Browse content similar to 23/11/2015. Check below for episodes and series from the same categories and more!
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More air power, more missiles more rapid deployment. | :00:00. | :00:09. | |
Is Syria driving the agenda for the "full spectrum approach" | :00:10. | :00:15. | |
for defence and security announced by the PM today? | :00:16. | :00:20. | |
The threats we face today go beyond this evil death cult, from the | :00:21. | :00:27. | |
crisis in Ukraine to the risk of cyber attacks and pandemics, the | :00:28. | :00:31. | |
world is more uncertain today than even five years ago. | :00:32. | :00:35. | |
Are there more soldiers than civilians on the streets | :00:36. | :00:38. | |
of Brussels, where people are living in fear of an attack? | :00:39. | :00:41. | |
I'm in a European capital now facing its third night of unprecedented | :00:42. | :00:45. | |
lockdown. Two degrees temperature increase, | :00:46. | :00:50. | |
the magic figure at the climate conference in Paris next week, | :00:51. | :00:53. | |
but will everyone sign up? Ed Miliband tells us | :00:54. | :00:58. | |
about his carbon crusade and talks about the upcoming vote | :00:59. | :01:00. | |
on British air strikes in Syria. And an exclusive British interview | :01:01. | :01:05. | |
with a woman who lives with a new face after an horrific attack | :01:06. | :01:08. | |
destroyed her own one. The timing of the Strategic Defence | :01:09. | :01:15. | |
and Security Review less than two weeks after the Paris attacks has | :01:16. | :01:23. | |
meant that the Prime Minister was today able to set out a panoply of | :01:24. | :01:27. | |
responses to what he called growing threats to our country and "a world | :01:28. | :01:30. | |
more dangerous and uncertain than five years ago" - in both increased | :01:31. | :01:33. | |
hardwear and deployable armed forces, including two new rapid | :01:34. | :01:37. | |
strike brigades of 5,000 apiece, | :01:38. | :01:40. | |
and a replacement for Trident, The list goes on, ahead of | :01:41. | :01:45. | |
David Cameron's speech on Thursday in which he'll set out his case | :01:46. | :01:51. | |
for British airstrikes in Syria. Here's our | :01:52. | :01:55. | |
diplomatic editor Mark Urban with If you want a metaphor for how this | :01:56. | :02:06. | |
government sees the forces now, you could do worse than this. Member | :02:07. | :02:12. | |
old, professional, rapidly deployable. -- nimble. In fat but | :02:13. | :02:25. | |
also out quickly too. After Iraq and Afghanistan Britain lacks the will | :02:26. | :02:32. | |
or numbers to stick around. -- in, but also out. They may be | :02:33. | :02:38. | |
increasingly structured to war strategic raiding in a more | :02:39. | :02:42. | |
sophisticated way, backed up by intelligence assets backed up by | :02:43. | :02:48. | |
soft power assets. It may be required to do certain specific | :02:49. | :02:51. | |
things around the world, short and sharp and sophisticated. The wins | :02:52. | :02:59. | |
are mostly in air power, Britain will keep Typhoons for longer and | :03:00. | :03:08. | |
buying more F35 fighters. It will keep them at the current level but | :03:09. | :03:15. | |
also at planes. There will be nine new maritime patrol aircraft, | :03:16. | :03:22. | |
restoring a capability cut in 2010. Another squadron of F35-B will take | :03:23. | :03:30. | |
pressure away from the royal air force. In the short term we will see | :03:31. | :03:36. | |
a decision within days to join the offensive air campaign over Syria | :03:37. | :03:39. | |
and that will increase the pressure on the royal air force. In the | :03:40. | :03:45. | |
medium or long term, increasing by two Typhoons quadrants is good. The | :03:46. | :03:50. | |
government today acknowledged the research and is of state -based | :03:51. | :03:55. | |
threats, that is code for Russia. And it drives spending on eight new | :03:56. | :04:01. | |
type 26 frigates. It is also a key rationale for renewing Trident. This | :04:02. | :04:10. | |
isn't full-scale rearmament, because that would be hugely expensive. The | :04:11. | :04:15. | |
opposition says that much of the money for new kit announced today | :04:16. | :04:19. | |
has come from squeezing the MOD's people. ?11 billion of this extra 12 | :04:20. | :04:28. | |
billion is supposed to be coming from deficiencies in the MOD. That | :04:29. | :04:35. | |
will translate into things like 30% job losses among civilian staff. | :04:36. | :04:41. | |
That level of efficiency savings is challenging, I would say. We will | :04:42. | :04:44. | |
have to interrogate this a bit more closely about how realistic the | :04:45. | :04:50. | |
savings are. Those in uniform will face the pinch, too. With allowances | :04:51. | :04:57. | |
and gaps between deployments hit. The Navy has had problems crewing | :04:58. | :05:03. | |
ships will get 400 more sailors rather than the 2000 it hoped for. | :05:04. | :05:10. | |
That will hit Britain's ability to sustain large-scale operations. Six | :05:11. | :05:15. | |
or seven years ago we could deploy ten brigades, one in Iraq and one in | :05:16. | :05:20. | |
Afghanistan, but we can't do that now. Sustainability is a big issue. | :05:21. | :05:27. | |
We have put quite a lot in the shop window but how much is in the | :05:28. | :05:32. | |
storehouse? By pumping more money into defence, the government has | :05:33. | :05:36. | |
ensured that the Armed Forces at night quietly satisfied. What this | :05:37. | :05:42. | |
