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In 1840, one man transformed travel in the British Isles. | 0:00:05 | 0:00:10 | |
His name was George Bradshaw and his railway guides inspired | 0:00:10 | 0:00:13 | |
the Victorians to take to the tracks. | 0:00:13 | 0:00:16 | |
stop by stop he told them where to travel, | 0:00:17 | 0:00:20 | |
what to see and where to stay. | 0:00:20 | 0:00:22 | |
Now 170 years later, I'm making a series of journeys | 0:00:24 | 0:00:27 | |
across the length and breadth of these isles | 0:00:27 | 0:00:30 | |
to see what of Bradshaw's Britain remains. | 0:00:30 | 0:00:33 | |
I'm embarking on a new journey tracking the master engineer | 0:00:51 | 0:00:55 | |
of the Great Western Railway, Isambard Kingdom Brunel. | 0:00:55 | 0:00:59 | |
I'll begin at the line's London gateway, Paddington Station. | 0:01:02 | 0:01:06 | |
Travel west through Berkshire, Wiltshire and Somerset. | 0:01:06 | 0:01:10 | |
Before finishing up in Newton Abbot, Devon, | 0:01:10 | 0:01:13 | |
the scene of one of Brunel's heroic failures. | 0:01:13 | 0:01:16 | |
This leg covers 99 miles. | 0:01:18 | 0:01:21 | |
Starting in London it's a short hop to Hanwell. | 0:01:21 | 0:01:24 | |
Then onto Hungerford in Berkshire, before crossing counties into Wiltshire. | 0:01:24 | 0:01:29 | |
On this stretch I'll apply my mind to a Victorian asylum. | 0:01:31 | 0:01:34 | |
And come to grips with the old grey matter. | 0:01:34 | 0:01:37 | |
You know when I got on the underground this morning, | 0:01:37 | 0:01:40 | |
I never dreamt that I was going to end up today handling a human brain. | 0:01:40 | 0:01:43 | |
I'll scale great heights to give an historic horse a facelift... | 0:01:43 | 0:01:47 | |
The horse is about 800 square metres. | 0:01:47 | 0:01:50 | |
I think I'll just do this little postage stamp worth here, if you don't mind! | 0:01:51 | 0:01:55 | |
..and make malt 19th century style. | 0:01:56 | 0:02:00 | |
I must say these feel like Victorian conditions to me. | 0:02:00 | 0:02:02 | |
I'm starting my journey in the capital. | 0:02:05 | 0:02:07 | |
I'm travelling along the London Underground | 0:02:11 | 0:02:14 | |
on a line that was opened for steam trains in 1863. | 0:02:14 | 0:02:18 | |
Roughly the year my Bradshaw's Guide was published. | 0:02:18 | 0:02:21 | |
It ran from Kings Cross to Paddington, | 0:02:21 | 0:02:23 | |
the terminus built by Brunel for the Great Western Railway, | 0:02:23 | 0:02:27 | |
and the scene of railway engineering triumphs past, present and to come. | 0:02:27 | 0:02:32 | |
Even to 21st century commuters, Paddington's grandiose roof spans are awe-inspiring. | 0:02:42 | 0:02:49 | |
But when the station was built in the 19th Century, recent advances in technology | 0:02:49 | 0:02:54 | |
made it possible to construct from iron and glass, buildings whose like had never been seen before. | 0:02:54 | 0:03:00 | |
I was rather surprised to find that Bradshaw says that the exterior of Paddington is not very remarkable. | 0:03:02 | 0:03:08 | |
But, of course, most people arrive here by train and they see, | 0:03:08 | 0:03:11 | |
"A station spacious enough to accommodate the largest number off excursionists ever accumulated." | 0:03:11 | 0:03:18 | |
And Bradshaw's talks about, | 0:03:18 | 0:03:20 | |
"The immense roofs which impart to the traveller the impression | 0:03:20 | 0:03:24 | |
that he is about to start by the railway of a first-rate company." | 0:03:24 | 0:03:29 | |
And impressions were everything for the competing Victorian railway companies. | 0:03:29 | 0:03:35 | |
The London terminus reassuringly indicated to first class passengers | 0:03:35 | 0:03:39 | |
the railway's wealth and stature. | 0:03:39 | 0:03:42 | |
And inspired wonder amongst the hordes who could now go on holiday by train. | 0:03:42 | 0:03:47 | |
For the Great Western, Brunel built the grandest yet, | 0:03:47 | 0:03:51 | |
a veritable palace of steam. | 0:03:51 | 0:03:53 | |
But its inauguration came 16 long years after the railway had opened. | 0:03:53 | 0:03:58 | |
I'm meeting Brunel expert and railway historian, John Christopher in front of Isambard himself. | 0:03:59 | 0:04:06 | |
Paddington Station, when was it built? | 0:04:06 | 0:04:08 | |
