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In 1840, one man transformed travel in the British Isles. | 0:00:05 | 0:00:10 | |
His name was George Bradshaw, | 0:00:10 | 0:00:12 | |
and his railway guides inspired the Victorians to take to the tracks. | 0:00:12 | 0:00:16 | |
'Stop by stop, | 0:00:18 | 0:00:19 | |
'he told them where to travel, what to see and where to stay. | 0:00:19 | 0:00:23 | |
'Now, 170 years later, I'm making a series of journeys | 0:00:25 | 0:00:29 | |
'across the length and breadth of these isles | 0:00:29 | 0:00:31 | |
'to see what of Bradshaw's Britain remains.' | 0:00:31 | 0:00:36 | |
I'm continuing my journey across Scotland. | 0:00:53 | 0:00:56 | |
I've left behind the cities of Stirling and Perth. | 0:00:56 | 0:00:59 | |
This train will now take me towards the east coast, | 0:00:59 | 0:01:01 | |
where I shall look for traces | 0:01:01 | 0:01:03 | |
of the region's Victorian industrial heritage. | 0:01:03 | 0:01:07 | |
On today's leg, I learn how Queen Victoria | 0:01:07 | 0:01:10 | |
'used trackside trees to screen her from her subjects.' | 0:01:10 | 0:01:15 | |
They were planted at Queen Victoria's request, | 0:01:15 | 0:01:18 | |
because when she was going to Balmoral, | 0:01:18 | 0:01:20 | |
the royal train would stop here for her breakfast, | 0:01:20 | 0:01:23 | |
and she didn't like the locals seeing her eating. | 0:01:23 | 0:01:25 | |
I lend an ear to the history of a textile mill. | 0:01:25 | 0:01:29 | |
Everybody in the factory went deaf eventually, did they? | 0:01:29 | 0:01:32 | |
Oh yes, they were all deaf. | 0:01:32 | 0:01:34 | |
Awful! | 0:01:34 | 0:01:35 | |
'And I go out with a bang in Aberdeenshire.' | 0:01:35 | 0:01:38 | |
EXPLOSION | 0:01:38 | 0:01:39 | |
Lord! Look at that! | 0:01:39 | 0:01:43 | |
It has changed the shape of the quarry! | 0:01:43 | 0:01:47 | |
Using my 1880s Bradshaw's, | 0:01:47 | 0:01:50 | |
my northward journey started in Stirling, | 0:01:50 | 0:01:52 | |
headed to Perthshire, moves on to the oil rich city of Aberdeen, | 0:01:52 | 0:01:57 | |
and then west, | 0:01:57 | 0:01:58 | |
through Inverness-shire and the classic lochs of the Highlands, | 0:01:58 | 0:02:01 | |
before finishing at John O'Groats. | 0:02:01 | 0:02:04 | |
Today's leg begins in Dundee, | 0:02:05 | 0:02:08 | |
gets smoky in Arbroath, | 0:02:08 | 0:02:10 | |
steamy in Montrose, | 0:02:10 | 0:02:12 | |
and hits some granite in Aberdeen. | 0:02:12 | 0:02:15 | |
My first destination will be Dundee, | 0:02:16 | 0:02:18 | |
which my Bradshaw's tells me is the capital of Forfarshire. | 0:02:18 | 0:02:21 | |
"Seat of the Scottish linen trade. A port situated on the Tay. | 0:02:21 | 0:02:26 | |
"The factories for spinning and weaving flax | 0:02:26 | 0:02:29 | |
"exceed a hundred in number, employing as many as 20,000 hands, | 0:02:29 | 0:02:34 | |
"three fourths of whom are women." | 0:02:34 | 0:02:36 | |
I'm intrigued that the workforce was mainly female | 0:02:36 | 0:02:40 | |
at a time when men dominated employment nationally. | 0:02:40 | 0:02:43 | |
Originally a small 11th century port, | 0:02:46 | 0:02:49 | |
Dundee grew to become a medieval exporter of wool | 0:02:49 | 0:02:53 | |
and importer of wine, but it was in the 19th century | 0:02:53 | 0:02:57 | |
that weaving, whaling and shipbuilding combined | 0:02:57 | 0:03:00 | |
to make the port one of the most important economic hubs in Scotland. | 0:03:00 | 0:03:04 | |
To find out more, | 0:03:05 | 0:03:06 | |
I'm meeting heritage and exhibitions director, Gill Poulter, | 0:03:06 | 0:03:10 | |
'at Verdant Works, a mill that's become a museum.' | 0:03:10 | 0:03:14 | |
-Gill, Hello. -Hello, Michael. Welcome to Verdant Works. | 0:03:14 | 0:03:17 | |
It's lovely to be here. | 0:03:17 | 0:03:18 | |
My Bradshaw's says, "Coarse linens, osland bergs, | 0:03:18 | 0:03:23 | |
"diapers, sail cloth rope, canvas, | 0:03:23 | 0:03:26 | |
"are the chief goods made up in Dundee." | 0:03:26 | 0:03:28 | |
I don't understand all of those words, | 0:03:28 | 0:03:30 | |
but a lot of them lead me to believe | 0:03:30 | 0:03:31 | |
that it must have been connected to shipping in the early days. | 0:03:31 | 0:03:34 | |
Would that be right? | 0:03:34 | 0:03:35 | |
Well, Dundee was the centre of the coarse linen trade | 0:03:35 | 0:03:38 | |
in the 19th century, and was making all those goods | 0:03:38 | 0:03:42 | |
and shipping them around the world. | 0:03:42 | 0:03:43 | |
And they weren't your fine Damask tablecloths for fine dining - | 0:03:43 | 0:03:47 | |
they were very much materials used for transportation - | 0:03:47 | 0:03:50 | |
for bags, for sacking, for bailing materials. | 0:03:50 | 0:03:53 | |
And what was the raw material that they used? | 0:03:53 | 0:03:56 | |