is about is renewing their equipment at around about the same strength, | :05:43. | :05:49. | |
with the one exception of the decision to buy the Poseidon | :05:50. | :05:52. | |
maritime reconnaissance plane, none of this is about growing back what | :05:53. | :05:58. | |
has been lost in previous cuts and in that sense Britain will get more | :05:59. | :06:06. | |
modern forces but there will be a small force on the modern stage. It | :06:07. | :06:11. | |
may not be huge but the UK is one of the few countries in Europe making a | :06:12. | :06:15. | |
big new investment in defence, not least because it has so many | :06:16. | :06:20. | |
missions in mind for them. Mark Urban. | :06:21. | :06:22. | |
I am now joined by the Defence Procurement Minister, Philip | :06:23. | :06:26. | |
Dunne, and the Shadow Minister for the Armed Forces, Kevan Jones. | :06:27. | :06:30. | |
Good evening. First of all, Philip Dunne, none of this is making us | :06:31. | :06:37. | |
feel any safer because we won't get anything for at least three years? | :06:38. | :06:43. | |
This is a big day for defence, investing ?12 billion into the | :06:44. | :06:48. | |
equipment plan. 178 billion over ten years. It does not generate | :06:49. | :06:51. | |
capability overnight but it will in time. Right now we are facing a | :06:52. | :06:57. | |
bigger threat than we have in five years, more insecure than in the | :06:58. | :07:01. | |
past five years, and what has been announced does not change that in | :07:02. | :07:06. | |
the short-term? We are seeking to make the Armed Forces more and it | :07:07. | :07:09. | |
can happen continuously throughout the process. What has happened is | :07:10. | :07:15. | |
that we are now not even returning to five years ago, we are having to | :07:16. | :07:20. | |
patch up what you took away five years ago which was clearly too much | :07:21. | :07:26. | |
of a slash and burn? Five years ago we inherited a shambles in the | :07:27. | :07:31. | |
defence budget, completely unfunded expansion. We are now introducing | :07:32. | :07:35. | |
state-of-the-art capability across the Navy, Air force and army. Do you | :07:36. | :07:42. | |
agree with everything set out today? The government have cut the defence | :07:43. | :07:46. | |
budget by 40% in five years and made silly decisions in 2010, for | :07:47. | :07:51. | |
example, getting rid of maritime patrol which they are having to fill | :07:52. | :07:58. | |
the gap of today. 178 billion over ten years, that is not new money, | :07:59. | :08:05. | |
most of it is already committed. As Maria Eagle said coming 11 billion | :08:06. | :08:09. | |
will come out of deficiencies. Slashing the backroom staff at the | :08:10. | :08:15. | |
MOD. And also you are talking about this existing, if there is a growth | :08:16. | :08:20. | |
in GDP of 2% which of course is not guaranteed and it is not likely? We | :08:21. | :08:25. | |
are committed to a real term increase in new money. We have | :08:26. | :08:33. | |
successfully bid into a joint security fund which is new money of | :08:34. | :08:37. | |
up to 1.5 billion by the last year of Parliament and on top of that | :08:38. | :08:40. | |
retaining efficiencies we can make from doing things differently within | :08:41. | :08:45. | |
the Department and the Armed Forces and reinvesting that in capability. | :08:46. | :08:49. | |
That is around 7 billion efficiency savings. Let's look at the major | :08:50. | :08:54. | |
cost and that is the replacement of Trident. Kevan Jones, you have said | :08:55. | :09:05. | |
that this is a deterrent and the only constant guarantee of our | :09:06. | :09:11. | |
defence at sea. Do you support the replacement? I support the Labour | :09:12. | :09:15. | |
Party policy which was reaffirmed at the conference which is to have a | :09:16. | :09:20. | |
continued at sea deterrent. That is not about replacing Trident by | :09:21. | :09:23. | |
replacing the submarines which are at the end of their useful lives. | :09:24. | :09:28. | |
You are at odds with your leader because Jeremy Corbyn does not | :09:29. | :09:33. | |
support that position? He doesn't, but the Labour Party does. In terms | :09:34. | :09:37. | |
of the defence debates, internally, in terms of the policy review and | :09:38. | :09:41. | |
the conference, we have agreed to that. You have a review coming up I | :09:42. | :09:46. | |
Angela Eagle and Ken Livingstone and if they take a different view what | :09:47. | :09:51. | |
is your response? I do not know what Ken Livingstone's role is, but this | :09:52. | :09:57. | |
will not be made before we have that decision. The first line of defence | :09:58. | :10:04. | |
is the police force and one of the most senior officers in Britain at | :10:05. | :10:10. | |
the Home Office's request wrote to the Home Office with his assessment | :10:11. | :10:14. | |
which was that any further reduction in officer numbers will impact their | :10:15. | :10:18. | |
ability to manage terrorist incidents of the magnitude of Paris. | :10:19. | :10:26. | |
If we have 20% cuts in the police force, you are robbing Peter to pay | :10:27. | :10:31. | |
Paul, how are people going to feel safer if you cut police numbers? I | :10:32. | :10:35. | |
can't talk about that tonight, not only do we not know what will come | :10:36. | :10:39. | |
out of the statement on Wednesday, but what I can tell you is that I am | :10:40. | :10:44. | |
