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-£18,500,000. £19 million... -The art world - | 0:00:02 | 0:00:04 | |
glamour, wealth, intrigue. | 0:00:04 | 0:00:08 | |
95... Selling at 95 million dollars. | 0:00:08 | 0:00:11 | |
Beneath the surface, there's a darker place - a world of high stakes and gambles. | 0:00:13 | 0:00:18 | |
International art dealer Philip Mould knows the risks. | 0:00:20 | 0:00:24 | |
He hunts down sleepers - | 0:00:24 | 0:00:26 | |
paintings that hide secrets. | 0:00:26 | 0:00:29 | |
In the past, we looked AT pictures. Now, almost, you can look THROUGH them. | 0:00:29 | 0:00:33 | |
Paint almost acts like blood at a crime scene. | 0:00:33 | 0:00:37 | |
I'm Fiona Bruce, | 0:00:39 | 0:00:40 | |
and I have over 20 years' experience as a journalist. | 0:00:40 | 0:00:43 | |
Every picture tells its own story, and it's up to us to try and uncover it. | 0:00:44 | 0:00:48 | |
We're teaming up to investigate human dramas | 0:00:49 | 0:00:52 | |
and mysterious tales locked in paint. | 0:00:52 | 0:00:55 | |
It's a world of great beauty and ugly deceptions. | 0:00:59 | 0:01:04 | |
How many fakes are out there? | 0:01:04 | 0:01:05 | |
-Some law-enforcement agencies suggest 40 to 50% of the art market could be fakes. -Nearly half?! | 0:01:05 | 0:01:10 | |
In this episode, we go on the trail of a painting which hides the story | 0:01:11 | 0:01:15 | |
of one of the greatest scandals the art world has ever seen. | 0:01:15 | 0:01:19 | |
These are like your dirty little secret, aren't they? | 0:01:19 | 0:01:22 | |
Could it be by the most daring forger of modern times? | 0:01:22 | 0:01:26 | |
We're not just dealing with an artistic mind, we're dealing with a sophisticated criminal mind. | 0:01:26 | 0:01:31 | |
Controversially, it's part of the collection at one of our leading art establishments. | 0:01:31 | 0:01:37 | |
After 50 years, they're about to find out | 0:01:37 | 0:01:41 | |
whether their painting is genuine or fake. | 0:01:41 | 0:01:43 | |
Sneaking a peek! | 0:01:58 | 0:02:00 | |
'As an art dealer, Philip Mould operates in a world | 0:02:00 | 0:02:04 | |
'where paintings exchange hands for millions of pounds...' | 0:02:04 | 0:02:07 | |
Put it down! | 0:02:07 | 0:02:08 | |
'..but he has to be constantly on his guard. | 0:02:08 | 0:02:12 | |
'Fakes are one of the biggest problems in the art world. | 0:02:12 | 0:02:15 | |
'We're on our way to see a painting which has been foxing art specialists.' | 0:02:15 | 0:02:20 | |
The picture I'm going to take you to see now has caused real controversy. | 0:02:20 | 0:02:24 | |
Opinion is divided amongst experts as to whether it's genuine or fake. | 0:02:24 | 0:02:28 | |
And are there still a lot of fakes out there, even now? | 0:02:28 | 0:02:32 | |
There are. I've been taken in. Others have been taken in. But there was one faker | 0:02:32 | 0:02:36 | |
in the 20th century who left all the other fakers standing. | 0:02:36 | 0:02:39 | |
His name was Han van Meegeren and, believe it or not, | 0:02:39 | 0:02:43 | |
he conned the art world out of about £65 million in modern money. | 0:02:43 | 0:02:47 | |
Wow. So, a very successful faker. | 0:02:47 | 0:02:51 | |
And it's possible that the picture we're going to see now is by him. | 0:02:51 | 0:02:54 | |
In the 1940s, van Meegeren caused a scandal when it was discovered | 0:02:57 | 0:03:01 | |
he'd swindled the art world with his forgeries of Dutch old masters, | 0:03:01 | 0:03:06 | |
among them a series of paintings faking the work of Johan Vermeer. | 0:03:06 | 0:03:10 | |
When he was caught, it emerged that the world's most prestigious art galleries and respected experts | 0:03:13 | 0:03:20 | |
had been duped by van Meegeren's fakes. | 0:03:20 | 0:03:22 | |
During his trial in 1947, | 0:03:24 | 0:03:27 | |
van Meegeren confessed to forging seven old masters, | 0:03:27 | 0:03:32 | |
but he didn't own up to ALL his work. | 0:03:32 | 0:03:33 | |
21 of his fakes have now been identified, | 0:03:35 | 0:03:39 | |
and I suspect there are more lurking out there. | 0:03:39 | 0:03:41 | |
So you think van Meegeren is still causing trouble? After all these years? | 0:03:44 | 0:03:48 | |
Yes, and in one of the last places you'd expect. | 0:03:48 | 0:03:50 | |
We're heading to the Courtauld Institute in London, | 0:03:54 | 0:03:57 | |
a centre of excellence for the study of art. | 0:03:57 | 0:04:00 | |
Here, the next generation of art world experts are trained, | 0:04:02 | 0:04:05 | |
but hanging inside this highly respected establishment | 0:04:05 | 0:04:10 | |
is a picture causing confusion and controversy. | 0:04:10 | 0:04:14 | |
Recent press reports have raised awkward questions | 0:04:14 | 0:04:17 | |
about the attribution of this work of art, | 0:04:17 | 0:04:20 | |
which has hung in the Courtauld since 1960. | 0:04:20 | 0:04:23 | |
Leading experts can't agree when it was painted and by whom. | 0:04:24 | 0:04:28 | |
Dr Aviva Burnstock is their head of conservation, and teaches the scientific study of paintings. | 0:04:29 | 0:04:35 | |
She's keen for us to help solve the mystery surrounding the picture, | 0:04:35 | 0:04:39 | |
which is causing such disagreement amongst the art establishment. | 0:04:39 | 0:04:42 | |
So here it is. | 0:04:42 | 0:04:43 | |
This is a painting that is riddled with mystery. | 0:04:43 | 0:04:47 | |
-It represents... The Procuress, it's called, isn't it? -Yes. | 0:04:47 | 0:04:50 | |
There's a madam on the right, handing over one of her girls | 0:04:50 | 0:04:55 | |
to a rather lascivious-looking client in the middle, right? | 0:04:55 | 0:04:58 | |
-Is she the madam or is she the tart? -She's the tart. | 0:04:58 | 0:05:01 | |
Oh, I see. So who's the procuress? | 0:05:01 | 0:05:03 | |
-Is that a woman?! -This is a woman, yeah. | 0:05:03 | 0:05:06 | |
-And she's pointing to her hand where she wants money. -Oh, I see. | 0:05:06 | 0:05:10 | |
Now, the question is, is this a genuine 17th-century canvas, | 0:05:10 | 0:05:15 | |
a work done in the studio of an artist called Dirck van Baburen? | 0:05:15 | 0:05:21 | |
If it is, then it's an interesting picture in itself. | 0:05:21 | 0:05:24 | |
Or - and this is where it gets exciting - could this be a work | 0:05:24 | 0:05:28 | |
by the most notorious faker of the 20th century, Han van Meegeren? | 0:05:28 | 0:05:33 | |
What do you make of it? | 0:05:33 | 0:05:35 | |
Well, it was given to the Courtauld in 1960 | 0:05:35 | 0:05:37 | |
and it's hung here for the last 18 years as far, as I know, | 0:05:37 | 0:05:41 | |
and experts really are undecided. It's gone back and forward | 0:05:41 | 0:05:45 | |
-between being a fake by van Meegeren or a genuine 17th-century painting. -So people keep changing their mind? | 0:05:45 | 0:05:51 | |
-Yes, the experts are divided. Everyone has a different view. -I love that it's in the heart | 0:05:51 | 0:05:56 | |
of the institute of excellence about art history and art conservation, | 0:05:56 | 0:06:00 | |
you've been walking past it all these years, and we still don't know. | 0:06:00 | 0:06:04 | |
-Do you think we can get to the bottom of it? -What makes this project so exciting is that, | 0:06:04 | 0:06:09 | |
finally, we WILL be able to get to the bottom of this | 0:06:09 | 0:06:11 | |
and find out whether this is a fake or a genuine 17th-century painting. | 0:06:11 | 0:06:16 | |
And presumably, if it is a 300-year-old painting, that'll make it much more valuable | 0:06:16 | 0:06:20 | |
-than if it's a Han van Meegeren done a few decades ago. -Funnily enough, the reverse. | 0:06:20 | 0:06:25 | |
If it is by van Meegeren, he's got a sort of cult following, | 0:06:25 | 0:06:29 | |
there are people out there who'd want to buy it. Just any 17th-century artist | 0:06:29 | 0:06:33 | |
copying the work of a great painter of the period does not necessarily mean people pay money. | 0:06:33 | 0:06:38 | |
-Really? -But a name, a big name, a dark name like van Meegeren... -A notorious name. -Absolutely. | 0:06:38 | 0:06:44 | |
What would you prefer? Would you prefer it to be by van Meegeren? | 0:06:44 | 0:06:47 | |
-I find that really odd, here of all places. -He certainly is a famous forger | 0:06:47 | 0:06:51 | |
and to have a painting by a famous forger such as van Meegeren | 0:06:51 | 0:06:54 | |
would be more exciting in some ways. As long as there's only one of them here! | 0:06:54 | 0:06:58 | |
-You'd enjoy having one, wouldn't you? -I just wonder if I'm ever going to understand your world, Philip. | 0:06:58 | 0:07:04 | |
Philip's head of research, Dr Bendor Grosvenor, | 0:07:11 | 0:07:14 | |
has years of experience uncovering secrets behind paintings. | 0:07:14 | 0:07:18 | |
He's been tracing the provenance of The Procuress - who owned the painting and when. | 0:07:19 | 0:07:24 | |
How did The Procuress end up at the Courtauld? | 0:07:24 | 0:07:27 | |
Well, it was given to them in 1960 by this man, called Geoffrey Webb. | 0:07:27 | 0:07:32 | |
Now, Geoffrey Webb had a really important role at the end of World War II. | 0:07:32 | 0:07:36 | |
