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In 1840, one man transformed travel in Britain. | 0:00:05 | 0:00:09 | |
His name was George Bradshaw | 0:00:09 | 0:00:11 | |
and his railway guides inspired the Victorians to take to the tracks. | 0:00:11 | 0:00:17 | |
Stop by stop, he told them where to go, what to see and where to stay. | 0:00:17 | 0:00:23 | |
Now, 170 years later, I'm aboard for a series of rail adventures across the United Kingdom | 0:00:23 | 0:00:30 | |
to see what of Bradshaw's Britain remains. | 0:00:30 | 0:00:33 | |
I'm continuing my journey through from the fresh, sea-air breezes of England's South Coast | 0:00:53 | 0:00:58 | |
towards the industrial heartland of the West Midlands. | 0:00:58 | 0:01:02 | |
I'm travelling now on a line northwards that helped to give life | 0:01:02 | 0:01:05 | |
to the commuter towns to the west of London. | 0:01:05 | 0:01:08 | |
And on this leg of my journey, | 0:01:08 | 0:01:10 | |
I shall move from suburban Surrey into rural Wiltshire. | 0:01:10 | 0:01:14 | |
'On today's leg, I create headlines in Reading...' | 0:01:18 | 0:01:21 | |
-You now beat the back of your flong. -Like that? -No, with the hairy side. -Oh, with the hairy side | 0:01:21 | 0:01:27 | |
'..discover a Tudor entrepreneur in Newbury...' | 0:01:29 | 0:01:32 | |
Victorian historians used to label this as England's first factory, | 0:01:32 | 0:01:38 | |
mainly because of the scale of production. | 0:01:38 | 0:01:41 | |
'..and test a bicycle with Victorian origins.' | 0:01:41 | 0:01:44 | |
-A lovely smooth ride over the cobbles. Thank you very much. -You're welcome. -Bye! | 0:01:44 | 0:01:49 | |
Starting on the South Coast, my journey took in Hampshire | 0:01:54 | 0:01:58 | |
and now heads north-west to Newbury, | 0:01:58 | 0:02:01 | |
onward to Bristol | 0:02:01 | 0:02:02 | |
and an engineering feat under the Severn | 0:02:02 | 0:02:05 | |
and then via the Cotswolds | 0:02:05 | 0:02:06 | |
to finish in Wolverhampton, | 0:02:06 | 0:02:07 | |
in the West Midlands. | 0:02:07 | 0:02:09 | |
Today's leg begins in Wokingham, | 0:02:10 | 0:02:12 | |
calls at Reading, heads west to Newbury, | 0:02:12 | 0:02:15 | |
takes a note in Trowbridge and ends in Bradford on Avon. | 0:02:15 | 0:02:19 | |
My first stop will be Wokingham. | 0:02:29 | 0:02:31 | |
Bradshaw's reports that, "The railways have given considerable | 0:02:31 | 0:02:34 | |
"impetus to trade here and house property has become valuable." | 0:02:34 | 0:02:40 | |
Also, "A new church is being built by J Walter, Esquire, | 0:02:40 | 0:02:43 | |
"proprietor of the Times." | 0:02:43 | 0:02:46 | |
Well, whatever the impact that the trains had on house prices, | 0:02:46 | 0:02:50 | |
they had an even bigger one on newspapers. | 0:02:50 | 0:02:53 | |
Known in the Middle Ages for its bell foundry, | 0:02:57 | 0:03:00 | |
Wokingham first received trains in 1849 | 0:03:00 | 0:03:03 | |
and they were used to transport bricks manufactured in the town. | 0:03:03 | 0:03:07 | |
The station's footbridge was built in 1886, | 0:03:08 | 0:03:11 | |
using old rails and sleepers, | 0:03:11 | 0:03:13 | |
and replaced a level-crossing where there had been a number of accidents. | 0:03:13 | 0:03:18 | |
I've alighted here to learn more about the town's most influential Victorian. | 0:03:18 | 0:03:22 | |
In 1785, John Walter founded a newspaper, | 0:03:25 | 0:03:29 | |
which, three years later, he named the Times. | 0:03:29 | 0:03:33 | |
His grandson was an innovator in print. | 0:03:33 | 0:03:37 | |
I'm hoping to learn more about John Walter III's philanthropy | 0:03:37 | 0:03:40 | |
and his impact on the newspaper industry, | 0:03:40 | 0:03:43 | |
from the senior typography lecturer at Reading University, | 0:03:43 | 0:03:46 | |
Martin Andrews. | 0:03:46 | 0:03:49 | |
Bradshaw's mentions a J Walter, Esquire, proprietor of the Times | 0:03:49 | 0:03:53 | |