the defence minister and not the Home Office minister but we are | :10:45. | :10:47. | |
investing in 30% counterterrorism including in the police effort that | :10:48. | :10:53. | |
they put into counterterrorism, so it would help with support from the | :10:54. | :11:00. | |
military for the civil authorities if they need it in the event of a | :11:01. | :11:04. | |
Paris type incident, we would have troops on the streets to support | :11:05. | :11:10. | |
several of Laura Deas. -- civil authorities. Is Labour committed to | :11:11. | :11:16. | |
keeping the same numbers on the streets? The police, Fire Services, | :11:17. | :11:22. | |
local authorities will be slashed later this week. It raises a | :11:23. | :11:27. | |
question about the joining up of what has been announced today in the | :11:28. | :11:30. | |
defence review and what will be announced by the Chancellor later | :11:31. | :11:35. | |
this year. It was referred to in the report that these are important | :11:36. | :11:42. | |
elements of defence. One of the key points he made was that we need a | :11:43. | :11:46. | |
human rights adviser in every embassy. Is that really the priority | :11:47. | :11:52. | |
to discuss right now when we have Brussels on lockdown and we don't | :11:53. | :11:57. | |
know where Isis will strike next? No, the short answer isn't no. But | :11:58. | :12:03. | |
the important point which was raised is the role of the Foreign Office | :12:04. | :12:06. | |
which will be slashed later this week. -- the shot and set is no. | :12:07. | :12:13. | |
You seem very assured in your shadow defence position and I wonder when | :12:14. | :12:19. | |
you seem to be at odds with your leader so much in the end, can your | :12:20. | :12:24. | |
position be the dominant position? The fact of the matter is, in terms | :12:25. | :12:31. | |
of Labour, it's important to speak to the Labour family which actually | :12:32. | :12:35. | |
supports defence and families in my constituency and Labour voters, it | :12:36. | :12:38. | |
is important to have credible defence policies. One last thing, | :12:39. | :12:44. | |
you said earlier that you wondered what the role of Ken Livingstone | :12:45. | :12:48. | |
was, it has been a hugely publicised argument. He was insulting to people | :12:49. | :12:55. | |
with mental issues. You said that he had to be forced to apologise. As | :12:56. | :13:01. | |
that situation moved on at all? That was last week 's news. He was forced | :13:02. | :13:06. | |
to apologise but today Jeremy Corbyn referred to Maria Eagle as leading | :13:07. | :13:10. | |
the review. I know as little as you in terms of what his role is. Thank | :13:11. | :13:14. | |
you very much indeed. "In Paris they want to show they | :13:15. | :13:17. | |
have survived, It didn't happen | :13:18. | :13:19. | |
and people fear it will." These are the words of the head of | :13:20. | :13:25. | |
the Chamber of Commerce in Brussels where the metro system, schools, | :13:26. | :13:31. | |
universities, many restaurants and shops are closed for the third day, | :13:32. | :13:33. | |
the city effectively locked down, The authorities called | :13:34. | :13:36. | |
the terrorism threat to Brussels "serious and imminent" with a fourth | :13:37. | :13:40. | |
suspect being charged with Yet so far Salah Abdeslam - | :13:41. | :13:42. | |
a fugitive since being named a major suspect in the Paris | :13:43. | :13:49. | |
attacks, has eluded the police. Katie, what is the latest? Well, | :13:50. | :14:00. | |
there have been developments in the hunt for Salah Abdeslam. He is still | :14:01. | :14:06. | |
on the run. It has not happened in Brussels but in Paris. Earlier today | :14:07. | :14:10. | |
brothers workers found what is potentially the suicide belt that | :14:11. | :14:17. | |
potentially was used by Salah Abdeslam and dumped there. -- | :14:18. | :14:25. | |
rubbish workers. Russells is in lockdown because he is still at | :14:26. | :14:28. | |
large and here the City centre has been jittery all day. Some workers | :14:29. | :14:34. | |
were looking after their children who could not go to school and son | :14:35. | :14:39. | |
did not want to go far from home. Tourists have in the main not been | :14:40. | :14:43. | |
frequenting their usual haunts and lurking underneath it is the fear, | :14:44. | :14:48. | |
if your City reacts in such an unprecedented way, the threat must | :14:49. | :14:54. | |
be serious. This is what a European capital looks like on its third day | :14:55. | :14:59. | |
of lockdown. Police and military out in force, nurseries, schools and | :15:00. | :15:04. | |
universities shut. The Metro not running and museums closed, many | :15:05. | :15:08. | |
bars, restaurants and businesses don't open a tall or have limited | :15:09. | :15:13. | |
hours. Facing a level 4 terror threat in the City, meaning an | :15:14. | :15:18. | |
attack is imminent, and level three in the rest of the country, Belgium | :15:19. | :15:23. | |
has taken dramatic action and the Prime Minister said normality will | :15:24. | :15:24. | |
not return for at least two days. TRANSLATION: We hope to get back to | :15:25. | :15:29. | |
a normal life. Obviously we have to be vigilant | :15:30. | :15:32. | |
and prudent, so it has been decided that schools will be opened | :15:33. | :15:35. | |
from Wednesday so that we can put in place the right measures to | :15:36. | :15:38. | |
protect them and the metro will also Last night's raids across the | :15:39. | :15:41. | |