It was opened in 1854 but key to understanding this Paddington is in it's full name. | 0:04:08 | 0:04:13 | |
This is Paddington New Station. | 0:04:13 | 0:04:15 | |
So the original station was built beyond the Bishops Road Bridge | 0:04:15 | 0:04:20 | |
at the far end as a temporary structure. | 0:04:20 | 0:04:23 | |
Initially, they didn't have the land they needed or the money | 0:04:23 | 0:04:25 | |
he'd spent so much building the railway to Bristol that they built a wooden station. | 0:04:25 | 0:04:30 | |
And only when the land and money became available by 1850 did they start work on this station. | 0:04:30 | 0:04:35 | |
So this is a rare example of late Brunel. | 0:04:35 | 0:04:39 | |
Thanks to advances in engineering | 0:04:40 | 0:04:43 | |
and inspired by the Palm House at Kew Gardens | 0:04:43 | 0:04:46 | |
and Paxton's Crystal Palace, Brunel was able to build | 0:04:46 | 0:04:50 | |
a far more ambitious station than he'd originally planned in 1835. | 0:04:50 | 0:04:55 | |
The most spectacular aspect being the roof | 0:04:55 | 0:04:59 | |
three 700 foot long spans of glass and iron. | 0:04:59 | 0:05:02 | |
Making it, at the time of building, the largest in existence. | 0:05:02 | 0:05:07 | |
So here we are, the important bit, Brunel's wonderful roof. | 0:05:09 | 0:05:12 | |
So this uses the techniques that have been developed between the time that the railways were built | 0:05:12 | 0:05:16 | |
and the time that the station was built? | 0:05:16 | 0:05:18 | |
Yes, specifically the use of wrought iron and glass in structures. | 0:05:18 | 0:05:22 | |
There are many aspects to this, partly it's an upturned ship, which Brunel was familiar with, | 0:05:22 | 0:05:26 | |
he'd already built the Great Britain, the large iron ship at that stage. | 0:05:26 | 0:05:29 | |
But it's also an early example of modular architecture. | 0:05:29 | 0:05:33 | |
So you've got the same components repeated again and again and again, until you've got a whole building. | 0:05:33 | 0:05:38 | |
It's something we're very used to now. | 0:05:38 | 0:05:40 | |
Perhaps the Victorians were only just discovering. | 0:05:40 | 0:05:42 | |
The station took three years to build and cost around £620,000, | 0:05:42 | 0:05:48 | |
which is equivalent to £62 million in today's money. | 0:05:48 | 0:05:53 | |
Worth every penny I think. | 0:05:53 | 0:05:55 | |
That is a magnificent bird. What is it? | 0:05:56 | 0:05:59 | |
Thank you very much, she's a Harris Hawk. | 0:05:59 | 0:06:01 | |
-And why are you here, the two of you? -We're doing pigeon control. | 0:06:01 | 0:06:05 | |
So the pigeons are obviously pretty frightened of this fellow? | 0:06:05 | 0:06:09 | |
Yes, she's a predator to pigeons | 0:06:09 | 0:06:12 | |
And so is it enough for the pigeons just to see the bird and they keep away? | 0:06:12 | 0:06:15 | |
Pretty much, yes, the shape and size of her is enough of a deterrent. | 0:06:15 | 0:06:19 | |
Well, I must say if I'm were a pigeon, I'd be quaking right now. | 0:06:19 | 0:06:22 | |
-Lovely to see you. -You too, take care. | 0:06:22 | 0:06:24 | |
Today, Paddington is one site in a new multi-billion pound railway project, | 0:06:27 | 0:06:32 | |
which will include additional platforms beneath ground and represents | 0:06:32 | 0:06:36 | |
one of the most significant changes to the station since Brunel completed it. | 0:06:36 | 0:06:40 | |
If there's one thing that excites me as much as railway history | 0:06:45 | 0:06:48 | |
it's the thought that new railways are being built. | 0:06:48 | 0:06:50 | |
And I can't wait to travel on Crossrail which will go from Paddington to East London | 0:06:50 | 0:06:56 | |
and it really thrills me that today we're using a technology | 0:06:56 | 0:07:00 | |
that's largely unchanged since the beginning of the 19th Century. | 0:07:00 | 0:07:04 | |
Near Paddington Station, work has commenced. | 0:07:08 | 0:07:11 | |
Crossrail is currently Europe's largest civil engineering project, costing nearly £15 billion. | 0:07:13 | 0:07:20 | |
13 miles of new twin-bored tunnels are being built under the heart of London. | 0:07:20 | 0:07:25 | |
And a total of 37 stations will link Maidenhead and Heathrow in the west, | 0:07:25 | 0:07:30 | |
with Shenfield and Abbey Wood in the east. | 0:07:30 | 0:07:33 | |