and mentions that he built a church here. Would this lovely church be it? | 0:03:53 | 0:03:58 | |
It is, indeed, and, in fact, he also built a school and a vicarage | 0:03:58 | 0:04:01 | |
that went with the church and he was a benefactor in many ways. | 0:04:01 | 0:04:05 | |
He was very good to the local people. | 0:04:05 | 0:04:08 | |
My Bradshaw's is from the 1860s. | 0:04:08 | 0:04:11 | |
Was that an important time in development of newspapers? | 0:04:11 | 0:04:14 | |
It was, particularly in '61, when the stamp duty on paper got repealed, | 0:04:14 | 0:04:19 | |
which meant, of course, there was much more opportunity | 0:04:19 | 0:04:22 | |
to increase circulation. | 0:04:22 | 0:04:23 | |
There was a huge demand for an increase in circulation | 0:04:23 | 0:04:26 | |
because, with the improvement of literacy, education | 0:04:26 | 0:04:29 | |
and, also, leisure time. | 0:04:29 | 0:04:32 | |
If you think, the railways was an opportunity. It was captured time. | 0:04:32 | 0:04:35 | |
This was all a huge new market for the newspapers | 0:04:35 | 0:04:38 | |
and that, of course, demanded new technology, | 0:04:38 | 0:04:41 | |
new machines that could go faster and quicker. | 0:04:41 | 0:04:44 | |
But to answer some of those questions, I think we need to go | 0:04:44 | 0:04:47 | |
to Reading to have a look at some of the presses that Walter developed. | 0:04:47 | 0:04:51 | |
As the railways flourished, | 0:04:53 | 0:04:54 | |
J Walter III wanted his daily print run to keep pace with a circulation boom, | 0:04:54 | 0:04:59 | |
which was being fuelled in part by rail travel. | 0:04:59 | 0:05:03 | |
Before we get to Reading University to find out how the Times was modernised, | 0:05:03 | 0:05:07 | |
Martin has more on the periodicals of the day. | 0:05:07 | 0:05:10 | |
In the 1840s, WH Smith's opened the first kiosk on a railway station, | 0:05:11 | 0:05:16 | |
selling literature for leisure, for recreation, for enjoyment. | 0:05:16 | 0:05:19 | |
A bit like some of the magazines that we have today with human interest. | 0:05:19 | 0:05:23 | |
One famous one was Tit-Bits. Here is an amazing strapline, | 0:05:23 | 0:05:28 | |
which talks about, "£400 insurance money has been paid." | 0:05:28 | 0:05:33 | |
So such was the fear of the possibility of a railway accident, | 0:05:33 | 0:05:38 | |
that you could get free insurance with your Tit-Bits? | 0:05:38 | 0:05:41 | |
Indeed, you could. | 0:05:41 | 0:05:42 | |
So, clearly, this newspaper was aimed at the commuter. | 0:05:42 | 0:05:46 | |
Well, if you'll excuse me, between here and Reading, | 0:05:46 | 0:05:49 | |
I'm going to look for some titbits. | 0:05:49 | 0:05:51 | |
ANNOUNCER: 'Now arriving at Reading, our final destination.' | 0:05:57 | 0:06:01 | |
Martin wants to show me how the proprietor of the Times | 0:06:04 | 0:06:08 | |
stole a march on his competitors. | 0:06:08 | 0:06:10 | |
What did J Walter III, the one mentioned in Bradshaw, | 0:06:13 | 0:06:16 | |
what did he achieve? | 0:06:16 | 0:06:17 | |
The Times was developing so rapidly they needed to get quicker | 0:06:17 | 0:06:20 | |
and speedier and more efficient. | 0:06:20 | 0:06:22 | |
So, instead of just having a circular cylinder to print from, | 0:06:22 | 0:06:26 | |
the idea of having a rotary press, where everything works on cylinders, | 0:06:26 | 0:06:30 | |
working automatically, was the way they cracked it. | 0:06:30 | 0:06:33 | |
From the beginning of the 19th century, they had been finding ways | 0:06:33 | 0:06:36 | |
of duplicating pages of type by a system called stereotyping, | 0:06:36 | 0:06:40 | |
which was taking a sheet of papier-mache. | 0:06:40 | 0:06:43 | |
You lay this piece of papier-mache on top of the type | 0:06:43 | 0:06:46 | |
and then you pick up this amazing brush. | 0:06:46 | 0:06:48 | |
Now, this is not a giant's toothbrush, or a back scratcher, | 0:06:48 | 0:06:52 | |