country have led to one new suspect being charged with involvement | :15:42. | :15:46. | |
in the attacks in Paris. But with Salah Abdeslam still alive | :15:47. | :15:51. | |
and on the run the terror threat here is just as | :15:52. | :15:58. | |
stark. One of yesterday's raids | :15:59. | :16:00. | |
happened here in this suburb. The street behind me was cordoned | :16:01. | :16:02. | |
off and so was that one But the whole operation | :16:03. | :16:05. | |
was cloaked in secrecy. One local told me he had tried to | :16:06. | :16:08. | |
film it but was stopped And even the local mayor only | :16:09. | :16:11. | |
learned of the operation five He's one of 19 mayors in Brussels | :16:12. | :16:25. | |
alone and at the moment they are meeting daily to discuss public | :16:26. | :16:28. | |
safety. Because we don't know what | :16:29. | :16:32. | |
information they have we cannot judge whether the measure is | :16:33. | :16:36. | |
exaggerated or not. May be one day we will no what they knew. At the | :16:37. | :16:43. | |
moment they've put the threat level at number four, the maximum level | :16:44. | :16:48. | |
and it's better to do that than not to know and like Paris to have | :16:49. | :16:55. | |
attacks you didn't expect with a large number of victims. So people | :16:56. | :17:01. | |
accept it for the moment, but they won't accept it for long with no | :17:02. | :17:07. | |
information. In Northeast Brussels there is a mix of Muslims and | :17:08. | :17:10. | |
non-Muslims. What do people here think of their city's reaction to | :17:11. | :17:15. | |
the terror threat? TRANSLATION: We're not scared, why would we be | :17:16. | :17:20. | |
scared? It's just normal. If you haven't done anything you should not | :17:21. | :17:26. | |
be scared. TRANSLATION: The shops are closed, schools are closed, it's | :17:27. | :17:29. | |
sad for the Georgian, for everyone in fact, it's like life in prison. | :17:30. | :17:36. | |
-- sad for the children. They will need to keep faith with their | :17:37. | :17:39. | |
government's reaction for at least a couple more days. | :17:40. | :17:42. | |
Last week this programme brought you news of bullying, sexual harassment | :17:43. | :17:47. | |
and blackmail in the ranks of the young conservatives. | :17:48. | :17:49. | |
The allegations centred around the activities of | :17:50. | :17:51. | |
Mark Clarke, a former activist and parliamentary candidate, | :17:52. | :17:53. | |
who ran a campaigning road trip during the 2015 general election. | :17:54. | :17:56. | |
In September, one young activist took his own | :17:57. | :17:58. | |
life, having previously complained he was being bullied by Mr Clarke. | :17:59. | :18:01. | |
Now Allegra is here with some new details about the case. | :18:02. | :18:10. | |
What has happened? There may be more fingerprints on | :18:11. | :18:18. | |
the decision to bring Mark Clarke into the Tory campaigning machine | :18:19. | :18:23. | |
than we are first thought there were. The former chairman Grant | :18:24. | :18:26. | |
Shapps appears to be being isolated, essentially set up to be the fall | :18:27. | :18:29. | |
guy. He's the one who brought him into the formal structures in Tory | :18:30. | :18:35. | |
HQ, despite knowing he was on the 2010 list of official candidates for | :18:36. | :18:39. | |
the Tory party and then he had to be taken off for allegations of | :18:40. | :18:42. | |
impropriety repulsed up it looked like Grant Shapps was being isolated | :18:43. | :18:47. | |
but today Conservative Party headquarters conceded to this | :18:48. | :18:50. | |
programme that the decision on funding, giving funding to Mark | :18:51. | :18:55. | |
Clarke Buzz trip 2015 was taken by the senior management board of the | :18:56. | :18:57. | |
party, including the current chairman Lord Feldman, and Ben Coad | :18:58. | :19:02. | |
chairman Grant Shapps and also Lynton Crosby and the deputy | :19:03. | :19:04. | |
chairman Stephen Gilbert. The decision to give Mark Clarke | :19:05. | :19:08. | |
organisation funding was taken at this incredibly senior level. If | :19:09. | :19:13. | |
that is the full picture it's difficult to paint it as a Grant | :19:14. | :19:18. | |
Shapps clock up. What about the idea that nobody was reading the report | :19:19. | :19:22. | |
on Mark Clarke's behaviour in 2010? -- mistake. | :19:23. | :19:28. | |
We understand Grant Shapps did read the inquiry, or the report into Mark | :19:29. | :19:33. | |
Clarke's behaviour in 2010. Last week a young Tory activist told our | :19:34. | :19:38. | |
colleagues, James Clayton and Ernest Oxer at, that they had given a | :19:39. | :19:41. | |
submission to the report and in that this submission and they accuse Mark | :19:42. | :19:45. | |
Clarke of aggressive behaviour verging on violence. Extremely | :19:46. | :19:50. | |
aggressive behaviour is a direct quote. That was inverse admission. | :19:51. | :19:54. | |
We understand Grant Shapps read the report and they believed it was | :19:55. | :19:57. | |
allegations of rudeness, laziness but nothing worse. In the fullness | :19:58. | :20:01. | |
of time the report will come out and if it is as critical as the | :20:02. | :20:07. | |
interviewee says it was there are serious questions for Mr Shapps to | :20:08. | :20:10. | |
answer for. Allegra Stratton, thank you. | :20:11. | :20:12. | |
The state of emergency in France which has been extended | :20:13. | :20:17. | |
for three months will have an impact on the UN climate change | :20:18. | :20:23. | |
