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Dawn, July 12th 1943. | 0:00:28 | 0:00:31 | |
Near Kursk, on the Russian Steppes, 500 Soviet tanks prepared to charge their German enemies. | 0:00:31 | 0:00:38 | |
The T-34 tank is about to change the course of history. | 0:00:38 | 0:00:43 | |
The Red Army's T-34 was a war winner. | 0:00:43 | 0:00:46 | |
It represents for the Russians achievement, sacrifice, heroism, diligence - | 0:00:46 | 0:00:52 | |
all the qualities which they called forth from themselves in order to win this war. | 0:00:52 | 0:00:59 | |
For four years, Hitler's panzers have reigned supreme on the battlefields of Europe. | 0:00:59 | 0:01:06 | |
But in the T-34, they meet their match. | 0:01:06 | 0:01:09 | |
They just rolled over us. I thought it was the end of my life. | 0:01:09 | 0:01:15 | |
The Soviet Union had fought its way back from the brink of extinction. | 0:01:17 | 0:01:24 | |
At Kursk, it would turn the tide of war in the east. | 0:01:24 | 0:01:28 | |
This is the story of the tank that led the fightback. | 0:01:28 | 0:01:33 | |
IN RUSSIAN: | 0:01:41 | 0:01:45 | |
In the summer of 1941, | 0:02:03 | 0:02:06 | |
Western Europe lay at the feet of Hitler's all-conquering armies. | 0:02:06 | 0:02:11 | |
Poland, Belgium, Holland, France: all humbled in lightning campaigns. | 0:02:13 | 0:02:18 | |
The lexicon of war had a new word - blitzkrieg. | 0:02:18 | 0:02:22 | |
Blitzkrieg combined planes, artillery and infantry. | 0:02:26 | 0:02:31 | |
Central to the strategy were tanks: | 0:02:31 | 0:02:34 | |
the German panzers. | 0:02:34 | 0:02:36 | |
Blitzkrieg worked as the term itself expresses - | 0:02:36 | 0:02:41 | |
lightning war, war at high speed. | 0:02:41 | 0:02:43 | |
The tank provided both firepower and mobility. | 0:02:47 | 0:02:52 | |
That combination was crucial. | 0:02:52 | 0:02:55 | |
The panzer corps attacked in huge numbers on narrow fronts. | 0:02:55 | 0:03:00 | |
The massive panzer onslaughts gave rise to a new phenomenon - | 0:03:07 | 0:03:11 | |
tank terror. | 0:03:11 | 0:03:14 | |
Panzers were invincible and unstoppable. | 0:03:18 | 0:03:21 | |
Europe was theirs. | 0:03:21 | 0:03:24 | |
Henry Mettelman was a young panzer driver in occupied France. | 0:03:24 | 0:03:29 | |
It became a kind of habit to believe it almost. | 0:03:29 | 0:03:34 | |
Where Germans attack, they succeed. | 0:03:34 | 0:03:38 | |
In one of the speeches Hitler said, | 0:03:38 | 0:03:41 | |
"Wo der Deutsches Soldat seinen fuss hinsetzt, da geht keine andere hin." | 0:03:41 | 0:03:46 | |
Where the German soldier puts his foot down, no other can go there. | 0:03:46 | 0:03:51 | |
In spring 1941, Germany aimed its panzers at the biggest target yet - the Soviet Union. | 0:03:55 | 0:04:02 | |
It was to be Hitler's biggest prize. | 0:04:02 | 0:04:05 | |
The Red Army was the world's largest force - two million men. | 0:04:05 | 0:04:10 | |
But the Army, like the country, was dominated by Joseph Stalin. | 0:04:10 | 0:04:15 | |
Throughout the '30s, he had purged the Red Army of its best generals | 0:04:15 | 0:04:20 | |
and signed a peace pact with Hitler. | 0:04:20 | 0:04:23 | |
In 1941, Stalin dismissed warnings that Hitler planned to invade. | 0:04:23 | 0:04:29 | |
Stalin's policy in a nutshell was this - | 0:04:31 | 0:04:35 | |
to postpone the possibility or the prospect of war as long as possible. | 0:04:35 | 0:04:41 | |
He refused to institute mobilisation, even when the evidence of the Germans' imminent attack was there. | 0:04:41 | 0:04:49 | |
And so on June 22nd 1941, Operation Barbarossa began. | 0:04:51 | 0:04:56 | |
