Norway's Massacre This World


Norway's Massacre

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This programme contains scenes which some viewers may find upsetting.

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On the 22nd July 2011, Norway suffered the worst act of mass murder

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by a terrorist acting alone in the history of the world.

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I stopped thinking and I said my last prayer.

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I was just waiting for just one thing - a bullet into my head.

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A brutal assault unleashed against a summer camp for young people.

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It felt like a blanket of death had just been laid over the island.

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It was a race to solve the mystery of the killer's identity.

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They said "This is the guy" and I said "No, it can't be.

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"I know this guy, I went to school with him, it's not him."

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An identity that challenged the heart of Norwegian society.

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Anders Behring Breivik was white, he was middle class,

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he was well-educated, he was one of us,

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he was a right wing extremist and he killed with cruelty.

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The killer claimed his cruelty had a purpose,

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articulated in a political manifesto.

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A vision of a Muslim invasion of Europe,

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a declaration of war unleashed against his own people.

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What struck me most was how calm he was, how well spoken

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and how polite he was.

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It was a big contrast to the terrible things he had done.

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Leaving a nation desperately seeking the answer to the question "Why?"

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24 miles north of Oslo, lies the island of Utoya.

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Since 1950, it has been owned by the youth wing

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of the governing Norwegian Labour Party - the AUF.

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For 60 years, it has been the site of their annual summer camp.

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But the camp was also a crucible of Norwegian politics.

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Leaders of the AUF had gone on to lead Norway.

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Among them, the current Prime Minister, Jens Stoltenberg.

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I have been there every summer since 1974.

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For many years, I was a member of the Young Labour Party

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and then afterwards, I have been there every summer,

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delivering speeches, taking part in the political discussions at Utoya.

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So Utoya has been a very important part of my life.

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For Eskil Pedersen, the summer of 2011

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was supposed to have been a particularly special year.

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I was looking forward to the summer camp

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as the first year when I was the leader of the organisation

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and we've been working for a long time

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to make sure that this summer camp would be the best ever, of course.

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On the second day, the Norwegian foreign minister visited the camp.

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An event that was covered by reporters

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from every major Norwegian television station.

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I remember the Minister Of Foreign Affairs came in a black car alone.

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No secretary, nothing.

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Nobody carrying his suitcase.

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The sun was shining, it was maybe 27 degrees.

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People were wearing shorts and swimwear and eating ice creams

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and just sitting in the sun and it was such an idyllic place.

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On the following day, July 22nd,

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it seemed the worst that would happen was a change in the weather.

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Mother Utoya, as we call her...called her,

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who had been the manager of the island for many years.

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I remember she came into the room, on the phone and shouting out,

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"What?"

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And then she said, "Somebody turn on the radio.

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"There's been an explosion in Oslo."

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In the beginning, of course, it was very confusing

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because it was first of all, not sure whether this was an attack

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or an accident.

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Then the police confirmed that this was an attack, a bomb.

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It was, you know, a strange thing to be Prime Minister in a country

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where we first experienced a devastating attack

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on the government building, on my office, the place I go every day

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back and forth into my office, the government building.

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A massive 950-kilogram homemade car bomb had exploded

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at the heart of the government district.

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The blast had killed eight people

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and devastated the tower block that housed the Prime Minister's office.

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One of the first clues to the identity of the culprit

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came from security guards watching CCTV cameras of the scene.

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Those suspicions began to take ugly shape on Oslo's streets.

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Muslims were scared, they were scared of going outside.

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A woman called me,

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her car was stopped just 100 metres, 200 metres

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from where the actual bomb exploded and a person opened her door

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and told her that, "You should get out of this country now."

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There was a man, a Somalian man, who was beaten by one or two Norwegians.

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So there are other stories which we have heard that Muslims

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experienced in those first two, three hours.

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The young people on Utoya were struggling to come to terms with the news.

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Journalists were beginning to descend on the scene of the bomb blast.