Andy Alder is the Project Manager. | 0:07:35 | 0:07:38 | |
-Andy, good morning. -Good morning, Michael. | 0:07:38 | 0:07:40 | |
-So where we're standing now, we're just a mile from Paddington Station? -Yeah. | 0:07:40 | 0:07:43 | |
And what are you going to do from here? | 0:07:43 | 0:07:45 | |
So we got two tunnel boring machines here, we've got Ada which is our double second machine behind us here, | 0:07:45 | 0:07:50 | |
and Phyllis is our first machine, Phyllis is down in the ground at the moment | 0:07:50 | 0:07:54 | |
starting to dig tunnels from here to Paddington. | 0:07:54 | 0:07:56 | |
So our tunnelling machines will dig from here all the way to Farringdon. | 0:07:56 | 0:08:00 | |
and when we've done that we'll start excavating the station tunnels | 0:08:00 | 0:08:03 | |
at Bond Street and Tottenham Court Road. | 0:08:03 | 0:08:05 | |
And at the same time we've got six more machines almost identical to this working their way | 0:08:05 | 0:08:09 | |
from east of London, coming into Farringdon and going up to Stratford. | 0:08:09 | 0:08:13 | |
It's quite a big moment here for me, because in the 1980's I was the Minister of Transport | 0:08:13 | 0:08:17 | |
and we were already talking about Crossrail then. | 0:08:17 | 0:08:20 | |
But we had another project on the books which was the Jubilee line extension out to Canary Wharf | 0:08:20 | 0:08:25 | |
but we only had money for one so we did the other one. | 0:08:25 | 0:08:28 | |
But if I see this machine turn in a moment, I'll really feel that I'm... | 0:08:28 | 0:08:31 | |
well I don't know, that it's an ambition achieved. | 0:08:31 | 0:08:34 | |
Yeah, absolutely. | 0:08:34 | 0:08:36 | |
Each custom-made boring machine is 148 metres long. | 0:08:36 | 0:08:39 | |
That's the equivalent of 14 buses end to end. | 0:08:39 | 0:08:43 | |
These giant machines will work nearly 24 hours a day excavating soil. | 0:08:43 | 0:08:48 | |
And as they move forward, they set in place pre-cast concrete segments | 0:08:48 | 0:08:52 | |
creating the tunnel as they burrow. | 0:08:52 | 0:08:55 | |
Could you please turn the machine for us? | 0:08:55 | 0:08:58 | |
Everybody is clear, everyone is standing clear. | 0:08:58 | 0:09:01 | |
There she goes. | 0:09:01 | 0:09:03 | |
So I've got to imagine now this will be going through the rock and the clay | 0:09:03 | 0:09:07 | |
and all of that then will be prised out and then fed back through the machine? | 0:09:07 | 0:09:12 | |
That's correct, yeah. | 0:09:12 | 0:09:13 | |
Fed back through the machine, onto the conveyers | 0:09:13 | 0:09:16 | |
and then to here so we can take the material away by train. | 0:09:16 | 0:09:18 | |
About 190 years ago, | 0:09:19 | 0:09:21 | |
Isambard Brunel and his father Marc were constructing the Thames Tunnel. | 0:09:21 | 0:09:27 | |
How does the way that you tunnel now compare with the days | 0:09:27 | 0:09:30 | |
of Isambard Kingdom Brunel and his father, Marc? | 0:09:30 | 0:09:33 | |
The basic technology is the same, having a shield that supports the ground, | 0:09:33 | 0:09:36 | |
doing the excavation and building the tunnel behind us. | 0:09:36 | 0:09:39 | |
The differences are that where we have mechanical cutter head, | 0:09:39 | 0:09:43 | |
he had 36 partitions in the front | 0:09:43 | 0:09:45 | |
with miners working by hand excavating the ground away. | 0:09:45 | 0:09:47 | |
And while we're building concrete segments, | 0:09:47 | 0:09:50 | |
he had bricklayers building brickwork behind. | 0:09:50 | 0:09:52 | |
They were achieving 350 feet in whole year in the 1820s. | 0:09:52 | 0:09:55 | |
We'll achieve 350 feet in a week. | 0:09:55 | 0:09:58 | |
That's amazing. | 0:09:58 | 0:09:59 | |
I want to get closer to the action, so we're making our way to the tunnel head | 0:10:01 | 0:10:05 | |
passing the rear sections of the boring machine. | 0:10:05 | 0:10:08 | |
As well as containing toilets and a kitchen, | 0:10:10 | 0:10:13 | |
it hosts a narrow gauge railway running its full length | 0:10:13 | 0:10:16 | |
so that pre-cast concrete segments can be delivered to the cutting head. | 0:10:16 | 0:10:21 | |
A railway helping to build a railway. | 0:10:22 | 0:10:25 | |
So this is where it really happens. | 0:10:25 | 0:10:27 | |