conference which begins on November 30th in Paris and which more than | :20:24. | :20:25. | |
The French edict means that climate change protestors, | :20:26. | :20:29. | |
normally part of such gatherings will be banned from demonstrating, | :20:30. | :20:31. | |
but this time the pressure inside the conference to get a deal | :20:32. | :20:34. | |
Here's Rebecca Morell with a short history of the climate change talks, | :20:35. | :20:39. | |
Some say the climate meeting in Paris is our last hope. | :20:40. | :20:51. | |
Some 500 kilometres away from Paris this is Jungfraujoch in the Swiss | :20:52. | :20:54. | |
This isn't just a tourist attraction with stunning views, although that | :20:55. | :21:06. | |
Instead, its lofty location gives it something of an edge and it comes | :21:07. | :21:17. | |
This high-altitude research station is nearly 4000 metres | :21:18. | :21:23. | |
It is one of a network of stations around the world | :21:24. | :21:29. | |
Over the years researchers have seen emissions go sky-high. | :21:30. | :21:36. | |
Carbon dioxide being the biggest culprit. | :21:37. | :21:42. | |
Stefan Reimann is one of this scientist is keeping | :21:43. | :21:47. | |
Stefan Reimann is one of this scientists keeping | :21:48. | :21:48. | |
This is the CO2 measurement here at Jungfraujoch. | :21:49. | :21:52. | |
We are normally above 400 parts per million. | :21:53. | :21:55. | |
The reading about 10 years ago was definitely below, around 380 ppm. | :21:56. | :22:01. | |
This is actually the highest ever as far as we know | :22:02. | :22:04. | |
Bringing emissions levels down will be one of the primary aims | :22:05. | :22:10. | |
But that means 195 countries reaching an agreement. | :22:11. | :22:19. | |
It might sound like a big ask, but it's not impossible | :22:20. | :22:22. | |
This station was one of the first to monitor CFCs, the man-made gas that | :22:23. | :22:29. | |
- as you may remember - punched a hole in the ozone layer. | :22:30. | :22:32. | |
The problems will only be solved by common action, and every country | :22:33. | :22:39. | |
The Montreal Protocol signed the death warrant for ozone-damaging | :22:40. | :22:50. | |
Now the ozone layer is on the mend, thanks to this uniquely successful | :22:51. | :22:56. | |
So, when climate change became the big issue it was hoped | :22:57. | :23:02. | |
Efforts began with the Rio Earth Summit in 1992 with the creation | :23:03. | :23:08. | |
of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, | :23:09. | :23:11. | |
which called for the stabilisation of greenhouse gas emissions without | :23:12. | :23:13. | |
But it did stipulate there should be a meeting every year called the | :23:14. | :23:21. | |
This will be the nerve centre of the negotiations. | :23:22. | :23:37. | |
It might look a bit messy now but when the representatives of 195 | :23:38. | :23:40. | |
different countries get going, it's going to get a lot messier still. | :23:41. | :23:46. | |
Unfortunately, when these meetings began they | :23:47. | :23:49. | |
So now there has to be a consensus between every country about every | :23:50. | :23:56. | |
single word and every single piece of punctuation on every agreement | :23:57. | :23:58. | |
And this is the woman who will be in charge of the whole thing. | :23:59. | :24:07. | |
Can I just get your official job title, so we get it right? | :24:08. | :24:10. | |
It is absolutely terrible. Is it long? | :24:11. | :24:13. | |
It means absolutely nothing to anyone but anyway - | :24:14. | :24:18. | |
Executive Secretary of the United Nations Framework Convention | :24:19. | :24:20. | |
Do you think we are going to have a deal? | :24:21. | :24:29. | |
Yes. Why? | :24:30. | :24:33. | |
Because governments are not decreasing but increasing | :24:34. | :24:36. | |
their political will because every single one is already impacted, | :24:37. | :24:39. | |
We don't even want to entertain that scenario. | :24:40. | :24:52. | |
But Cops gone by have been none too inspiring. | :24:53. | :24:57. | |
Although the Kyoto Protocol of 1997 set emission-cutting targets | :24:58. | :25:06. | |
on developed countries, a landmark achievement at the time, | :25:07. | :25:08. | |
America pulled out and others failed to comply. | :25:09. | :25:10. | |
But, historically it had been a good Cop. | :25:11. | :25:12. | |
After two weeks of talks the Copenhagen conference | :25:13. | :25:17. | |
ends without long-term agreement on carbon emissions. | :25:18. | :25:24. | |
The conference ended in acrimony and already | :25:25. | :25:25. | |
The leaders were invited in at the end but inadvertently what that | :25:26. | :25:34. | |
meant was all of the big political issues were left to the final few | :25:35. | :25:38. | |
That proved very, very complicated and essentially | :25:39. | :25:41. | |
This time the leaders are being invited at | :25:42. | :25:44. | |
the beginning of the conference to set the overall political direction, | :25:45. | :25:46. | |
Copenhagen did, however, snatch one agreement from the jaws of defeat. | :25:47. | :25:52. | |
Copenhagen reached the consensus that a rise | :25:53. | :26:10. | |
of two degrees Celsius by the end of the century would be just about | :26:11. | :26:13. | |
Any higher and there could be catastrophic changes. | :26:14. | :26:17. | |
But scientists believe global temperatures have already risen | :26:18. | :26:21. | |
by one degree since the middle of the 19th-century. | :26:22. | :26:27. | |
