:46
-It evolved -following the American Civil War.	0:08:46	0:08:50
-The era was full of turmoil.	0:08:50	0:08:52
-The country was unified.	0:08:52	0:08:54
-Many areas -were emerging for the first time.	0:08:55	0:08:58
-John Griffith tried to create -a clear picture for people at home.	0:09:01	0:09:06
-Manhattan Island -was New York City at the time.	0:09:06	0:09:10
-He said it resembled Liverpool.	0:09:10	0:09:13
-Brooklyn resembled Birkenhead.	0:09:13	0:09:15
-If you knew Liverpool...	0:09:15	0:09:17
-..then you were familiar with -sailing boats and fishing boats...	0:09:18	0:09:22
-..but you never would've seen -the monster steamers...	0:09:22	0:09:25
-..the new, enormous -luxurious sailing vessels...	0:09:26	0:09:29
-..that sailed in and out -of this remarkable port.	0:09:30	0:09:33
-This is the kind of weather -John Griffith would've encountered.	0:09:49	0:09:54
-He would've lived here, on Chatham -Street, which is now Park Row.	0:09:54	0:09:59
-Before Brooklyn Bridge was built, a -hotel called The Cambria stood here.	0:09:59	0:10:04
-It was an alcohol-free hotel -and a brand spanking new structure.	0:10:04	0:10:08
-Eleazar Jones was its owner.	0:10:09	0:10:11
-One of the guests in 1865 -was John Griffith, Y Gohebydd.	0:10:11	0:10:15
-John Griffith was interested -in the small things in life.	0:10:19	0:10:23
-He observed people's way of life.	0:10:23	0:10:26
-He marvelled -at new agricultural machinery...	0:10:26	0:10:29
-..a cheese factory or an oil field.	0:10:29	0:10:32
-He adored new, fashionable hotels, -like Eleazar Jones'...	0:10:32	0:10:36
-..and all kinds of other fashions.	0:10:36	0:10:39
-By now it was teatime...	0:10:39	0:10:42
-..or dinner time, -in terms of the day's mealtimes.	0:10:42	0:10:46
-Breakfast, lunch -and dinner at six o'clock.	0:10:46	0:10:49
-Tomatoes.	0:10:51	0:10:53
-These tomatoes -are totally foreign to us in Wales.	0:10:53	0:10:56
-But for the past six weeks, -I can't remember eating one meal...	0:10:56	0:11:01
-..be it breakfast, lunch or dinner, -that hasn't included tomato.	0:11:01	0:11:05
-I can't truly say -that I like them...	0:11:06	0:11:09
-..but I've yet to meet a person...	0:11:10	0:11:12
-..who's lived in the country for two -years and who doesn't like tomatoes.	0:11:12	0:11:18
-John Griffith spoke to everybody.	0:11:18	0:11:21
-He observed how the Welsh -came to the big city twice a year...	0:11:21	0:11:25
-..to buy clothes and food -for the coming months.	0:11:25	0:11:29
-He heard from some of the Welsh who -had suffered during the Civil War.	0:11:31	0:11:36
-Y Gohebydd saw his first -dramatic scene here on Broadway.	0:11:37	0:11:41
-One of the armies of the North -was returning from war.	0:11:41	0:11:44
-He walked with the soldiers -and spoke to them.	0:11:44	0:11:47
-Seeing the old, ragged flag waving -in the wind in front of the army...	0:11:50	0:11:54
-..and the burnt yellow faces of men -carrying guns on their shoulders...	0:11:55	0:11:59
-..and knapsacks on their backs...	0:12:00	0:12:02
-..containing their worldly -possessions on the battlefield.	0:12:02	0:12:06
-This scene -was enough to bring a man to tears.	0:12:06	0:12:09
-This was the real American army...	0:12:09	0:12:12
-..on their homeward march from war.	0:12:12	0:12:15
-Pity for them.	0:12:15	0:12:17
-He described the ragged banner -and the yellow faces.	0:12:21	0:12:25
-He thought about the families -who were awaiting them...	0:12:25	0:12:29
-..not knowing -if they were alive or dead.	0:12:29	0:12:32
-Each one of these men -has a mother somewhere.	0:12:32	0:12:35
-And a father, sister and brothers.	0:12:35	0:12:39
-They must have shed many tears -since their departure...	0:12:39	0:12:43
-..and endured many sleepless nights.	0:12:43	0:12:45
-What a joy it will be to see their -yellow faces on their safe return.	0:12:46	0:12:51
-Their victorious return...	0:12:51	0:12:53
-..having done their duty.	0:12:54	0:12:56
-.	0:13:03	0:13:04
-Subtitles	0:13:05	0:13:05
-Subtitles - -Subtitles	0:13:05	0:13:07
-John Griffith, Y Gohebydd, -was a restless soul.	0:13:08	0:13:13
-He travelled -the length and breadth of Wales...	0:13:13	0:13:16
-..before venturing to America.	0:13:17	0:13:19
-That's why he became a reporter, -having been enchanted...	0:13:19	0:13:24
-..by this new industry.	0:13:24	0:13:26
-His family remember him as -a nine-year-old staying up late...	0:13:26	0:13:30
-..to meet the wagon which delivered -the latest copy of Y Dysgedydd.	0:13:31	0:13:36
-That romance and enthusiasm -comes across in his articles.	0:13:37	0:13:41
-He wrote on the move, -in hotel rooms and train carriages.	0:13:42	0:13:46