Hitler's largest blitzkrieg met an unprepared Red Army. | 0:04:56 | 0:05:00 | |
The plan was simple - to reach Moscow in six weeks and destroy the Communist state. | 0:05:00 | 0:05:07 | |
The panzers went on their crusade. | 0:05:09 | 0:05:13 | |
The Nazis, they had the ability to bring some holiness into it all. | 0:05:27 | 0:05:33 | |
That we are fighting a holy war | 0:05:33 | 0:05:35 | |
and it is the duty of us to defend Europe against threat. | 0:05:35 | 0:05:40 | |
I, personally...I did believe it! | 0:05:40 | 0:05:44 | |
To my shame, I honestly believed that not only were we the greatest nation on earth, the Herrenrasse, | 0:05:44 | 0:05:53 | |
but it was also our God-given duty to defend Europe against the threat. | 0:05:53 | 0:05:58 | |
The surprise was total. | 0:05:58 | 0:06:02 | |
The Soviet forces were overwhelmed. | 0:06:02 | 0:06:05 | |
Hundreds of thousands of Russian soldiers died or were taken captive. | 0:06:05 | 0:06:11 | |
It was a catastrophe for the Red Army. | 0:06:11 | 0:06:15 | |
There wasn't enough of anything - no adequate trained reserves, no tanks, NO tanks, | 0:06:15 | 0:06:21 | |
no ammunition, no artillery, no air cover, no manpower. | 0:06:21 | 0:06:26 | |
It is a gigantic story of deficit. | 0:06:26 | 0:06:30 | |
-MORSE CODE BLEEPS -It seemed nothing could halt the panzers' drive on Moscow. | 0:06:30 | 0:06:37 | |
But unknown to German intelligence, | 0:06:42 | 0:06:44 | |
a secretly developed weapon was about to make its entrance. | 0:06:44 | 0:06:49 | |
The T-34 tank. | 0:06:49 | 0:06:53 | |
For the first time, it was German soldiers experiencing tank terror. | 0:06:55 | 0:07:00 | |
The first sighting was 17 days after the start of Barbarossa, | 0:07:07 | 0:07:14 | |
when a single T-34 appeared | 0:07:14 | 0:07:17 | |
and began attacking a German armoured column | 0:07:17 | 0:07:23 | |
and before it was through, it cut a nine-mile swath of destruction, | 0:07:23 | 0:07:28 | |
before, finally, the Germans got a 100mm gun behind it and destroyed it. | 0:07:28 | 0:07:34 | |
But it destroyed roughly 40 armoured vehicles. | 0:07:34 | 0:07:38 | |
I pulled up with my tank next to it | 0:07:38 | 0:07:41 | |
and I looked at the T-34 and I looked at my... | 0:07:41 | 0:07:45 | |
what you'd call a cigarette box as compared, | 0:07:45 | 0:07:49 | |
and I thought, "If I have to confront that tank, | 0:07:49 | 0:07:54 | |
"I haven't got a chance!" | 0:07:54 | 0:07:56 | |
Russian engineers had worked in secrecy on the T-34 for six years. | 0:07:56 | 0:08:01 | |
The Germans were caught unawares. | 0:08:01 | 0:08:04 | |
Wartime T-34s can be seen in a tank park outside Moscow, | 0:08:04 | 0:08:09 | |
where they were first tested. | 0:08:09 | 0:08:11 | |
This is what gave the Germans such a fright in July 1941. | 0:08:11 | 0:08:18 | |
This particular model is a 1943, 76mm gun-armed, early variant. | 0:08:18 | 0:08:24 | |
It was this tank's predecessor that met the Germans on the battlefield. | 0:08:24 | 0:08:30 | |
What surprised the German gunners is the shells they were using - | 0:08:30 | 0:08:35 | |
the standard 37mm and 50mm shells - would bounce off this tank's armour. | 0:08:35 | 0:08:41 | |
There's a heavily sloped arrangement of armour on the hull and turret. | 0:08:41 | 0:08:46 | |
The tank was built like that in front. | 0:08:46 | 0:08:50 | |
If you hit it like that, | 0:08:50 | 0:08:53 | |
your shooting just went off. | 0:08:53 | 0:08:56 | |
You had no chance to penetrate it. | 0:08:56 | 0:08:59 | |
The T-34's sloping armour was revolutionary, but that wasn't all. | 0:08:59 | 0:09:05 | |