It was his job to track down all the paintings the Nazis had stolen, particularly from Holland, | 0:07:36 | 0:07:43 | |
and that's how he played a part in the arrest of Han van Meegeren in 1945. | 0:07:43 | 0:07:47 | |
And how did van Meegeren get caught? | 0:07:47 | 0:07:50 | |
He made one catastrophic mistake. | 0:07:50 | 0:07:52 | |
He allowed one of his fake Vermeers to end up in the hands of Hermann Goering, | 0:07:52 | 0:07:58 | |
Hitler's right-hand man and the Nazis' most prolific thief. | 0:07:58 | 0:08:02 | |
Not the sort of man you'd describe as the ideal client. | 0:08:02 | 0:08:05 | |
No. Not someone you'd want to con, either. | 0:08:05 | 0:08:07 | |
No, and the situation got even worse for van Meegeren. | 0:08:07 | 0:08:11 | |
When the picture was found in Goering's private art collection - | 0:08:11 | 0:08:15 | |
here it is with the American soldiers who discovered it - | 0:08:15 | 0:08:18 | |
they were able to trace the paper trail back to van Meegeren | 0:08:18 | 0:08:21 | |
and, as a result, he was arrested in 1945 | 0:08:21 | 0:08:25 | |
not for selling Goering a fake painting | 0:08:25 | 0:08:29 | |
but for selling him what they thought was a real Vermeer, | 0:08:29 | 0:08:32 | |
a piece of priceless Dutch national heritage. | 0:08:32 | 0:08:36 | |
So this laid himself open to be charged with the repugnant crime of being a collaborator. | 0:08:36 | 0:08:42 | |
Yes. There was a very, very stiff jail sentence that he faced, | 0:08:42 | 0:08:46 | |
and possibly, worst of all, he faced a charge of treason, | 0:08:46 | 0:08:51 | |
for which, of course, the sentence was death. | 0:08:51 | 0:08:55 | |
Now, the only way that van Meegeren could get off these charges | 0:08:55 | 0:08:58 | |
and get himself out of the hole that he'd dug himself into | 0:08:58 | 0:09:01 | |
was by admitting that he hadn't sold Goering a real Vermeer but he'd sold him one of his fakes. | 0:09:01 | 0:09:08 | |
What an incredible story. It must have been an amazing trial. | 0:09:08 | 0:09:12 | |
It was, it was extraordinary, and he later confessed to producing seven fake old masters. | 0:09:12 | 0:09:18 | |
Seven! It must have been so humiliating for the experts. | 0:09:18 | 0:09:22 | |
And then what about the Courtauld's painting? | 0:09:22 | 0:09:24 | |
What about The Procuress? Did he confess to that one? | 0:09:24 | 0:09:28 | |
Crucially, the Courtauld's picture was not amongst them. | 0:09:28 | 0:09:32 | |
I guess what we need to do now is find out more about van Meegeren, | 0:09:32 | 0:09:35 | |
and to do that, we need to go to Holland. | 0:09:35 | 0:09:37 | |
And I want to get really close to a van Meegeren or two. | 0:09:37 | 0:09:40 | |
I want to get so close that I can see the signature brushstrokes of the great faker at work. | 0:09:40 | 0:09:46 | |
Our first stop - Amsterdam, scene of the crime. | 0:09:54 | 0:09:59 | |
Van Meegeren managed to convince the world's most respected art galleries that his works were genuine. | 0:09:59 | 0:10:05 | |
Among them, Holland's famous Rijksmuseum. | 0:10:05 | 0:10:08 | |
It's home to the world's greatest collection of paintings from the golden age of Dutch art, | 0:10:08 | 0:10:13 | |
including works by the artist van Meegeren dared to forge, | 0:10:13 | 0:10:17 | |
the 17th-century master Johan Vermeer. | 0:10:17 | 0:10:21 | |
His paintings are among the most iconic and the most valuable in the world. | 0:10:21 | 0:10:27 | |
Now, this is the artist who inspired van Meegeren | 0:10:31 | 0:10:35 | |
in his ultimate crime, Johan Vermeer. | 0:10:35 | 0:10:38 | |
What do you think of it? | 0:10:38 | 0:10:40 | |
Wow. Just beautiful, isn't it? | 0:10:40 | 0:10:43 | |
It's very gentle, very intimate. | 0:10:43 | 0:10:47 | |
Stunning. | 0:10:47 | 0:10:49 | |
It is so powerful, it's so introspective. | 0:10:51 | 0:10:54 | |
It's also just got a kind of humble subject, humble setting, | 0:10:54 | 0:10:59 | |
-so domestic, so ordinary and so absolutely exquisite as well, you know? -Hmm. | 0:10:59 | 0:11:06 | |
You don't have to be able to appreciate art or know anything about art | 0:11:06 | 0:11:09 | |
to know that that is fantastic. | 0:11:09 | 0:11:12 | |
I agree with you. | 0:11:12 | 0:11:14 | |
I mean, the audacity of van Meegeren, thinking that he could take on this painter. | 0:11:14 | 0:11:19 | |
Now, just look at this. | 0:11:19 | 0:11:21 | |
I mean, frankly, he could not have chosen higher goalposts. | 0:11:21 | 0:11:25 | |
This is a variant of that picture, so what van Meegeren's done is he's taken half of the picture | 0:11:25 | 0:11:32 | |
and created a new composition. | 0:11:32 | 0:11:34 | |
I can't believe that van Meegeren thought he'd get away with it, | 0:11:34 | 0:11:38 | |
imitating Vermeer in the heart of the land where Vermeer is most known about and most appreciated. | 0:11:38 | 0:11:44 | |
-But he did. -But that's where he's so damn clever. | 0:11:44 | 0:11:48 | |
People really wanted more Vermeers, more works by the great artist, | 0:11:48 | 0:11:53 | |
the sort of Shakespeare, as it were, in paint, of his time. | 0:11:53 | 0:11:56 | |
I mean, there are only 35 works known at the period. | 0:11:56 | 0:11:59 | |
But the other thing was, van Meegeren had the skills of a magician. He had a whole panoply of tricks. | 0:11:59 | 0:12:05 | |
In fact, there are some examples here of what he could do. | 0:12:05 | 0:12:08 | |
The Rijksmuseum has its own chapter in this story of shame. | 0:12:13 | 0:12:17 | |
Conservator Michel van de Laar takes us deep into the museum vaults | 0:12:17 | 0:12:22 | |
where, hidden away from view, | 0:12:22 | 0:12:24 | |
is a collection of paintings by van Meegeren himself. | 0:12:24 | 0:12:28 | |
My hope is that these forgeries might help us | 0:12:28 | 0:12:31 | |
solve the mystery of the Courtauld's painting. | 0:12:31 | 0:12:35 | |
On this rack is a painting which for a long time | 0:12:35 | 0:12:37 | |
used to be a big embarrassment for the Rijksmuseum, like an open wound. | 0:12:37 | 0:12:42 | |
A painting painted by Han van Meegeren | 0:12:42 | 0:12:44 | |
and bought in 1943 as a genuine Vermeer. | 0:12:44 | 0:12:48 | |
-What did they pay for it? -They paid 1,168,000 Dutch guilders, | 0:12:48 | 0:12:53 | |
which would be today something like £12 million. | 0:12:53 | 0:12:57 | |
Hard to believe for such an ugly painting. | 0:12:57 | 0:12:59 | |
-An astonishing amount of money. -An expensive mistake! | 0:12:59 | 0:13:02 | |
That must have been a record. Had the gallery paid as much for anything else? | 0:13:02 | 0:13:06 | |
-It was a record amount of money at that moment. -Wow. | 0:13:06 | 0:13:09 | |
-Staggering. -Yeah. -That must hurt. -Particularly when you look at it. | 0:13:09 | 0:13:14 | |
-Every time you get that painting out, that must hurt. -Is that why it's got holes in it? | 0:13:14 | 0:13:18 | |
The holes were made in the court case of van Meegeren, | 0:13:18 | 0:13:21 | |
to see if it this indeed is a forgery or an original painting. | 0:13:21 | 0:13:25 | |
-It seems to be done with anger and vengeance. -You have visions of...eek, eek, eek! | 0:13:25 | 0:13:30 | |
Obviously, it was a useless painting of no value. | 0:13:30 | 0:13:33 | |
-What do you think of it, Fiona? -Looking at it, I'm no expert, | 0:13:33 | 0:13:37 | |
-but it looks a bit rubbish. -It does, it does. | 0:13:37 | 0:13:39 | |
-A BIT rubbish?! -What happened is that... | 0:13:39 | 0:13:42 | |
-Look at the face on the left. -Yeah. | 0:13:42 | 0:13:44 | |
But art historians of the time wondered, "Aren't there more paintings by Vermeer? | 0:13:44 | 0:13:49 | |
"There must be religious work." | 0:13:49 | 0:13:51 | |
That's what Han van Meegeren anticipated on by making these paintings. | 0:13:51 | 0:13:56 | |
-So he was trying to produce a sort of lost but primitive early work... -Right. | 0:13:56 | 0:14:02 | |
-..which no-one had anything to compare it with? -Right. | 0:14:02 | 0:14:05 | |
-So he could just sort of dream up, in a sense, a whole new type of Vermeer. -Yeah. | 0:14:05 | 0:14:10 | |
-She looks familiar, doesn't she? -Yeah, I was just looking at her. | 0:14:10 | 0:14:13 | |
-This painting was used as a piece of evidence in the court case. -Really? | 0:14:13 | 0:14:18 | |
-It's more convincing than the other one. -Would that have taken YOU in? | 0:14:18 | 0:14:22 | |
-Go on! -Shame on you! -Put aside your professional pride. | 0:14:22 | 0:14:25 | |
Come on, 'fess up. If you'd been in the '40s and had seen that... | 0:14:25 | 0:14:29 | |
Well, in the '40s, I might well have actually doubted my eye. | 0:14:31 | 0:14:34 | |
Many people did, many people believed this was a Vermeer, | 0:14:34 | 0:14:38 | |
and the richest people in the world bought them. | 0:14:38 | 0:14:41 | |
It became easier to understand how van Meegeren duped the world's experts | 0:14:41 | 0:14:47 | |
when Michel showed us the tricks of his trade. | 0:14:47 | 0:14:50 | |
-So these are all by van Meegeren? -Yes. | 0:14:50 | 0:14:52 | |