It occurs to me as you're tunnelling here you must be dodging quite a lot of Victorian infrastructure. | 0:10:27 | 0:10:31 | |
Yes, so this machine will pass close, in ten locations, the London Underground tube tunnels and tracks. | 0:10:31 | 0:10:36 | |
We're also tunnelling underneath the Bazalgette sewerage system | 0:10:36 | 0:10:39 | |
that was the first Victorian sewer system for London. | 0:10:39 | 0:10:43 | |
So there is a lot of very historic and very important infrastructure to London | 0:10:43 | 0:10:48 | |
that we need to protect as we go through. | 0:10:48 | 0:10:50 | |
Not much pressure on you there then! | 0:10:50 | 0:10:52 | |
Crossrail is due to open in central London in 2018 | 0:10:56 | 0:10:59 | |
and I feel honoured to have had a glimpse into the future of rail travel in the capital. | 0:10:59 | 0:11:05 | |
But it's now time to return to Brunel's Paddington | 0:11:05 | 0:11:09 | |
where my journey on his historic Great Western Railway begins. | 0:11:09 | 0:11:13 | |
My Bradshaw, written in the 1860s, comments, | 0:11:14 | 0:11:17 | |
"A metamorphosis has taken place in the environs of the line. | 0:11:17 | 0:11:21 | |
"Walls have become green embankments, | 0:11:21 | 0:11:23 | |
"embankments diminished into hedges, | 0:11:23 | 0:11:25 | |
"and hedges grown into avenues of trees | 0:11:25 | 0:11:28 | |
"waving a leafy adieu as we are carried past." | 0:11:28 | 0:11:32 | |
The leafy goodbye and verdant outlook had been incorporated into London as the capital has expanded. | 0:11:33 | 0:11:40 | |
And so also Hanwell, now part of the London Borough of Ealing, | 0:11:40 | 0:11:44 | |
in Bradshaw's day it was a village in Middlesex | 0:11:44 | 0:11:47 | |
and the first stop out of the metropolis on the Great Western to win a mention in the guidebook. | 0:11:47 | 0:11:52 | |
No devotee of Brunel can come to Hanwell without wanting to visit one of his masterpieces. | 0:11:56 | 0:12:02 | |
It's not just the grand stations and powerful locomotives that have so captured our imaginations, | 0:12:04 | 0:12:11 | |
because spectacular viaducts and bridges made it possible | 0:12:11 | 0:12:15 | |
for the railways to traverse rivers and valleys. | 0:12:15 | 0:12:18 | |
This imposing viaduct across the Brent Valley | 0:12:19 | 0:12:22 | |
was the first contract to be let on Brunel's Great Western Railway and it was completed in 1837. | 0:12:22 | 0:12:29 | |
And I can do no better than to quote Bradshaw's. | 0:12:29 | 0:12:32 | |
"A massive and elegant structure." | 0:12:32 | 0:12:35 | |
Over 900 feet long, the viaduct was Brunel's first major structure. | 0:12:37 | 0:12:42 | |
In Bradshaw's day, it was said locally, that Queen Victoria so much enjoyed the view | 0:12:44 | 0:12:49 | |
over the River Brent, that she would have her train halt there a while. | 0:12:49 | 0:12:53 | |
On such a journey, she and her subjects travelling on the Great Western Railway, | 0:12:56 | 0:13:01 | |
could not possibly fail to notice a huge neoclassical building just a stone's throw from the viaduct. | 0:13:01 | 0:13:08 | |
My Bradshaw's Guide says, "The most interesting object in the landscape is Hanwell Asylum, | 0:13:11 | 0:13:17 | |
"generously devoted to the reception of the indigent insane." | 0:13:17 | 0:13:21 | |
Now, the Victorians were pretty blunt in their language, but actually they made as much progress | 0:13:21 | 0:13:26 | |
in mental health as in railway engineering. | 0:13:26 | 0:13:28 | |
Opened in 1831, it was the United Kingdom's first purpose-built asylum | 0:13:30 | 0:13:35 | |
and represented a massive shift in attitudes towards mental health. | 0:13:35 | 0:13:39 | |
Previously, the so-called "pauper insane" | 0:13:39 | 0:13:42 | |
were locked up in workhouses and jails. | 0:13:42 | 0:13:45 | |
Even at Hanwell, treatment was from far from sympathetic. | 0:13:45 | 0:13:48 | |
Inmates spent much of their time in restraints, with no attempt at treatment. | 0:13:48 | 0:13:54 | |
But this was set to change when Superintendent John Connolly took charge in 1839. | 0:13:54 | 0:14:00 | |
Current librarian, Paul Lang, is going to tell me more. | 0:14:00 | 0:14:04 | |
This was founded before the Victorian era. | 0:14:04 | 0:14:08 | |
I think of the Victorians as being quite progressive in mental health. | 0:14:08 | 0:14:11 | |