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Peter Svaar was one of the first reporters on the scene.

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It was a complete chaos.

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Uh the first thing I saw when we came down there was

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a civilian police officer in the middle of the road.

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He was holding his hand out like this.

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There was no barriers, no blocks, nothing like that,

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it was too early and he was just stopping traffic with his hand

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in the middle of the road and you could see the terror in his face.

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When the police look scared, that's not a good sign.

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Einar Aas found himself in charge of the police response.

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It was a fateful decision.

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Choosing not to seal off the city, also allowed the perpetrator to escape.

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Just eight minutes after the blast, a member of the public had called in

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to report a suspect, dressed as a policeman, fleeing the scene.

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The witness even gave the number plate of the getaway car.

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In the chaos, the information was not immediately followed up.

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By the time an alert was issued, the perpetrator had already left Oslo,

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driving north to his next target.

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On Utoya, the leaders of the AUF had called everyone on the island together.

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Lara was the younger sister of Bano Rashid,

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a rising star in the Labour Party youth wing.

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In Oslo, the police had now identified a suspect,

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through the number plate of the car used as a bomb.

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It turned out this was a rental company

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and that the car was rented by a man, Brievik.

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At that time, we couldn't be really sure it was him,

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but we had some initiative to look for this man,

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Brievik, of course, because that name was connected with this big crime.

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Even his criminal records, there was no big things there too,

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so it was very difficult to spot him as a man who would do such a thing.

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Anders Breivik certainly seemed an unlikely terrorist.

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A 32-year-old Norwegian, raised in an upper middle class neighborhood

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in Oslo.

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A family friend recalled,

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"He was never difficult, only a kind, shy and sweet little boy."

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I get a call on the radio from the mainland,

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and they said that there's a policeman who wants to come across.

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When we arrived at the landside I looked up and I saw this policeman.

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He wasn't wearing a normal police uniform.

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The base looked a bit like a wet suit

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and he had a bullet proof something

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and a rifle, a big rifle,

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and also a hand gun on this thigh.

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The general feeling I got from this guy was that

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he was a bit moved by the situation, he was a bit nervous,

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he looked like he was aware of the gravity

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and severity of what was going on.

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I noticed that he had this iPod headsets on his ears and I thought, you know, "That's strange."

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Do the secret police use iPods?

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Breivik would later claim he had planned his operation

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for over eight years.

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Gathering funds. Physical training.

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And two months spent constructing the homemade car bomb.

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Yet even he admitted to moments of self-doubt

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about how he would behave when the attack began.

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We heard a loud noise like a hammer being slammed into the wall.

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I think I heard it three times - bang, bang, bang.

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People started now scrambling, coming this side,

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running all around and saying, "He is shooting people,

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"he is killing people".

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That's when panic gripped the whole room.

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We all tried to look for wherever there was an exit.

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It was a scuffle. I remember so many people were stepped on.

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I kept on thinking that these things don't happen in Norway,

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people don't go around shooting in Norway.

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Back in Oslo, the government was still grappling to respond

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to the bomb attack.

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People started to come to my house,

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and we established the operational centre

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around me and the Prime Minister's office in my house.

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I also spoke with different members of the Government,

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with the leaders of the opposition

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and with the King to inform them about what had happened in Oslo.

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At its nearest point, Utoya lay 600 metres from the shore,

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but the waters of the fjord were deep, cold and difficult to swim.

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The best hope of escape was the ferry to the mainland.

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My advisor called me on the phone and saying that, uh,

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"You have to run down to the boat."

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I remember saying to him, "What is going on?"

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And his answer was, "You have to run down to the boat now."

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It was raining, it was foggy.

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There was absolute, total silence.

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I didn't hear anything.

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At the front of the building there were two dead people lying,

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Monica was one of them.

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It felt like, because of the rain, the fog, the silence,

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that a blanket of death had been laid over the island.

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It felt like I was the only one there.

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I ran on to the boat.