And we can see on the, on the back, that he used an old painting, | 0:14:52 | 0:14:57 | |
-an old 17th-century painting, with patches and everything. -The old goat! | 0:14:57 | 0:15:02 | |
-Would he have put these cracks in and this damage to the canvas? -Yeah. | 0:15:02 | 0:15:06 | |
He liked those things because he knew that no painting would survive the centuries without cracks. | 0:15:06 | 0:15:11 | |
It's like the cracking on someone's face. It's an indication of age. | 0:15:11 | 0:15:14 | |
Sometimes it's the only evidence that one has that the picture is old. | 0:15:14 | 0:15:19 | |
-Here we can see he over-cleaned his own work. -Yeah, look at this. -That's astonishing, isn't it? | 0:15:19 | 0:15:24 | |
So he knackered his own pictures in order to give them | 0:15:24 | 0:15:28 | |
the appearance of a picture that has come down through the ages and has been over-cleaned. | 0:15:28 | 0:15:32 | |
I mean, this does look pretty realistic, doesn't it? | 0:15:32 | 0:15:35 | |
-I mean, to have this evidence of the process is such an insight, isn't it? -Yeah. | 0:15:35 | 0:15:41 | |
I'm beginning to think we're not just dealing with an artistic mind, | 0:15:41 | 0:15:44 | |
-we're dealing with a sophisticated criminal mind, don't you think? -Hm. | 0:15:44 | 0:15:48 | |
I also think these are like your dirty little secret, aren't they? | 0:15:48 | 0:15:51 | |
You have a past, though, cos you worked at the Courtauld | 0:15:51 | 0:15:54 | |
where the picture is that we're looking into. | 0:15:54 | 0:15:58 | |
-What's your view? -It's hard to say, because I haven't studied the painting close up, | 0:15:58 | 0:16:03 | |
but I think it's older than van Meegeren's time. | 0:16:03 | 0:16:07 | |
-You don't think it's a 20th-century painting? -No. | 0:16:07 | 0:16:09 | |
It's only on the basis of technical analysis that we will find out. | 0:16:09 | 0:16:13 | |
-But your hunch is that it's not a van Meegeren? -OK, yeah. | 0:16:13 | 0:16:17 | |
-You want to know, though, don't you? -I want to know. | 0:16:17 | 0:16:20 | |
-This is important to you? -Yeah! | 0:16:20 | 0:16:22 | |
I'm keen to learn more about the man who wreaked havoc in the art world. | 0:16:27 | 0:16:33 | |
I've managed to track down the last person alive | 0:16:36 | 0:16:38 | |
who knew van Meegeren - his nephew, Pim Polman-Tuin. | 0:16:38 | 0:16:43 | |
-Hello! -Hi. -Glad to meet you, come in. -Thank you. | 0:16:43 | 0:16:48 | |
Tell me about this photograph. | 0:16:48 | 0:16:50 | |
TRANSLATION: | 0:16:50 | 0:16:55 | |
-Did you ever see your uncle paint? -Yeah. | 0:17:00 | 0:17:02 | |
So, this is you? | 0:17:11 | 0:17:13 | |
What do you remember of the trial and the whole scandal of it? | 0:17:16 | 0:17:23 | |
What do you think he would think now | 0:17:57 | 0:18:00 | |
if he knew that even today his paintings are still causing | 0:18:00 | 0:18:05 | |
arguments and disagreements? What would he think of all that? | 0:18:05 | 0:18:09 | |
I have a picture here where your uncle's still causing trouble. | 0:18:21 | 0:18:26 | |
Do you think your uncle painted this? | 0:18:26 | 0:18:29 | |
So you mean you think there are paintings still out there, in Holland and around the world, | 0:18:41 | 0:18:46 | |
that are undiscovered forgeries by your uncle? | 0:18:46 | 0:18:50 | |
So your uncle might have the last laugh, then? | 0:18:57 | 0:19:00 | |
Oh, ja, absolut. Absolut, I'm sure. | 0:19:00 | 0:19:03 | |
FIONA LAUGHS | 0:19:03 | 0:19:05 | |
Before I came here, I assumed that van Meegeren | 0:19:07 | 0:19:10 | |
was a kind of stain on the national honour of Holland. | 0:19:10 | 0:19:14 | |
But actually having met van Meegeren's nephew, | 0:19:14 | 0:19:17 | |
I can see that not only is he really rather proud of him, | 0:19:17 | 0:19:20 | |
but it's also a bit more complex than that, | 0:19:20 | 0:19:22 | |
because he's not the only one to be proud of van Meegeren. | 0:19:22 | 0:19:25 | |
They still, here in Holland, feel that, OK, he was a forger, | 0:19:25 | 0:19:29 | |
but he was a really good forger, and they're rather proud of that. | 0:19:29 | 0:19:33 | |
I've been doing some digging and I've been told | 0:19:40 | 0:19:43 | |
that the Rijksmuseum conservation lab holds some vital evidence. | 0:19:43 | 0:19:47 | |
This state-of-the-art facility is devoted to the scientific analysis | 0:19:48 | 0:19:53 | |
and conservation of some of the world's most treasured works of art. | 0:19:53 | 0:19:57 | |
In a corner of the studio is a cupboard full of the most fascinating collection of artefacts, | 0:19:58 | 0:20:05 | |
all seized from van Meegeren's studio at the time of his arrest in 1945. | 0:20:05 | 0:20:09 | |
Wow! | 0:20:09 | 0:20:11 | |
Although this evidence was examined during van Meegeren's trial, | 0:20:11 | 0:20:15 | |
it has never undergone the scrutiny of modern forensic tests. | 0:20:15 | 0:20:18 | |
Oh, look, this one says, "Han van Meegeren, October 1945." | 0:20:18 | 0:20:23 | |
-So this is a tag used in the trial. -Yeah. | 0:20:23 | 0:20:25 | |
-This is one of his props in his paintings. -Must've been. | 0:20:25 | 0:20:28 | |
Yeah, that's a 17th-century piece of glass. He went to infinite pains, this man, didn't he? | 0:20:28 | 0:20:33 | |
-Now, this is a dream. -Fantastic. | 0:20:33 | 0:20:36 | |
Look at this. | 0:20:36 | 0:20:37 | |
Now, these are all samples of the pigments | 0:20:37 | 0:20:41 | |
that were discovered in his studio. | 0:20:41 | 0:20:43 | |
So these are the pigments he used in his paintings, in his fakes? | 0:20:43 | 0:20:46 | |
These are the actual ingredients for his pictures. | 0:20:46 | 0:20:49 | |
Wow, look at them. | 0:20:49 | 0:20:51 | |
Cinnabar... Oh, look, lapis lazuli. | 0:20:51 | 0:20:54 | |
What a gift, eh? | 0:20:54 | 0:20:56 | |
I mean, I can't think of another comparison of an artist | 0:20:56 | 0:20:59 | |
being able to be discovered, or re-discovered, so precisely in this way. | 0:20:59 | 0:21:03 | |
Analyse these and we'll be able to find out exactly what was in his pictures, | 0:21:03 | 0:21:09 | |
and we'll be able move forward. | 0:21:09 | 0:21:10 | |
Before we returned home, I was shown one last piece of evidence | 0:21:18 | 0:21:22 | |
that could help us date the Courtauld's painting. | 0:21:22 | 0:21:26 | |
Several versions of The Procuress are known to exist. | 0:21:26 | 0:21:29 | |
This is quite common for 17th-century works of art, | 0:21:29 | 0:21:31 | |
as paintings were often replicated or copied by apprentices | 0:21:31 | 0:21:35 | |
who were learning their master's craft. | 0:21:35 | 0:21:38 | |
One of these versions has hung in the Rijksmuseum since 1898. | 0:21:38 | 0:21:43 | |
If van Meegeren did forge the Courtauld's painting, | 0:21:43 | 0:21:46 | |
he would've made his copy from this work, which is known to have been painted nearly 400 years ago | 0:21:46 | 0:21:51 | |
by an apprentice of the old master, Dirck van Baburen. | 0:21:51 | 0:21:55 | |
I asked Michel to take paint samples from this 17th-century work | 0:21:57 | 0:22:01 | |
to compare them to the Courtauld's Procuress. | 0:22:01 | 0:22:04 | |
The flecks of paint are so tiny it'll cause minimal damage. | 0:22:04 | 0:22:08 | |
I also convinced him to make another hole, albeit a microscopic one, | 0:22:08 | 0:22:13 | |
in their mutilated van Meegeren fake. | 0:22:13 | 0:22:16 | |
Would the paint from the Courtauld's picture | 0:22:17 | 0:22:20 | |
match up to the genuine work or the 20th-century forgery? | 0:22:20 | 0:22:23 | |
This is getting really exciting, this is REAL progress. | 0:22:25 | 0:22:28 | |
We've got the Rijksmuseum, the great institution, to allow us | 0:22:28 | 0:22:31 | |
to remove, and it's happening now, two flecks of paint, | 0:22:31 | 0:22:35 | |
two bits of paint, from two of their works of art. | 0:22:35 | 0:22:38 | |
It's quite a big ask. We are actually taking something off their paintings | 0:22:38 | 0:22:42 | |
and taking it over the Channel. | 0:22:42 | 0:22:44 | |
Paint almost acts like blood at a crime scene. | 0:22:45 | 0:22:49 | |
As a result of analysing the material, | 0:22:49 | 0:22:51 | |
we can establish things that were never formerly establishable. | 0:22:51 | 0:22:55 | |
We can work out whether the painting could've been done at that date. | 0:22:55 | 0:22:59 | |
If the pigment's not around then, it can't be. | 0:22:59 | 0:23:01 | |
We can establish sometimes what the actual artist used, | 0:23:01 | 0:23:04 | |
whether the likelihood is that it was that artist because of what they used. | 0:23:04 | 0:23:09 | |
All sorts of questions that the scientist, | 0:23:09 | 0:23:11 | |
that the microscope, that the scalpel can now answer. | 0:23:11 | 0:23:15 | |
So you're preparing here the samples of The Procuress | 0:23:18 | 0:23:22 | |
from the Rijksmuseum, and also van Meegeren. | 0:23:22 | 0:23:25 | |
That's right. I'm doing a final polish and they're ready to go to the Courtauld Institute. | 0:23:25 | 0:23:31 | |
My hope is that these samples hold the answer | 0:23:32 | 0:23:35 | |
to whether the Courtauld's painting is genuine or fake. | 0:23:35 | 0:23:39 | |