Well, coarse linen is made from the flax plant, | 0:03:56 | 0:03:59 | |
and it's a bast fibre. | 0:03:59 | 0:04:00 | |
And the majority of the flax used in Dundee | 0:04:00 | 0:04:03 | |
was imported from the Baltic states. | 0:04:03 | 0:04:06 | |
But when the supply of flax from the Baltic area was interrupted, | 0:04:06 | 0:04:10 | |
Dundee needed an alternative. | 0:04:10 | 0:04:12 | |
Jute is a natural vegetable fibre | 0:04:12 | 0:04:16 | |
first introduced to Britain in the late 18th century from India. | 0:04:16 | 0:04:20 | |
By the 1820s, Dundee had begun to import it, | 0:04:20 | 0:04:24 | |
but its brittle fibres made jute difficult to process | 0:04:24 | 0:04:27 | |
until the Dundonians discovered that soaking it in whale oil and water | 0:04:27 | 0:04:32 | |
rendered it pliable and easy to spin, | 0:04:32 | 0:04:36 | |
and the city was on its way to being nicknamed "Juteopolis." | 0:04:36 | 0:04:39 | |
Why did the industry spring up in Dundee of all places, anyway? | 0:04:39 | 0:04:43 | |
It had a skilled workforce, used to the textile industry, | 0:04:43 | 0:04:47 | |
but one of the key things was Dundee was one of the biggest whaling ports | 0:04:47 | 0:04:51 | |
in the UK at that time, so had a ready supply of raw whale oil | 0:04:51 | 0:04:55 | |
that could be used in the jute industry, | 0:04:55 | 0:04:57 | |
so it was a very good synergy. | 0:04:57 | 0:04:59 | |
And which is this, flax or jute? | 0:05:10 | 0:05:12 | |
This is raw jute, which arrives from India | 0:05:12 | 0:05:15 | |
and has to go through a factory before it ends up as hessian, | 0:05:15 | 0:05:18 | |
which is what people will be familiar with. | 0:05:18 | 0:05:20 | |
Your supermarket eco-friendly shopping bags today made from jute. | 0:05:20 | 0:05:24 | |
Very familiar. | 0:05:24 | 0:05:25 | |
And in the 19th century, which is what I'm mainly interested in, | 0:05:25 | 0:05:27 | |
what would the scene have been like in a mill like this? | 0:05:27 | 0:05:30 | |
They would have been very dirty, very noisy, very chaotic. | 0:05:30 | 0:05:34 | |
The workforce was predominantly women. | 0:05:34 | 0:05:36 | |
They outnumbered men by three to one. | 0:05:36 | 0:05:39 | |
There would have been young children working as pickers, | 0:05:39 | 0:05:41 | |
cleaning underneath the machines, | 0:05:41 | 0:05:43 | |
and a pretty dangerous place to work, as well. | 0:05:43 | 0:05:46 | |
People regularly lost fingertips, | 0:05:46 | 0:05:48 | |
and obviously there were fatal accidents as well. | 0:05:48 | 0:05:51 | |
We know of at least two fatal accidents that took place here. | 0:05:51 | 0:05:53 | |
Such a dangerous and noisy place - why women and children? | 0:05:53 | 0:05:56 | |
It's cheaper to employ. | 0:05:56 | 0:05:58 | |
So there was a real role reversal in the city and the men stayed at home. | 0:05:58 | 0:06:02 | |
So Dundee became known as She Town. MICHAEL LAUGHS | 0:06:02 | 0:06:04 | |
And the mill girls were called bold, you know, wide eyed, loud girls, | 0:06:04 | 0:06:08 | |
lording it up in the streets, you know, | 0:06:08 | 0:06:10 | |
and it really did, sort of, have a social impact on the city. | 0:06:10 | 0:06:13 | |
Now I don't want to sound like a Marxist, | 0:06:13 | 0:06:15 | |
but somebody must have been making money out of this stuff. | 0:06:15 | 0:06:17 | |
The jute barons, | 0:06:17 | 0:06:19 | |
which is the very grand aristocratic title for the mill owners. | 0:06:19 | 0:06:21 | |
And they were making fortunes. They were making millions. | 0:06:21 | 0:06:24 | |
Multi-millionaires, they were, | 0:06:24 | 0:06:26 | |
and they built very grand estates in the countryside of Angus, | 0:06:26 | 0:06:29 | |
or in the seaside suburb of Broughtyferry just a few miles away, | 0:06:29 | 0:06:32 | |
so they could get away from the grime of the population here | 0:06:32 | 0:06:36 | |
and the industrial life. | 0:06:36 | 0:06:38 | |
And at one time, | 0:06:38 | 0:06:39 | |
Broughtyferry was thought to have more millionaires per square mile | 0:06:39 | 0:06:43 | |
than any other part of the country, | 0:06:43 | 0:06:45 | |
so quite a concentration of wealth in one small little place. | 0:06:45 | 0:06:49 | |
Astute entrepreneurs, | 0:06:50 | 0:06:52 | |
the jute barons built their fortunes on the skills of their weavers. | 0:06:52 | 0:06:57 | |
Their techniques were passed from generation to generation. | 0:06:57 | 0:07:01 | |
An example was Lily Thomson's family. | 0:07:01 | 0:07:04 | |
She started working the looms aged 15. | 0:07:04 | 0:07:08 | |
-Lily, hello, I'm Michael. -How do you do? | 0:07:08 | 0:07:10 | |
Now, this is a very ancient loom here. | 0:07:10 | 0:07:14 | |
-Mm-hmm. -How different was this one from the one you used to use? | 0:07:14 | 0:07:18 | |
