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This programme contains scenes which some viewers may find upsetting. | 0:00:02 | 0:00:09 | |
On the 22nd July 2011, Norway suffered the worst act of mass murder | 0:00:09 | 0:00:16 | |
by a terrorist acting alone in the history of the world. | 0:00:16 | 0:00:20 | |
I stopped thinking and I said my last prayer. | 0:00:21 | 0:00:24 | |
I was just waiting for just one thing - a bullet into my head. | 0:00:26 | 0:00:31 | |
A brutal assault unleashed against a summer camp for young people. | 0:00:35 | 0:00:40 | |
It felt like a blanket of death had just been laid over the island. | 0:00:40 | 0:00:47 | |
It was a race to solve the mystery of the killer's identity. | 0:00:47 | 0:00:52 | |
They said "This is the guy" and I said "No, it can't be. | 0:00:52 | 0:00:56 | |
"I know this guy, I went to school with him, it's not him." | 0:00:56 | 0:00:58 | |
An identity that challenged the heart of Norwegian society. | 0:00:58 | 0:01:03 | |
Anders Behring Breivik was white, he was middle class, | 0:01:03 | 0:01:06 | |
he was well-educated, he was one of us, | 0:01:06 | 0:01:09 | |
he was a right wing extremist and he killed with cruelty. | 0:01:09 | 0:01:13 | |
The killer claimed his cruelty had a purpose, | 0:01:14 | 0:01:18 | |
articulated in a political manifesto. | 0:01:18 | 0:01:21 | |
A vision of a Muslim invasion of Europe, | 0:01:21 | 0:01:25 | |
a declaration of war unleashed against his own people. | 0:01:25 | 0:01:29 | |
What struck me most was how calm he was, how well spoken | 0:01:31 | 0:01:36 | |
and how polite he was. | 0:01:36 | 0:01:37 | |
It was a big contrast to the terrible things he had done. | 0:01:37 | 0:01:41 | |
Leaving a nation desperately seeking the answer to the question "Why?" | 0:01:41 | 0:01:46 | |
24 miles north of Oslo, lies the island of Utoya. | 0:02:02 | 0:02:07 | |
Since 1950, it has been owned by the youth wing | 0:02:10 | 0:02:13 | |
of the governing Norwegian Labour Party - the AUF. | 0:02:13 | 0:02:18 | |
For 60 years, it has been the site of their annual summer camp. | 0:02:18 | 0:02:22 | |
But the camp was also a crucible of Norwegian politics. | 0:03:01 | 0:03:05 | |
Leaders of the AUF had gone on to lead Norway. | 0:03:05 | 0:03:09 | |
Among them, the current Prime Minister, Jens Stoltenberg. | 0:03:09 | 0:03:13 | |
I have been there every summer since 1974. | 0:03:13 | 0:03:19 | |
For many years, I was a member of the Young Labour Party | 0:03:20 | 0:03:24 | |
and then afterwards, I have been there every summer, | 0:03:24 | 0:03:27 | |
delivering speeches, taking part in the political discussions at Utoya. | 0:03:27 | 0:03:31 | |
So Utoya has been a very important part of my life. | 0:03:31 | 0:03:34 | |
For Eskil Pedersen, the summer of 2011 | 0:03:37 | 0:03:41 | |
was supposed to have been a particularly special year. | 0:03:41 | 0:03:45 | |
I was looking forward to the summer camp | 0:03:45 | 0:03:48 | |
as the first year when I was the leader of the organisation | 0:03:48 | 0:03:52 | |
and we've been working for a long time | 0:03:52 | 0:03:56 | |
to make sure that this summer camp would be the best ever, of course. | 0:03:56 | 0:04:01 | |
On the second day, the Norwegian foreign minister visited the camp. | 0:04:06 | 0:04:09 | |
An event that was covered by reporters | 0:04:09 | 0:04:12 | |
from every major Norwegian television station. | 0:04:12 | 0:04:16 | |
I remember the Minister Of Foreign Affairs came in a black car alone. | 0:04:16 | 0:04:19 | |
No secretary, nothing. | 0:04:19 | 0:04:22 | |
Nobody carrying his suitcase. | 0:04:22 | 0:04:24 | |
The sun was shining, it was maybe 27 degrees. | 0:04:27 | 0:04:31 | |
People were wearing shorts and swimwear and eating ice creams | 0:04:31 | 0:04:37 | |
and just sitting in the sun and it was such an idyllic place. | 0:04:37 | 0:04:43 | |
On the following day, July 22nd, | 0:04:45 | 0:04:48 | |
it seemed the worst that would happen was a change in the weather. | 0:04:48 | 0:04:52 | |
Mother Utoya, as we call her...called her, | 0:05:52 | 0:05:55 | |
who had been the manager of the island for many years. | 0:05:55 | 0:05:59 | |
I remember she came into the room, on the phone and shouting out, | 0:05:59 | 0:06:04 | |
"What?" | 0:06:04 | 0:06:06 | |