-How exciting. Thank you very much. -OK, you're welcome. | 0:23:39 | 0:23:42 | |
We've left Amsterdam confident in the knowledge that we've gathered | 0:23:50 | 0:23:53 | |
enough evidence to solve the mystery of the Courtauld's painting. | 0:23:53 | 0:23:57 | |
While we've been away, Bendor has been studying documents | 0:24:01 | 0:24:04 | |
relating to van Meegeren's interrogation and trial. | 0:24:04 | 0:24:08 | |
I've got here a copy of van Meegeren's statement | 0:24:08 | 0:24:12 | |
he made when he was arrested in 1945. | 0:24:12 | 0:24:14 | |
It is, if you like, his confession, where he admits to everything | 0:24:14 | 0:24:18 | |
and it contains a reference to the Courtauld's Procuress. | 0:24:18 | 0:24:21 | |
-What, to our painting? -Indeed. -Good news. | 0:24:21 | 0:24:24 | |
But don't get too excited, because I've had the document translated | 0:24:24 | 0:24:28 | |
and he says, not that he painted The Procuress | 0:24:28 | 0:24:30 | |
but that his former wife bought it in 1938, and he even says here, | 0:24:30 | 0:24:37 | |
for about 600 francs in an antiques shop in Nice. | 0:24:37 | 0:24:41 | |
Well, there we are, aren't we? I mean, that's it. | 0:24:41 | 0:24:45 | |
He didn't...fake this painting - his wife bought it - | 0:24:45 | 0:24:50 | |
and there it is, in black and white. | 0:24:50 | 0:24:51 | |
You see, I just don't believe it, I just don't believe it. | 0:24:51 | 0:24:54 | |
This man was a liar. | 0:24:54 | 0:24:56 | |
He lied in paint, he was a forger and he twisted the truth as well. | 0:24:56 | 0:25:00 | |
I think this picture is by van Meegeren. | 0:25:00 | 0:25:03 | |
-I'll put my neck on the line. -But he confessed. Hang on, | 0:25:03 | 0:25:06 | |
because he confessed to painting seven other fakes, or seven fakes, in court. | 0:25:06 | 0:25:10 | |
Why would he not confess to this one? Doesn't make sense. | 0:25:10 | 0:25:13 | |
Cos we know he didn't confess to everything. I'll tell you why I think it's a van Meegeren. | 0:25:13 | 0:25:18 | |
This is one of Vermeer's most famous pictures, The Concert. You probably recognise it. | 0:25:18 | 0:25:24 | |
You probably haven't looked that carefully at the background. | 0:25:24 | 0:25:27 | |
-You may have done. But lave a look. What can you see? -Oh, right. | 0:25:27 | 0:25:31 | |
The Procuress? | 0:25:31 | 0:25:32 | |
-It's our picture, isn't it? -Mm. -Or it's the image. -Mm. | 0:25:32 | 0:25:35 | |
Take a look at the next picture. | 0:25:35 | 0:25:36 | |
Again, a really famous work by Vermeer, | 0:25:37 | 0:25:41 | |
Young Woman At The Virginal. | 0:25:41 | 0:25:43 | |
But have a look at the painting in the background. | 0:25:43 | 0:25:46 | |
Oh, yes! It's The Procuress again, yeah. | 0:25:47 | 0:25:50 | |
Now, we know that Vermeer had a version of this picture in his studio. | 0:25:51 | 0:25:58 | |
We know that van Meegeren was obsessed by Vermeer. | 0:25:58 | 0:26:02 | |
My theory is, and it's a circumstantial theory, but I think it's a strong one, | 0:26:02 | 0:26:06 | |
I think that he was producing a prop to use in his fakes. | 0:26:06 | 0:26:10 | |
-What, props like he had in the cupboard? -Exactly. The ones we saw. -Yes. We know that van Meegeren | 0:26:10 | 0:26:15 | |
had a whole range of props, perhaps the most famous was this little white jug | 0:26:15 | 0:26:20 | |
that he used repeatedly in his fake Vermeers. | 0:26:20 | 0:26:23 | |
In fact, this is fascinating footage from the auction of van Meegeren's studio effects | 0:26:23 | 0:26:28 | |
after the whole scandal was exposed. | 0:26:28 | 0:26:30 | |
Don't forget that van Meegeren was wildly popular, | 0:26:30 | 0:26:33 | |
because he was the man who ripped off Goering. As you can see from the audience, | 0:26:33 | 0:26:37 | |
there was great demand to have a little piece of van Meegeren action. | 0:26:37 | 0:26:41 | |
Amazing. | 0:26:41 | 0:26:42 | |
Well, it's an interesting theory, and it's quite a seductive theory, but that's all it is. | 0:26:42 | 0:26:47 | |
-It's a theory, it's your hunch. -We have these samples. I'm going to the Courtauld. | 0:26:47 | 0:26:51 | |
Let's see what they tell us. | 0:26:51 | 0:26:52 | |
The more I learn about how ambitious van Meegeren was | 0:26:56 | 0:26:59 | |
in plotting his fakes, the more I wonder to what extent | 0:26:59 | 0:27:03 | |
forgers are getting away with it today. | 0:27:03 | 0:27:06 | |
The thing is, there have been forgers since time immemorial | 0:27:06 | 0:27:09 | |
and, for sure, there'll be forgers and fakers out there now, | 0:27:09 | 0:27:13 | |
who are conning people, conning experts, who knows? | 0:27:13 | 0:27:16 | |
To find out more, I contact Scotland Yard. | 0:27:22 | 0:27:25 | |
I'm instructed to travel to a secret store | 0:27:25 | 0:27:28 | |
where the spoils of art crime are held. | 0:27:28 | 0:27:30 | |
Head of the Art and Antique Squad, Detective Sergeant Vernon Rapley, | 0:27:34 | 0:27:39 | |
agrees to show me the extent of the problem today. | 0:27:39 | 0:27:41 | |
It's like Fort Knox in here. | 0:27:41 | 0:27:43 | |
Even the location of this place is secret, | 0:27:43 | 0:27:45 | |
so why all the secrecy about this building? | 0:27:45 | 0:27:48 | |
Not only do we have our fakes and forgeries here | 0:27:48 | 0:27:50 | |
but also a lot of stolen artworks and antiquities | 0:27:50 | 0:27:53 | |
recovered from all over the world that are of very high value. | 0:27:53 | 0:27:56 | |
-So you don't want anyone to know where we are? -Not really, no. | 0:27:56 | 0:27:59 | |
-In here? -In here. | 0:27:59 | 0:28:01 | |
-Wow, look at this lot. So these are all fakes, are they? -Yes, they are, yeah. | 0:28:01 | 0:28:06 | |
Wow. | 0:28:06 | 0:28:07 | |
What's happened to these paintings, how have you come by them all? | 0:28:07 | 0:28:10 | |
They've all been seized in our investigations by the art and antiques unit. | 0:28:10 | 0:28:15 | |
-This is, what, a Banksy? -Yeah, that's a limited-edition print by Banksy, | 0:28:16 | 0:28:20 | |
something we're having a great deal of problems with now. | 0:28:20 | 0:28:23 | |
-Very easy to produce, and also, you have... -It's just a stencil, isn't it? | 0:28:23 | 0:28:27 | |
It's just a stencil with a false signature applied | 0:28:27 | 0:28:30 | |
-but they sell for a considerable amount of money. -Like what? | 0:28:30 | 0:28:34 | |
A limited-edition print like that's probably £1,500, £2,000 at least, | 0:28:34 | 0:28:38 | |
and then a smaller...something like a stencil painting, that run to tens of thousands of pounds. | 0:28:38 | 0:28:43 | |
Now looking at these... This is, what, a fake Lowry? | 0:28:43 | 0:28:47 | |
Indeed. | 0:28:47 | 0:28:50 | |
..there aren't old masters here, as such. Is that because the old masters are much harder to fake? | 0:28:50 | 0:28:55 | |
Indeed. What we're finding increasingly is that artists are preferring | 0:28:55 | 0:28:59 | |
to go for contemporary artworks. The checks that are done on them | 0:28:59 | 0:29:02 | |
are not so exacting as you would... If, for example, you were looking to buy a Vermeer, | 0:29:02 | 0:29:07 | |
you would conduct every check. | 0:29:07 | 0:29:09 | |
How many fakes and forgeries are out there in the art market? | 0:29:09 | 0:29:12 | |
Some law-enforcement agencies suggest 40 or 50% of the art market | 0:29:12 | 0:29:16 | |
-could be fake and forgeries. -Nearly half? -Nearly half, yes. | 0:29:16 | 0:29:20 | |
So, what does that say about the state of the art market, | 0:29:20 | 0:29:23 | |
or anyone who wants to go out and buy a painting, | 0:29:23 | 0:29:26 | |
if nearly half of them could be fakes? That's astonishing. | 0:29:26 | 0:29:29 | |
Well, there are without any doubt at all thousands of fakes out there | 0:29:29 | 0:29:32 | |
being produced on a daily basis by a number of artists, | 0:29:32 | 0:29:35 | |
and people need to consider that when they're making purchases and to act more carefully. | 0:29:35 | 0:29:41 | |
The thing that strikes me is that if up to half the paintings out there, | 0:29:46 | 0:29:50 | |
in the art market generally, could be fake, | 0:29:50 | 0:29:53 | |
there must be little time bombs | 0:29:53 | 0:29:55 | |
planted in galleries and museums around the world, | 0:29:55 | 0:29:58 | |
which in 5, 20, 100 years' time, people will come to realise | 0:29:58 | 0:30:01 | |
are not genuine works of art, | 0:30:01 | 0:30:03 | |
but they are fakes and therefore valueless. | 0:30:03 | 0:30:06 | |
And I'd quite like to learn a bit more about the people | 0:30:06 | 0:30:09 | |
who are planting these little time bombs, these forgers. Who are they? | 0:30:09 | 0:30:13 | |
While Fiona hunts down today's forgers, | 0:30:17 | 0:30:20 | |
I'm trying to nail one from the past. | 0:30:20 | 0:30:23 | |
I'm at the Courtauld, with the paint samples from the Rijksmuseum | 0:30:23 | 0:30:26 | |
and the box of pigments that van Meegeren used, | 0:30:26 | 0:30:30 | |
eager to start scrutinising the evidence. | 0:30:30 | 0:30:32 | |
-Hi there. -Hello. | 0:30:32 | 0:30:33 | |