Was there a change? | 0:14:11 | 0:14:12 | |
Oh, yes, definitely, particularly under John Connolly. | 0:14:12 | 0:14:15 | |
He did away with restraints within the first few months of him being there. | 0:14:15 | 0:14:18 | |
He encouraged them in music, dancing, outings - as long as they were supervised, of course. | 0:14:18 | 0:14:24 | |
There was basket weaving and coir mat making | 0:14:24 | 0:14:28 | |
and like a proto-industrial therapy, they got them to do various things. | 0:14:28 | 0:14:33 | |
He took a far more humane approach to the patients. | 0:14:33 | 0:14:37 | |
Connolly's methods were to become general practice throughout the United Kingdom | 0:14:37 | 0:14:42 | |
and Hanwell a model for future asylums. | 0:14:42 | 0:14:44 | |
That pioneering Victorian legacy is sensed to this day, | 0:14:45 | 0:14:49 | |
as it's now the headquarters for the West London Mental Health Trust | 0:14:49 | 0:14:53 | |
and home to a very rare and intriguing archive. | 0:14:53 | 0:14:57 | |
I'm meeting Curator and Consultant Psychiatrist, Michael Maier. | 0:14:57 | 0:15:02 | |
Hello, I'm Michael. | 0:15:02 | 0:15:03 | |
This looks like some sort of collection, what is it? | 0:15:04 | 0:15:07 | |
Well, it's a collection of brains across the age range - | 0:15:07 | 0:15:10 | |
from birth right through to 100-plus. | 0:15:10 | 0:15:13 | |
The collection was started in the 1950s by a consultant pathologist, Professor Corsellis. | 0:15:14 | 0:15:20 | |
Determined to develop a better understanding of neurological and mental disease, | 0:15:20 | 0:15:25 | |
he kept his patients' brains post-mortem for research. | 0:15:25 | 0:15:29 | |
Today, the collection amounts to 6,000 specimens. | 0:15:29 | 0:15:33 | |
So this collection has been really significant in understanding what we used to consider | 0:15:33 | 0:15:38 | |
functional illnesses, illnesses that didn't seem to have a biological reason, | 0:15:38 | 0:15:43 | |
that they were somehow to do with the person. | 0:15:43 | 0:15:45 | |
So we used to believe that schizophrenia perhaps wasn't based on any biological cause. | 0:15:45 | 0:15:51 | |
In this collection with the work that Professor Corsellis did, | 0:15:51 | 0:15:56 | |
he showed that the brains of people with schizophrenia did have | 0:15:56 | 0:15:59 | |
abnormalities that could explain some of the symptoms. | 0:15:59 | 0:16:02 | |
Today, the collection is linked to the research network Brain UK | 0:16:02 | 0:16:07 | |
and is accessible to medical researchers throughout the world. | 0:16:07 | 0:16:11 | |
This is a typical brain. | 0:16:11 | 0:16:13 | |
Do you have a sense of awe that we're all wandering around with something up here | 0:16:13 | 0:16:17 | |
That we only understand to a limited extent? | 0:16:17 | 0:16:19 | |
Well, this is what makes you what you are, it's my brain talking to your brain. | 0:16:19 | 0:16:23 | |
It's not my liver or my kidneys. What we are is a product of this organ which is quite astonishing. | 0:16:23 | 0:16:27 | |
Do you want to take this? | 0:16:29 | 0:16:30 | |
I can tell you this is definitely going to be a first for me, | 0:16:30 | 0:16:33 | |
I have never held a brain in my hands. Now that is extraordinary. | 0:16:33 | 0:16:37 | |
I tell you what really surprise me, considering what it does, it doesn't weigh much at all. | 0:16:37 | 0:16:41 | |
Do you know Michael, when I got on the underground this morning, I never dreamt | 0:16:41 | 0:16:45 | |
that I was going to end up today handling a human brain. | 0:16:45 | 0:16:48 | |
Well, your life is full of surprises. | 0:16:48 | 0:16:50 | |
It's time to continue westwards and I'm picking up a train | 0:16:53 | 0:16:56 | |
from Southall, the next station along the line. | 0:16:56 | 0:16:59 | |
This is going to be crowded. | 0:17:01 | 0:17:03 | |
I've hit rush hour, | 0:17:04 | 0:17:06 | |
and the trains coming from London are packed with commuters. | 0:17:06 | 0:17:09 | |
It's slow going as we leave the suburbs, stop by stop, | 0:17:11 | 0:17:15 | |
and finally make our way into Berkshire. | 0:17:15 | 0:17:17 | |
A long journey on the stopping train has bought me at last to Hungerford | 0:17:22 | 0:17:25 | |
and it's time for me to turn in. | 0:17:25 | 0:17:27 | |