So as far as this two-degree threshold goes we are already | :26:28. | :26:29. | |
As emission levels go on climbing climate models show | :26:30. | :26:34. | |
The higher we head above the two-degree rise the more | :26:35. | :26:42. | |
doomsday-like the UN's climate forecasts get. | :26:43. | :26:45. | |
Melting ice caps, flooded cities, loss of wildlife, food shortages, | :26:46. | :26:47. | |
CO2 is a really, really long-lived gas in the atmosphere. | :26:48. | :26:58. | |
So if we cut emissions by let's say 30%, 40%, | :26:59. | :27:01. | |
So the increase will just be a little bit lower. | :27:02. | :27:06. | |
But nature still cannot cope with what we are emitting. | :27:07. | :27:09. | |
But as we near the next Cop, it is felt that | :27:10. | :27:11. | |
For the first time most of the countries have already set out what | :27:12. | :27:18. | |
These pledges, called intended nationally-determined | :27:19. | :27:28. | |
contributions, or INDCs, will set the tone of the whole conference. | :27:29. | :27:30. | |
But when the pledged reductions are taken together, | :27:31. | :27:42. | |
the result will still see global warming bust the two-degree | :27:43. | :27:45. | |
threshold by the end of the century. | :27:46. | :27:46. | |
So, is a meaningful outcome already lost? | :27:47. | :27:48. | |
Instead of being on a trajectory to four or five | :27:49. | :27:51. | |
degrees, we are on a trajectory to be under three degrees. | :27:52. | :27:53. | |
But it is certainly a huge dent in the irresponsible and runaway growth | :27:54. | :27:58. | |
So it is a constant review and improve, review and improve. | :27:59. | :28:02. | |
That is going to be the dynamic that Paris will set up. | :28:03. | :28:09. | |
Since the Industrial Revolution economic growth has largely risen | :28:10. | :28:11. | |
For things to change, growth needs to be uncoupled | :28:12. | :28:25. | |
Developing countries are now told they will need to give their own | :28:26. | :28:33. | |
carbon intensive periods a miss and use greener alternatives. | :28:34. | :28:35. | |
But how much financial help they'll get to do that will be | :28:36. | :28:38. | |
a big talking point, as will what money will be on hand | :28:39. | :28:41. | |
for the countries hardest hit by the consequences of global warming. | :28:42. | :28:45. | |
In the coming years, places like Jungfraujoch will be among the | :28:46. | :28:48. | |
first to notice whether this summit has made a big enough difference. | :28:49. | :28:51. | |
The question arising in Paris will be - whether hopes | :28:52. | :29:00. | |
of hitting a two-degree target are ever achievable already lost. | :29:01. | :29:08. | |
Earlier this evening, I spoke to the man who was secretary | :29:09. | :29:11. | |
of state for Climate Change when the last set of climate talks | :29:12. | :29:14. | |
happened in Copenhagen - Ed Miliband. | :29:15. | :29:16. | |
I asked him whether there was really a better chance of agreement at the | :29:17. | :29:19. | |
Well, I must say that your film brings back unhappy memories. | :29:20. | :29:29. | |
But this is such a hard thing that the world is trying to pull off. | :29:30. | :29:33. | |
It's like a Rubik's Cube with many, many sides, 195 sides that you're | :29:34. | :29:36. | |
Now, that means you are not going to succeed first time round. | :29:37. | :29:42. | |
So I think Paris will represent progress. | :29:43. | :29:44. | |
It will represent progress because every major emitter is saying it's | :29:45. | :29:47. | |
It looks like it's going to make progress on climate finance. | :29:48. | :29:53. | |
And, therefore, we are going to have to get there in stages, I think. | :29:54. | :29:57. | |
Let's look at the last time there was a binding | :29:58. | :30:00. | |
As soon as you had a Republican administration, Kyoto was torn up | :30:01. | :30:05. | |
So presumably an incoming Republican administration would just turn | :30:06. | :30:09. | |
around and boot this out because there are no world policeman | :30:10. | :30:12. | |
around and boot this out because there are no world policemen | :30:13. | :30:15. | |
I think some people have talked about having sanctions and all | :30:16. | :30:20. | |
Maybe that's something that will have to be looked at in the future. | :30:21. | :30:25. | |
But, personally I think there are reasons for optimism. | :30:26. | :30:27. | |
I'm not involved in crafting this agreement, but as an objective | :30:28. | :30:30. | |
observer I'd say we are not where we need to be but perhaps in a better | :30:31. | :30:34. | |
You are putting the case for Britain to unilaterally sign up to zero | :30:35. | :30:41. | |
But why on earth would Britain put itself at such economic disadvantage | :30:42. | :30:48. | |
for, actually, a minimum improvement to world climate? | :30:49. | :30:53. | |
It is something that would be totemic and it would be to | :30:54. | :30:56. | |
I'm putting the case for a long-term goal of zero emissions | :30:57. | :31:02. | |
for the world because that's what the science tells us is necessary. | :31:03. | :31:05. | |
But I'm also putting the case for Britain to reflect that | :31:06. | :31:11. | |
Because, you say it would be bad for our economy. | :31:12. | :31:17. | |
Businesses from Richard Branson to Paul Polman of Unilever to Ratan | :31:18. | :31:23. | |
Tata, are all saying, actually, this will give us a sense of certainty. | :31:24. | :31:29. | |
This will give us a sense of where we are working towards. | :31:30. | :31:31. | |