-He had two definite aims -on his travels.	0:13:47	0:13:50
-To witness -the aftermath of the war...	0:13:50	0:13:52
-..and visit his uncle, -Samuel Roberts Llanbrynmair...	0:13:53	0:13:56
-..who had moved to Tennessee to -establish a liberated Welsh colony.	0:13:56	0:14:01
-With this in mind, -I've set myself a task.	0:14:01	0:14:03
-There may be nothing left -of the Brynffynnon colony today...	0:14:04	0:14:08
-..but I aim -to discover its location.	0:14:08	0:14:11
-John Griffith capitalized on -his era's new invention - the train.	0:14:11	0:14:16
-Several new inventions -were introduced in the 1860s...	0:14:16	0:14:19
-..but the train must've been -one of the most important.	0:14:20	0:14:23
-By the end of the 1860s, for -the first time it was possible...	0:14:24	0:14:29
-..to travel safely, -within the timeframe of a day...	0:14:29	0:14:34
-..from one area of Wales to another.	0:14:34	0:14:36
-It was revolutionary at the time.	0:14:37	0:14:39
-If you look -at countries like America...	0:14:46	0:14:49
-..where distances -between states are so vast...	0:14:50	0:14:53
-..the train made a major impact.	0:14:54	0:14:57
-People felt that the pace -of their lives had quickened.	0:14:57	0:15:01
-The train was a symbol -of what was happening.	0:15:02	0:15:06
-It changed the nature of commerce.	0:15:06	0:15:08
-It changed the way people traded -and communicated with one another.	0:15:08	0:15:14
-Public trains -were few and far between...	0:15:23	0:15:26
-..although John Griffith -travelled everywhere by train.	0:15:27	0:15:31
-It gave him a chance -to engage with people...	0:15:31	0:15:34
-..and write about them.	0:15:34	0:15:36
-The train also opened up the West...	0:15:36	0:15:39
-..and allowed white people, for -better or worse, to occupy new land.	0:15:39	0:15:43
-It was nightfall -when I left Jersey City.	0:15:44	0:15:47
-But it was insufferably humid.	0:15:48	0:15:50
-It was impossible to move a hand -or foot without perspiring heavily.	0:15:50	0:15:55
-We perspired while walking -and perspired while sitting.	0:15:55	0:15:59
-Though the US is perfect for a fast, -reliable and green rail service...	0:16:04	0:16:09
-..cars and aeroplanes -always take precedence.	0:16:09	0:16:14
-But John Griffith took the train -to the southern states...	0:16:14	0:16:18
-..notorious for -cotton plantations and slavery.	0:16:18	0:16:22
-The South had been defeated -in the Civil War.	0:16:22	0:16:25
-He made more than one journey there.	0:16:27	0:16:30
-Once to see what had happened to the -cotton plantations and the slaves...	0:16:30	0:16:35
-..but the first time, -he went to visit the battlefields...	0:16:36	0:16:40
-..a journey of 3,500 miles.	0:16:40	0:16:42
-The railways opened up America.	0:16:44	0:16:46
-They also dictated where exactly -John Griffith would go.	0:16:46	0:16:51
-When he came to the southern states -for the first time...	0:16:51	0:16:55
-..the railways had recently reopened -after the Civil War.	0:16:55	0:16:58
-The stations were in a worse state -than they are today.	0:16:58	0:17:02
-While journeying to Corinth, one of -the most important battlefields...	0:17:04	0:17:08
-..he travelled on one of the first -railways to reopen after the war.	0:17:08	0:17:13
-Everyone was happy to see -the iron horse resume its duties.	0:17:13	0:17:17
-Despite the ragged appearance -of our carriage...	0:17:17	0:17:21
-..and the speed at which -we travelled, a mere 12mph...	0:17:21	0:17:25
-..there were -no complaints from anyone.	0:17:25	0:17:29
-If the railways were in a poor -state, the villages were much worse.	0:17:32	0:17:37
-He describes some villages -with only one building standing.	0:17:37	0:17:41
-Readers of Y Faner had -frequent updates on the Civil War.	0:17:44	0:17:48
-They were familiar -with the names and characters.	0:17:48	0:17:52
-John Griffith -transported them there.	0:17:52	0:17:54
-He adeptly created the scene -and made these places come alive.	0:17:55	0:17:59
-He spoke to Welsh immigrants...	0:17:59	0:18:02
-..to discover how the war -had directly affected them.	0:18:02	0:18:06
-He knew -it would strike a chord at home.	0:18:06	0:18:09
-No other nation was as loyal -to the government as the Welsh.	0:18:09	0:18:13
-I was told -by one of the Union generals...	0:18:14	0:18:18
-..that no other nation of people, -in terms of size...	0:18:18	0:18:22
-..had excelled themselves more -during the war...	0:18:22	0:18:25
-..and been promoted up the ranks -than the Welsh contingent.	0:18:26	0:18:30
-He talks of one battle in which -many young men had fought...	0:18:32	0:18:36
-..but few returned.	0:18:37	0:18:38
-He mentions a Montgomeryshire man -who'd lost two brothers...	0:18:39	0:18:42