The one I used was like this as well, | 0:07:18 | 0:07:21 | |
but the other one was much, much bigger. | 0:07:21 | 0:07:24 | |
-May we start the machine, please? -Yes, we can. | 0:07:24 | 0:07:26 | |
Would you like to stand back so you don't get hurt? | 0:07:26 | 0:07:29 | |
-For my safety, yes? -For your safety. | 0:07:29 | 0:07:31 | |
MACHINE CLATTERS LOUDLY | 0:07:31 | 0:07:34 | |
That is an amazing noise! | 0:07:34 | 0:07:36 | |
-SHOUTS ABOVE MACHINE: -Is it because of the shuttle going backwards and forwards, | 0:07:36 | 0:07:39 | |
-is that where the noise is coming from? -Yes, that's it. | 0:07:39 | 0:07:41 | |
Now, when you were working here or in a mill, | 0:07:41 | 0:07:44 | |
how many of these machines were there in the room? | 0:07:44 | 0:07:47 | |
About 300. | 0:07:47 | 0:07:49 | |
300? That must have been an incredible noise. | 0:07:49 | 0:07:51 | |
Some factories had 400. | 0:07:51 | 0:07:53 | |
And everybody in the factory went deaf eventually, did they? | 0:07:53 | 0:07:58 | |
Oh yes, they were all deaf. | 0:07:58 | 0:07:59 | |
Awful! | 0:07:59 | 0:08:00 | |
I think I've had enough. | 0:08:00 | 0:08:02 | |
MACHINE STOPS | 0:08:03 | 0:08:04 | |
And tell me, in your day, | 0:08:04 | 0:08:06 | |
what did you make in a very good week? | 0:08:06 | 0:08:08 | |
Towards the end of my career, my ambition was to make £20 a week, | 0:08:08 | 0:08:12 | |
and I did it once. | 0:08:12 | 0:08:14 | |
So looking back on your life, struggling to make £20 a week, | 0:08:14 | 0:08:18 | |
do you think it was a hard life, do you think you were dealt a bad deal? | 0:08:18 | 0:08:21 | |
Oh, yes. But it was just where you were born. | 0:08:21 | 0:08:23 | |
If you were born into a jute family, | 0:08:23 | 0:08:25 | |
you're going to the mills, and you didn't say no. | 0:08:25 | 0:08:27 | |
Lily, it's been a pleasure and a privilege | 0:08:27 | 0:08:30 | |
to meet such a skilful and charming Dundee weaver. | 0:08:30 | 0:08:32 | |
-Thank you very much. -Thank you. Bye-bye. -Bye-bye. | 0:08:32 | 0:08:35 | |
Visiting this mill has been poignant for me, | 0:08:37 | 0:08:39 | |
because my own grandfather, John Blyth, | 0:08:39 | 0:08:42 | |
was a Scottish Victorian gentleman | 0:08:42 | 0:08:44 | |
who had a linen factory full of noisy looms like these. | 0:08:44 | 0:08:50 | |
WHISTLE BLOWS | 0:09:01 | 0:09:02 | |
Waves are battering Scotland's east coast | 0:09:08 | 0:09:10 | |
as I make my way up towards Arbroath, | 0:09:10 | 0:09:12 | |
where my Bradshaw's tells me, | 0:09:12 | 0:09:15 | |
"In 1807 to 1811, a noble lighthouse was built by Stevenson | 0:09:15 | 0:09:20 | |
"on the model of the Eddystone, | 0:09:20 | 0:09:22 | |
"which is shaped like the trunk of a tree. | 0:09:22 | 0:09:25 | |
"It's of solid stone for 30 feet upwards, | 0:09:25 | 0:09:27 | |
"the total height being 115 feet. | 0:09:27 | 0:09:30 | |
"Four men live here, each of whom, every six weeks, for a change, | 0:09:30 | 0:09:35 | |
"takes a fortnight's turn ashore." | 0:09:35 | 0:09:38 | |
I wonder why such a major structure was built, | 0:09:38 | 0:09:41 | |
and what impact it had on local people and the economy? | 0:09:41 | 0:09:45 | |
In the year 1320, | 0:09:47 | 0:09:49 | |
the Declaration of Scottish Independence was signed in Arbroath. | 0:09:49 | 0:09:54 | |
But after 1811, the fishing port became famous for a building - | 0:09:54 | 0:09:58 | |
its lighthouse. | 0:09:58 | 0:10:00 | |
The Bell Rock, situated 11 miles from Arbroath on Inchcape, | 0:10:00 | 0:10:04 | |
a notorious reef in the North Sea. | 0:10:04 | 0:10:07 | |
It's the oldest existing sea-washed lighthouse in the British Isles. | 0:10:07 | 0:10:11 | |
'On this stormy afternoon, I can't get out to sea. | 0:10:13 | 0:10:17 | |
'Instead, I'm climbing a lighthouse-like building, | 0:10:17 | 0:10:20 | |
'in fact the signal tower museum, to meet Bob Spink, a local councillor.' | 0:10:20 | 0:10:25 | |
-Bob, I assume! -MICHAEL LAUGHS Hello, Michael! | 0:10:25 | 0:10:28 | |
Was it a very important decision to build Bell Rock lighthouse? | 0:10:28 | 0:10:31 | |
It had been a threat for a long, long time, | 0:10:31 | 0:10:33 | |
-and goodness knows how many ships had been wrecked on it. -Yeah. | 0:10:33 | 0:10:35 | |
I mean, one that comes to mind right was the HMS York, | 0:10:35 | 0:10:38 | |
which was a 64-gun ship of the line, which was wrecked in 1804, | 0:10:38 | 0:10:42 | |
which was obviously before the lighthouse was built | 0:10:42 | 0:10:46 | |
and easy to live in. | 0:10:46 | 0:10:48 | |
491 of a crew, and all perished. | 0:10:48 | 0:10:50 | |
It was based on the 18th century design | 0:10:51 | 0:10:54 | |
of John Smeaton's Eddystone lighthouse off Cornwall. | 0:10:54 | 0:10:57 | |
The Bell Rock's engineer, Robert Stevenson, | 0:10:57 | 0:11:00 | |