And then she said, "Somebody turn on the radio. | 0:06:06 | 0:06:09 | |
"There's been an explosion in Oslo." | 0:06:09 | 0:06:12 | |
In the beginning, of course, it was very confusing | 0:06:25 | 0:06:27 | |
because it was first of all, not sure whether this was an attack | 0:06:27 | 0:06:31 | |
or an accident. | 0:06:31 | 0:06:33 | |
Then the police confirmed that this was an attack, a bomb. | 0:06:33 | 0:06:38 | |
It was, you know, a strange thing to be Prime Minister in a country | 0:06:38 | 0:06:44 | |
where we first experienced a devastating attack | 0:06:44 | 0:06:48 | |
on the government building, on my office, the place I go every day | 0:06:48 | 0:06:53 | |
back and forth into my office, the government building. | 0:06:53 | 0:06:57 | |
A massive 950-kilogram homemade car bomb had exploded | 0:07:06 | 0:07:11 | |
at the heart of the government district. | 0:07:11 | 0:07:14 | |
The blast had killed eight people | 0:07:14 | 0:07:17 | |
and devastated the tower block that housed the Prime Minister's office. | 0:07:17 | 0:07:23 | |
One of the first clues to the identity of the culprit | 0:07:23 | 0:07:26 | |
came from security guards watching CCTV cameras of the scene. | 0:07:26 | 0:07:31 | |
Those suspicions began to take ugly shape on Oslo's streets. | 0:08:25 | 0:08:29 | |
Muslims were scared, they were scared of going outside. | 0:08:30 | 0:08:35 | |
A woman called me, | 0:08:35 | 0:08:37 | |
her car was stopped just 100 metres, 200 metres | 0:08:37 | 0:08:41 | |
from where the actual bomb exploded and a person opened her door | 0:08:41 | 0:08:46 | |
and told her that, "You should get out of this country now." | 0:08:46 | 0:08:52 | |
There was a man, a Somalian man, who was beaten by one or two Norwegians. | 0:08:54 | 0:09:01 | |
So there are other stories which we have heard that Muslims | 0:09:01 | 0:09:05 | |
experienced in those first two, three hours. | 0:09:05 | 0:09:09 | |
The young people on Utoya were struggling to come to terms with the news. | 0:09:23 | 0:09:29 | |
Journalists were beginning to descend on the scene of the bomb blast. | 0:09:48 | 0:09:52 | |
Peter Svaar was one of the first reporters on the scene. | 0:09:57 | 0:10:01 | |
It was a complete chaos. | 0:10:03 | 0:10:06 | |
Uh the first thing I saw when we came down there was | 0:10:06 | 0:10:09 | |
a civilian police officer in the middle of the road. | 0:10:09 | 0:10:12 | |
He was holding his hand out like this. | 0:10:12 | 0:10:14 | |
There was no barriers, no blocks, nothing like that, | 0:10:14 | 0:10:17 | |
it was too early and he was just stopping traffic with his hand | 0:10:17 | 0:10:21 | |
in the middle of the road and you could see the terror in his face. | 0:10:21 | 0:10:25 | |
When the police look scared, that's not a good sign. | 0:10:29 | 0:10:31 | |
Einar Aas found himself in charge of the police response. | 0:10:38 | 0:10:42 | |
It was a fateful decision. | 0:11:30 | 0:11:32 | |
Choosing not to seal off the city, also allowed the perpetrator to escape. | 0:11:32 | 0:11:35 | |
Just eight minutes after the blast, a member of the public had called in | 0:11:38 | 0:11:43 | |
to report a suspect, dressed as a policeman, fleeing the scene. | 0:11:43 | 0:11:46 | |
The witness even gave the number plate of the getaway car. | 0:11:50 | 0:11:53 | |
In the chaos, the information was not immediately followed up. | 0:11:55 | 0:11:58 | |
By the time an alert was issued, the perpetrator had already left Oslo, | 0:12:05 | 0:12:09 | |
driving north to his next target. | 0:12:09 | 0:12:12 | |
On Utoya, the leaders of the AUF had called everyone on the island together. | 0:12:34 | 0:12:39 | |
Lara was the younger sister of Bano Rashid, | 0:13:30 | 0:13:33 | |
a rising star in the Labour Party youth wing. | 0:13:33 | 0:13:36 | |
In Oslo, the police had now identified a suspect, | 0:14:26 | 0:14:30 | |
through the number plate of the car used as a bomb. | 0:14:30 | 0:14:34 | |
It turned out this was a rental company | 0:14:34 | 0:14:36 | |
and that the car was rented by a man, Brievik. | 0:14:36 | 0:14:38 | |
At that time, we couldn't be really sure it was him, | 0:14:38 | 0:14:41 | |
but we had some initiative to look for this man, | 0:14:41 | 0:14:45 | |
Brievik, of course, because that name was connected with this big crime. | 0:14:45 | 0:14:49 | |