-..and a Welsh father -who'd travelled 2,000 miles...	0:18:43	0:18:46
-..to collect his son's body.	0:18:46	0:18:48
-Each personal account tugged at the -heart strings of readers in Wales.	0:18:48	0:18:53
-On that first journey, -the wounds were fresh.	0:19:01	0:19:04
-Remnants of war were visible in -areas that are familiar to us now...	0:19:04	0:19:09
-..for completely different reasons - -Nashville, Tennessee, for example.	0:19:09	0:19:14
-It was here that Y Gohebydd -met up with his uncle, SR.	0:19:14	0:19:17
-He was a man -caught up in the conflict.	0:19:18	0:19:20
-In SR's words, "The lamentable -effects of war are everywhere.	0:19:20	0:19:25
-"Not only on the roads, -the fields and abodes...	0:19:25	0:19:28
-"..but also etched on the spirit -of the residents."	0:19:28	0:19:31
-Then Y Gohebydd -begins his description.	0:19:32	0:19:35
-The place is in ruins.	0:19:36	0:19:37
-And massacre, the likes of which -the world has never seen before.	0:19:38	0:19:42
-It will take a long time and -a great deal of effort and money...	0:19:42	0:19:47
-..to rebuild the cities, villages -and abodes that were destroyed...	0:19:47	0:19:52
-..during the war.	0:19:52	0:19:54
-In Corinth, -two black men took Y Gohebydd...	0:19:59	0:20:02
-..to one of -the most famous battlefields.	0:20:02	0:20:05
-They picked up shrapnel, -a few shells and countless bullets.	0:20:05	0:20:09
-They saw large cemeteries -and individual graves...	0:20:10	0:20:13
-..where soldiers -had been buried in haste.	0:20:13	0:20:16
-I was struck by a feeling -I'm unable to describe on paper...	0:20:16	0:20:20
-..whilst walking across -the Corinth battlefield.	0:20:21	0:20:25
-Fields -where rivers of blood had flowed.	0:20:25	0:20:29
-This is the war cemetery.	0:20:30	0:20:32
-Everything is neat, -tidy and nice here today.	0:20:32	0:20:35
-But it was very different -when John Griffith was here.	0:20:36	0:20:39
-The remnants of war were evident.	0:20:39	0:20:42
-The memory -and the graves were fresh.	0:20:42	0:20:45
-Suddenly, he came across a headstone -inscribed with a Welsh name.	0:20:45	0:20:49
-He thought about -the grieving family back home...	0:20:49	0:20:53
-..and remembered the son who -was killed thousands of miles away.	0:20:53	0:20:57
-I saw -an individual soldier's grave...	0:20:59	0:21:01
-..flanked by -two others in front of it...	0:21:02	0:21:05
-..with a Welsh name -painted on a plank of wood.	0:21:05	0:21:08
-"SD Humphreys, Company B...	0:21:09	0:21:12
-"..47 Illinois.	0:21:12	0:21:14
-"Killed, 3 October 1862."	0:21:14	0:21:17
-There are certainly friends -somewhere grieving...	0:21:17	0:21:21
-..and no doubt a mother and father, -brothers and sisters in Wales.	0:21:21	0:21:25
-Who knows?	0:21:26	0:21:28
-Thousands are buried in the valley -beneath the verdant fields...	0:21:28	0:21:32
-..with not as much as a plank -of beech to denote where they lie.	0:21:32	0:21:37
-You can imagine the effect -that description would've had...	0:21:39	0:21:44
-..on people back home in Wales...	0:21:44	0:21:46
-..and those listening open mouthed.	0:21:47	0:21:49
-It highlighted the futility of war.	0:21:49	0:21:52
-The Civil War lasted four years.	0:21:53	0:21:57
-Four million men -fought in the conflict.	0:21:57	0:22:00
-It's estimated -that 600,000 of them were killed.	0:22:00	0:22:04
-Large swathes -of central and southern America...	0:22:04	0:22:07
-..were embroiled in the conflict.	0:22:08	0:22:10
-The southern states were defeated -and slavery was abolished.	0:22:10	0:22:14
-The outcome had a huge impact -on the world's history.	0:22:14	0:22:18
-When John Griffith -travelled these parts...	0:22:19	0:22:23
-..the remnants of war were evident.	0:22:23	0:22:25
-It's hard to imagine -in today's tranquillity.	0:22:26	0:22:29
-Large areas of this land -had never been farmed.	0:22:29	0:22:32
-It was waiting to be cultivated.	0:22:32	0:22:35
-Though he had met SR -during his travels...	0:22:35	0:22:38
-..John Griffith's main aim -was to visit Brynffynnon...	0:22:38	0:22:41
-..the Welsh colony that SR -had tried to establish in Tennessee.	0:22:42	0:22:46
-He wasn't the first to dream -of acquiring land for the Welsh.	0:22:46	0:22:50
-He and others from Llanbrynmair -had purchased land...	0:22:51	0:22:54
-..to create a free, -Welsh Nonconformist paradise.	0:22:54	0:22:58
-He wasn't the first to buy land -and notice there was a difference...	0:22:58	0:23:03
-..between quantity and quality.	0:23:03	0:23:05
-The reality -didn't live up to the dream.	0:23:05	0:23:08
-Documents about the venture -exist to this day...	0:23:10	0:23:14
-..at Knoxville University's library.	0:23:14	0:23:17