Russian designers had scoured the globe for the best ideas - | 0:09:05 | 0:09:09 | |
the speed and mobility of American tank design, ironically dismissed by the US military as too eccentric. | 0:09:09 | 0:09:17 | |
The great thing about the tracks on the T-34 was their sheer width. | 0:09:17 | 0:09:22 | |
For a tank weighing 34 tons, it had very wide tracks, with waffle plates | 0:09:22 | 0:09:28 | |
which allowed the tank to traverse over snow and soft ground | 0:09:28 | 0:09:32 | |
that German tanks would sink into. | 0:09:32 | 0:09:36 | |
The T-34's mobility and armour made it a rapier even for novice drivers. | 0:09:36 | 0:09:42 | |
Alexandr Fadin was 17 when he drove his first T-34. | 0:09:42 | 0:09:46 | |
IN RUSSIAN: | 0:09:46 | 0:09:51 | |
The T-34 had a 76mm gun - | 0:10:08 | 0:10:11 | |
in 1941, by far the biggest gun mounted on a tank. | 0:10:11 | 0:10:16 | |
IN RUSSIAN: | 0:10:17 | 0:10:23 | |
Spent shell cases drop into the back of the turret and fall to the floor. | 0:10:40 | 0:10:45 | |
So shells fall about inside the tank while your other hand tries to bring in new shells. | 0:10:45 | 0:10:52 | |
Tank to tank, the T-34 could crush the panzer. | 0:11:18 | 0:11:22 | |
But in 1941, the Soviet Union had fewer than 1,000 frontline T-34s. | 0:11:22 | 0:11:28 | |
All were committed to a desperate fight for the Soviet capital. | 0:11:28 | 0:11:33 | |
As winter fell in 1941, the German advance on Moscow had been halted. | 0:11:33 | 0:11:38 | |
The long war began. Tank factories and workshops were the battleground. | 0:11:38 | 0:11:44 | |
The German army in 1941 not only caught the Russians unawares, | 0:11:44 | 0:11:51 | |
but made inroads into the industrial heartland of western Russia. | 0:11:51 | 0:11:55 | |
The only alternative was to move all these factories. | 0:11:55 | 0:12:00 | |
It was the largest ever industrial migration - over a thousand factories bodily uprooted, | 0:12:00 | 0:12:07 | |
put onto railway trucks and sent into the eastern hinterland. | 0:12:07 | 0:12:11 | |
Faced with certain destruction, tank factories moved to a new base hidden behind the Ural mountains. | 0:12:11 | 0:12:19 | |
The giant tank factory, Chelyabinsk, came to be called Tankograd - | 0:12:19 | 0:12:25 | |
the tank-building city. | 0:12:25 | 0:12:28 | |
It was more - several cities in fact. | 0:12:28 | 0:12:32 | |
Here in Tankograd, the Soviets set out to rebuild their tank army from scratch, | 0:12:32 | 0:12:38 | |
drawing on their largest single resource. | 0:12:38 | 0:12:42 | |
'Throughout the USSR, thousands of meetings were held at the outset of the war, | 0:12:45 | 0:12:52 | |
'to call upon every woman to make herself available for war. | 0:12:52 | 0:12:58 | |
'Thousands of Soviet women stand steadfast at the front. | 0:12:58 | 0:13:03 | |
'Defence is not enough. | 0:13:03 | 0:13:06 | |
'Hit back - that's the answer.' | 0:13:06 | 0:13:09 | |
Ekatarina Petlyuk was one of the first women to train in the T-34. | 0:13:09 | 0:13:15 | |
IN RUSSIAN: | 0:13:15 | 0:13:20 | |
There were altogether some 800,000 women serving in operational combat roles in the Red Army. | 0:13:38 | 0:13:45 | |
Women in the tank forces were as important as they were in the artillery regiments. | 0:13:45 | 0:13:52 | |
They had an important part to play. | 0:13:52 | 0:13:55 | |
They were not there simply for show or for propaganda purposes. | 0:13:55 | 0:14:00 | |
They were there to fight. | 0:14:00 | 0:14:02 | |
Berte Mendeleeva was an instructor | 0:14:04 | 0:14:07 | |