Even his criminal records, there was no big things there too, | 0:14:50 | 0:14:55 | |
so it was very difficult to spot him as a man who would do such a thing. | 0:14:55 | 0:15:00 | |
Anders Breivik certainly seemed an unlikely terrorist. | 0:15:02 | 0:15:06 | |
A 32-year-old Norwegian, raised in an upper middle class neighborhood | 0:15:06 | 0:15:10 | |
in Oslo. | 0:15:10 | 0:15:12 | |
A family friend recalled, | 0:15:12 | 0:15:13 | |
"He was never difficult, only a kind, shy and sweet little boy." | 0:15:13 | 0:15:18 | |
I get a call on the radio from the mainland, | 0:15:38 | 0:15:42 | |
and they said that there's a policeman who wants to come across. | 0:15:42 | 0:15:45 | |
When we arrived at the landside I looked up and I saw this policeman. | 0:15:50 | 0:15:54 | |
He wasn't wearing a normal police uniform. | 0:15:54 | 0:15:58 | |
The base looked a bit like a wet suit | 0:15:58 | 0:16:00 | |
and he had a bullet proof something | 0:16:00 | 0:16:04 | |
and a rifle, a big rifle, | 0:16:04 | 0:16:09 | |
and also a hand gun on this thigh. | 0:16:09 | 0:16:11 | |
The general feeling I got from this guy was that | 0:16:14 | 0:16:17 | |
he was a bit moved by the situation, he was a bit nervous, | 0:16:17 | 0:16:21 | |
he looked like he was aware of the gravity | 0:16:21 | 0:16:25 | |
and severity of what was going on. | 0:16:25 | 0:16:27 | |
I noticed that he had this iPod headsets on his ears and I thought, you know, "That's strange." | 0:16:29 | 0:16:34 | |
Do the secret police use iPods? | 0:16:34 | 0:16:36 | |
Breivik would later claim he had planned his operation | 0:16:53 | 0:16:57 | |
for over eight years. | 0:16:57 | 0:16:58 | |
Gathering funds. Physical training. | 0:16:58 | 0:17:02 | |
And two months spent constructing the homemade car bomb. | 0:17:02 | 0:17:05 | |
Yet even he admitted to moments of self-doubt | 0:17:12 | 0:17:16 | |
about how he would behave when the attack began. | 0:17:16 | 0:17:18 | |
We heard a loud noise like a hammer being slammed into the wall. | 0:17:21 | 0:17:29 | |
I think I heard it three times - bang, bang, bang. | 0:17:30 | 0:17:35 | |
People started now scrambling, coming this side, | 0:18:24 | 0:18:27 | |
running all around and saying, "He is shooting people, | 0:18:27 | 0:18:31 | |
"he is killing people". | 0:18:31 | 0:18:32 | |
That's when panic gripped the whole room. | 0:18:32 | 0:18:35 | |
We all tried to look for wherever there was an exit. | 0:18:35 | 0:18:39 | |
It was a scuffle. I remember so many people were stepped on. | 0:18:39 | 0:18:43 | |
I kept on thinking that these things don't happen in Norway, | 0:18:45 | 0:18:48 | |
people don't go around shooting in Norway. | 0:18:48 | 0:18:51 | |
Back in Oslo, the government was still grappling to respond | 0:19:03 | 0:19:06 | |
to the bomb attack. | 0:19:06 | 0:19:08 | |
People started to come to my house, | 0:19:11 | 0:19:13 | |
and we established the operational centre | 0:19:13 | 0:19:17 | |
around me and the Prime Minister's office in my house. | 0:19:17 | 0:19:21 | |
I also spoke with different members of the Government, | 0:19:23 | 0:19:26 | |
with the leaders of the opposition | 0:19:26 | 0:19:29 | |
and with the King to inform them about what had happened in Oslo. | 0:19:29 | 0:19:35 | |
At its nearest point, Utoya lay 600 metres from the shore, | 0:19:40 | 0:19:44 | |
but the waters of the fjord were deep, cold and difficult to swim. | 0:19:44 | 0:19:49 | |
The best hope of escape was the ferry to the mainland. | 0:19:52 | 0:19:55 | |
My advisor called me on the phone and saying that, uh, | 0:19:56 | 0:20:02 | |
"You have to run down to the boat." | 0:20:02 | 0:20:05 | |
I remember saying to him, "What is going on?" | 0:20:06 | 0:20:09 | |
And his answer was, "You have to run down to the boat now." | 0:20:09 | 0:20:13 | |
It was raining, it was foggy. | 0:20:17 | 0:20:19 | |
There was absolute, total silence. | 0:20:20 | 0:20:24 | |
I didn't hear anything. | 0:20:25 | 0:20:27 | |
At the front of the building there were two dead people lying, | 0:20:27 | 0:20:33 | |
Monica was one of them. | 0:20:33 | 0:20:35 | |
It felt like, because of the rain, the fog, the silence, | 0:20:38 | 0:20:43 | |
that a blanket of death had been laid over the island. | 0:20:43 | 0:20:48 | |
It felt like I was the only one there. | 0:20:48 | 0:20:51 | |