-Legal letters and documents.	0:23:17	0:23:19
-Documents -that show how things went awry...	0:23:19	0:23:22
-..and a prospectus that demonstrates -how SR and comrades...	0:23:23	0:23:27
-..had invested large sums of money -to attract more Welsh to the area.	0:23:27	0:23:31
-They were beset by legal problems.	0:23:33	0:23:36
-Years later, SR's descendants -sill fought for justice.	0:23:36	0:23:40
-But this was new territory. -It was hard to prove ownership.	0:23:41	0:23:45
-There's nothing like touching -the actual documents themselves...	0:23:47	0:23:52
-..and seeing Samuel Roberts' -signature from 150 years ago.	0:23:53	0:23:56
-Where exactly was the location -of his home in Brynffynnon...	0:23:56	0:24:01
-..where John Griffith spent -several weeks helping on the farm?	0:24:01	0:24:05
-My main goal is to -try and find Brynffynnon today.	0:24:06	0:24:10
-Apparently, it no longer exists.	0:24:10	0:24:13
-There's a gap in the articles during -Y Gohebydd's time at Brynffynnon.	0:24:16	0:24:21
-He mentions arriving there -and not much more.	0:24:21	0:24:24
-SR's journals mention his -conversations and work on the farm.	0:24:25	0:24:29
-A few entries in SR's journal...	0:24:29	0:24:32
-..refer to life's hardships -in all kinds of ways.	0:24:32	0:24:36
-He reveals that he and Y Gohebydd -suffered with diarrhoea.	0:24:36	0:24:40
-In another, he refers to -the arduous journey to collect corn.	0:24:40	0:24:45
-Even today, as it was -for John Griffith on horseback...	0:24:45	0:24:49
-..the sheer size of the United -States is enough to stun a Welshman.	0:24:49	0:24:54
-Brynffynnon, -letter dated 27 July 1866.	0:24:55	0:25:00
-Here I am at last, -at Uncle Sam's table...	0:25:00	0:25:03
-..in Brynffynnon, in -the Cumberland hills, Tennessee.	0:25:04	0:25:08
-I think it was here, or at least -within a few hundreds yards...	0:25:13	0:25:17
-..that Brynffynnon, SR's home, -was situated.	0:25:18	0:25:21
-It would've been a mammoth task -to chop down the trees...	0:25:21	0:25:25
-..build a house -and experiment with crops.	0:25:25	0:25:28
-SR's problem was that far fewer -Welsh people than expected...	0:25:28	0:25:33
-..had purchased land.	0:25:33	0:25:35
-On top of that, some used -legal ruses to steal land.	0:25:36	0:25:39
-Tennessee was -also caught up in the fighting...	0:25:39	0:25:42
-..on the border between -the southern and northern states.	0:25:43	0:25:46
-The fighting ebbed and flowed -through the area like the tide.	0:25:47	0:25:50
-By the time John Griffith arrived...	0:25:51	0:25:53
-..it was clear -the venture was about to fail.	0:25:54	0:25:57
-The adventure -only lasted a few years...	0:25:58	0:26:01
-..and the Brynffynnon community -vanished.	0:26:01	0:26:04
-It is only by studying old maps...	0:26:04	0:26:07
-..comparing them to today's maps -and following land and river...	0:26:08	0:26:12
-..that it is possible to be -fairly certain of SR's whereabouts.	0:26:12	0:26:17
-By the time John Griffith arrived, -the end was nigh.	0:26:20	0:26:24
-Brynffynnon -is overgrown with trees once again.	0:26:24	0:26:28
-Finding Brynffynnon -was my first challenge.	0:26:28	0:26:31
-The next step was to trace John -Griffith's journey to the South...	0:26:31	0:26:36
-..to see where he was when he wrote -his most dramatic descriptions.	0:26:36	0:26:41
-Excerpts -that are still as poignant today.	0:26:41	0:26:44
-It would take me to the heart -of the cotton industry...	0:26:44	0:26:48
-..and to the centre of slavery, -where an entire race was persecuted.	0:26:48	0:26:53
-.	0:26:54	0:26:55
-Subtitles	0:26:56	0:26:56
-Subtitles - -Subtitles	0:26:56	0:26:58
-When John Griffith, Y Gohebydd, -reached the South, it was in ruins.	0:27:02	0:27:06
-Remnants of the Civil War were -everywhere in Alabama, Tennessee.	0:27:06	0:27:10
-This was where -slavery lasted the longest.	0:27:11	0:27:14
-Today, some are still reactionary -and quite right wing.	0:27:14	0:27:18
-John Griffith stayed -with a Welshman from Ceredigion.	0:27:19	0:27:23
-He was a Union army captain -who had acquired land in the South.	0:27:23	0:27:27
-These were the cotton plantations.	0:27:31	0:27:33
-Wealthy estates that grew cotton -crops to clothe most of the world.	0:27:33	0:27:37
-Hundreds of thousands of slaves -toiled in the fields...	0:27:38	0:27:41
-..and were treated like dirt.	0:27:41	0:27:44
-Cotton farms still exist today but -their methods are very different.	0:27:45	0:27:50
-Jared farms 100-acre fields.	0:27:50	0:27:53
-Like sheep farming in Wales...	0:27:53	0:27:55
-..it's much more than a business.	0:27:55	0:27:58
-Although international competition -undermines the industry...	0:27:58	0:28:02