And my Bradshaw's mentions a hotel, The Black Bear. | 0:17:27 | 0:17:31 | |
-Good evening. -Good evening, sir. -So it's an old coaching in, is it? | 0:17:37 | 0:17:40 | |
Yes, we're one of the oldest in the country. We're on the main Bath to London coaching route. | 0:17:40 | 0:17:45 | |
Once upon a time owned by Henry VIII. | 0:17:45 | 0:17:47 | |
He used to come here when they cleared the palaces in London of plague. | 0:17:47 | 0:17:50 | |
-So it's full of history. -So we're full of history. | 0:17:50 | 0:17:53 | |
-Do you have a room for me? -I do indeed, sir. | 0:17:53 | 0:17:55 | |
There we are, number 11. | 0:17:55 | 0:17:56 | |
You're in the main house, which is the main part of the building. | 0:17:56 | 0:17:59 | |
Thank you very much. Good night. | 0:17:59 | 0:18:00 | |
It's a new day and I'm continuing my journey westwards on Brunel's famous railway. | 0:18:08 | 0:18:14 | |
I'm re-joining the train at Hungerford and crossing the county border into rural Wiltshire. | 0:18:14 | 0:18:19 | |
As I approach Westbury, there's a tantalising reference in my Bradshaw's guide, | 0:18:30 | 0:18:34 | |
"An ancient encampment on the edge of the chalk downs near Bratton. | 0:18:34 | 0:18:38 | |
"On the escarpment below is the figure of a white horse | 0:18:38 | 0:18:42 | |
"the origin of which is doubtful and obscure." | 0:18:42 | 0:18:45 | |
Very intriguing. | 0:18:45 | 0:18:47 | |
Clearly visible from passing trains this chalk horse must have been | 0:18:49 | 0:18:53 | |
an unmissable attraction for those early Victorian tourists, | 0:18:53 | 0:18:57 | |
fascinated as they were by all things mystical. | 0:18:57 | 0:19:00 | |
I'm going to take a closer look and see whether any Westbury locals are in the know. | 0:19:03 | 0:19:08 | |
You're visiting the white horse. Do you know what its origins are? | 0:19:14 | 0:19:18 | |
Well, I know what its origins are linked to rather than are. | 0:19:18 | 0:19:24 | |
It was the Battle of Ethandun between King Alfred and the Danes. | 0:19:24 | 0:19:29 | |
And Ethandun is thought to be the Edington area. | 0:19:29 | 0:19:33 | |
And this was put up much later to commemorate the Battle of Ethandun. | 0:19:33 | 0:19:39 | |
Indeed, this particular horse isn't so long in the tooth, | 0:19:40 | 0:19:44 | |
and dates not from the time of the battle in the 9th century, | 0:19:44 | 0:19:47 | |
but from the early 18th. | 0:19:47 | 0:19:48 | |
Ever since, the Westbury community has gathered on a regular basis on the hillside | 0:19:48 | 0:19:52 | |
to weed the site and keep the horse white. | 0:19:52 | 0:19:56 | |
In the 1950s, Westbury's snowy steed was concreted over | 0:19:58 | 0:20:02 | |
in a controversial bid to reduce maintenance. | 0:20:02 | 0:20:05 | |
The horse still needs regular grooming, | 0:20:06 | 0:20:08 | |
but today instead of trowels and hoes, | 0:20:08 | 0:20:11 | |
the community comes armed with paint pots and rollers. | 0:20:11 | 0:20:15 | |
Hello. I'm admiring the white horse, maybe you are as well. | 0:20:15 | 0:20:20 | |
Are you part of the community? | 0:20:20 | 0:20:22 | |
Yeah, I live out in one of the villages and I came up myself last weekend to have a go. | 0:20:22 | 0:20:26 | |
So weren't you scared when you went down and painted it? | 0:20:26 | 0:20:29 | |
It was a bit hairy at first getting the hang of the abseiling. | 0:20:29 | 0:20:33 | |
But once you get down and you start painting, | 0:20:33 | 0:20:36 | |
it's just like painting your living room, but while being on a rope. | 0:20:36 | 0:20:39 | |
Now, a chance to put my DIY skills to the test with team leader, Steve Carrington. | 0:20:39 | 0:20:45 | |
-I may be fool to suggest this, but may I have a go? -Absolutely, let's get you on a rope, painting. | 0:20:45 | 0:20:50 | |
Thank you. Excellent. | 0:20:50 | 0:20:53 | |
Now, luckily I do have a reasonable head for heights, | 0:20:53 | 0:20:56 | |
even so the angle is pretty daunting. | 0:20:56 | 0:21:00 | |
-Yep, you know what you're doing? -Hope so. | 0:21:00 | 0:21:03 | |
Good. Mind the lump to your left foot. | 0:21:03 | 0:21:06 | |
Wow, home decorating has nothing on this, does it really? | 0:21:10 | 0:21:14 | |
The horse is about 800 square metres. | 0:21:14 | 0:21:16 | |