in one of the tank schools that had sprung up to mould the new army. | 0:14:07 | 0:14:12 | |
It was in the heart of Tankograd. | 0:14:12 | 0:14:15 | |
IN RUSSIAN: | 0:14:15 | 0:14:20 | |
The school had no textbooks. | 0:14:31 | 0:14:33 | |
What it has was an endless supply of men and women...and T-34s. | 0:14:33 | 0:14:38 | |
A new Red Tank Army was taking shape. | 0:14:38 | 0:14:42 | |
They'd see their tanks being built through the whole production process. | 0:14:42 | 0:14:48 | |
As the tanks were being built, they were given tactical training. It was on-the-job training with the tank. | 0:14:48 | 0:14:55 | |
So as the tank rolled forward on flat cars to the battlefront, | 0:14:58 | 0:15:03 | |
trained crews went with them. | 0:15:03 | 0:15:06 | |
Throughout 1942, T-34s poured out of Tankograd | 0:15:06 | 0:15:11 | |
and were sent straight to the front line. | 0:15:11 | 0:15:15 | |
Inside Tankograd, life had only one purpose - | 0:15:15 | 0:15:20 | |
to turn out more tanks. | 0:15:20 | 0:15:22 | |
IN RUSSIAN: | 0:15:24 | 0:15:27 | |
'Here, in the calm and quiet, sleeps young Ivan, | 0:15:46 | 0:15:51 | |
'while his mother works as a welder in the hubbub of a tank factory.' | 0:15:51 | 0:15:56 | |
Women and children on starvation rations slaved to turn out T-34s. | 0:15:58 | 0:16:05 | |
Most Russians realised if they didn't work, they would die. | 0:16:06 | 0:16:11 | |
They would die in a horrible way - | 0:16:11 | 0:16:14 | |
under German occupation or maybe even under Soviet coercion. | 0:16:14 | 0:16:18 | |
So it was work or die. | 0:16:18 | 0:16:21 | |
Meeting production targets became more than a duty: it became a way of life. | 0:16:21 | 0:16:27 | |
High producers became Soviet heroes. | 0:16:27 | 0:16:31 | |
The effort was gruelling, | 0:16:31 | 0:16:33 | |
but it worked. | 0:16:33 | 0:16:36 | |
In Tankograd, T-34 production times had been slashed in half. | 0:16:36 | 0:16:41 | |
IN RUSSIAN: | 0:16:50 | 0:16:52 | |
Ever more T-34s rolled off the assembly line - | 0:17:02 | 0:17:06 | |
15,000 in 1943 alone. | 0:17:06 | 0:17:09 | |
German soldiers in the front line realised what they were up against. | 0:17:09 | 0:17:15 | |
We always had been told the Russians are no good. | 0:17:15 | 0:17:19 | |
They are not great fighters. Their weaponry is not as good as ours. | 0:17:19 | 0:17:24 | |
We are technologically the superior nation. | 0:17:24 | 0:17:29 | |
In many ways, that was true. | 0:17:29 | 0:17:34 | |
But like the T-34 and other weapons, they were the weapons of simplicity. | 0:17:34 | 0:17:39 | |
You just could use a tank for what you wanted to use it for - | 0:17:39 | 0:17:44 | |
not for beautiful manoeuvres. | 0:17:44 | 0:17:47 | |
In that, they were superbly effective. | 0:17:47 | 0:17:51 | |
The troops, when they were visited by the technical representatives, | 0:17:51 | 0:17:57 | |
urged the German technical community and the German staff | 0:17:57 | 0:18:02 | |
to get a hold of a captured T-34, | 0:18:02 | 0:18:05 | |
copy it, and produce it as quickly as they could. | 0:18:05 | 0:18:09 | |
However, that was far from what happened. | 0:18:14 | 0:18:18 | |
The German technical community was too arrogant to believe | 0:18:18 | 0:18:23 | |
that these Russians had produced a tank SO advanced | 0:18:23 | 0:18:28 | |
that there was no need to carry the technology any further. | 0:18:28 | 0:18:32 | |
Just duplicate and produce the tank. | 0:18:32 | 0:18:36 | |
Instead, the Germans designed a series of complex, sophisticated and difficult-to-produce tanks. | 0:18:36 | 0:18:43 | |
The new generation of German tanks were designed to counter the T-34. | 0:18:43 | 0:18:49 | |