I ran on to the boat. | 0:20:54 | 0:20:56 | |
The ferry was an old military landing craft. | 0:20:59 | 0:21:02 | |
It could carry up to 60 people and was armoured against bullets. | 0:21:04 | 0:21:09 | |
But it sailed away with only Eskil and eight others on board. | 0:21:09 | 0:21:13 | |
It is easy to see that that is what people would have done in a situation like that. | 0:21:13 | 0:21:20 | |
Most people would have run away, but at the same time, | 0:21:20 | 0:21:24 | |
this was the leader of the group that was on the island | 0:21:24 | 0:21:29 | |
and it is kind of, like a captain abandoning the ship. | 0:21:29 | 0:21:32 | |
I think, to discuss the choices people did, whether they were right or wrong, | 0:21:35 | 0:21:41 | |
I don't think that's right to do. | 0:21:41 | 0:21:43 | |
because everyone tried to save their lives. | 0:21:43 | 0:21:49 | |
Without the ferry, that task was far harder for those left behind. | 0:21:51 | 0:21:56 | |
In desperation, a girl on the island called her father, | 0:22:03 | 0:22:07 | |
who happened to be a senior police officer in Oslo. | 0:22:07 | 0:22:10 | |
Delta Force, the country's elite police commandos | 0:23:08 | 0:23:11 | |
were instantly dispatched to the island | 0:23:11 | 0:23:14 | |
to assist the local police district. | 0:23:14 | 0:23:16 | |
But Oslo's police force only had one helicopter | 0:23:16 | 0:23:19 | |
which was not suitable for transporting troops. | 0:23:19 | 0:23:21 | |
Delta Force would have to drive. | 0:23:23 | 0:23:25 | |
But would it be fast enough? | 0:23:49 | 0:23:51 | |
GUNSHOTS | 0:23:57 | 0:23:59 | |
On the shore, across from the island, | 0:23:59 | 0:24:02 | |
a local man had heard the shots and started to film. | 0:24:02 | 0:24:06 | |
He filmed people fleeing in the only other boat available - | 0:24:15 | 0:24:18 | |
an old rowing boat... | 0:24:18 | 0:24:20 | |
and other desperate escape attempts. | 0:24:21 | 0:24:23 | |
For the next hour, the young people on the island were defenceless. | 0:24:37 | 0:24:41 | |
The Rashid family had fled to Norway from Iraq | 0:25:06 | 0:25:08 | |
when both sisters were very young. | 0:25:08 | 0:25:10 | |
In Oslo, the police had made a frightening discovery. | 0:25:48 | 0:25:52 | |
The police began studying Breivik's 1,500 page manifesto | 0:26:03 | 0:26:07 | |
and accompanying Youtube video. | 0:26:07 | 0:26:09 | |
An extraordinarily detailed outline | 0:26:09 | 0:26:12 | |
of his planning, preparation, and the justification for his attacks. | 0:26:12 | 0:26:17 | |
Near Utoya, local people were scrambling their boats out | 0:26:55 | 0:26:59 | |
to rescue those trying to swim to safety. | 0:26:59 | 0:27:02 | |
Other young people tried to hide on the rocky shore | 0:27:02 | 0:27:05 | |
where the terrorist stalked them. | 0:27:05 | 0:27:08 | |
Throughout his manifesto, Breivik accuses left-wing politicians | 0:28:19 | 0:28:23 | |
in the Labour Party of conspiring to allow Muslims to take over Norway. | 0:28:23 | 0:28:29 | |
His Oslo bomb had targeted the adult leaders. | 0:28:29 | 0:28:33 | |
On Utoya, he was killing the Labour Party's leaders of tomorrow. | 0:28:35 | 0:28:39 | |
These so-called traitors included Eirin Kjaer who was just 18, | 0:28:54 | 0:29:00 | |
and Breivik's youngest victim, Sharidyn Svebakk-Boehn, who had just turned 14. | 0:29:00 | 0:29:06 | |
The massacre had gone on for more than half an hour | 0:29:10 | 0:29:13 | |
when the local police received an extraordinary call. | 0:29:13 | 0:29:16 | |
The call cut off. | 0:29:48 | 0:29:50 | |
Breivik later claimed he had tried to phone the police 10 times to surrender. | 0:29:51 | 0:29:56 | |
He had only connected twice. | 0:29:56 | 0:29:58 | |
There may be an other explanation for his actions. | 0:29:59 | 0:30:02 | |
In his manifesto, he had written, "During the assault, announce on the police band that | 0:30:08 | 0:30:15 | |
"you are demanding a ransom and safe passage for sparing the hostages. | 0:30:15 | 0:30:19 | |
"This may buy you several seconds or even minutes | 0:30:19 | 0:30:22 | |
"while you continue execution of traitors." | 0:30:22 | 0:30:26 | |
Delta Force had now met the police boat and were journeying across the fjord. | 0:30:42 | 0:30:47 | |
A local man caught their progress on film. | 0:30:47 | 0:30:50 | |