And, look, there is going to come a point when the carbon budget for | :31:32. | :31:35. | |
We might as well and has a pet that now and plan towards it. | :31:36. | :31:42. | |
I think that's what the world should do and I think it's | :31:43. | :31:45. | |
You also, in a way, with this kind of what you would say | :31:46. | :31:49. | |
would be a very radical agenda of zero emissions kind | :31:50. | :31:58. | |
of deny the right of developing countries to industrialise. | :31:59. | :32:00. | |
Where does that square with your promise to reduce world poverty? | :32:01. | :32:07. | |
You have to allow countries, to industrialise to raise the standard | :32:08. | :32:09. | |
Absolutely right, and that's why I think we can be optimistic | :32:10. | :32:13. | |
Not with zero emissions, not by signing countries in | :32:14. | :32:17. | |
South America, not even signing China up to zero emissions. | :32:18. | :32:24. | |
We're going to have to get to that point because of the science. | :32:25. | :32:27. | |
But here is how countries can develop. | :32:28. | :32:28. | |
First of all, the rich world is going to have to do its bit to give | :32:29. | :32:32. | |
Secondly, climate finance as part of this agreement for developing | :32:33. | :32:36. | |
And thirdly, the low-carbon path is actually something developing | :32:37. | :32:39. | |
In terms of leading the way, let's talk about personal responsibility. | :32:40. | :32:43. | |
Five years ago it was very much in vogue to talk | :32:44. | :32:45. | |
There were campaigns about reducing people's own carbon | :32:46. | :32:48. | |
That's just gone now - why? | :32:49. | :32:54. | |
I don't think it has gone completely. | :32:55. | :32:55. | |
I think the British public have had lots of other issues | :32:56. | :32:58. | |
But I think the British public still care about this. | :32:59. | :33:01. | |
I think it's not something that people don't recognise as important. | :33:02. | :33:04. | |
But, of course, the action we take now is about | :33:05. | :33:07. | |
I think it's incredibly important we do act on this. | :33:08. | :33:11. | |
Do you actually monitor your own carbon footprint? | :33:12. | :33:15. | |
I try and keep it as low as possible. | :33:16. | :33:17. | |
I'm not presenting myself as a paragon of virtue. | :33:18. | :33:19. | |
Do you say, I took a flight to Brisbane, I took a flight to Boston, | :33:20. | :33:26. | |
I ran the washing machine ten times - what do you actually do? | :33:27. | :33:31. | |
But the biggest thing that can happen and the biggest difference | :33:32. | :33:35. | |
I can make is by making sure that governments act. | :33:36. | :33:37. | |
Today, Prince Charles has been saying that | :33:38. | :33:39. | |
climate change is a major reason for all the horror in Syria. | :33:40. | :33:42. | |
I think it's one of the issues that has placed stress on Syria. | :33:43. | :33:47. | |
I don't think he's saying it's primarily responsible. | :33:48. | :33:49. | |
I think it's widely recognised that the issues of drought and | :33:50. | :33:57. | |
water stress in Syria have been a contributory factor to the issues. | :33:58. | :34:00. | |
There are very complicated issues in Syria and I don't think he's | :34:01. | :34:03. | |
saying that the most important one is climate change. | :34:04. | :34:08. | |
Because, in 2013 when you were leader, | :34:09. | :34:13. | |
Do you think there is a clear case this time? | :34:14. | :34:18. | |
I think it's a different case, but it's | :34:19. | :34:20. | |
a case I'm yet to be convinced of, and let me explain why. | :34:21. | :34:23. | |
But the Foreign Affairs Select Committee, I think, | :34:24. | :34:26. | |
There are two issues in particular that they raise. | :34:27. | :34:30. | |
It is the difference between Syria and Iraq. | :34:31. | :34:33. | |
Who is going to do the ground operations against Isil in Syria? | :34:34. | :34:36. | |
Because, there has not been a clear answer | :34:37. | :34:38. | |
And secondly, what is the political settlement that we are | :34:39. | :34:43. | |
And they haven't been clear about that. | :34:44. | :34:47. | |
The Prime Minister has promised answers on this. | :34:48. | :34:49. | |
Let's see whether the answers are convincing. | :34:50. | :34:52. | |
Last time round you followed your conscience | :34:53. | :34:54. | |
This time round, it's really unclear as to what Jeremy Corbyn's | :34:55. | :35:01. | |
Do you think that any vote on military action for Britain to | :35:02. | :35:07. | |
take abroad should be a free vote, should be a vote of conscience? | :35:08. | :35:14. | |
Look, honestly, that's not a matter for me. | :35:15. | :35:16. | |
That's a matter for Jeremy Corbyn and the Shadow Cabinet. | :35:17. | :35:19. | |
Ed Miliband, thank you very much. Thank you. | :35:20. | :35:21. | |
That's a question that only a very few of people | :35:22. | :35:25. | |
Eight years ago Carmen Blandin Tarleton, | :35:26. | :35:33. | |
a nurse on rural Vermont, was attacked by her estranged husband. | :35:34. | :35:35. | |
She was left with 80% burns after he doused her with industrial | :35:36. | :35:38. | |
Doctors described it as "the most horrific injury a human | :35:39. | :35:45. | |
By the time she was on the list for a face transplant, | :35:46. | :35:50. | |
Two years ago she endured 17 hours of surgery to get a new face, | :35:51. | :35:59. | |
only the seventh person in the US to do so. | :36:00. | :36:02. | |