I think I'll just do this little postage stamp worth here, if you don't mind. | 0:21:17 | 0:21:21 | |
Have you any idea how in the 18th or the 19th century, they would have done this? | 0:21:21 | 0:21:25 | |
Did they have ropes? | 0:21:25 | 0:21:26 | |
Well, they would have had ropes, but certainly all the accounts | 0:21:26 | 0:21:30 | |
that we have seen of them doing the Uffington white horse, | 0:21:30 | 0:21:32 | |
people are just shown just walking around on it working. | 0:21:32 | 0:21:35 | |
Rather they than me. | 0:21:35 | 0:21:37 | |
"Former politician involved in whitewash and hung out to dry." | 0:21:39 | 0:21:44 | |
I'll hand back the reins to Steve, as I'm returning to Westbury Station to re-join the Great Western. | 0:21:55 | 0:22:01 | |
I'm not travelling far along the line, just one stop. | 0:22:02 | 0:22:06 | |
Bradshaw's refers to this borough as being well populated with maltings. | 0:22:06 | 0:22:11 | |
In fact, in the early 1800s there were 25 malt houses in Wiltshire. | 0:22:11 | 0:22:15 | |
Today there's just one, | 0:22:17 | 0:22:18 | |
but it's the oldest working malt house in the United Kingdom | 0:22:18 | 0:22:22 | |
and they're making malt exactly as they did 150 years ago. | 0:22:22 | 0:22:26 | |
I'm meeting the owner Robin Appel. | 0:22:26 | 0:22:29 | |
-Robin, Hello! -Hello Michael, welcome to Warminster Maltings. | 0:22:29 | 0:22:32 | |
It's great to be here, thank you so much. | 0:22:32 | 0:22:35 | |
-A beautiful garden, but actually beautiful architecture altogether. Is it Victorian? -Yes, it is. | 0:22:40 | 0:22:46 | |
It was built in 1855 by a man called William Morgan, | 0:22:46 | 0:22:50 | |
who was an established maltster and brewer in the town. | 0:22:50 | 0:22:53 | |
The town at that stage had 30-plus malt houses, all very small. | 0:22:53 | 0:22:57 | |
And I suppose William Morgan had the vision of realising, | 0:22:57 | 0:23:01 | |
"If I build a really big one, I'll get the economics that allow me | 0:23:01 | 0:23:05 | |
"to be basically be the dominant maltster in the town." | 0:23:05 | 0:23:08 | |
And by the end of the 19th century, he had basically but all the other ones out of business. | 0:23:08 | 0:23:12 | |
I'm going to ask you are really stupid and basic question. | 0:23:12 | 0:23:14 | |
What is malt? | 0:23:14 | 0:23:16 | |
Yes, malt is principally barley. | 0:23:16 | 0:23:18 | |
Barley is a grain that's packed full of starch, | 0:23:18 | 0:23:21 | |
and we convert that starch to sugar, | 0:23:21 | 0:23:23 | |
which is the product that the brewers brew with. | 0:23:23 | 0:23:26 | |
From the 17th Century malt was heavily taxed. | 0:23:26 | 0:23:29 | |
For nearly 300 years, the Crown drew in excess of 10% of its income from malt tax | 0:23:29 | 0:23:36 | |
and could raise the levy at will, and often did so. | 0:23:36 | 0:23:39 | |
By the 19th century, the maltsters had had enough of what they perceived to be unfair harassment | 0:23:39 | 0:23:46 | |
and came together to petition customs and excise. | 0:23:46 | 0:23:50 | |
And this is your archive. | 0:23:50 | 0:23:52 | |
Yes, I think what I've got here Michael is the blotted copy | 0:23:52 | 0:23:56 | |
which was drawn up in 1845 by the maltsters of Wessex. | 0:23:56 | 0:24:00 | |
It included William Morgan from Warminster. | 0:24:00 | 0:24:03 | |
I like this line here. It accuses the commissioners of, | 0:24:03 | 0:24:07 | |
"Harassing the industry with a vigour beyond the law which, excited by dangerous stimulants, | 0:24:07 | 0:24:13 | |
"is calculated to create an apparent delinquency | 0:24:13 | 0:24:16 | |
"where none by fair procedure would be found to exist." | 0:24:16 | 0:24:20 | |
My Bradshaw's is written in very similar flowery language. | 0:24:20 | 0:24:22 | |
-I love it. -Yes. | 0:24:22 | 0:24:24 | |
It took nearly 40 years, but in the 1880's malt tax was abolished | 0:24:24 | 0:24:29 | |
and this maltings flourished. | 0:24:29 | 0:24:31 | |
Its success was greatly aided by the railway, | 0:24:31 | 0:24:35 | |
which enabled the malt to be sold far and wide. | 0:24:35 | 0:24:38 | |
By the time we got to the end of the 19th century and William Frank Morgan took over from his father, | 0:24:38 | 0:24:44 | |
here we have his cashbook from 1903 | 0:24:44 | 0:24:46 | |
and lo and behold, February 2nd, only the second entry. | 0:24:46 | 0:24:50 | |