Believing there might be more than one gunman, | 0:30:53 | 0:30:55 | |
Delta had decided to fill the boat with officers. | 0:30:55 | 0:30:58 | |
The boat was overloaded, took on water and eventually stopped. | 0:30:58 | 0:31:03 | |
Delta had to be rescued by a local boatman. | 0:31:07 | 0:31:10 | |
On the island, | 0:31:20 | 0:31:22 | |
Sam Muyizzi had found a hiding place close to a small pump house. | 0:31:22 | 0:31:26 | |
At this moment, I immediately heard this sound somewhere besides these trees, | 0:31:28 | 0:31:35 | |
I looked there only to see this man. | 0:31:35 | 0:31:37 | |
Immediately he started shooting. | 0:31:39 | 0:31:41 | |
His face, which keeps on coming across, | 0:31:44 | 0:31:48 | |
was like someone playing with a toy gun. | 0:31:48 | 0:31:55 | |
And not one, not two, many piled, I saw them piling up, | 0:31:57 | 0:32:00 | |
In one place I saw over ten bodies. | 0:32:00 | 0:32:05 | |
Very young people just being butchered. | 0:32:07 | 0:32:09 | |
I stopped thinking and I said my last prayer inside my heart. | 0:32:18 | 0:32:23 | |
My head pumped so much, my heart so fast, I lost my senses. | 0:32:25 | 0:32:31 | |
I could not even make a decision even of | 0:32:31 | 0:32:34 | |
whether to crawl or what, I just stopped. My whole body stopped, | 0:32:34 | 0:32:40 | |
I was just waiting for just one thing - a bullet into my head. | 0:32:40 | 0:32:45 | |
I realised the same time there was a helicopter up in the air. | 0:32:48 | 0:32:55 | |
So I believe it is the helicopter which probably distracted him. | 0:32:55 | 0:32:58 | |
He did not shoot. | 0:32:58 | 0:33:00 | |
But the helicopter was not the police. It was a news crew. | 0:33:05 | 0:33:10 | |
They began to film the island. | 0:33:10 | 0:33:13 | |
Kids swimming in the water. | 0:33:13 | 0:33:16 | |
And the Delta force who had finally arrived. | 0:33:16 | 0:33:20 | |
The police raced to the rocks and spotted the suspect in the trees. | 0:33:35 | 0:33:39 | |
Incredibly, the terrorist had been captured alive. | 0:34:23 | 0:34:26 | |
Breivik's assault on Utoya had lasted over an hour and a quarter. | 0:35:19 | 0:35:24 | |
69 people had died, 15 of them at the pump house. | 0:35:25 | 0:35:30 | |
If police had really come, | 0:35:32 | 0:35:34 | |
no-one at that pump house would have died. | 0:35:34 | 0:35:37 | |
I would blame it, | 0:35:40 | 0:35:42 | |
all the deaths I saw which came later, like that one where I was, | 0:35:42 | 0:35:45 | |
was because of slow reaction from the police. | 0:35:45 | 0:35:50 | |
That's what I strongly believe. | 0:35:50 | 0:35:52 | |
Finally, eight months after the attacks, | 0:35:55 | 0:35:58 | |
the police and Prime Minister | 0:35:58 | 0:36:02 | |
apologised for the failures of the response. | 0:36:02 | 0:36:05 | |
THEY SCREAM AND CRY | 0:36:39 | 0:36:43 | |
Now began the job of tending to the wounded, | 0:36:48 | 0:36:51 | |
and counting the dead. | 0:36:51 | 0:36:52 | |
I actually knew many of those people who have lost their lives. | 0:36:54 | 0:36:58 | |
Some of them are old friends | 0:36:58 | 0:37:00 | |
and some of them are, or were, | 0:37:00 | 0:37:03 | |
children of people I have known for many, many years. | 0:37:03 | 0:37:08 | |
So it was both as Prime Minister, but also as a colleague, a friend, | 0:37:10 | 0:37:15 | |
a human being, I was very much affected | 0:37:15 | 0:37:18 | |
both by the bombing of my office in the centre of Oslo, and of Utoya. | 0:37:18 | 0:37:24 | |
While on the island, | 0:37:30 | 0:37:31 | |
the man responsible for the worst attack on Norway | 0:37:31 | 0:37:34 | |
since the Second World War was being held for interrogation. | 0:37:34 | 0:37:38 | |
His identity would shock the nation. | 0:37:44 | 0:37:48 | |
I went onto Facebook and someone sent me a link | 0:37:49 | 0:37:54 | |
to a Facebook profile - Anders Behring Breivik. | 0:37:54 | 0:37:57 | |
And they said, "This is the guy." | 0:37:57 | 0:37:59 | |
And I said, "No, no, it can't be. | 0:37:59 | 0:38:01 | |
"I know this guy, I went to school with him. It's not him." | 0:38:01 | 0:38:07 | |
He was a guy that I had known for many years of my life. | 0:38:18 | 0:38:22 | |
He was a classmate from secondary school and gymnasium. | 0:38:22 | 0:38:28 | |
The shock for me was that | 0:38:32 | 0:38:34 | |