'Aviva Burnstock, expert in the scientific study of paintings, has agreed to help me. | 0:30:33 | 0:30:38 | |
'Forgers are often caught by their careless use of modern materials, | 0:30:41 | 0:30:45 | |
'so in order to make sure his fakes weren't spotted by scientific tests, | 0:30:45 | 0:30:49 | |
'van Meegeren used the techniques of a 17th-century painter. | 0:30:49 | 0:30:53 | |
'By comparing the paint samples from the Rijksmuseum with the Courtauld's painting, | 0:30:54 | 0:30:59 | |
'we should be able to identify how The Procuress was painted and with what.' | 0:30:59 | 0:31:04 | |
What can we deduce from what you're looking at now? | 0:31:04 | 0:31:08 | |
What I'm looking at under the microscope and what I've captured on the screen here | 0:31:08 | 0:31:13 | |
are samples from the three different paintings | 0:31:13 | 0:31:15 | |
that you've brought samples from. | 0:31:15 | 0:31:17 | |
One is the Rijksmuseum 17th-century Procuress, | 0:31:17 | 0:31:20 | |
the second is the Rijksmuseum van Meegeren | 0:31:20 | 0:31:23 | |
and here is the sample from the Courtauld picture. | 0:31:23 | 0:31:25 | |
So we've got all three lined up. | 0:31:25 | 0:31:27 | |
We're in a pretty strong position to then make some comparisons. | 0:31:27 | 0:31:31 | |
Yes, we have the 17th-century painting, which has a classical structure. | 0:31:31 | 0:31:35 | |
The sort of technique you'd expect from a 17th-century painter in Holland. | 0:31:35 | 0:31:38 | |
-Exactly. -Right. | 0:31:38 | 0:31:40 | |
The most important thing to look at is the first two layers. | 0:31:40 | 0:31:44 | |
The first reddish paint layer that was applied to smooth the canvas, | 0:31:44 | 0:31:48 | |
to fill up the canvas weaves, then a second grey layer, | 0:31:48 | 0:31:51 | |
mixture of black and white, | 0:31:51 | 0:31:52 | |
mixed together to create the smooth painting grey surface | 0:31:52 | 0:31:56 | |
that was very popular in the 17th century. | 0:31:56 | 0:31:58 | |
Now let's have a look at the van Meegeren from the Rijksmuseum. | 0:31:58 | 0:32:02 | |
-It's a similar technique. -Closely similar technique. | 0:32:02 | 0:32:04 | |
-The only difference is the thickness of the layers. -Fascinating. | 0:32:04 | 0:32:08 | |
Ok, we've got a 17th-century version, | 0:32:09 | 0:32:12 | |
we have got the van Meegeren version, showing a similar technique. | 0:32:12 | 0:32:15 | |
Let's compare it with the Courtauld version. | 0:32:15 | 0:32:17 | |
This is our picture from the Courtauld, which has a very similar structure. | 0:32:17 | 0:32:21 | |
The red layer followed by the grey layer. Here. | 0:32:21 | 0:32:24 | |
So what we know about van Meegeren is that he aped, | 0:32:24 | 0:32:27 | |
as far as possible, the exact techniques of the 17th century. | 0:32:27 | 0:32:30 | |
So, if this is a van Meegeren, this is exactly what you'd expect? | 0:32:30 | 0:32:33 | |
It rules him in, it definitely rules him in. | 0:32:33 | 0:32:35 | |
The structure is one thing. What about the materials? | 0:32:35 | 0:32:39 | |
What you can see is that the materials that have been used | 0:32:39 | 0:32:42 | |
are all consistent with 17th-century paintings | 0:32:42 | 0:32:45 | |
and we know that van Meegeren was very meticulous about choosing | 0:32:45 | 0:32:48 | |
17th-century materials or materials that could have been used then, | 0:32:48 | 0:32:52 | |
but what's really striking is that the box of pigments you gave me | 0:32:52 | 0:32:56 | |
from the Rijksmuseum are closely similar in colour and tonality | 0:32:56 | 0:32:59 | |
to some of these pigments that we're seeing in the Courtauld picture. | 0:32:59 | 0:33:03 | |
-You can tell that already? -They just seem compellingly similar. | 0:33:03 | 0:33:06 | |
I can only tell so much from microscopy. | 0:33:06 | 0:33:08 | |
I need to do more sophisticated analytical techniques. | 0:33:08 | 0:33:11 | |
I feel we're making progress, but it's still frustrating. | 0:33:14 | 0:33:18 | |
We know The Procuress was painted in a 17th-century technique, | 0:33:18 | 0:33:22 | |
using 17th-century pigments, and we know that van Meegeren painted | 0:33:22 | 0:33:26 | |
in a 17th-century technique and used those pigments. | 0:33:26 | 0:33:29 | |
We have them here in this box, | 0:33:29 | 0:33:31 | |
the actual pigments that he applied to his paintings. | 0:33:31 | 0:33:34 | |
So that rules him in, but equally it could be a 17th-century picture. | 0:33:34 | 0:33:38 | |
But there's one sample in here that's not a 17th-century pigment | 0:33:38 | 0:33:43 | |
and it's marked "artificial resin". | 0:33:43 | 0:33:46 | |
I have a hunch what this might be, but if we can analyse it | 0:33:46 | 0:33:50 | |
and find out for certain, we can move forward. | 0:33:50 | 0:33:53 | |
The cunning tricks of the forger's hand are intriguing enough, | 0:33:58 | 0:34:02 | |
but I'm eager to get inside the forger's mind. | 0:34:02 | 0:34:05 | |
John Myatt served four months in prison in 1998 | 0:34:05 | 0:34:08 | |
for painting and selling hundreds of fakes. | 0:34:08 | 0:34:12 | |
Today, he legally produces copies by declaring that he's the real artist. | 0:34:12 | 0:34:16 | |
But back then, he wasn't so upfront, and Scotland Yard said | 0:34:16 | 0:34:20 | |
he'd committed the biggest art fraud of the 20th century. | 0:34:20 | 0:34:23 | |
Wow. What a glory hole, look at all these. | 0:34:27 | 0:34:29 | |
And all these are done by you? | 0:34:29 | 0:34:33 | |
-Yeah, yeah. -So this, this is in the manner of Monet? -Yeah. | 0:34:33 | 0:34:38 | |
What else have we got here? This... | 0:34:38 | 0:34:40 | |
That's a Monet, Avenue Of Flowers, another Monet down there. | 0:34:40 | 0:34:43 | |
-Now what have we got across there? -A Miro? | 0:34:43 | 0:34:46 | |
At the end there we've got a couple of Henri Matisse. | 0:34:46 | 0:34:49 | |
Umberto Giacometti and this is another Monet, Nicholson. | 0:34:49 | 0:34:54 | |
Just take me back to the beginning then, John, | 0:34:54 | 0:34:57 | |
because you were, what an art teacher? | 0:34:57 | 0:34:59 | |
Originally I was an art teacher. Later, about ten years after that, | 0:34:59 | 0:35:03 | |
-when I was looking after two youngsters... -Your two children. | 0:35:03 | 0:35:08 | |
My two children, I was looking after them by myself, | 0:35:08 | 0:35:10 | |
I had to stop my teaching job because I had to be with them, | 0:35:10 | 0:35:15 | |
so I put an advert in Private Eye, "Genuine fakes from £250". | 0:35:15 | 0:35:20 | |
So you were offering to do fakes of paintings, | 0:35:20 | 0:35:22 | |
but being completely upfront about it, that they were fakes, | 0:35:22 | 0:35:25 | |
and these were ones that you've done. | 0:35:25 | 0:35:27 | |
How did that change? | 0:35:27 | 0:35:29 | |
One of the customers just took one of my paintings | 0:35:29 | 0:35:32 | |
into one of the auction houses and they said, | 0:35:32 | 0:35:36 | |
"We will put a reserve on that of £25,000." | 0:35:36 | 0:35:39 | |
He'd just paid me 250 quid for it | 0:35:39 | 0:35:42 | |
and he called me up and he said, "You can either keep the 250, | 0:35:42 | 0:35:46 | |
"or I'll give you £12,500, what's it going to be?" | 0:35:46 | 0:35:48 | |
And, um...I just said, "Yes, yes, yes, yes, let's do it." | 0:35:48 | 0:35:53 | |
And then from that moment on, you were churning them out. | 0:35:53 | 0:35:56 | |
Churning them out. Rolling away, yes. | 0:35:56 | 0:35:59 | |
I probably turned out about 200 fakes over a six, seven year period. | 0:35:59 | 0:36:05 | |
-You were committing fraud on a grand scale. -Mm. | 0:36:05 | 0:36:09 | |
Did that not trouble you? | 0:36:09 | 0:36:10 | |
No. I remember thinking, no-one's being bashed over the head here, | 0:36:10 | 0:36:15 | |
everybody's still alive at the end of it, it's only painting. | 0:36:15 | 0:36:19 | |
But people were losing a lot of money. | 0:36:19 | 0:36:21 | |
I mean, did you...the paintings they bought then turned out to be fakes, | 0:36:21 | 0:36:25 | |
absolutely, I mean, it's not a victimless crime. | 0:36:25 | 0:36:28 | |
-Did you...were you troubled by that? -No. -You weren't? | 0:36:28 | 0:36:31 | |
No. Not until afterwards. | 0:36:31 | 0:36:34 | |
Not until about halfway through, I started feeling rotten about who I was and what I was doing | 0:36:34 | 0:36:39 | |
but I didn't get to that place soon enough. | 0:36:39 | 0:36:42 | |
-I guess the money was too tempting. -Yeah. | 0:36:42 | 0:36:45 | |
-How many of your fakes are still out there now? -120. | 0:36:45 | 0:36:50 | |
120. Why don't you go out and identify them? | 0:36:50 | 0:36:52 | |
-I had that question before... -It's an obvious question, isn't it? | 0:36:52 | 0:36:56 | |
You put some fakes in the market, only you can identify them. Why don't you? | 0:36:56 | 0:37:00 | |
-If you're really penitent, that's what you'd do, surely? -No. | 0:37:00 | 0:37:03 | |
Supposing you'd paid £30,000 and I come along and say, "I did that." | 0:37:03 | 0:37:08 | |
Well, you know, you've just lost a whole mass of money. | 0:37:08 | 0:37:11 | |