"The Great Western Railway, £135 nine shillings and nine pence." | 0:24:50 | 0:24:55 | |
-A very considerable sum. -Absolutely. | 0:24:55 | 0:24:57 | |
And he was paying the Great Western Railway for what? | 0:24:57 | 0:25:00 | |
For malt freighted out of Warminster Station. | 0:25:00 | 0:25:03 | |
And if we go through the book we find an entry of that sort of level | 0:25:03 | 0:25:06 | |
at the beginning of every month. | 0:25:06 | 0:25:09 | |
It's a wonderful archive. | 0:25:09 | 0:25:11 | |
I'm interested to see the traditional way of making malt. | 0:25:11 | 0:25:14 | |
The first part of the process is to steep the grain | 0:25:17 | 0:25:20 | |
which kick-starts germination. | 0:25:20 | 0:25:23 | |
So we put it under water for about four to six hours | 0:25:23 | 0:25:26 | |
and then we drain it for the remainder of that 24 hours. | 0:25:26 | 0:25:30 | |
Then in the next 24 hours, we put it under water for 12 hours, | 0:25:30 | 0:25:34 | |
and then we drain it for 12 hours. | 0:25:34 | 0:25:36 | |
And then the third 24-hour period | 0:25:36 | 0:25:38 | |
we put it under water for another 12 hours, | 0:25:38 | 0:25:41 | |
and then drain it for 12 hours. | 0:25:41 | 0:25:43 | |
It's amazing anyone discovered how to do this. | 0:25:43 | 0:25:46 | |
Exactly! | 0:25:46 | 0:25:47 | |
So when the process is complete we transfer it out of here | 0:25:47 | 0:25:51 | |
onto the floors behind us. | 0:25:51 | 0:25:53 | |
Next, it needs to be dried and aerated by ploughing. | 0:25:53 | 0:25:57 | |
Well, this really is a Victorian-looking process, or maybe much older. | 0:25:58 | 0:26:02 | |
What we want to end up achieving is the maximum amount of starch | 0:26:02 | 0:26:06 | |
still encased in that grain converted into sugar. | 0:26:06 | 0:26:10 | |
You have to react to exactly how that barley behaves. | 0:26:10 | 0:26:14 | |
And if that means you have to come back at 10 o'clock at night to plough it, | 0:26:14 | 0:26:18 | |
you come back at 10 o'clock at night. | 0:26:18 | 0:26:20 | |
There is no blueprint for doing this. | 0:26:20 | 0:26:22 | |
And this is where the maltster's skill really comes into its own. | 0:26:22 | 0:26:26 | |
In modern day maltings, this is done on an industrial scale | 0:26:27 | 0:26:31 | |
and of course it's all fully automated. | 0:26:31 | 0:26:33 | |
But here in Warminster tradition is kept alive. | 0:26:33 | 0:26:36 | |
Time to see whether I would make a good plough horse. | 0:26:38 | 0:26:41 | |
-It's quite heavy. -Yeah, it's the actual jerk that makes it easier. | 0:26:44 | 0:26:47 | |
-And so we are putting the air into this, are we? -Yes, that's it. | 0:26:49 | 0:26:53 | |
Also, by the way, the ceiling is getting lower and lower. | 0:26:53 | 0:26:56 | |
I must say these feel like Victorian conditions to me. | 0:26:59 | 0:27:02 | |
Exhausted by my day at the plough, I'm heading back to the station. | 0:27:05 | 0:27:09 | |
Engineers building railways today still draw inspiration from role models like Brunel. | 0:27:18 | 0:27:23 | |
The Victorians brought passion to everything they did - | 0:27:23 | 0:27:27 | |
from viaducts, to novel treatments for the mentally ill. | 0:27:27 | 0:27:30 | |
And of course to the making of their beer. | 0:27:30 | 0:27:34 | |
Cheers. | 0:27:35 | 0:27:36 | |
'On the next leg of my journey, I'll be visiting a tourist hotspot | 0:27:44 | 0:27:48 | |
'that's been captivating visitors since Victorian times...' | 0:27:48 | 0:27:52 | |
This is the granddaddy of all castles and cathedrals and skyscrapers. | 0:27:52 | 0:27:57 | |
This is the beginning of architecture. | 0:27:57 | 0:27:59 | |
Thank you very much. | 0:27:59 | 0:28:00 | |
'..I'll take to the air...' | 0:28:00 | 0:28:02 | |
I think George Bradshaw would have loved this machine, | 0:28:02 | 0:28:05 | |
but he would have been even more amazed to find out | 0:28:05 | 0:28:08 | |
there would be trains that went faster than this thing does. | 0:28:08 | 0:28:11 | |
'..and I'll try my hand at cloth-making the 19th century way.' | 0:28:11 | 0:28:16 | |
Oh! This is more difficult than it looks. | 0:28:18 | 0:28:20 | |
You're horsing around with me, aren't you? | 0:28:20 | 0:28:23 | |
Subtitles by Red Bee Media Ltd | 0:28:44 | 0:28:49 |