someone I felt wasn't miles apart in background from myself | 0:38:34 | 0:38:38 | |
could have done something like this. | 0:38:38 | 0:38:40 | |
I think that's the most important thing we can learn | 0:38:43 | 0:38:46 | |
from the terror of Utoya. | 0:38:46 | 0:38:47 | |
Anders Behring Breivik was white, | 0:38:47 | 0:38:49 | |
he was middle-class, he was well educated, he was one of us. | 0:38:49 | 0:38:53 | |
He was a right-wing extremist and he killed with cruelty. | 0:38:53 | 0:38:56 | |
Facing hatred like this | 0:38:59 | 0:39:01 | |
and facing acts like this is difficult, anyway, for anybody, | 0:39:01 | 0:39:05 | |
and facing it as a part of yourself is difficult. | 0:39:05 | 0:39:07 | |
It's difficult wherever you live | 0:39:07 | 0:39:09 | |
to see that some of your own kind can do something like this. | 0:39:09 | 0:39:11 | |
It's a part of you. So that's human. | 0:39:11 | 0:39:14 | |
For the survivors and worried parents | 0:39:23 | 0:39:26 | |
gathering at a hotel a short drive up from the shore, | 0:39:26 | 0:39:29 | |
Norway's tragedy was far more personal. | 0:39:29 | 0:39:32 | |
This brother, | 0:39:32 | 0:39:34 | |
the first thing he does when he comes and sees me | 0:39:34 | 0:39:37 | |
is that he says, "This is the mobile phone | 0:39:37 | 0:39:41 | |
"of this guy from our county, and he's dead. | 0:39:41 | 0:39:45 | |
"Take the phone." | 0:39:45 | 0:39:47 | |
It was quite a modern phone so it was integrated with Facebook | 0:39:47 | 0:39:50 | |
and when someone called, you could see their picture on the phone. | 0:39:50 | 0:39:56 | |
And his mother called. | 0:39:56 | 0:39:57 | |
And she called, and she called, and she called. | 0:39:57 | 0:40:00 | |
So you see this picture of a happy, middle-aged woman | 0:40:00 | 0:40:06 | |
and you know that... | 0:40:06 | 0:40:08 | |
..this is going to ruin her life. | 0:40:10 | 0:40:13 | |
And I couldn't take that call. | 0:40:15 | 0:40:17 | |
I couldn't answer and say, "I think maybe your son is dead." | 0:40:17 | 0:40:20 | |
And I had to put it in my pocket. | 0:40:22 | 0:40:24 | |
So I knew that every time my pocket vibrated | 0:40:24 | 0:40:29 | |
there was someone who was trying to find out | 0:40:29 | 0:40:32 | |
whether this guy was alive or not. | 0:40:32 | 0:40:34 | |
And having that phone in my pocket | 0:40:34 | 0:40:37 | |
was probably the hardest thing I've ever done in my life. | 0:40:37 | 0:40:40 | |
As dawn broke on July the 23rd, | 0:42:22 | 0:42:25 | |
Norwegian society had to face the question, | 0:42:25 | 0:42:28 | |
why had Breivik turned his guns on his own people? | 0:42:28 | 0:42:33 | |
His behaviour deepened the mystery. | 0:42:54 | 0:42:57 | |
Two weeks after the attack | 0:43:26 | 0:43:29 | |
the police took Breivik back to Utoya to interrogate him. | 0:43:29 | 0:43:33 | |
The head of the investigation was watching. | 0:43:33 | 0:43:38 | |
The atmosphere of him being back at Utoya | 0:43:39 | 0:43:42 | |
was very strange. | 0:43:42 | 0:43:44 | |
Knowing what he had done, | 0:43:44 | 0:43:46 | |
and also, still seeing signs at the scene of the crime | 0:43:46 | 0:43:49 | |
of what he had done. | 0:43:49 | 0:43:51 | |
It was quite shocking to hear a man talk about doing these things | 0:43:54 | 0:43:59 | |
to young people, young innocent people. | 0:43:59 | 0:44:02 | |
What struck me most was how calm he was. | 0:44:04 | 0:44:07 | |
How well-spoken and polite he was. | 0:44:07 | 0:44:11 | |
It was a big contrast to the terrible things he had done. | 0:44:11 | 0:44:15 | |
Not at any point did we ever hear any regrets from him. | 0:44:15 | 0:44:20 | |
Such statements ignited a debate over Breivik's sanity. | 0:44:48 | 0:44:54 | |
Within three months an official psychiatric assessment | 0:44:54 | 0:44:57 | |
concluded he was a paranoid schizophrenic. | 0:44:57 | 0:45:01 | |
The authors believed that his perception of reality | 0:45:01 | 0:45:07 | |
was delusional to the point of madness. | 0:45:07 | 0:45:10 | |
The report was reviewed and approved | 0:45:10 | 0:45:12 | |
by a government-appointed panel of experts. | 0:45:12 | 0:45:16 | |
Nevertheless, the diagnosis provoked controversy. | 0:45:16 | 0:45:20 | |
I got hold of the psychiatrist's report and read it, | 0:45:20 | 0:45:23 | |
and then I was furious. | 0:45:23 | 0:45:27 | |