Good evening. Thank you for joining us. Thank you, thank you for having | :36:03. | :36:15. | |
me. When the attack happened you were put in a medically induced coma | :36:16. | :36:19. | |
for three months. You were a nurse for 20 years. Had you any idea when | :36:20. | :36:25. | |
you came round how badly you were burned? You know, I didn't until | :36:26. | :36:36. | |
after I woke up. I had to be told exactly what my injuries were. Did | :36:37. | :36:42. | |
you have any hesitation later when you were offered the chance of a | :36:43. | :36:52. | |
face transplant? You know, when I decided that I was going to go | :36:53. | :36:57. | |
forward and see if I was a candidate for a face transplant I never looked | :36:58. | :37:01. | |
back. I always had a certain confidence and security that that | :37:02. | :37:06. | |
was what I really needed at the time. You of course were a nurse of | :37:07. | :37:11. | |
20 years standing and you knew all about the possibility of rejection | :37:12. | :37:19. | |
and so forth. In that case, the questions you were asking presumably | :37:20. | :37:22. | |
were very educated questions about the chance of this actually working? | :37:23. | :37:30. | |
Yes, I knew that I was not going to be an easy person to match, I was | :37:31. | :37:36. | |
the first person to have not the complete match with my donor because | :37:37. | :37:43. | |
I had been exposed to so much of other people's blood and tissues | :37:44. | :37:46. | |
with my other surgeries. I knew that it was not a guarantee that I would | :37:47. | :37:55. | |
be able to keep my new face, but I always had a certain faith that it | :37:56. | :37:59. | |
would work out. It has been almost three years now. It is doing well. I | :38:00. | :38:07. | |
can see to a certain extent now that you have lips again, and your | :38:08. | :38:10. | |
quality of life has been altered the nominally? Yes, I had search severe | :38:11. | :38:18. | |
scarring on my neck because my face was terribly disfigured. I was on | :38:19. | :38:23. | |
very large amounts of narcotics for many years. I could not even keep my | :38:24. | :38:31. | |
head up for any period of time, because the scarring on my neck was | :38:32. | :38:38. | |
quite severe. It has changed my life, much for the better, and I'm | :38:39. | :38:45. | |
truly blessed. I wonder, when you say it has changed your life, | :38:46. | :38:48. | |
whether it has given you pause for thought about the nature of identity | :38:49. | :38:57. | |
and what creates identity? Well, I had never contemplated my identity | :38:58. | :39:01. | |
prior to this. But now that I have had the experience of being a | :39:02. | :39:06. | |
disfigured person, and now a person that has a new face, it has been | :39:07. | :39:14. | |
quite strange, to look in an error, nowadays, I actually had my first | :39:15. | :39:22. | |
dream last week, in my dream, I had my new face and I had not had a | :39:23. | :39:30. | |
dream yet... We are very connected to our identities through our faces. | :39:31. | :39:38. | |
I have always been sort of concentrating on the core of who I | :39:39. | :39:43. | |
am, because my lugs have changed so dramatically short period of time. | :39:44. | :39:50. | |
-- my looks. You also met the daughter of your donor, what was | :39:51. | :39:55. | |
that experience like? That was a wonderful experience. I met her | :39:56. | :39:59. | |
prior to my press conference when they revealed my face on May the 1st | :40:00. | :40:06. | |
in 2013. I met her the night before, at her request. We had a | :40:07. | :40:13. | |
great relationship. I would go with her travelling on occasion, to speak | :40:14. | :40:19. | |
in the United States. We communicate on a regular basis, and she is just | :40:20. | :40:27. | |
a lovely person. Her mother was a donor, an organ donor. And she | :40:28. | :40:34. | |
allowed her face to be donated as well. It has been such a blessing. I | :40:35. | :40:41. | |
let her and no that. Now you do talk about your story as an inspiration | :40:42. | :40:48. | |
for other people but I wonder now, your attitude towards your attacker, | :40:49. | :40:52. | |
who of course was your estranged husband, how has it changed? I | :40:53. | :41:00. | |
totally forget a hymn in 2010. That also was a blessing. It was not a | :41:01. | :41:05. | |
difficult thing to do. I believe that was because I was secure in | :41:06. | :41:12. | |
really moving forward with my life will stop the forgiveness part came | :41:13. | :41:17. | |
quite easily to me. To forgive him. I was also aware that the more | :41:18. | :41:23. | |
energy I put on the past and what happened, and the unfairness of it, | :41:24. | :41:28. | |
it was just going to hold me down in that negative space, and I did not | :41:29. | :41:32. | |
want to be there, I did not want to be in the negative space, I just | :41:33. | :41:37. | |
wanted to move forward the best I could. Forgiveness is actually was | :41:38. | :41:41. | |
one of those necessities to my own freedom. Thank you very much for | :41:42. | :41:53. | |
joining us. Mark Clark has denied all allegations against him. | :41:54. | :41:57. | |
It seems fitting, on a night when we heard from former | :41:58. | :42:00. | |
Rubiks cube enthusiast Ed Miliband, to note that the world record for | :42:01. | :42:02. | |
solving the puzzle has been beaten - by American teenager Lucas Etter. | :42:03. | :42:06. | |
Here he is, solving the cube in a blink-and-you'll-miss-it | :42:07. | :42:10. |