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The ferry was an old military landing craft.

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It could carry up to 60 people and was armoured against bullets.

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But it sailed away with only Eskil and eight others on board.

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It is easy to see that that is what people would have done in a situation like that.

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Most people would have run away, but at the same time,

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this was the leader of the group that was on the island

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and it is kind of, like a captain abandoning the ship.

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I think, to discuss the choices people did, whether they were right or wrong,

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I don't think that's right to do.

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because everyone tried to save their lives.

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Without the ferry, that task was far harder for those left behind.

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In desperation, a girl on the island called her father,

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who happened to be a senior police officer in Oslo.

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Delta Force, the country's elite police commandos

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were instantly dispatched to the island

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to assist the local police district.

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But Oslo's police force only had one helicopter

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which was not suitable for transporting troops.

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Delta Force would have to drive.

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But would it be fast enough?

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GUNSHOTS

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On the shore, across from the island,

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a local man had heard the shots and started to film.

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He filmed people fleeing in the only other boat available -

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an old rowing boat...

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and other desperate escape attempts.

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For the next hour, the young people on the island were defenceless.

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The Rashid family had fled to Norway from Iraq

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when both sisters were very young.

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In Oslo, the police had made a frightening discovery.

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The police began studying Breivik's 1,500 page manifesto

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and accompanying Youtube video.

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An extraordinarily detailed outline

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of his planning, preparation, and the justification for his attacks.

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Near Utoya, local people were scrambling their boats out

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to rescue those trying to swim to safety.

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Other young people tried to hide on the rocky shore

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where the terrorist stalked them.

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Throughout his manifesto, Breivik accuses left-wing politicians

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in the Labour Party of conspiring to allow Muslims to take over Norway.

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His Oslo bomb had targeted the adult leaders.

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On Utoya, he was killing the Labour Party's leaders of tomorrow.

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These so-called traitors included Eirin Kjaer who was just 18,

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and Breivik's youngest victim, Sharidyn Svebakk-Boehn, who had just turned 14.

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The massacre had gone on for more than half an hour

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when the local police received an extraordinary call.

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The call cut off.

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Breivik later claimed he had tried to phone the police 10 times to surrender.

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He had only connected twice.

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There may be an other explanation for his actions.

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In his manifesto, he had written, "During the assault, announce on the police band that

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"you are demanding a ransom and safe passage for sparing the hostages.

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"This may buy you several seconds or even minutes

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"while you continue execution of traitors."

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Delta Force had now met the police boat and were journeying across the fjord.

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A local man caught their progress on film.

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Believing there might be more than one gunman,

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Delta had decided to fill the boat with officers.

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The boat was overloaded, took on water and eventually stopped.

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Delta had to be rescued by a local boatman.

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On the island,

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Sam Muyizzi had found a hiding place close to a small pump house.

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At this moment, I immediately heard this sound somewhere besides these trees,

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I looked there only to see this man.

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Immediately he started shooting.

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His face, which keeps on coming across,

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was like someone playing with a toy gun.

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And not one, not two, many piled, I saw them piling up,

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In one place I saw over ten bodies.

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Very young people just being butchered.

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I stopped thinking and I said my last prayer inside my heart.

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My head pumped so much, my heart so fast, I lost my senses.

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I could not even make a decision even of

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whether to crawl or what, I just stopped. My whole body stopped,

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I was just waiting for just one thing - a bullet into my head.

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I realised the same time there was a helicopter up in the air.

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So I believe it is the helicopter which probably distracted him.

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He did not shoot.

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But the helicopter was not the police. It was a news crew.

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They began to film the island.

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Kids swimming in the water.

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And the Delta force who had finally arrived.

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The police raced to the rocks and spotted the suspect in the trees.

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Incredibly, the terrorist had been captured alive.

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Breivik's assault on Utoya had lasted over an hour and a quarter.

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69 people had died, 15 of them at the pump house.