this is a flong brush. | 0:06:52 | 0:06:54 | |
Somebody in the industry had a job of a flong beater. | 0:06:54 | 0:06:58 | |
And I give you that privilege. | 0:06:58 | 0:06:59 | |
-So you now beat the back of your flong. -Like that? -No, no with the hairy side. | 0:06:59 | 0:07:03 | |
Oh, with the hairy side. | 0:07:03 | 0:07:05 | |
And that is pushing the papier-mache into the type. | 0:07:05 | 0:07:09 | |
And when you can pull that off, we have a perfect impression | 0:07:09 | 0:07:13 | |
of every single part of the type, all the detail. | 0:07:13 | 0:07:15 | |
Then you could cast that page of type | 0:07:15 | 0:07:18 | |
as a complete cylinder, which looks like this. | 0:07:18 | 0:07:22 | |
Now, that means we can now have fully rotary systems. | 0:07:22 | 0:07:26 | |
-And that is the breakthrough? -That's the breakthrough. | 0:07:26 | 0:07:29 | |
By 1869, they were working in the Times. | 0:07:29 | 0:07:32 | |
And this is really the way that presses were going to develop. | 0:07:32 | 0:07:35 | |
This is the beginning of the modern printing press for newspapers. | 0:07:35 | 0:07:38 | |
Obviously, this is too big for everyday jobbing printing. | 0:07:38 | 0:07:42 | |
'Before I continue my journey, | 0:07:42 | 0:07:44 | |
'Martin wants me to experience the rather simpler press | 0:07:44 | 0:07:47 | |
'that a Victorian jobbing printer would have used...while wearing his printers' hat.' | 0:07:47 | 0:07:53 | |
And it's made out of a sheet of newspaper, as you can see. | 0:07:55 | 0:07:58 | |
I am a man of letters. | 0:07:58 | 0:08:00 | |
Here we have some ink. | 0:08:00 | 0:08:02 | |
We're now going to roll this up. | 0:08:02 | 0:08:04 | |
-So here we go, we've got a nice, even set of ink now. -Let me have a go at that. | 0:08:04 | 0:08:07 | |
You need to take over. | 0:08:07 | 0:08:09 | |
Hm. I can feel it's sticking there. It's lovely stuff, isn't it? | 0:08:11 | 0:08:14 | |
Now, I think we're ready to apply that to the type. | 0:08:14 | 0:08:17 | |
So, if we come over here, | 0:08:17 | 0:08:18 | |
you can ink up the form that we prepared for you earlier. | 0:08:18 | 0:08:22 | |
Right. That looks perfect, beautifully even and ready to print. | 0:08:22 | 0:08:25 | |
The press we're going to use today is, in fact, an iron press, | 0:08:25 | 0:08:28 | |
made in 1860s, the time of Walter III. | 0:08:28 | 0:08:31 | |
Take the paper, place it with confidence on top of the type. | 0:08:31 | 0:08:35 | |
Now you can lower the tin-pan - that protects the type. | 0:08:35 | 0:08:38 | |
Press that handle down, the rotary action, | 0:08:38 | 0:08:40 | |
it will push the bed underneath the platen, as we call it. | 0:08:40 | 0:08:43 | |
That's perfect. | 0:08:43 | 0:08:44 | |
Now, grab the handle and pull it towards you | 0:08:44 | 0:08:47 | |
and you will have made a print in true traditional style. | 0:08:47 | 0:08:50 | |
Roll it out again. | 0:08:50 | 0:08:52 | |
Don't forget, you've got to do this 250 times an hour. | 0:08:52 | 0:08:55 | |
If you now peel the paper off, | 0:08:55 | 0:08:56 | |
hopefully, we've got a nice souvenir of your day in the department. | 0:08:56 | 0:09:00 | |
I have to say, for a beginner, that is perfect. | 0:09:00 | 0:09:04 | |
-It's a lovely souvenir, thank you very much. -A pleasure. | 0:09:04 | 0:09:07 | |
Reading Station is being transformed. | 0:09:16 | 0:09:19 | |
The most enormous extension has been built in striking modern architecture. | 0:09:19 | 0:09:24 | |
But, in all that's going on here, somehow, | 0:09:24 | 0:09:27 | |
the old clock tower has been preserved. | 0:09:27 | 0:09:30 | |
This new bridge, 110 metres long, | 0:09:38 | 0:09:41 | |
is just part of the rebuilding of Reading Station. | 0:09:41 | 0:09:43 | |
They've also put in new platforms and new lines to ease congestion. | 0:09:43 | 0:09:48 | |