-..many still persevere.	0:28:02	0:28:04
-I guess there's an emotional, -kind of a romantic connection...	0:28:04	0:28:09
-..part of our culture.	0:28:09	0:28:11
-We don't wear corn hats, -or have corn tags on our truck...	0:28:11	0:28:15
-..we wear cotton hats.	0:28:15	0:28:17
-People at church don't ask me, -"How's the wheat?"	0:28:17	0:28:20
-They ask me, "How's the cotton?"	0:28:20	0:28:22
-From since I was a small child, -it's what the farm was founded on.	0:28:22	0:28:27
-It got us to where we're at.	0:28:27	0:28:29
-It's a part of our culture, -whether we even realize it or not.	0:28:29	0:28:33
-Giant machinery -replaces slave labour nowadays.	0:28:36	0:28:39
-This machine is worth 500,000 -and uses satellite technology...	0:28:40	0:28:44
-..to follow the cotton rows.	0:28:44	0:28:47
-After that, we saw -two or three cotton gins at work.	0:28:48	0:28:52
-It's a machine that resembles -the wool factory's 'devil'.	0:28:52	0:28:57
-The ears of corn are beaten -to a pulp to extract the seed...	0:28:58	0:29:03
-..which falls to a chamber below...	0:29:03	0:29:05
-..leaving large, clean -cotton rolls at the other end.	0:29:06	0:29:10
-The cotton gins were new devices -in John Griffith's day...	0:29:12	0:29:16
-..used to treat the cotton.	0:29:16	0:29:19
-The basic technology -remains the same.	0:29:19	0:29:22
-The parts are carefully cleaned -in preparation for another harvest.	0:29:22	0:29:27
-It's the abject topic of slavery...	0:29:36	0:29:38
-..which weighs heavily on my mind.	0:29:38	0:29:41
-Y Gohebydd -lived through those times.	0:29:41	0:29:44
-My knowledge -is gleaned from museums.	0:29:44	0:29:47
-I can only pore over the written -records of the slave trade...	0:29:58	0:30:03
-..whereas John Griffith -was privy to it.	0:30:03	0:30:06
-He came to America to find out -what had happened to the Welsh...	0:30:06	0:30:10
-..and also to witness what was -happening to the black population.	0:30:10	0:30:15
-He'd written -a great deal about them.	0:30:15	0:30:17
-He'd been in protest meetings -against slavery in Liverpool.	0:30:18	0:30:22
-He, along with many other Welsh -radical Nonconformist Liberals...	0:30:22	0:30:26
-..were greatly affected by it.	0:30:27	0:30:29
-By the time Y Gohebydd reached the -deep South, the slaves were free.	0:30:30	0:30:34
-He'd talked to many of them -about their experiences.	0:30:34	0:30:38
-Collecting cotton was hard labour.	0:30:38	0:30:41
-It took its toll -on the body and hands.	0:30:41	0:30:44
-It was the slaves who led -the oxen and the wagons to market.	0:30:44	0:30:48
-"The slave and the ox belonged to -the same master" said John Griffith.	0:30:48	0:30:53
-There was -little difference between them.	0:30:53	0:30:57
-John Griffith uses the word nigger, -as was used back then.	0:30:57	0:31:00
-He has deep sympathy -for the black population.	0:31:01	0:31:04
-He empathises with them as people.	0:31:04	0:31:07
-In front of me is a list of slaves -belonging to one particular estate.	0:31:10	0:31:15
-It's a completely stark -business record.	0:31:16	0:31:19
-In a strange way, it goes to show -the barbarity of slavery.	0:31:19	0:31:23
-It's a list of first names only.	0:31:23	0:31:27
-Names of the slaves, -their age, colour...	0:31:27	0:31:31
-..and condition of their health...	0:31:31	0:31:34
-..along with a suggestion -of what they were good for...	0:31:34	0:31:37
-..just like a farmer -would make a list of his stock.	0:31:37	0:31:41
-What turned John Griffith's stomach -the most were the slave farms.	0:31:43	0:31:47
-Landowners who reared slaves...	0:31:48	0:31:51
-..in order to sell them -to other masters.	0:31:51	0:31:54
-Slaves raised in the states -of Virginia and Kentucky...	0:31:56	0:32:00
-..were reared in the same way as -bullocks, donkeys, pigs and sheep.	0:32:00	0:32:06
-They were sent to market -to profit from them.	0:32:06	0:32:10
-To the south of Washington, -in the old town of Alexandria...	0:32:11	0:32:15
-..he witnessed something -that greatly affected him.	0:32:15	0:32:18
-An auction house owned by Price, -Birch & Company Dealers In Slaves.	0:32:19	0:32:23
-He recreated the scene in a letter -to enlighten the Welsh back home.	0:32:23	0:32:27
-Farmers from neighbouring areas -would send their slaves to market.	0:32:29	0:32:34
-From here -they would herd them down river...	0:32:35	0:32:38
-..like they were -herding cattle to market.	0:32:38	0:32:40
-One day I went there to observe.	0:32:41	0:32:43
-I saw where the slaves were fed...	0:32:43	0:32:47
-..and the underground cells in -which they were locked up at night.	0:32:47	0:32:52