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If police had really come,

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no-one at that pump house would have died.

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I would blame it,

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all the deaths I saw which came later, like that one where I was,

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was because of slow reaction from the police.

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That's what I strongly believe.

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Finally, eight months after the attacks,

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the police and Prime Minister

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apologised for the failures of the response.

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THEY SCREAM AND CRY

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Now began the job of tending to the wounded,

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and counting the dead.

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I actually knew many of those people who have lost their lives.

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Some of them are old friends

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and some of them are, or were,

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children of people I have known for many, many years.

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So it was both as Prime Minister, but also as a colleague, a friend,

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a human being, I was very much affected

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both by the bombing of my office in the centre of Oslo, and of Utoya.

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While on the island,

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the man responsible for the worst attack on Norway

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since the Second World War was being held for interrogation.

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His identity would shock the nation.

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I went onto Facebook and someone sent me a link

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to a Facebook profile - Anders Behring Breivik.

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And they said, "This is the guy."

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And I said, "No, no, it can't be.

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"I know this guy, I went to school with him. It's not him."

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He was a guy that I had known for many years of my life.

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He was a classmate from secondary school and gymnasium.

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The shock for me was that

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someone I felt wasn't miles apart in background from myself

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could have done something like this.

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I think that's the most important thing we can learn

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from the terror of Utoya.

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Anders Behring Breivik was white,

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he was middle-class, he was well educated, he was one of us.

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He was a right-wing extremist and he killed with cruelty.

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Facing hatred like this

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and facing acts like this is difficult, anyway, for anybody,

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and facing it as a part of yourself is difficult.

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It's difficult wherever you live

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to see that some of your own kind can do something like this.

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It's a part of you. So that's human.

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For the survivors and worried parents

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gathering at a hotel a short drive up from the shore,

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Norway's tragedy was far more personal.

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This brother,

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the first thing he does when he comes and sees me

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is that he says, "This is the mobile phone

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"of this guy from our county, and he's dead.

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"Take the phone."

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It was quite a modern phone so it was integrated with Facebook

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and when someone called, you could see their picture on the phone.

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And his mother called.

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And she called, and she called, and she called.

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So you see this picture of a happy, middle-aged woman

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and you know that...

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..this is going to ruin her life.

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And I couldn't take that call.

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I couldn't answer and say, "I think maybe your son is dead."

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And I had to put it in my pocket.

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So I knew that every time my pocket vibrated

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there was someone who was trying to find out

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whether this guy was alive or not.

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And having that phone in my pocket

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was probably the hardest thing I've ever done in my life.

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As dawn broke on July the 23rd,

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Norwegian society had to face the question,

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why had Breivik turned his guns on his own people?

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His behaviour deepened the mystery.

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Two weeks after the attack

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the police took Breivik back to Utoya to interrogate him.

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The head of the investigation was watching.

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The atmosphere of him being back at Utoya

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was very strange.

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Knowing what he had done,

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and also, still seeing signs at the scene of the crime

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of what he had done.

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It was quite shocking to hear a man talk about doing these things

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to young people, young innocent people.

0:43:590:44:02

What struck me most was how calm he was.

0:44:040:44:07

How well-spoken and polite he was.

0:44:070:44:11

It was a big contrast to the terrible things he had done.

0:44:110:44:15

Not at any point did we ever hear any regrets from him.

0:44:150:44:20

Such statements ignited a debate over Breivik's sanity.

0:44:480:44:54

Within three months an official psychiatric assessment

0:44:540:44:57

concluded he was a paranoid schizophrenic.

0:44:570:45:01

The authors believed that his perception of reality

0:45:010:45:07

was delusional to the point of madness.

0:45:070:45:10

The report was reviewed and approved

0:45:100:45:12

by a government-appointed panel of experts.

0:45:120:45:16

Nevertheless, the diagnosis provoked controversy.

0:45:160:45:20

I got hold of the psychiatrist's report and read it,

0:45:200:45:23

and then I was furious.