was Robert Louis Stevenson's grandfather. | 0:11:00 | 0:11:03 | |
A gifted engineer, | 0:11:03 | 0:11:05 | |
as part of the project, he built a railway on cast-iron props, | 0:11:05 | 0:11:08 | |
running to the western tip of the reef, | 0:11:08 | 0:11:10 | |
to carry material for the lighthouse. | 0:11:10 | 0:11:13 | |
Almost 3,000 precisely cut slabs of rock were dovetailed in 90 layers | 0:11:13 | 0:11:19 | |
to create a structure which for two centuries | 0:11:19 | 0:11:22 | |
has been untroubled by the raging seas. | 0:11:22 | 0:11:25 | |
It takes a special breed to man it. | 0:11:25 | 0:11:29 | |
My Bradshaw's talks about the Bell Rock lighthouse, | 0:11:31 | 0:11:34 | |
about men being out there six weeks with two weeks back on shore. | 0:11:34 | 0:11:37 | |
I mean, the idea of men living in such a confined space... | 0:11:37 | 0:11:42 | |
And today, you get a bit of a feeling | 0:11:42 | 0:11:43 | |
of what it must be like to be battered by the weather, | 0:11:43 | 0:11:45 | |
but we're, you know, we're on solid terra firma here, but out there - | 0:11:45 | 0:11:49 | |
it must have taken a bit of courage, mustn't it? | 0:11:49 | 0:11:51 | |
It must have been awful. | 0:11:51 | 0:11:53 | |
I mean, I think it's not a job I could have done. | 0:11:53 | 0:11:55 | |
I think it would take a particular type of person, | 0:11:55 | 0:11:58 | |
someone who is more or less happy with himself. | 0:11:58 | 0:12:00 | |
I knew some of the keepers that were on the lighthouse, | 0:12:00 | 0:12:03 | |
and they spent so long - so much time on there | 0:12:03 | 0:12:06 | |
and so much time ashore, | 0:12:06 | 0:12:08 | |
and they all usually had hobbies of some kind to keep them busy, | 0:12:08 | 0:12:11 | |
but it wouldn't be the life for me. | 0:12:11 | 0:12:14 | |
I mean, it's not... | 0:12:14 | 0:12:15 | |
If you enjoy a walk, you don't want to be on the Bell Rock. | 0:12:15 | 0:12:18 | |
-Fearsome indeed. -Fearsome, yes. | 0:12:18 | 0:12:20 | |
But on days like those, of course, | 0:12:20 | 0:12:22 | |
that's when they were saving men's lives. | 0:12:22 | 0:12:24 | |
Exactly. | 0:12:24 | 0:12:25 | |
It's easy to see the function of the lighthouse and why it's there. | 0:12:25 | 0:12:29 | |
Robert Stevenson did very well. | 0:12:29 | 0:12:31 | |
Whilst the mighty lighthouse | 0:12:31 | 0:12:33 | |
protects Arbroath's fleet from the dangers of the ocean, | 0:12:33 | 0:12:37 | |
'the town also benefits from the bounty that the North Sea provides. | 0:12:37 | 0:12:40 | |
'One fish is synonymous with the town. | 0:12:40 | 0:12:43 | |
'It's the haddock, or rather the way it's cooked here -' | 0:12:43 | 0:12:47 | |
the Arbroath smoky. | 0:12:47 | 0:12:49 | |
The fish is so important to the local economy | 0:12:49 | 0:12:52 | |
that in 2004 it was granted Protected Geographical Indication | 0:12:52 | 0:12:57 | |
by the European Commission | 0:12:57 | 0:12:59 | |
to forbid non-Arbroath imitations using its name. | 0:12:59 | 0:13:03 | |
Fishmonger and fish smoker Stuart Scott | 0:13:03 | 0:13:06 | |
has agreed to show me how they're made. | 0:13:06 | 0:13:08 | |
Oh, hello, Michael. | 0:13:10 | 0:13:11 | |
-It's good to see you. -Pleased to meet you. | 0:13:11 | 0:13:13 | |
I find you in your smoky den. It really is smoky in here, isn't it? | 0:13:13 | 0:13:16 | |
-Yeah. -How are you producing that stuff? | 0:13:16 | 0:13:18 | |
Well, it's a hardwood fire. | 0:13:18 | 0:13:20 | |
Any type of hardwood does, at the moment we're using oak, | 0:13:20 | 0:13:24 | |
and it's kind of like a barbecue effect, | 0:13:24 | 0:13:26 | |
where I've jumped in there this morning | 0:13:26 | 0:13:28 | |
and created quite a big fire, | 0:13:28 | 0:13:30 | |
and then just brought the lid down | 0:13:30 | 0:13:33 | |
and slowly cooked these fresh haddocks on the bone | 0:13:33 | 0:13:35 | |
for about one hour. | 0:13:35 | 0:13:38 | |
Not to be confused with a kippered herring, | 0:13:38 | 0:13:40 | |
the exact origins of Arbroath smoked haddock aren't clear, | 0:13:40 | 0:13:44 | |
but it's thought to have originated | 0:13:44 | 0:13:46 | |
from a nearby fishing village called Auchmithie, | 0:13:46 | 0:13:49 | |
where Robert Burns himself breakfasted on smoked fish. | 0:13:49 | 0:13:53 | |
In the 19th century, the fishermen were lured to Arbroath | 0:13:53 | 0:13:57 | |
after the harbour was renovated. | 0:13:57 | 0:13:59 | |
-Shall we take a look? -Yeah, let's see if they're ready. | 0:14:00 | 0:14:03 | |
Whoa! That is smoky! | 0:14:03 | 0:14:06 | |
Yeah, initially there's quite a bit of smoke, | 0:14:06 | 0:14:09 | |
but once the air clears, | 0:14:09 | 0:14:12 | |
you'll see a roaring hardwood fire underneath there. | 0:14:12 | 0:14:15 | |
And then these are by now Arbroath smokies, are they? | 0:14:15 | 0:14:18 | |