Norwegian commentators saying, "Well, good, we were not to blame. | 0:45:27 | 0:45:33 | |
"He was not part of Norwegian society. Now we can go on. | 0:45:33 | 0:45:36 | |
"He was only a mad man." | 0:45:36 | 0:45:38 | |
Just a few weeks later a secret report | 0:45:38 | 0:45:41 | |
completed by Dr Randi Rosenqvist, a prison psychiatrist, | 0:45:41 | 0:45:45 | |
challenged that official diagnosis. | 0:45:45 | 0:45:49 | |
She stated: | 0:45:49 | 0:45:51 | |
I find him to be in good mental health. | 0:45:51 | 0:45:53 | |
I consider his stranger comments to be part of an extreme ideology | 0:45:53 | 0:45:57 | |
and not in any way to represent a psychotic state of mind. | 0:45:57 | 0:46:03 | |
And there were other questions. | 0:46:33 | 0:46:36 | |
Breivik had exhibited none of these symptoms. | 0:47:10 | 0:47:14 | |
Not through the years spent planning the attack, | 0:47:14 | 0:47:18 | |
including two months spent at this remote farm | 0:47:18 | 0:47:21 | |
meticulously building his home-made bomb. | 0:47:21 | 0:47:25 | |
In the face of public controversy | 0:47:25 | 0:47:29 | |
the court ordered a second psychiatric evaluation. | 0:47:29 | 0:47:33 | |
This time the experts contradicted the first report, | 0:47:33 | 0:47:37 | |
just as Breivik wanted. | 0:47:37 | 0:47:40 | |
Much of Breivik's manifesto | 0:47:58 | 0:48:02 | |
is borrowed from the writings of others. | 0:48:02 | 0:48:06 | |
A compilation of articles condemning Islam | 0:48:06 | 0:48:09 | |
and warning of the Muslim invasion. | 0:48:09 | 0:48:11 | |
Yet within it is a personal section | 0:48:11 | 0:48:15 | |
in which Breivik conducts an interview with himself. | 0:48:15 | 0:48:18 | |
The interview traces his radicalisation | 0:48:18 | 0:48:21 | |
to his teenage years in Oslo. | 0:48:21 | 0:48:23 | |
He claims that in 2002 he became a founding member | 0:48:37 | 0:48:40 | |
of a right-wing terror organisation | 0:48:40 | 0:48:43 | |
committed to using violence to expel Muslims from Europe | 0:48:43 | 0:48:47 | |
and overthrow political parties which promoted multiculturalism. | 0:48:47 | 0:48:52 | |
The rest of his life, he says, was dedicated to that purpose. | 0:48:52 | 0:48:56 | |
These assertions are difficult to verify. | 0:49:03 | 0:49:07 | |
Many believe the real story may be much more complex, | 0:49:07 | 0:49:10 | |
among them the police. | 0:49:10 | 0:49:14 | |
He quit high school before his final exam. | 0:49:14 | 0:49:16 | |
He started several companies, most of them went bankrupt | 0:49:16 | 0:49:20 | |
or they were dealing with illegal matters, | 0:49:20 | 0:49:23 | |
like false diplomas. | 0:49:23 | 0:49:25 | |
We know he had no big success with women. | 0:49:25 | 0:49:31 | |
To us, he had big ambitions | 0:49:31 | 0:49:33 | |
for himself and his life | 0:49:33 | 0:49:36 | |
and they were not fulfilled for him. | 0:49:36 | 0:49:40 | |
And that's one of our theories | 0:49:40 | 0:49:44 | |
why he became the man he is today. | 0:49:44 | 0:49:47 | |
Breivik had grown up on the west side of Oslo, | 0:49:51 | 0:49:56 | |
where the richest of the city's inhabitants live, | 0:49:56 | 0:49:59 | |
and the pressure to succeed is intense. | 0:49:59 | 0:50:02 | |
But in 2006, at the age of 27, | 0:50:04 | 0:50:07 | |
he moved back home to live with his mother, | 0:50:07 | 0:50:11 | |
because, she later told police, his last business went bankrupt. | 0:50:11 | 0:50:15 | |
Many of the theories that seek to explain Breivik's radicalisation | 0:50:17 | 0:50:20 | |
focus on this moment. | 0:50:20 | 0:50:23 | |
I think that is really the turning point. | 0:50:24 | 0:50:27 | |
From the police records it seems like | 0:50:28 | 0:50:31 | |
he is locking himself in his room for a year and a half. | 0:50:31 | 0:50:36 | |
He starts to wear a facemask inside. | 0:50:36 | 0:50:39 | |
Because he's so scared of bugs and diseases, | 0:50:39 | 0:50:42 | |
that, you know, he's wearing a facemask | 0:50:42 | 0:50:46 | |
in the apartment he lives, shares with his own mum. | 0:50:46 | 0:50:49 | |
Just stays in there playing video games or computer games | 0:50:53 | 0:50:56 | |
all day and all night. And he does that for such a long time. | 0:50:56 | 0:50:59 | |
A young white man looking for a cause didn't have to look too far. | 0:51:32 | 0:51:37 | |
Breivik's alleged personal troubles | 0:51:39 | 0:51:41 | |