-My memories of that building, -with its bolts and iron doors...	0:32:52	0:32:57
-..are enough, even in this heat, -to make a man's blood run cold.	0:32:58	0:33:03
-John Griffith talks about slavery...	0:33:08	0:33:10
-..to which he was vehemently -opposed, and its abolition.	0:33:11	0:33:15
-How typical was his reaction? Was -it the typical opinion of the Welsh?	0:33:15	0:33:20
-Many people in Wales itself, and -the Welsh contingent in America...	0:33:20	0:33:26
-..were against slavery.	0:33:27	0:33:29
-The majority of those fought for -the Union armies in the Civil War.	0:33:29	0:33:34
-In that sense, Y Gohebydd -reflects the sentiment of the time.	0:33:36	0:33:41
-John Griffith -was opposed to slavery...	0:33:42	0:33:45
-..and in favour -of liberating black slaves.	0:33:45	0:33:48
-The highlight of his trip was -being at the senate in Washington...	0:33:49	0:33:53
-..when a law was passed, securing -civil rights for black people.	0:33:53	0:33:57
-Y Gohebydd said, even if he'd lived -to Methuselah's age...	0:34:01	0:34:05
-..he'd never forget -those scenes in Washington.	0:34:05	0:34:09
-Even during the most -exciting events in Westminster...	0:34:09	0:34:12
-..he'd never seen such emotion -as when the law was passed.	0:34:13	0:34:16
-As he said himself...	0:34:17	0:34:19
-..the rights of three million people -depended on that vote.	0:34:19	0:34:23
-The following day, he came across -a black man in Washington...	0:34:23	0:34:28
-..and described his reaction when -the civil rights bill was passed.	0:34:28	0:34:33
-"Is that so?" said Mac.	0:34:33	0:34:36
-"It is so. It was carried last night -over the head of the president."	0:34:36	0:34:41
-Tears welled up -in his large yellow eyes.	0:34:41	0:34:45
-The tears -streamed down his black cheeks.	0:34:46	0:34:49
-He said, with both hands together...	0:34:49	0:34:52
-.."Bless de Lord God Almighty.	0:34:52	0:34:54
-"Bless de Lord.	0:34:55	0:34:57
-"De Lord will bring everything right -about bye and bye. Bless de Lord."	0:34:57	0:35:03
-The slaves were freed, -which meant no-one farmed the land.	0:35:07	0:35:11
-Large swathes of the South's crops -were running wild.	0:35:11	0:35:15
-He came to Decatur, -an area where cotton was king.	0:35:16	0:35:21
-But the king was on his knees.	0:35:21	0:35:23
-It's impossible -to travel anywhere...	0:35:25	0:35:27
-..without coming across reminders of -what this country has been through.	0:35:28	0:35:33
-A house in ruins on one side...	0:35:33	0:35:35
-..and nothing left but bare walls -of another house opposite.	0:35:36	0:35:39
-Two chimneys, -a wooden house reduced to ashes.	0:35:40	0:35:43
-He meets a young black man -and asks him...	0:35:47	0:35:50
-..why so much of the farmland -has been left untended...	0:35:50	0:35:53
-..and in such dire condition.	0:35:54	0:35:56
-"Well," he said, -"I'll explain exactly why.	0:35:57	0:36:01
-"The farmers of this country, -planters as they're called...	0:36:01	0:36:05
-"..have never worked before.	0:36:05	0:36:08
-"They can't farm their own land. -The slaves did all the work.	0:36:08	0:36:12
-"They've now lost their niggers.	0:36:12	0:36:14
-"They're too full of anger -at everything and everyone...	0:36:15	0:36:19
-"..to employ us, the black people, -to work their land for a wage.	0:36:19	0:36:24
-"We won't work for free. -Why should we?"	0:36:24	0:36:27
-This article contains Y Gohebydd's -most dramatic descriptions...	0:36:31	0:36:36
-..of the cotton plantations' ruin.	0:36:36	0:36:39
-He claims it is God's judgement.	0:36:39	0:36:41
-He references Belshazzar's Feast -in the Bible...	0:36:42	0:36:45
-..in which the writing was on -the wall for the demise of Babylon.	0:36:45	0:36:50
-"Mene, Mene, Tekel, Upharsin!"	0:36:50	0:36:54
-Mene - God numbered the days of -your reign and brought it to an end.	0:36:55	0:36:59
-Tekel - You have been weighed -on the scales and found wanting.	0:37:00	0:37:05
-Now the prophesy -has been fulfilled with haste.	0:37:06	0:37:10
-The majestic buildings previously -referred to, and others besides...	0:37:11	0:37:15
-..have today -been reduced to rack and ruin.	0:37:16	0:37:19
-But the destruction was superficial.	0:37:25	0:37:28
-The laws might have changed but -people's attitude stayed the same.	0:37:28	0:37:32
-The oppression of the black -population was far from over.	0:37:33	0:37:37
-.	0:37:40	0:37:41
-Subtitles	0:37:43	0:37:43
-Subtitles - -Subtitles	0:37:43	0:37:45
-Decatur in Alabama -is neat and tidy nowadays...	0:37:48	0:37:51
-..showing no remnants of war -and the abolition of slavery.	0:37:51	0:37:55
-I want to know what happened next.	0:37:55	0:37:57
-The best place to look -is in the archives.	0:37:58	0:38:01