Yes, they've moved from being a fresh ingredient, | 0:14:18 | 0:14:20 | |
of the humble haddock, to a fully cooked ingredient ready to eat. | 0:14:20 | 0:14:24 | |
Very tasty. What do you do next? | 0:14:24 | 0:14:26 | |
Right, I'm going to take them off. | 0:14:26 | 0:14:27 | |
-Can I help you with one of those? -Yeah, get stuck in, Michael. | 0:14:27 | 0:14:30 | |
Stuart, the Arbroath smoky - pretty well-known now, pretty far and wide. | 0:14:30 | 0:14:35 | |
Yeah, very much so. | 0:14:35 | 0:14:36 | |
Did the railways help in their day? | 0:14:36 | 0:14:38 | |
Oh, definitely. | 0:14:38 | 0:14:39 | |
If it wasn't for the railways, | 0:14:39 | 0:14:41 | |
I don't think there would have been an Arbroath smoky - | 0:14:41 | 0:14:43 | |
it would have still been an Auchmithie smoky. | 0:14:43 | 0:14:45 | |
But because we had the rail link, | 0:14:45 | 0:14:47 | |
we commercialised on what was a very good recipe, | 0:14:47 | 0:14:51 | |
and we managed to make a little bit more of it. | 0:14:51 | 0:14:54 | |
Again, the rail came in very handy where wives of the fish merchants | 0:14:54 | 0:15:00 | |
would go on the train and go to their nearest city which is Dundee. | 0:15:00 | 0:15:04 | |
They would just have wicker baskets strapped across their shoulders, | 0:15:04 | 0:15:08 | |
full of Arbroath smokies, | 0:15:08 | 0:15:10 | |
and they would sell them to the housewives of Dundee. | 0:15:10 | 0:15:13 | |
I have a funny feeling you're leaving all this to me now, Stuart, | 0:15:13 | 0:15:15 | |
-are you? -It's for the best. | 0:15:15 | 0:15:17 | |
You're welcome to give a hand any time you like, you know! | 0:15:17 | 0:15:20 | |
Arbroath's fame for its smokies and its pretty harbour | 0:15:21 | 0:15:24 | |
attract day-trippers and holidaymakers | 0:15:24 | 0:15:26 | |
who can reach here by train. | 0:15:26 | 0:15:29 | |
Having helped produce and stack them, | 0:15:29 | 0:15:31 | |
'it's now time for me to taste the smokies.' | 0:15:31 | 0:15:35 | |
I've heard that Marco Macari, | 0:15:35 | 0:15:37 | |
the owner and chef at a local restaurant, | 0:15:37 | 0:15:39 | |
'has some innovative recipes.' | 0:15:39 | 0:15:41 | |
-Marco! -Hello! -Hi, I'm Michael. -Hello. | 0:15:45 | 0:15:48 | |
I have been hearing about Arbroath smokies, | 0:15:48 | 0:15:51 | |
I've seen Arbroath smokies, I've smoked Arbroath smokies, | 0:15:51 | 0:15:54 | |
so I've come actually to taste some Arbroath smokies. | 0:15:54 | 0:15:57 | |
Sure, yes we certainly can help you out there. | 0:15:57 | 0:15:59 | |
I think you can. | 0:15:59 | 0:16:00 | |
-How many different ways could I have them? -Well, we... | 0:16:00 | 0:16:03 | |
On the menu currently, we have about four or five different ways, | 0:16:03 | 0:16:07 | |
but it really is a very versatile ingredient. | 0:16:07 | 0:16:10 | |
The most popular way is to have it traditionally, | 0:16:10 | 0:16:12 | |
just warmed up as it is, "from the barrel," as they call it. | 0:16:12 | 0:16:17 | |
So that's what... | 0:16:17 | 0:16:18 | |
Especially tourists, they come to have it in the traditional manner. | 0:16:18 | 0:16:22 | |
And if I wanted to be less traditional, what would I do then? | 0:16:22 | 0:16:25 | |
-Well, we could give you some pate... -OK. | 0:16:25 | 0:16:27 | |
we could do some dauphinoise with a chowder through it. | 0:16:27 | 0:16:32 | |
We could give you some linguine with crayfish and smoky. | 0:16:32 | 0:16:37 | |
-I'll tell you what, how would it be if I leave it to you? -Excellent. | 0:16:37 | 0:16:40 | |
Thank you very much. | 0:16:40 | 0:16:42 | |
'Marco's described four of the smoky recipes on offer. | 0:16:42 | 0:16:46 | |
'I wonder what his fifth might be?' | 0:16:46 | 0:16:48 | |
That looks lovely. What is it? | 0:16:49 | 0:16:51 | |
This is Arbroath smoky ice cream. | 0:16:51 | 0:16:53 | |
Arbroath smoky ice cream? | 0:16:53 | 0:16:55 | |
What have you been smoking? | 0:16:55 | 0:16:57 | |
That's amazing. That is amazing. | 0:17:02 | 0:17:04 | |
I'll tell you, anyone who didn't like that would be a real cold fish. | 0:17:04 | 0:17:08 | |
I'm glad to hear it. | 0:17:08 | 0:17:09 | |
'Arbroath smoky ice cream is surprisingly delicious, | 0:17:09 | 0:17:13 | |
'but I'll leave smoked fish off my breakfast menu tomorrow.' | 0:17:13 | 0:17:17 | |
Fumigated and ready for a new day, | 0:17:22 | 0:17:25 | |
I'm beginning the next leg of my Scottish journey. | 0:17:25 | 0:17:28 | |
This crowded train is taking me towards Montrose. | 0:17:28 | 0:17:31 | |
My Bradshaw's says, | 0:17:31 | 0:17:32 | |
"The appearance of Montrose is peculiarly striking - | 0:17:32 | 0:17:35 | |
"the basin in all the beauty of a circular lake, | 0:17:35 | 0:17:39 | |
"the fertile and finely cultivated fields | 0:17:39 | 0:17:42 | |