-Do you regret what you did, creating these? -Oh, yes, yes. Oh, yes. | 0:37:11 | 0:37:16 | |
You chose to fake the modern end of painting | 0:37:16 | 0:37:19 | |
because it was easy to recreate these. | 0:37:19 | 0:37:22 | |
What's the hardest thing about creating a forgery like van Meegeren did? | 0:37:22 | 0:37:26 | |
The major problem is using the right materials | 0:37:26 | 0:37:28 | |
and materials that will withstand scientific analysis, | 0:37:28 | 0:37:33 | |
and that was his major achievement. | 0:37:33 | 0:37:37 | |
Do you think you could do it? | 0:37:37 | 0:37:39 | |
-Er... -Recreate a 17th-century Vermeer? -Yes, I do. | 0:37:39 | 0:37:43 | |
-Very confident. -I am very confident. | 0:37:43 | 0:37:46 | |
Well, you know, I'm in my comfort zone. | 0:37:46 | 0:37:48 | |
Well, John seems very confident, scarily confident, | 0:37:51 | 0:37:54 | |
that he can reproduce a 17th-century masterpiece | 0:37:54 | 0:37:57 | |
using van Meegeren's techniques. We shall see. | 0:37:57 | 0:38:00 | |
I mean, the interesting thing is, | 0:38:00 | 0:38:02 | |
we don't know exactly the precise details of what van Meegeren did | 0:38:02 | 0:38:05 | |
and this is one way hopefully, we're going to find out. | 0:38:05 | 0:38:08 | |
Van Meegeren managed to fool the experts by his painstaking use | 0:38:12 | 0:38:17 | |
of 17th-century materials, so I need to buy the authentic ingredients | 0:38:17 | 0:38:21 | |
for John to paint our fake. | 0:38:21 | 0:38:23 | |
I'm heading to one of the last surviving traditional pigment shops, | 0:38:23 | 0:38:27 | |
to meet Dr David Cranswick, an expert in painting techniques. | 0:38:27 | 0:38:31 | |
-Hello. -All right? -Hi there. -Nice to meet you. | 0:38:31 | 0:38:34 | |
We've set ourselves a rather ambitious task | 0:38:34 | 0:38:38 | |
of trying to recreate Vermeer's great masterpiece, | 0:38:38 | 0:38:42 | |
The Girl With The Pearl Earring. | 0:38:42 | 0:38:43 | |
What about that glorious blue in the scarf, how do we recreate that? | 0:38:43 | 0:38:47 | |
That's one of the most precious of all the colours, | 0:38:47 | 0:38:50 | |
that's lapis lazuli, which we have up here on a shelf. | 0:38:50 | 0:38:53 | |
It's made from the rock. This is a piece of lapis. | 0:38:53 | 0:38:57 | |
-It's a gorgeous blue, isn't it? -Absolutely. | 0:38:57 | 0:39:00 | |
Once the pigment is drawn out of the rock, washed and purified, | 0:39:00 | 0:39:03 | |
-then, weight for weight, it's the same price as gold. -Really? | 0:39:03 | 0:39:06 | |
And what about her gorgeous red lips there? | 0:39:08 | 0:39:11 | |
They would have been painted with vermillion | 0:39:11 | 0:39:14 | |
and it's made by mixing together mercury and sulphur. | 0:39:14 | 0:39:18 | |
If it's got mercury in it, it's presumably pretty dangerous stuff. | 0:39:18 | 0:39:21 | |
It is, you need to be very careful with it. | 0:39:21 | 0:39:23 | |
-What about the yellow in her scarf and clothing? -Lead tin yellow, | 0:39:23 | 0:39:27 | |
this one here. Mixed with yellow ochre, | 0:39:27 | 0:39:30 | |
it gives this very beautiful bright yellow colour, which he would have used. | 0:39:30 | 0:39:35 | |
-Here in the material down below, we have orpiment. -Orpiment. | 0:39:35 | 0:39:39 | |
Made from arsenic, this is a sample of it, so I wouldn't touch it. | 0:39:39 | 0:39:42 | |
-This is what arsenic looks like? -That is what arsenic looks like. | 0:39:42 | 0:39:45 | |
-It's amazing that something so beautiful can be so deadly. -Mm. | 0:39:45 | 0:39:49 | |
-The white of her pearl earring? -Now, that's a very ancient colour. | 0:39:49 | 0:39:54 | |
-They'd get firstly stale urine... -It had to be stale, had it? | 0:39:54 | 0:39:59 | |
Had to be stale, absolutely, the staler the better. | 0:39:59 | 0:40:02 | |
-Have a sheet of lead, bury the whole thing into a dung heap. -In dung? | 0:40:02 | 0:40:05 | |
-Absolutely. -It gets better! -It gets better. | 0:40:05 | 0:40:08 | |
So out of wee and poo effectively | 0:40:08 | 0:40:11 | |
and one of the most toxic substances, lead, | 0:40:11 | 0:40:14 | |
comes this pristine white. | 0:40:14 | 0:40:17 | |
In the 17th century, these vivid powders would have been | 0:40:21 | 0:40:25 | |
transformed into paint by mixing them with oil. | 0:40:25 | 0:40:28 | |
What we're looking for is, | 0:40:28 | 0:40:30 | |
in the end, the final result should be like butter at room temperature. | 0:40:30 | 0:40:35 | |
It should be soft, shiny, glistening, but not runny at all. | 0:40:35 | 0:40:38 | |
-Can I have a go? -Yeah, go ahead. | 0:40:39 | 0:40:42 | |
Ooh, it feels lovely. | 0:40:42 | 0:40:43 | |
We knew that van Meegeren followed the same traditional methods to make his paint, | 0:40:49 | 0:40:53 | |
but he added a special ingredient to the mix. | 0:40:53 | 0:40:57 | |
He confessed to adding to his recipe something he called artificial resin. | 0:40:57 | 0:41:01 | |
Basic tests undertaken during van Meegeren's trial | 0:41:02 | 0:41:06 | |
revealed what this resin was, but methods of identifying chemicals | 0:41:06 | 0:41:09 | |
have moved on considerably in the last 60 years. | 0:41:09 | 0:41:13 | |
Just to be sure, and with all the advances of modern science, | 0:41:13 | 0:41:18 | |
we reanalysed the sample. | 0:41:18 | 0:41:20 | |
Do you remember those test tubes that we picked up in Amsterdam, | 0:41:21 | 0:41:25 | |
that been taken from van Meegeren's studio? | 0:41:25 | 0:41:28 | |
Well, one of them, if you recall, had written on it "artificial resin". | 0:41:28 | 0:41:32 | |
-The one with the brown stuff in. -Absolutely. | 0:41:32 | 0:41:35 | |
We've had it analysed and I've got the results. Bendor. | 0:41:35 | 0:41:37 | |
Yes, the analysis confirms that van Meegeren used to mix his paints | 0:41:37 | 0:41:41 | |
with a special ingredient called phenol formaldehyde. | 0:41:41 | 0:41:45 | |
-Phenol what? -Phenol formaldehyde is better known as Bakelite. -Bakelite? | 0:41:45 | 0:41:50 | |
-So van Meegeren used Bakelite? -Yes. | 0:41:50 | 0:41:52 | |
So the kind of stuff that was used for old radios and for hairdryers. | 0:41:52 | 0:41:57 | |
Yes, you could take your pick really. | 0:41:57 | 0:41:59 | |
We've got some particularly hideous-looking examples from the 1940s here. | 0:41:59 | 0:42:03 | |
It was a type of resin that you could pour into a mould | 0:42:04 | 0:42:07 | |
for any shape that you like and when it's set it was extremely hard. | 0:42:07 | 0:42:13 | |
And it was that hardness that appealed to van Meegeren. | 0:42:13 | 0:42:16 | |
Traditional oil paint takes hundreds of years to dry sometimes, | 0:42:16 | 0:42:20 | |
and in his day, in van Meegeren's day, they used a test | 0:42:20 | 0:42:23 | |
to establish whether the painting was completely hard, | 0:42:23 | 0:42:26 | |
whether the paint had gone completely solid. They'd use something like acetone, which I've got here. | 0:42:26 | 0:42:32 | |
-Like nail varnish remover? -Exactly. | 0:42:32 | 0:42:34 | |
And they used that to see if a painting was genuinely old | 0:42:34 | 0:42:37 | |
-or a modern fake? -Certainly. | 0:42:37 | 0:42:39 | |
You're not going to put nail varnish remover on that painting? | 0:42:39 | 0:42:42 | |
I am, and it was very simple. | 0:42:42 | 0:42:45 | |
If the paint is old, and I believe this to be old, at least 300 years old, | 0:42:45 | 0:42:49 | |
nothing will come off onto the swab. | 0:42:49 | 0:42:52 | |
If it's modern, there'll be pigment on this piece of cotton wool. | 0:42:54 | 0:42:59 | |
Have a look. | 0:42:59 | 0:43:00 | |
That was lucky. Well, it's clean. | 0:43:00 | 0:43:03 | |
Cor! So van Meegeren put Bakelite on his paintings | 0:43:04 | 0:43:09 | |
so that when someone put a swab over it, it wouldn't come off, | 0:43:09 | 0:43:12 | |
-it would be that hard that even something like this wouldn't remove it. -Exactly. | 0:43:12 | 0:43:16 | |
Bakelite was his unique fingerprint. | 0:43:16 | 0:43:18 | |
That means, then, that the Courtauld's Procuress, | 0:43:18 | 0:43:23 | |
if it's by van Meegeren, will have Bakelite in it. | 0:43:23 | 0:43:27 | |
While Philip heads off to test the Courtauld's painting for Bakelite, | 0:43:29 | 0:43:33 | |
I have to try and find some to paint our fake with. | 0:43:33 | 0:43:36 | |
But it turns out the chemical it's made from, phenol formaldehyde, | 0:43:39 | 0:43:43 | |
is pretty hazardous stuff. | 0:43:43 | 0:43:45 | |
Certainly not something that should be handled in an artist's studio, | 0:43:45 | 0:43:49 | |
like van Meegeren did. | 0:43:49 | 0:43:51 | |
But John has agreed to follow van Meegeren's methods as closely as possible | 0:43:51 | 0:43:55 | |
and so we have to take precautions. | 0:43:55 | 0:43:57 | |
It means he's going to have to paint our fake | 0:43:57 | 0:44:00 | |
in a rather unconventional setting - | 0:44:00 | 0:44:03 | |
the chemistry lab of Imperial College, London. | 0:44:03 | 0:44:07 | |
Hiya. You need these just to be in the room. There's a coat for you. | 0:44:07 | 0:44:10 | |
-Very attractive. -And a coat for you. | 0:44:10 | 0:44:13 | |