-Local historians -explained that the end of the war...	0:38:01	0:38:04
-..didn't secure complete freedom.	0:38:04	0:38:07
-When the Union troops -were withdrawn, for many blacks...	0:38:07	0:38:11
-..it's, 'How do we negotiate -freedom? How do we survive?'	0:38:11	0:38:16
-The plan was to give every -former slave 40 acres of land...	0:38:16	0:38:19
-..and a mule in order to help them.	0:38:20	0:38:22
-But every state had different rules.	0:38:22	0:38:24
-In Alabama, it was -the white landowners who ruled.	0:38:25	0:38:28
-Many black people -ended up back on the cotton farms...	0:38:28	0:38:32
-..working for a pittance -with no chance of escaping.	0:38:32	0:38:36
-In some instances, -it was slavery by another name.	0:38:36	0:38:40
-One idea was to share crops.	0:38:41	0:38:43
-Landowners had no money -and slaves had very little land.	0:38:43	0:38:47
-The outcome was something resembling -the feudal system in medieval Wales.	0:38:48	0:38:52
-A former slave cultivated the crops, -retained some of the produce...	0:38:53	0:38:56
-..and a portion of farmland.	0:38:57	0:38:59
-But it also resembled the truck shop -system of the collieries.	0:38:59	0:39:03
-Workers had to buy produce -in the landowners' shops...	0:39:03	0:39:07
-..which resulted in debt -and another form of servitude.	0:39:07	0:39:11
-On the flip side of the coin...	0:39:16	0:39:18
-..many of the soldiers...	0:39:18	0:39:21
-..the African-American soldiers -received pensions...	0:39:21	0:39:25
-..and they did very well.	0:39:26	0:39:28
-Some received bounties...	0:39:28	0:39:30
-..so after the war, -many purchased land...	0:39:30	0:39:33
-..they had previously fought on.	0:39:33	0:39:36
-Some of the local historians -and community leaders...	0:39:36	0:39:40
-..are very interested -in John Griffith's articles.	0:39:40	0:39:44
-Although he doesn't -fully name people and places...	0:39:44	0:39:47
-..the first letter of each -is enough of an indication.	0:39:47	0:39:51
-They recognise some of the people -Y Gohebydd described 150 years ago.	0:39:52	0:39:56
-White Downtown Trinity.	0:39:56	0:39:59
-It is now -Trinity United Methodist Church.	0:39:59	0:40:02
-It's still sanding -on the same property.	0:40:02	0:40:06
-I had to search for Trinity Church.	0:40:06	0:40:10
-Following -the Rev Ragland's directions...	0:40:10	0:40:13
-..I was going somewhere -I knew John Griffith had visited.	0:40:13	0:40:17
-It's still standing.	0:40:18	0:40:20
-Wherever he went in America, John -Griffith took every opportunity...	0:40:27	0:40:32
-..to attend chapel cymanfaoedd, like -a tourist searching for attractions.	0:40:32	0:40:36
-These are associated -with Welsh chapels, as a rule...	0:40:37	0:40:40
-..but here in the land of cotton, -while he was living nearby...	0:40:40	0:40:44
-..he came to -a chapel service on this site...	0:40:45	0:40:48
-..and gave a vivid description -of the congregation.	0:40:48	0:40:51
-Wealthy people -who had lost everything...	0:40:52	0:40:55
-..including the preacher, -who, prior to the war...	0:40:55	0:40:58
-..had 20 or more niggers working -for him in his beautiful mansion...	0:40:59	0:41:03
-..filled with ornate furniture and -surrounded by gardens and orchards.	0:41:03	0:41:08
-But the Yankee army destroyed the -plantation, the house and the site.	0:41:08	0:41:14
-When peace was later restored, -all he had left was his farm...	0:41:18	0:41:22
-..which had run wild -during the four-year war.	0:41:23	0:41:26
-He had no money to buy a mule, let -alone a store pig and a few hens.	0:41:27	0:41:32
-It was typical of Y Gohebydd to have -a deep sense of sympathy for others.	0:41:36	0:41:41
-He paid as much attention -to a former slave...	0:41:41	0:41:44
-..as he did the American president.	0:41:44	0:41:47
-He described both the mansions -and the shacks of the poor.	0:41:48	0:41:51
-If he returned to the area today...	0:41:52	0:41:55
-..he'd want to know -about its citizens...	0:41:55	0:41:58
-..and the slaves' descendants.	0:41:59	0:42:01
-I asked Rev Ragland about the lives -of Alabama's black population today.	0:42:01	0:42:06
-In America, in Alabama, -race is always going to be present.	0:42:06	0:42:10
-It will never go away. Never.	0:42:11	0:42:13
-No, the story John Griffith -was writing isn't over yet.	0:42:15	0:42:21
-Some of the old feelings were -still lingering under the surface.	0:42:21	0:42:26
-Strangely enough, I wasn't -as hopeful as John Griffith...	0:42:28	0:42:33
-..when I left the area -on my return journey.	0:42:33	0:42:36
-John Griffith returned to Wales -after two years...	0:42:38	0:42:41
-..but he took -a part of America home with him.	0:42:41	0:42:45