rising gently from its banks. | 0:17:42 | 0:17:44 | |
"The town, harbour and bay stretching further, | 0:17:44 | 0:17:47 | |
"and the lofty summit of the Grampians | 0:17:47 | 0:17:50 | |
"closing the scene towards the North West | 0:17:50 | 0:17:53 | |
"present to the traveller one of the most magnificent | 0:17:53 | 0:17:56 | |
"and diversified amphitheatres found in the United Kingdom." | 0:17:56 | 0:18:01 | |
Now there's something to look forward to on this sunny morn. | 0:18:01 | 0:18:05 | |
These days, the train brings commuters to the town, | 0:18:07 | 0:18:10 | |
but in the 19th century, Montrose was home to wealthy merchants | 0:18:10 | 0:18:14 | |
who were attracted by the rich agricultural hinterland | 0:18:14 | 0:18:18 | |
that enabled the natural harbour to flourish. | 0:18:18 | 0:18:20 | |
Today, the port of Montrose is modern and bustling, | 0:18:24 | 0:18:28 | |
and I'm prepared to bet that its transformation | 0:18:28 | 0:18:31 | |
since Victorian times owes something to... | 0:18:31 | 0:18:34 | |
the railways. | 0:18:34 | 0:18:36 | |
And one in particular transformed the local economy. | 0:18:40 | 0:18:43 | |
In 1848, | 0:18:43 | 0:18:45 | |
opened by the Aberdeen Railway, and later bought by the Caledonian, | 0:18:45 | 0:18:49 | |
it ran to Montrose from nearby Brechin, | 0:18:49 | 0:18:51 | |
carrying produce between the Vale of Strathmore and Montrose. | 0:18:51 | 0:18:55 | |
The line closed to goods traffic in 1981, but I'm driving to Brechin, | 0:18:58 | 0:19:03 | |
where a section of the railway has been restored | 0:19:03 | 0:19:05 | |
by steam enthusiast, Steve Pegg and his colleagues, | 0:19:05 | 0:19:08 | |
who've kindly invited me to take the controls of their locomotive. | 0:19:08 | 0:19:13 | |
Steve. | 0:19:15 | 0:19:16 | |
-Michael! -I find you up close and dirty with the locomotive. | 0:19:16 | 0:19:20 | |
-What are you actually doing? -We're oiling it. | 0:19:20 | 0:19:22 | |
There's a multitude of oiling points on these things, | 0:19:22 | 0:19:24 | |
and every one has to be filled up before we can go anywhere. | 0:19:24 | 0:19:27 | |
-Have you done that one already? -I've done that one. Would you like to have a go? -Yeah. | 0:19:27 | 0:19:30 | |
So if you want to take the lid off that one there, Michael. Give it a twirl. | 0:19:30 | 0:19:33 | |
Now, when you're oiling, you always have an oily rag in your hand in case of any spillages. | 0:19:33 | 0:19:37 | |
-Right, OK. Thank you. -There we are. And if you just want to fill that up with that... | 0:19:37 | 0:19:41 | |
How much is it going to take? | 0:19:43 | 0:19:44 | |
Oh, not a lot. | 0:19:44 | 0:19:46 | |
A couple of fluid ounces. | 0:19:46 | 0:19:48 | |
-Just showing at the top there, is that right? -That's fine, excellent. | 0:19:48 | 0:19:51 | |
The Victorians, what kind of oils were they using in the early days? | 0:19:51 | 0:19:54 | |
In the very early days, oils were often animal oils or vegetable oils, | 0:19:54 | 0:19:58 | |
which were OK for the smaller locos that were originally built, | 0:19:58 | 0:20:02 | |
but weren't particularly good | 0:20:02 | 0:20:04 | |
for higher speeds and higher temperatures. | 0:20:04 | 0:20:06 | |
It was only really later on that mineral oils came in in a big way, | 0:20:06 | 0:20:10 | |
which allowed engines to improve in size and performance at that stage. | 0:20:10 | 0:20:15 | |
With the loco oiled and steam up, | 0:20:15 | 0:20:18 | |
it's time to take to the tracks. | 0:20:18 | 0:20:21 | |
Brake off! | 0:20:21 | 0:20:22 | |
Toot the whistle to let them know we're coming. | 0:20:23 | 0:20:26 | |
WHISTLE BLOWS | 0:20:26 | 0:20:28 | |
Excellent. | 0:20:28 | 0:20:29 | |
-Now, gently open the regulator. -There we are. | 0:20:29 | 0:20:32 | |
-There we go. -Whoa! | 0:20:33 | 0:20:34 | |
-We're off! -We're off. We're going backwards! -We're going backwards. | 0:20:34 | 0:20:37 | |
A little bit fast, Michael. | 0:20:45 | 0:20:47 | |
If we could slow down, that would be marvellous. | 0:20:47 | 0:20:50 | |
That's it. Coming to a gentle stand now, just ideal. | 0:20:50 | 0:20:53 | |
That is fun. | 0:21:02 | 0:21:03 | |
That gives you such a feeling of satisfaction, | 0:21:03 | 0:21:05 | |
being able to stop a great powerful machine like this in its tracks. | 0:21:05 | 0:21:09 | |
-This was the railway line down to Montrose, yes? -Yes, indeed. | 0:21:09 | 0:21:13 | |
What sort of cargoes were going in and out of Montrose? | 0:21:13 | 0:21:16 | |
Oh, there would be all kinds of things. | 0:21:16 | 0:21:17 | |
There would be timber from the Baltic states, | 0:21:17 | 0:21:20 | |
coal and lime going to Brechin... | 0:21:20 | 0:21:22 | |
There was quite a flow of guano, which was a phosphate fertiliser. | 0:21:22 | 0:21:27 | |