'Head of department, Tom Weldon, is on hand to ensure our safety.' | 0:44:13 | 0:44:17 | |
-There you go. -How do I look? -Excellent! | 0:44:19 | 0:44:23 | |
I'm ready. What are we dealing with here? | 0:44:27 | 0:44:30 | |
We're going to mix some phenol with some formaldehyde to make the Bakelite. | 0:44:30 | 0:44:34 | |
And what is it about these, either separately or together, | 0:44:34 | 0:44:38 | |
that makes them so dangerous we have to get kitted up like this? | 0:44:38 | 0:44:42 | |
They're not so ridiculously dangerous to us. | 0:44:42 | 0:44:45 | |
We're used to handling lots of far more toxic things than this. | 0:44:45 | 0:44:48 | |
But both of these are cancer-causing agents. | 0:44:48 | 0:44:51 | |
They're both toxic and they're both corrosive. | 0:44:52 | 0:44:56 | |
So cancer is the thing that everybody gets really scared about. | 0:44:56 | 0:44:59 | |
But actually, of these, the thing I'd be most worried about immediately is the corrosive nature. | 0:44:59 | 0:45:05 | |
If you get these on your skin, it's likely to cause blistering and hurt and it gets worse... | 0:45:05 | 0:45:10 | |
You're listening carefully, John, aren't you?! | 0:45:10 | 0:45:14 | |
..because the formaldehyde is volatile | 0:45:14 | 0:45:16 | |
and we're going to heat it up, | 0:45:16 | 0:45:18 | |
which means that we'll get gaseous formaldehyde, | 0:45:18 | 0:45:21 | |
so we need to protect ourselves from that as well. | 0:45:21 | 0:45:24 | |
-What, from breathing that in? -Yes. That's why we're going to do it in a fume hood. | 0:45:24 | 0:45:28 | |
The air will blow over it and it will take all the fumes away | 0:45:28 | 0:45:31 | |
so you can't expose yourself, so you'll be all right. | 0:45:31 | 0:45:35 | |
Can I just ask you, because our faker, van Meegeren, | 0:45:35 | 0:45:37 | |
used these without any of these precautions. | 0:45:37 | 0:45:40 | |
How dangerous would that have been? | 0:45:40 | 0:45:42 | |
Given that he did it over years and years and years, | 0:45:42 | 0:45:45 | |
it almost certainly would've affected his health in some way. | 0:45:45 | 0:45:49 | |
Probably bad lungs. Ulceration of the skin. | 0:45:49 | 0:45:51 | |
-Well, he certainly died quite young. -There you go. -Late 50s. | 0:45:51 | 0:45:54 | |
I've never had it so good. | 0:45:56 | 0:45:59 | |
You'll be all right, we'll sort you out. | 0:45:59 | 0:46:01 | |
-You're really looking forward to it now, aren't you? -Wow. | 0:46:01 | 0:46:04 | |
Well, shall we start our journey into the unknown? | 0:46:09 | 0:46:13 | |
That's a very good way of putting it. | 0:46:13 | 0:46:15 | |
Paint, phenol formaldehyde, canvas. | 0:46:15 | 0:46:20 | |
Van Meegeren never revealed precisely | 0:46:23 | 0:46:27 | |
how he mixed phenol formaldehyde with traditional pigments | 0:46:27 | 0:46:30 | |
but in later years, his son recalled seeing him | 0:46:30 | 0:46:33 | |
loading his brush with paint, then dipping it into the toxic solution. | 0:46:33 | 0:46:37 | |
Now how does it feel? | 0:46:41 | 0:46:43 | |
It feels as though it leaves the brush, um... | 0:46:43 | 0:46:47 | |
-very quickly. -So you can't push it around the canvas. -Exactly. | 0:46:47 | 0:46:51 | |
You can't cover up the canvas. | 0:46:51 | 0:46:54 | |
So, what are you trying to do first, | 0:46:54 | 0:46:57 | |
-just sort of paint in the big blocks of colour? -Exactly that. | 0:46:57 | 0:47:00 | |
What I'm doing is what all 17th-century painters would do, | 0:47:00 | 0:47:04 | |
is to block the painting, to get rid of this white and establish | 0:47:04 | 0:47:08 | |
the basic shapes, the shape of the face, the yellow ochre here, | 0:47:08 | 0:47:11 | |
the blue here and the slightly lighter colours. | 0:47:11 | 0:47:13 | |
-This is how Vermeer would have done it and how van Meegeren? -Yes. | 0:47:13 | 0:47:17 | |
You see, it's coming, isn't it? I mean, it's... | 0:47:19 | 0:47:22 | |
It is, there's something quite impressive about your whack-it-on technique, John. | 0:47:22 | 0:47:26 | |
So this is ultramarine blue, | 0:47:27 | 0:47:31 | |
extracted from the lapis lazuli, worth its weight in gold. | 0:47:31 | 0:47:34 | |
-Worth its weight in gold. -Have you used it before? -No. | 0:47:34 | 0:47:37 | |
It's very hard to get hold of these days. | 0:47:37 | 0:47:40 | |
When you think about the works you did when you were faking paintings, | 0:47:40 | 0:47:43 | |
all those years ago, and what you're doing now... | 0:47:43 | 0:47:46 | |
I took absolutely no... I paid no regard | 0:47:46 | 0:47:49 | |
to the authenticity of materials or of canvases or anything, none. | 0:47:49 | 0:47:53 | |
I painted with household emulsion paint, | 0:47:53 | 0:47:55 | |
KY Jelly and yet they were still authenticated. | 0:47:55 | 0:47:59 | |
This is interesting because we're actually using 17th-century pigments | 0:47:59 | 0:48:03 | |
and the whole thing is as authentic as we can do it | 0:48:03 | 0:48:07 | |
under these strange circumstances. | 0:48:07 | 0:48:09 | |
What's happening here? Do you see how this paint's clouding over? | 0:48:09 | 0:48:12 | |
Look at that. | 0:48:12 | 0:48:14 | |
It looks sort of cloudy, as if it's coagulating. | 0:48:14 | 0:48:17 | |
No, there's something happening. It's kind of just doing strange things now. | 0:48:17 | 0:48:21 | |
-Is that the phenol formaldehyde making it look so weird? -Can't be anything else, can it? | 0:48:21 | 0:48:25 | |
It's a reaction. | 0:48:25 | 0:48:27 | |
What are you going to do about that, then? | 0:48:27 | 0:48:29 | |
Well, I've got another two or three days! | 0:48:29 | 0:48:31 | |
'To be fair to John, it took van Meegeren four years of experiments | 0:48:33 | 0:48:37 | |
'to perfect his techniques. | 0:48:37 | 0:48:39 | |
'He never wrote down the exact proportions | 0:48:39 | 0:48:42 | |
'of his paint and phenol formaldehyde mix.' | 0:48:42 | 0:48:45 | |
The thing is, when I was standing next to John, I thought, | 0:48:45 | 0:48:50 | |
actually, even I could do that, slap the paint on, | 0:48:50 | 0:48:53 | |
and it looked a bit rubbish, but coming back here, | 0:48:53 | 0:48:55 | |
it looks brilliant. I completely see what he's doing. | 0:48:55 | 0:48:58 | |
The structure of the face is taking shape | 0:48:58 | 0:49:01 | |
and I think he might know what he's doing. The only thing is, | 0:49:01 | 0:49:04 | |
this phenol formaldehyde is messing things up a bit. | 0:49:04 | 0:49:06 | |
You know, no-one has done this since van Meegeren. | 0:49:06 | 0:49:11 | |
No-one has tried this, this is a first, so will it work? | 0:49:11 | 0:49:14 | |
I genuinely have no idea. | 0:49:17 | 0:49:19 | |
At the Courtauld Institute, | 0:49:22 | 0:49:23 | |
analytical chemist Klaas Jan van den Berg has flown from Amsterdam | 0:49:23 | 0:49:28 | |
to take samples from The Procuress to test for phenol formaldehyde. | 0:49:28 | 0:49:33 | |
So we know that van Meegeren used phenol formaldehyde, Bakelite, | 0:49:34 | 0:49:40 | |
in his pictures, and if we can prove there's that element in this picture, | 0:49:40 | 0:49:45 | |
-then we've got the most unequivocal proof we need. -That's absolutely right. | 0:49:45 | 0:49:49 | |
What we have to do now is be very careful just to take | 0:49:49 | 0:49:53 | |
the top layer of paint or the top layers of paint | 0:49:53 | 0:49:55 | |
because we think van Meegeren re-used canvases, | 0:49:55 | 0:49:58 | |
so the top layers are definitely going to be his paint and we hope, | 0:49:58 | 0:50:01 | |
or think, they might be bound in phenol formaldehyde resin. | 0:50:01 | 0:50:05 | |
If you strike lower you could go to an earlier, more honest, even 17th-century layer, possibly. | 0:50:05 | 0:50:10 | |
That's right. If he re-used a canvas and scrubbed the top paint layers down, | 0:50:10 | 0:50:14 | |
-then those first layers will be typical of the 17th century. -Uh-huh. | 0:50:14 | 0:50:18 | |
In your mind, how crucial is this test? | 0:50:18 | 0:50:21 | |
This is the absolute proof. This test will tell us, for sure, | 0:50:21 | 0:50:25 | |
whether this is by van Meegeren or not. | 0:50:25 | 0:50:28 | |
-You wouldn't have a hesitation? -Not a hesitation. | 0:50:28 | 0:50:30 | |
It hasn't been used by any other forger we know of. | 0:50:30 | 0:50:34 | |
Back at the lab, John is finding that forging an old master is no easy task. | 0:50:38 | 0:50:43 | |
Van Meegeren's toxic mix of paint and phenol formaldehyde | 0:50:44 | 0:50:47 | |
is proving tough to handle. | 0:50:47 | 0:50:49 | |
-John. -Fiona. -Let's have a look. | 0:50:56 | 0:51:00 | |
Well, it certainly looks like her. | 0:51:00 | 0:51:02 | |
Yeah. | 0:51:02 | 0:51:03 | |
-The paint looks a bit... -Yes. -..weird, doesn't it? | 0:51:03 | 0:51:06 | |
The paint is... It's a bit like painting with ground-up cornflakes. | 0:51:06 | 0:51:11 | |
There's a whole area here where the paint's actually dropped off. | 0:51:11 | 0:51:14 | |
Oh, yes. Yes, I can see, there's a little gap in her scarf. | 0:51:14 | 0:51:18 | |
-How have you found it, frustrating? -Very, very. | 0:51:18 | 0:51:21 | |