Hitler himself demanded ever larger and heavier designs, | 0:18:49 | 0:18:53 | |
culminating in the 55-ton Tiger... | 0:18:53 | 0:18:57 | |
nearly twice the weight of the T-34. | 0:18:58 | 0:19:01 | |
The Tiger was the tank Hitler believed would smash the Red Army | 0:19:12 | 0:19:17 | |
and break the deadlock in the east. | 0:19:17 | 0:19:21 | |
But the fine engineering required by the new tank, | 0:19:24 | 0:19:28 | |
slowed down overall tank output. | 0:19:28 | 0:19:32 | |
Germany fell behind in the numbers game. | 0:19:32 | 0:19:36 | |
In 1943, it produced 6,000 tanks. | 0:19:36 | 0:19:39 | |
Hitler was eager to get them into battle. | 0:19:41 | 0:19:45 | |
A bulge in the front line around the town of Kursk | 0:19:45 | 0:19:50 | |
was targeted for a fresh blitzkrieg. | 0:19:50 | 0:19:53 | |
The 250-mile Kursk salient was the stage for a titanic confrontation - | 0:19:53 | 0:19:59 | |
as much between two production philosophies as between two armies. | 0:19:59 | 0:20:04 | |
The Battle of Kursk, in early July 1943, | 0:20:04 | 0:20:08 | |
was the largest armoured engagement in World War II, | 0:20:08 | 0:20:12 | |
indeed, perhaps the largest armoured engagement ever. | 0:20:12 | 0:20:16 | |
For the first time, the Red Army had a prepared strategic defensive, | 0:20:16 | 0:20:22 | |
which meant building up the largest strategic reserve ever in World War II on the eastern front, | 0:20:22 | 0:20:29 | |
mobilising their armour, building up massive defensive lines and waiting for the German assault. | 0:20:29 | 0:20:37 | |
IN RUSSIAN: | 0:20:37 | 0:20:40 | |
This was a different Red Army from 1941. | 0:20:50 | 0:20:55 | |
They understood the enemy. They were ready and trained. | 0:20:55 | 0:20:59 | |
The T-34 was the weapon they needed. | 0:20:59 | 0:21:02 | |
Stalin committed over 3,500 tanks to the front line. | 0:21:02 | 0:21:06 | |
IN RUSSIAN: | 0:21:06 | 0:21:11 | |
The Russians set huge, massive and deep mine fields | 0:21:25 | 0:21:30 | |
and prepared what amounted to a killing zone | 0:21:30 | 0:21:34 | |
for the Germans to go through. | 0:21:34 | 0:21:37 | |
The Germans, on the other hand, had massed much of their best armour - | 0:21:37 | 0:21:42 | |
about 2,500 tanks - into this salient, | 0:21:42 | 0:21:46 | |
and prepared to just burst through as they had on many occasions before. | 0:21:46 | 0:21:52 | |
The uneasy peace around Kursk was broken at dawn on the 5th July 1943. | 0:22:00 | 0:22:05 | |
A rain of high explosives announced the blitzkrieg. | 0:22:08 | 0:22:12 | |
But from the outset it was clear - | 0:22:14 | 0:22:16 | |
the Soviet defences were formidable. | 0:22:16 | 0:22:19 | |
The Russians had put up barbed-wire barriers, rolls of barbed wire. | 0:22:22 | 0:22:29 | |
Somehow my tank caught some of them, | 0:22:29 | 0:22:31 | |
and I shouted back to my commandant that I could not steer any more. | 0:22:31 | 0:22:36 | |
We had equipment, tools, on the tank and he said, | 0:22:36 | 0:22:41 | |
"Stay here and jump out and we'll stay in position." | 0:22:41 | 0:22:46 | |
They were in the turret and still shooting. | 0:22:46 | 0:22:50 | |
I went underneath and I saw Russian tanks moving around from where I was. | 0:22:50 | 0:22:56 | |
That sound was a horrible sound. | 0:22:56 | 0:22:59 | |
There was a T-34 something like 50 yards away. | 0:22:59 | 0:23:03 | |
There was a feeling in me... | 0:23:03 | 0:23:07 | |
It can blow up any time! And it did. | 0:23:08 | 0:23:12 | |
And I felt the heat of the flame of my tank | 0:23:12 | 0:23:17 | |