Coming the other way, there'd be agricultural produce... | 0:21:27 | 0:21:29 | |
There was a manure works in Brechin that collected it all together, | 0:21:29 | 0:21:33 | |
and loaded it into wagons, which went off to farmers, | 0:21:33 | 0:21:35 | |
where it would be put back in the field. | 0:21:35 | 0:21:37 | |
Everything was recycled. | 0:21:37 | 0:21:39 | |
Bird poo and, er...horse... dropping. | 0:21:39 | 0:21:42 | |
MICHAEL LAUGHS The things they had to use before agrochemicals came in. | 0:21:42 | 0:21:46 | |
It's called organic these days. | 0:21:46 | 0:21:48 | |
The Caledonian was an eclectic railway, | 0:21:48 | 0:21:50 | |
transporting agricultural fertilisers, | 0:21:50 | 0:21:53 | |
and with its proximity to the castle at Balmoral, | 0:21:53 | 0:21:56 | |
also the most precious passenger of Bradshaw's day. | 0:21:56 | 0:21:59 | |
Now... | 0:21:59 | 0:22:00 | |
If you look... | 0:22:00 | 0:22:02 | |
-You see that row of trees down the left hand side, Michael? -Yes. | 0:22:02 | 0:22:05 | |
They were planted at Queen Victoria's request, | 0:22:05 | 0:22:08 | |
because when she was going to Balmoral, | 0:22:08 | 0:22:10 | |
the Royal Train would stop here for her breakfast | 0:22:10 | 0:22:12 | |
and she didn't like the locals seeing her eating. | 0:22:12 | 0:22:15 | |
So they were planted on her request and they're still here to this day. | 0:22:15 | 0:22:18 | |
That's wonderful. You know... | 0:22:18 | 0:22:19 | |
She usually, I think, stopped her train when she was going to eat. | 0:22:19 | 0:22:22 | |
She did not like particularly to eat on the move. | 0:22:22 | 0:22:26 | |
Whereas I love it. | 0:22:26 | 0:22:27 | |
I've returned to Montrose Station | 0:22:33 | 0:22:35 | |
to catch a train northbound to my next destination. | 0:22:35 | 0:22:39 | |
I'm now in Aberdeenshire, and Bradshaw's tells me, | 0:22:44 | 0:22:47 | |
"It forms the north east corner of the island | 0:22:47 | 0:22:49 | |
"to the easternmost point of a triangle | 0:22:49 | 0:22:51 | |
"which juts out far into the German Ocean." | 0:22:51 | 0:22:55 | |
Because of the conflicts of the 20th century, | 0:22:55 | 0:22:57 | |
that was renamed the North Sea, | 0:22:57 | 0:22:59 | |
but the name of the city where I'm going now, Aberdeen, | 0:22:59 | 0:23:02 | |
is as durable as granite. | 0:23:02 | 0:23:04 | |
And Bradshaw's tells me that, | 0:23:04 | 0:23:05 | |
"It is white granite which gives the city a handsome appearance. | 0:23:05 | 0:23:09 | |
"The almost inexhaustible supplies of this stone are close at hand." | 0:23:09 | 0:23:13 | |
Well, almost a century and a half later | 0:23:13 | 0:23:16 | |
is a good time to find out just how inexhaustible they've been. | 0:23:16 | 0:23:19 | |
During the Middle Ages, the people of Aberdeen lived from fishing, | 0:23:21 | 0:23:25 | |
weaving, wool and leather. | 0:23:25 | 0:23:26 | |
Recently, the oil and gas found under the North Sea | 0:23:28 | 0:23:31 | |
has made the city a sort of Houston of Europe. | 0:23:31 | 0:23:34 | |
But in Bradshaw's day, | 0:23:35 | 0:23:37 | |
because of the unfailing supply of another expensive mineral, | 0:23:37 | 0:23:41 | |
Aberdeen was known as the Granite City. | 0:23:41 | 0:23:43 | |
'The town's Victorian buildings are resplendent in it.' | 0:23:44 | 0:23:48 | |
In a nearby quarry, production manager Andy Henderson | 0:23:50 | 0:23:55 | |
will show me how the stone is extracted. | 0:23:55 | 0:23:58 | |
Andy, it would be difficult to describe the scale of this thing. | 0:24:00 | 0:24:04 | |
Absolutely massive. | 0:24:04 | 0:24:07 | |
-Stretches hundreds of yards. -Mm-hmm. | 0:24:07 | 0:24:09 | |
Amazing sight. | 0:24:09 | 0:24:11 | |
How many tonnes of rock are you going to move today? | 0:24:11 | 0:24:14 | |
23,000. | 0:24:14 | 0:24:15 | |
And we have five tonnes' worth of explosives to do that. | 0:24:15 | 0:24:18 | |
-ANDY LAUGHS -That is an enormous explosion. | 0:24:18 | 0:24:20 | |
-RADIO: -'Firing in 10 seconds.' | 0:24:20 | 0:24:23 | |
10 seconds - I must say, my heart is racing. | 0:24:23 | 0:24:25 | |
ANDY LAUGHS | 0:24:25 | 0:24:27 | |
Prepare to have the earth moved. | 0:24:27 | 0:24:29 | |
EXPLOSION | 0:24:31 | 0:24:32 | |
Lord! Look at that! | 0:24:32 | 0:24:36 | |
It has changed the shape of the quarry! | 0:24:36 | 0:24:39 | |
It's brought down an unbelievable amount of stuff. | 0:24:39 | 0:24:43 | |
Wow! | 0:24:43 | 0:24:44 | |
That's all there is to it. | 0:24:44 | 0:24:45 | |
-Just 23,000 tonnes that have moved from one place to another. -Mmmm. | 0:24:45 | 0:24:49 | |
-You could sell tickets to that, couldn't you? -ANDY LAUGHS | 0:24:49 | 0:24:51 | |
It's maybe a thought! | 0:24:51 | 0:24:52 | |
-Is the method similar to the Victorian, then? -Very similar. | 0:24:52 | 0:24:55 | |