What's it make you think about Van Meegeren and the way he worked? | 0:51:21 | 0:51:25 | |
It was pretty clever stuff, wasn't it? | 0:51:25 | 0:51:27 | |
It's enormously clever, it's very hard to understand | 0:51:27 | 0:51:30 | |
that degree of commitment to a strange process. | 0:51:30 | 0:51:36 | |
It's something very... | 0:51:36 | 0:51:37 | |
To go to such great lengths to recreate something | 0:51:37 | 0:51:40 | |
-from the 17th century? -Yeah. | 0:51:40 | 0:51:42 | |
-So, baking next then. -Baking next. | 0:51:42 | 0:51:45 | |
Have you had a go to see how that works? | 0:51:45 | 0:51:47 | |
We have. It's been a catastrophe. | 0:51:47 | 0:51:49 | |
Oh! I can hardly wait to see it. | 0:51:49 | 0:51:51 | |
Van Meegeren's final, and bizarre stage, was to bake his fakes. | 0:51:51 | 0:51:56 | |
Heat should cause the phenol formaldehyde to harden, | 0:51:56 | 0:52:00 | |
giving the painting the texture and appearance of an old master. | 0:52:00 | 0:52:04 | |
This, distressingly, is white paint! | 0:52:04 | 0:52:08 | |
-That's white paint? -That's white paint, I baked it. | 0:52:08 | 0:52:10 | |
-And you got chocolate mousse. -And we got chocolate mousse! | 0:52:10 | 0:52:14 | |
Chocolate eclair! I mean it's... It's very worrying. | 0:52:14 | 0:52:17 | |
Well, the moment has come. Shall we put her in the oven? | 0:52:20 | 0:52:23 | |
How long are we going to leave her in here for? | 0:52:23 | 0:52:26 | |
Two hours at 110. | 0:52:26 | 0:52:28 | |
Who knows what we'll find when we come back. | 0:52:29 | 0:52:32 | |
It's going to be an agonising wait. | 0:52:38 | 0:52:40 | |
As John's test samples have shown, if we get the temperature | 0:52:40 | 0:52:45 | |
or the timing wrong, our fake might be ruined. | 0:52:45 | 0:52:47 | |
It could come out a complete charred mess. | 0:52:47 | 0:52:52 | |
It could actually burst into flames in that oven so, um, | 0:52:52 | 0:52:56 | |
it'll be a real shame after all this effort. | 0:52:56 | 0:52:59 | |
Well, can only wait and see really, see what happens. | 0:53:01 | 0:53:04 | |
I'm also waiting anxiously | 0:53:06 | 0:53:08 | |
while the Courtauld painting is undergoing its final, crucial test. | 0:53:08 | 0:53:11 | |
The job requires a state-of-the-art machine which the Courtauld isn't equipped with, | 0:53:12 | 0:53:17 | |
so the samples were sent to the lab in Amsterdam where Klaas Jan got to work. | 0:53:17 | 0:53:22 | |
Under intense heat, the paint sample breaks down into its component chemicals, | 0:53:23 | 0:53:28 | |
to reveal whether Van Meegeren's unique ingredient, | 0:53:28 | 0:53:31 | |
phenol formaldehyde, is present in the Courtauld's painting. | 0:53:31 | 0:53:35 | |
But what has a spell in the oven done to John's painting? | 0:53:40 | 0:53:43 | |
Have we overcooked our fake? | 0:53:43 | 0:53:45 | |
Da-dah! It looks pretty good, doesn't it? | 0:53:50 | 0:53:52 | |
Actually it's smoothed out, hasn't it? | 0:53:52 | 0:53:54 | |
-We've really learned something from this. -We have. | 0:53:54 | 0:53:57 | |
Because when we put it in the oven, it looked... | 0:53:57 | 0:54:00 | |
-you know, in the nicest possible way, a bit ropey. -Yeah. | 0:54:00 | 0:54:03 | |
And...it has vastly improved with two hours in the oven. | 0:54:03 | 0:54:08 | |
Right, so what do we do next? | 0:54:08 | 0:54:10 | |
Well, I think we try and get some cracking. | 0:54:10 | 0:54:13 | |
Van Meegeren would age his fakes by causing the paint surface to crack. | 0:54:15 | 0:54:19 | |
But when we try it, things start to go badly wrong. | 0:54:22 | 0:54:25 | |
Oh, no! Cracking here, look. | 0:54:25 | 0:54:27 | |
-The only thing is it's cracking and it's actually... -There she goes, look. | 0:54:27 | 0:54:31 | |
-It's coming off. -It is. | 0:54:31 | 0:54:33 | |
-That would lift off now. -Hang on! | 0:54:33 | 0:54:35 | |
BOTH LAUGH | 0:54:35 | 0:54:36 | |
-Oh, no. -Oh, God! -Oh, no! Look, it's... | 0:54:36 | 0:54:39 | |
Well, I think we've taken this lady as far as we can go really. | 0:54:39 | 0:54:43 | |
Probably a bit too far. | 0:54:43 | 0:54:45 | |
Yes, it's rather sad, isn't it? | 0:54:45 | 0:54:47 | |
I think Van Meegeren has trounced us. | 0:54:47 | 0:54:50 | |
Yes. | 0:54:50 | 0:54:51 | |
-He got over the final hurdle and we didn't quite get there. -Yes. | 0:54:51 | 0:54:54 | |
-Hi, Philip. -Hey. | 0:54:59 | 0:55:01 | |
I have here our attempt | 0:55:01 | 0:55:03 | |
at reproducing van Meegeren's techniques. | 0:55:03 | 0:55:06 | |
What do you think? | 0:55:06 | 0:55:08 | |
Well, I'd say it's sort of convincingly...knackered. | 0:55:08 | 0:55:11 | |
It is, now watch this as well. | 0:55:11 | 0:55:13 | |
What do you mean?! Don't do that! | 0:55:13 | 0:55:14 | |
I know, but that's the thing, we baked it, bits started falling off. | 0:55:14 | 0:55:18 | |
I mean, it's not a bad attempt | 0:55:18 | 0:55:20 | |
but I have to say I wouldn't be taken in, are you? | 0:55:20 | 0:55:22 | |
No, obviously, cos it's falling apart. | 0:55:22 | 0:55:24 | |
At last it's here - news from the lab in Amsterdam. | 0:55:26 | 0:55:29 | |
We shall find out once and for all whether Van Meegeren painted The Procuress. | 0:55:29 | 0:55:33 | |
-Hi, Klaas Jan. -Klaas Jan, hi. -Hi. | 0:55:33 | 0:55:37 | |
What have you discovered? | 0:55:37 | 0:55:38 | |
Well, a team has done the analysis of the sample | 0:55:38 | 0:55:41 | |
that I took from The Procuress at the Courtauld | 0:55:41 | 0:55:44 | |
and the result is that the painting was painted | 0:55:44 | 0:55:51 | |
with phenol formaldehyde resin, which is very similar to Bakelite. | 0:55:51 | 0:55:56 | |
-That's it! That is it. -That's what we're looking for. | 0:55:56 | 0:55:59 | |
So we know definitely... Cor, that's brilliant! | 0:55:59 | 0:56:03 | |
We know definitely that The Procuress was painted | 0:56:03 | 0:56:05 | |
by Van Meegeren cos it has Bakelite in it. | 0:56:05 | 0:56:08 | |
That is correct, yes. | 0:56:08 | 0:56:10 | |
So it's as black and white as that. It is Van Meegeren, it can only be by Van Meegeren. | 0:56:10 | 0:56:15 | |
Yes, because this is a modern synthetic resin | 0:56:15 | 0:56:19 | |
which was only invented in the 20th century | 0:56:19 | 0:56:22 | |
and Van Meegeren was the only artist, | 0:56:22 | 0:56:25 | |
to our knowledge, who has been using this material. | 0:56:25 | 0:56:28 | |
-Fantastic! -That's the finding in the studio. | 0:56:28 | 0:56:31 | |
This is going to be so interesting from the point of view | 0:56:31 | 0:56:34 | |
of not only the Courtauld Institute but the Rijksmuseum. | 0:56:34 | 0:56:37 | |
We've added another picture to the famous faker's oeuvre. | 0:56:37 | 0:56:40 | |
So how do you feel about that? | 0:56:40 | 0:56:43 | |
Well, I'm as excited as you are. | 0:56:43 | 0:56:46 | |
It's really a nice find, | 0:56:46 | 0:56:49 | |
I wouldn't have expected it myself, but there it is. | 0:56:49 | 0:56:52 | |
Also some of the most prominent experts in this country have... | 0:56:52 | 0:56:56 | |
-Speculated that this is a 17th-century picture. -Absolutely. | 0:56:56 | 0:56:59 | |
And it's made with Bakelite. | 0:56:59 | 0:57:01 | |
Here we are, and we've cracked it. Fantastic! | 0:57:01 | 0:57:03 | |
It was with great delight that I called Aviva | 0:57:08 | 0:57:12 | |
at the Courtauld Institute finally to reveal the news. | 0:57:12 | 0:57:16 | |
All our hard work has paid off and this long-overlooked painting | 0:57:16 | 0:57:20 | |
is now going to be proudly displayed | 0:57:20 | 0:57:22 | |
in the Courtauld's Old Master gallery, | 0:57:22 | 0:57:24 | |
as part of a special exhibition. | 0:57:24 | 0:57:26 | |
-Hi, there. -Hello. -Hi, Aviva, how are you? | 0:57:31 | 0:57:35 | |
Very well. | 0:57:35 | 0:57:36 | |
-Well... -Da-dah! | 0:57:37 | 0:57:39 | |
Gosh, how amazing to see it here in the Courtauld! | 0:57:39 | 0:57:43 | |
Yes, it's great to see it here. | 0:57:43 | 0:57:45 | |
I mean, there can't be many examples of where you get | 0:57:45 | 0:57:47 | |
such a clear attribution as this, I mean, there's just no doubt. | 0:57:47 | 0:57:50 | |
I don't think I've ever seen such an unequivocal result. | 0:57:50 | 0:57:53 | |
This is absolutely and clearly Van Meegeren. | 0:57:53 | 0:57:56 | |
-D'you feel differently about it? -It does make you think differently. | 0:57:56 | 0:57:59 | |
It makes you feel more sure about its place in history. | 0:57:59 | 0:58:03 | |
-What will you do with it? -It'll be very useful for teaching | 0:58:03 | 0:58:06 | |
and we're going to use it to show students about a case | 0:58:06 | 0:58:09 | |
that's so clearly and distinctively a forgery. | 0:58:09 | 0:58:13 | |
I think Van Meegeren would've liked this, hanging amongst all these Old Masters. | 0:58:20 | 0:58:25 | |
Yes, probably not quite what he imagined, being hung as a forgery, | 0:58:25 | 0:58:28 | |
but, he's in one of the most august art institutions in the world | 0:58:28 | 0:58:32 | |
and he'll be studied by generations to come. | 0:58:32 | 0:58:34 | |
Subtitles by Red Bee Media Ltd | 0:58:45 | 0:58:48 | |
E-mail [email protected] | 0:58:48 | 0:58:51 |