0:45:230:45:27

Norwegian commentators saying, "Well, good, we were not to blame.

0:45:270:45:33

"He was not part of Norwegian society. Now we can go on.

0:45:330:45:36

"He was only a mad man."

0:45:360:45:38

Just a few weeks later a secret report

0:45:380:45:41

completed by Dr Randi Rosenqvist, a prison psychiatrist,

0:45:410:45:45

challenged that official diagnosis.

0:45:450:45:49

She stated:

0:45:490:45:51

I find him to be in good mental health.

0:45:510:45:53

I consider his stranger comments to be part of an extreme ideology

0:45:530:45:57

and not in any way to represent a psychotic state of mind.

0:45:570:46:03

And there were other questions.

0:46:330:46:36

Breivik had exhibited none of these symptoms.

0:47:100:47:14

Not through the years spent planning the attack,

0:47:140:47:18

including two months spent at this remote farm

0:47:180:47:21

meticulously building his home-made bomb.

0:47:210:47:25

In the face of public controversy

0:47:250:47:29

the court ordered a second psychiatric evaluation.

0:47:290:47:33

This time the experts contradicted the first report,

0:47:330:47:37

just as Breivik wanted.

0:47:370:47:40

Much of Breivik's manifesto

0:47:580:48:02

is borrowed from the writings of others.

0:48:020:48:06

A compilation of articles condemning Islam

0:48:060:48:09

and warning of the Muslim invasion.

0:48:090:48:11

Yet within it is a personal section

0:48:110:48:15

in which Breivik conducts an interview with himself.

0:48:150:48:18

The interview traces his radicalisation

0:48:180:48:21

to his teenage years in Oslo.

0:48:210:48:23

He claims that in 2002 he became a founding member

0:48:370:48:40

of a right-wing terror organisation

0:48:400:48:43

committed to using violence to expel Muslims from Europe

0:48:430:48:47

and overthrow political parties which promoted multiculturalism.

0:48:470:48:52

The rest of his life, he says, was dedicated to that purpose.

0:48:520:48:56

These assertions are difficult to verify.

0:49:030:49:07

Many believe the real story may be much more complex,

0:49:070:49:10

among them the police.

0:49:100:49:14

He quit high school before his final exam.

0:49:140:49:16

He started several companies, most of them went bankrupt

0:49:160:49:20

or they were dealing with illegal matters,

0:49:200:49:23

like false diplomas.

0:49:230:49:25

We know he had no big success with women.

0:49:250:49:31

To us, he had big ambitions

0:49:310:49:33

for himself and his life

0:49:330:49:36

and they were not fulfilled for him.

0:49:360:49:40

And that's one of our theories

0:49:400:49:44

why he became the man he is today.

0:49:440:49:47

Breivik had grown up on the west side of Oslo,

0:49:510:49:56

where the richest of the city's inhabitants live,

0:49:560:49:59

and the pressure to succeed is intense.

0:49:590:50:02

But in 2006, at the age of 27,

0:50:040:50:07

he moved back home to live with his mother,

0:50:070:50:11

because, she later told police, his last business went bankrupt.

0:50:110:50:15

Many of the theories that seek to explain Breivik's radicalisation

0:50:170:50:20

focus on this moment.

0:50:200:50:23

I think that is really the turning point.

0:50:240:50:27

From the police records it seems like

0:50:280:50:31

he is locking himself in his room for a year and a half.

0:50:310:50:36

He starts to wear a facemask inside.

0:50:360:50:39

Because he's so scared of bugs and diseases,

0:50:390:50:42

that, you know, he's wearing a facemask

0:50:420:50:46

in the apartment he lives, shares with his own mum.

0:50:460:50:49

Just stays in there playing video games or computer games

0:50:530:50:56

all day and all night. And he does that for such a long time.

0:50:560:50:59

A young white man looking for a cause didn't have to look too far.