I think the explosives are probably better, | 0:24:55 | 0:24:57 | |
more efficient than they were back then. | 0:24:57 | 0:24:59 | |
We'll be boring larger holes, if you like, than they would have, | 0:24:59 | 0:25:02 | |
because in Victorian times, they'd have been doing | 0:25:02 | 0:25:05 | |
maybe inch-and-a-half holes, | 0:25:05 | 0:25:07 | |
something approximately that size, probably by hand. | 0:25:07 | 0:25:09 | |
Now we're using a big drilling rig | 0:25:09 | 0:25:11 | |
and putting in higher quality explosives. | 0:25:11 | 0:25:13 | |
-Different sorts of explosives from the Victorians? -Definitely, yeah. | 0:25:13 | 0:25:16 | |
Much more efficient. We'll get more yield, if you like, | 0:25:16 | 0:25:19 | |
for less explosives than they would have had to use. | 0:25:19 | 0:25:21 | |
And considerably safer now, as well. | 0:25:21 | 0:25:24 | |
They'd have been transporting explosives into the site | 0:25:24 | 0:25:27 | |
as explosives, if you like. | 0:25:27 | 0:25:29 | |
Here, we'll actually mix them prior to them being necessary. | 0:25:29 | 0:25:32 | |
Sounds a bit safer. | 0:25:32 | 0:25:33 | |
Definitely. | 0:25:33 | 0:25:35 | |
Aberdeen's granite industry developed from the 18th century, | 0:25:36 | 0:25:39 | |
with stone first sent to London for paving in 1764. | 0:25:39 | 0:25:44 | |
It formed the base of Trafalgar Square's original fountains. | 0:25:44 | 0:25:48 | |
As the industry expanded, materials and skills were so plentiful | 0:25:48 | 0:25:53 | |
that much of the city of Aberdeen was constructed from the rock. | 0:25:53 | 0:25:56 | |
Quarries were deep, so retrieving the stone was a challenge. | 0:25:56 | 0:26:00 | |
Before the steam-powered derrick cranes of the 1880s, | 0:26:00 | 0:26:03 | |
the industry relied upon the invention | 0:26:03 | 0:26:06 | |
of a local quarry owner, John Fyfe. | 0:26:06 | 0:26:09 | |
His "Blondin," named after a famous tightrope walker, | 0:26:09 | 0:26:12 | |
consisted of steel cables strung across the quarry | 0:26:12 | 0:26:16 | |
which carried a trolley. | 0:26:16 | 0:26:18 | |
From that, an enormous bucket was lowered into the hole. | 0:26:18 | 0:26:21 | |
The process is now mechanised. | 0:26:22 | 0:26:24 | |
I wonder how much more stone is left? | 0:26:24 | 0:26:27 | |
Andy, my Bradshaw's guide written more than a century ago | 0:26:28 | 0:26:31 | |
predicts that these reserves of granite are inexhaustible. | 0:26:31 | 0:26:35 | |
Would you agree with that? | 0:26:35 | 0:26:36 | |
Pretty much, to be quite honest with you. | 0:26:36 | 0:26:38 | |
I mean, here, the current extraction rates at this quarry, | 0:26:38 | 0:26:41 | |
you've got in excess of 150, probably closer to double that - | 0:26:41 | 0:26:44 | |
-probably about 300 years. -That's a lot, isn't it? | 0:26:44 | 0:26:47 | |
And then this is not the only quarry, let's face it. | 0:26:47 | 0:26:49 | |
It isn't, no, it isn't. | 0:26:49 | 0:26:51 | |
It's probably one of the major ones left in this area, | 0:26:51 | 0:26:54 | |
but certainly not the only one. | 0:26:54 | 0:26:56 | |
Many of the great buildings of Aberdeen, | 0:26:56 | 0:26:58 | |
and even many of the houses are made of this sort of granite. | 0:26:58 | 0:27:02 | |
It gives the city a very distinctive look, doesn't it? | 0:27:02 | 0:27:04 | |
Well, It's what it's called - the Granite City, the Silver City - | 0:27:04 | 0:27:07 | |
the one that sparkles back at you. | 0:27:07 | 0:27:09 | |
This leg of my journey has reminded me | 0:27:17 | 0:27:19 | |
how much 19th century Scotland depended on hard physical work - | 0:27:19 | 0:27:24 | |
to heave the cargoes onto ships, to weave the hessian in the mills, | 0:27:24 | 0:27:28 | |
to quarry the granite and to land the fish, | 0:27:28 | 0:27:32 | |
and even as I discovered today, to drive a locomotive. | 0:27:32 | 0:27:37 | |
Our modern world owes a heavy debt | 0:27:37 | 0:27:39 | |
to what the Victorians called "the horny hands of toil." | 0:27:39 | 0:27:44 | |
On the next leg of this journey, | 0:27:45 | 0:27:48 | |
I ride the most northerly heritage line in Britain. | 0:27:48 | 0:27:51 | |
And I learn how Victorian whisky trains were raided by robbers. | 0:27:53 | 0:27:57 | |
-Do you think anyone's spotted us yet? -I don't think so. I'll keep an eye out, OK? | 0:27:58 | 0:28:02 | |
I traverse one of Scotland's most impressive viaducts. | 0:28:02 | 0:28:05 | |
Really is a spectacular piece of architecture and engineering. | 0:28:05 | 0:28:10 | |
And I discover that life isn't always sweet | 0:28:10 | 0:28:13 | |
on a shortbread production line. | 0:28:13 | 0:28:15 | |
Stop the conveyor belt, I want to get off! | 0:28:15 | 0:28:18 | |
SHE LAUGHS | 0:28:18 | 0:28:19 | |
Subtitles by Red Bee Media Ltd | 0:28:22 | 0:28:25 |