-When it came to -describing the hardships...	0:42:45	0:42:48
-..of Ceredigion families when they -were evicted from their farms...	0:42:48	0:42:53
-..for voting against -Tory landlords...	0:42:53	0:42:56
-..he used this experience...	0:42:56	0:42:58
-..to compare them -to the black people of Tennessee.	0:42:58	0:43:01
-America had changed, the world -had changed, as had John Griffith.	0:43:01	0:43:05
-Back in Wales, he became involved -in another battle for rights.	0:43:08	0:43:14
-Each year, John Griffith -spent time in Aberystwyth...	0:43:25	0:43:29
-..in part for the sea air, no doubt.	0:43:30	0:43:33
-He would stay over there, -in 10 Heol Y Bont...	0:43:33	0:43:36
-..with Thomas and Margaret Samuel, -owners of a leather business.	0:43:37	0:43:41
-Aberystwyth -was important to John Griffith.	0:43:48	0:43:51
-He had worked and campaigned to -establish the University of Wales...	0:43:51	0:43:56
-..here in a former hotel by the sea.	0:43:56	0:43:59
-Shortly after -he returned from America...	0:43:59	0:44:02
-..the area -became even more important...	0:44:02	0:44:05
-..after the 1868 General Election.	0:44:06	0:44:08
-It was an important election for a -new generation of radical Liberals.	0:44:08	0:44:13
-Many tenants were evicted -from their farms in Ceredigion...	0:44:13	0:44:17
-..for daring to vote -against the Tory landlords.	0:44:18	0:44:21
-John Griffith came to Aberystwyth...	0:44:21	0:44:24
-..and went on one of his travels -to the south of the county...	0:44:24	0:44:28
-..to see -what had happened to the tenants.	0:44:28	0:44:31
-The churchgoing landlords -had already evicted the tenants...	0:44:32	0:44:36
-..and continued their persecution...	0:44:36	0:44:39
-..which was inexcusable -in John Griffith's eyes.	0:44:39	0:44:42
-Oh, my beloved and enlightened -Wales, how we despair...	0:44:43	0:44:47
-..that your so-called gentlemen...	0:44:47	0:44:51
-..do not possess -that old stuff called chivalry.	0:44:51	0:44:55
-It is almost unfeasible -to think of anything...	0:44:55	0:44:58
-..that is more opposed to chivalry -and is so mean and cowardly.	0:44:59	0:45:03
-They are cowards, -the meanest of the mean.	0:45:04	0:45:08
-John Griffith wrote one of -his best articles about this place.	0:45:10	0:45:15
-What a sight to behold!	0:45:15	0:45:18
-The closest thing to it -is something I witnessed...	0:45:18	0:45:22
-..in a negro's shack...	0:45:22	0:45:24
-..while I was -staying in Corinth, Mississippi.	0:45:25	0:45:28
-He'd heard that two families -had been taken in by a widow...	0:45:28	0:45:32
-..in the Pentregat area -near Llangrannog.	0:45:33	0:45:36
-Studying his description, -along with maps and the census...	0:45:36	0:45:40
-..it appears that -this would've been the exact place.	0:45:41	0:45:44
-At the time, there would've been -a farmhouse and outbuildings.	0:45:44	0:45:49
-He met Mathew Pugh's family -in the farmhouse.	0:45:49	0:45:52
-He then went to the barn, where -he met a more impoverished family.	0:45:52	0:45:57
-Here they are.	0:45:59	0:46:01
-They were evicted, with no home -in God's creation to go to.	0:46:01	0:46:06
-They've had to languish here...	0:46:07	0:46:09
-..on the cold earth floor -of a widow's barn.	0:46:09	0:46:13
-A father, mother -and eight children...	0:46:16	0:46:19
-..one of whom was a month old, -had to live in the barn.	0:46:19	0:46:22
-There was no light, -apart from the light from the fire.	0:46:23	0:46:26
-The place was full of smoke and -the earth floor smelled of slurry.	0:46:26	0:46:31
-Y Gohebydd -painted a vivid picture...	0:46:31	0:46:34
-..comparing them -with those he'd seen...	0:46:34	0:46:36
-..in Tennessee and Alabama -three years earlier.	0:46:37	0:46:40
-What struck me was that this -was a family who had been squeezed.	0:46:40	0:46:45
-They had been broken.	0:46:46	0:46:48
-They were afraid -to look you in the face.	0:46:48	0:46:50
-They feared -strangers' footsteps approaching...	0:46:51	0:46:54
-..in case they had been sent to -collect money since they had none.	0:46:54	0:46:58
-It is in this description that -you see John Griffith at his best...	0:46:59	0:47:03
-..in his ability to write, describe -and select the right details.	0:47:03	0:47:08
-You sense -his humanitarianism and radicalism.	0:47:08	0:47:11
-By uniting -the paupers of Ceredigion...	0:47:11	0:47:14
-..with the battle -of America's slaves...	0:47:14	0:47:17
-..he was widening people's horizons -as well as their minds.	0:47:17	0:47:22
-S4C Subtitles by Adnod Cyf.	0:47:47	0:47:50
-.	0:47:50	0:47:51

O San Steffan i Tennessee Dylan ar Daith

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