and that, too, is a horrible feeling. | 0:23:17 | 0:23:20 | |
You look at it and try to get away from the flame because it's so hot. | 0:23:20 | 0:23:26 | |
You realise your mates are in there and you realise they haven't got a chance in hell to get out of that. | 0:23:26 | 0:23:33 | |
They are your good friends. | 0:23:33 | 0:23:36 | |
For seven days, the Germans pounded the Russian lines. | 0:23:40 | 0:23:45 | |
Hitler had over 2,000 tanks there. | 0:23:45 | 0:23:49 | |
Eventually, the panzers breached Russian defences near Prokhorovka. | 0:23:51 | 0:23:57 | |
It was a highly critical situation | 0:24:00 | 0:24:03 | |
because the Germans had in fact succeeded in making a breakthrough and Prokhorovka was vital. | 0:24:03 | 0:24:11 | |
So what the Russians had to do at all costs was to stop a breakthrough. | 0:24:11 | 0:24:16 | |
How they stopped it was by throwing in a tank army. | 0:24:16 | 0:24:21 | |
The Red Army now had more tanks than the Germans. | 0:24:21 | 0:24:25 | |
The T-34s rolled forward to confront the mighty Tigers. | 0:24:28 | 0:24:33 | |
Hopelessly outgunned by the Tigers, | 0:25:06 | 0:25:08 | |
the T-34s had no choice but to charge. | 0:25:08 | 0:25:12 | |
To penetrate the Tigers' armour, T-34s had to get in close. | 0:25:12 | 0:25:17 | |
It was a lethal battle. Yet it wasn't only unusual in the scale, | 0:25:42 | 0:25:49 | |
but also the ferocity of fighting. | 0:25:49 | 0:25:52 | |
The tanks charged at one another | 0:25:52 | 0:25:54 | |
and fought at point-blank range. | 0:25:54 | 0:25:57 | |
The idea of taking prisoners was absurd. | 0:25:57 | 0:26:01 | |
It was a fight to the death. | 0:26:01 | 0:26:05 | |
The battle raged for 12 hours. | 0:26:18 | 0:26:20 | |
Over 700 German and Russian tanks | 0:26:20 | 0:26:23 | |
lay smouldering over an eight-mile front. | 0:26:23 | 0:26:27 | |
Hitler's last blitzkrieg was smashed by the T-34. | 0:26:27 | 0:26:31 | |
The result was simple. | 0:26:31 | 0:26:34 | |
After Kursk, in 1943, the German army was condemned to retreat. | 0:26:34 | 0:26:39 | |
The German army never advanced again in the east. | 0:26:39 | 0:26:43 | |
Within weeks of the Battle of Kursk, | 0:26:43 | 0:26:47 | |
a Soviet counteroffensive began. | 0:26:47 | 0:26:50 | |
T-34s spearheaded the attacks that retook Russian cities one by one. | 0:26:50 | 0:26:55 | |
Now, Russian guns fired in celebration. | 0:26:55 | 0:26:59 | |
IN RUSSIAN: | 0:27:11 | 0:27:18 | |
For two years, the T-34s harried the retreating Germans. | 0:27:29 | 0:27:34 | |
On April 30th 1945, Adolf Hitler heard the T-34s roll into Berlin. | 0:27:34 | 0:27:41 | |
Hours later, he took his own life. | 0:27:41 | 0:27:43 | |
For the Russians, the T-34 was a war-winning weapon. | 0:27:43 | 0:27:48 | |
It was superb in battle but it represents much more. | 0:27:48 | 0:27:52 | |
It represents the fact that they won a stupendous victory over fascism. | 0:27:56 | 0:28:01 | |
That it was so well handled by their troops, is a source of pride in the capability of their Army. | 0:28:01 | 0:28:08 | |
The fact that it was there, in so many thousands and thousands, | 0:28:08 | 0:28:13 | |
is a tribute to the diligence, | 0:28:13 | 0:28:16 | |
to the devotion, to the patriotism, to the self-sacrifice, | 0:28:16 | 0:28:21 | |
not only of the soldiers, but of the population as a whole. | 0:28:21 | 0:28:26 | |
It represents triumph in enormous adversity - | 0:28:26 | 0:28:30 | |
adversity we've never even imagined. | 0:28:30 | 0:28:32 | |
Subtitles by Marie Campbell BBC Scotland - 1996 | 0:28:49 | 0:28:54 | |
THEY SING IN RUSSIAN | 0:29:01 | 0:29:05 |