coincided with a period of mass immigration to Norway. | 0:51:41 | 0:51:45 | |
By 2010, a quarter of Oslo's population were immigrants. | 0:51:48 | 0:51:52 | |
It was a shock | 0:51:52 | 0:51:55 | |
to Norway's traditionally ethnically homogeneous society. | 0:51:55 | 0:51:59 | |
In Oslo, we are getting something | 0:51:59 | 0:52:01 | |
that 20 years ago we wouldn't have thought of. | 0:52:01 | 0:52:05 | |
We are getting a division geographically, | 0:52:05 | 0:52:06 | |
where on the east side immigrants live - | 0:52:06 | 0:52:09 | |
and in some schools they are 95% - | 0:52:09 | 0:52:11 | |
and on the west side, where rich people live, | 0:52:11 | 0:52:14 | |
and the bourgeois and the upper class live | 0:52:14 | 0:52:16 | |
you have no immigrants, a totally white society. | 0:52:16 | 0:52:19 | |
Breivik blamed this transformation on the Norwegian Labour Party. | 0:52:25 | 0:52:29 | |
And though his position was extreme, | 0:52:31 | 0:52:33 | |
he was far from alone in all his ideas. | 0:52:33 | 0:52:36 | |
Before leaving his mother's house to carry out the attacks, | 0:52:47 | 0:52:50 | |
Breivik emailed his manifesto | 0:52:50 | 0:52:52 | |
to people he identified as sympathisers across Europe. | 0:52:52 | 0:52:55 | |
More than a thousand of them. | 0:52:57 | 0:52:59 | |
One was Jan Simonsen, | 0:53:01 | 0:53:03 | |
a retired leader of the conservative Norwegian Progress Party, | 0:53:03 | 0:53:07 | |
now a prolific online blogger. | 0:53:07 | 0:53:10 | |
But though he denounces Breivik's actions, | 0:53:25 | 0:53:29 | |
Simonsen does not condemn all of Breivik's ideas. | 0:53:29 | 0:53:32 | |
Far from it. | 0:53:32 | 0:53:34 | |
I'm not so concerned about if he is described as a mad man or not. | 0:53:58 | 0:54:05 | |
I think we should emphasise on the ideology | 0:54:05 | 0:54:09 | |
which he is talking about, how deep it is in our society. | 0:54:09 | 0:54:13 | |
He's sitting behind the bars | 0:54:16 | 0:54:19 | |
but his ideology is out there, which we should have a focus on, | 0:54:19 | 0:54:24 | |
because when we live in a multicultural society | 0:54:24 | 0:54:26 | |
and we describe some people living in our society | 0:54:26 | 0:54:29 | |
as a enemy of the majority of our society | 0:54:29 | 0:54:32 | |
it is a dangerous... | 0:54:32 | 0:54:34 | |
a very dangerous angling, a very dangerous ideology. | 0:54:34 | 0:54:38 | |
Ironically, Breivik himself may have done more than anyone | 0:55:06 | 0:55:10 | |
to undermine that ideology. | 0:55:10 | 0:55:13 | |
Three days after the attack, | 0:55:15 | 0:55:18 | |
thousands of Norwegians spontaneously took to the streets | 0:55:18 | 0:55:21 | |
in the so-called "rose rally" to express their grief, | 0:55:21 | 0:55:25 | |
unity, and abhorrence of Breivik's actions | 0:55:25 | 0:55:28 | |
and the worldview that propagated them. | 0:55:28 | 0:55:31 | |
I think that one thing that has happened with the Norwegian society | 0:55:31 | 0:55:36 | |
after the 22nd of July | 0:55:36 | 0:55:38 | |
is that people have become more tolerant, | 0:55:38 | 0:55:41 | |
more careful not to judge people | 0:55:41 | 0:55:44 | |
related to which group they are coming from | 0:55:44 | 0:55:47 | |
and being much more careful | 0:55:47 | 0:55:49 | |
to underline and to understand | 0:55:49 | 0:55:51 | |
that it is always individuals who are responsible | 0:55:51 | 0:55:55 | |
for crimes and terrorist attacks. | 0:55:55 | 0:55:58 | |
You are not responsible because you are part of an ethnic group. | 0:56:05 | 0:56:09 | |
I am not responsible for the crimes or the terrorists acts | 0:56:09 | 0:56:13 | |
the terrorist committed on the 22nd July, | 0:56:13 | 0:56:17 | |
even if he is a male, white, from Oslo. | 0:56:17 | 0:56:20 | |
I am that too, but that doesn't make me a terrorist. | 0:56:20 | 0:56:24 | |
The court will decide if Breivik is insane or not. | 0:56:39 | 0:56:43 | |
He believes history will be his final judge. | 0:56:44 | 0:56:47 | |
His manifesto declares his attacks | 0:56:51 | 0:56:53 | |
mark the beginning of a war which will last for decades. | 0:56:53 | 0:56:58 | |
Out of the shadow of Utoya, | 0:57:19 | 0:57:21 | |
a different vision of the future is rising to face him. | 0:57:21 | 0:57:25 | |
Subtitles by Red Bee Media Ltd | 0:58:40 | 0:58:43 |