0:51:320:51:37

Breivik's alleged personal troubles

0:51:390:51:41

coincided with a period of mass immigration to Norway.

0:51:410:51:45

By 2010, a quarter of Oslo's population were immigrants.

0:51:480:51:52

It was a shock

0:51:520:51:55

to Norway's traditionally ethnically homogeneous society.

0:51:550:51:59

In Oslo, we are getting something

0:51:590:52:01

that 20 years ago we wouldn't have thought of.

0:52:010:52:05

We are getting a division geographically,

0:52:050:52:06

where on the east side immigrants live -

0:52:060:52:09

and in some schools they are 95% -

0:52:090:52:11

and on the west side, where rich people live,

0:52:110:52:14

and the bourgeois and the upper class live

0:52:140:52:16

you have no immigrants, a totally white society.

0:52:160:52:19

Breivik blamed this transformation on the Norwegian Labour Party.

0:52:250:52:29

And though his position was extreme,

0:52:310:52:33

he was far from alone in all his ideas.

0:52:330:52:36

Before leaving his mother's house to carry out the attacks,

0:52:470:52:50

Breivik emailed his manifesto

0:52:500:52:52

to people he identified as sympathisers across Europe.

0:52:520:52:55

More than a thousand of them.

0:52:570:52:59

One was Jan Simonsen,

0:53:010:53:03

a retired leader of the conservative Norwegian Progress Party,

0:53:030:53:07

now a prolific online blogger.

0:53:070:53:10

But though he denounces Breivik's actions,

0:53:250:53:29

Simonsen does not condemn all of Breivik's ideas.

0:53:290:53:32

Far from it.

0:53:320:53:34

I'm not so concerned about if he is described as a mad man or not.

0:53:580:54:05

I think we should emphasise on the ideology

0:54:050:54:09

which he is talking about, how deep it is in our society.

0:54:090:54:13

He's sitting behind the bars

0:54:160:54:19

but his ideology is out there, which we should have a focus on,

0:54:190:54:24

because when we live in a multicultural society

0:54:240:54:26

and we describe some people living in our society

0:54:260:54:29

as a enemy of the majority of our society

0:54:290:54:32

it is a dangerous...

0:54:320:54:34

a very dangerous angling, a very dangerous ideology.

0:54:340:54:38

Ironically, Breivik himself may have done more than anyone

0:55:060:55:10

to undermine that ideology.

0:55:100:55:13

Three days after the attack,

0:55:150:55:18

thousands of Norwegians spontaneously took to the streets

0:55:180:55:21

in the so-called "rose rally" to express their grief,

0:55:210:55:25

unity, and abhorrence of Breivik's actions

0:55:250:55:28

and the worldview that propagated them.

0:55:280:55:31

I think that one thing that has happened with the Norwegian society

0:55:310:55:36

after the 22nd of July

0:55:360:55:38

is that people have become more tolerant,

0:55:380:55:41

more careful not to judge people

0:55:410:55:44

related to which group they are coming from

0:55:440:55:47

and being much more careful

0:55:470:55:49

to underline and to understand

0:55:490:55:51

that it is always individuals who are responsible

0:55:510:55:55

for crimes and terrorist attacks.

0:55:550:55:58

You are not responsible because you are part of an ethnic group.

0:56:050:56:09

I am not responsible for the crimes or the terrorists acts

0:56:090:56:13

the terrorist committed on the 22nd July,

0:56:130:56:17

even if he is a male, white, from Oslo.

0:56:170:56:20

I am that too, but that doesn't make me a terrorist.

0:56:200:56:24

The court will decide if Breivik is insane or not.

0:56:390:56:43

He believes history will be his final judge.

0:56:440:56:47

His manifesto declares his attacks

0:56:510:56:53

mark the beginning of a war which will last for decades.

0:56:530:56:58

Out of the shadow of Utoya,

0:57:190:57:21

a different vision of the future is rising to face him.

0:57:210:57:25

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