There's going to be electrification of the line from London to South Wales. | 0:09:48 | 0:09:52 | |
And, shortly, they'll be building a flyover, again to ease congestion. | 0:09:52 | 0:09:57 | |
Reading has been given a station on an international scale. | 0:09:57 | 0:10:01 | |
I'm on the old Great Western Railway and my next stop is Newbury. | 0:10:16 | 0:10:19 | |
Bradshaw's tells me that the town was, "Formerly celebrated | 0:10:19 | 0:10:22 | |
"for its extensive manufactories of woollen cloth, | 0:10:22 | 0:10:26 | |
"especially when Jack of Newbury led his company of stout tailors, | 0:10:26 | 0:10:30 | |
"all proper men, to the famous battle of Flodden Field." | 0:10:30 | 0:10:35 | |
That's an interesting swatch of history | 0:10:35 | 0:10:37 | |
and, in Newbury, I'll pick up the thread. | 0:10:37 | 0:10:39 | |
Once an important and thriving textile town, | 0:10:44 | 0:10:47 | |
Newbury was connected by waterway to Reading in the 18th century. | 0:10:47 | 0:10:50 | |
I'm meeting local historian David Peacock at a church | 0:10:51 | 0:10:55 | |
built by the most successful cloth producer of Tudor times - | 0:10:55 | 0:10:59 | |
John Winchcombe, also known as Jack of Newbury, | 0:10:59 | 0:11:02 | |
who manufactured textiles in unprecedented volumes. | 0:11:02 | 0:11:06 | |
Jack of Newbury, | 0:11:09 | 0:11:10 | |
important enough to make his way into my Bradshaw's. Who was he? | 0:11:10 | 0:11:14 | |
He was a cloth producer producing a vast amount of cloth. | 0:11:14 | 0:11:18 | |
Most of the cloth went from here up to London, | 0:11:18 | 0:11:21 | |
from London exported to the continent and, from there, | 0:11:21 | 0:11:24 | |
went throughout Europe into Hungary, | 0:11:24 | 0:11:26 | |
around to Venice and even as far as the Middle East. | 0:11:26 | 0:11:30 | |
Wow! In those days we knew how to export. | 0:11:30 | 0:11:33 | |
I'm intrigued by this reference in Bradshaw's. | 0:11:33 | 0:11:35 | |
"He led his company of stout tailors, all proper men, to the famous battle of Flodden Field." | 0:11:35 | 0:11:41 | |
This is the wrong battle, basically, that Bradshaw has. | 0:11:41 | 0:11:45 | |
They went to the Siege of Boulogne in the 1540s. | 0:11:45 | 0:11:49 | |
Was this usual - that a businessman took | 0:11:49 | 0:11:51 | |
a troop of his workers off to war? | 0:11:51 | 0:11:54 | |
It was not unusual for the gentry to provide some of the army. | 0:11:54 | 0:11:59 | |
It was unusual for a businessman, for a clothier, | 0:11:59 | 0:12:02 | |
but, particularly for John Winchcombe, the scale of this. | 0:12:02 | 0:12:06 | |
He wasn't just taking five or ten men to war, | 0:12:06 | 0:12:08 | |
he was leading 100, or 150, men to war. | 0:12:08 | 0:12:12 | |
Jack used fulling mills along the River Kennet | 0:12:14 | 0:12:17 | |
and legend has it his proto-industrial cloth empire | 0:12:17 | 0:12:21 | |
included 200 looms in his town-centre property, | 0:12:21 | 0:12:24 | |
producing three quarters of Newbury's considerable textile output in Tudor times. | 0:12:24 | 0:12:30 | |
It was a massive establishment. | 0:12:32 | 0:12:34 | |
He was producing cloth on an industrial scale long before the Industrial Revolution. | 0:12:34 | 0:12:39 | |
I thought factories originated in the late 18th century. | 0:12:39 | 0:12:43 | |
I mean, would we be right to think this is a factory? | 0:12:43 | 0:12:46 | |
Victorian historians used to label this as England's first factory, | 0:12:46 | 0:12:51 | |
mainly because of the scale of production that was going on here. | 0:12:51 | 0:12:55 | |
He was producing over 6,000 cloths a year. | 0:12:55 | 0:12:58 | |
-And a cloth was what? -A cloth would be 17 or 18 yards long, | 0:12:58 | 0:13:02 | |
woven by one man, so the width of a one-man loom. | 0:13:02 | 0:13:06 | |
It stretched all the way from the other side of the department store, | 0:13:06 | 0:13:09 | |
right the way along to the gable end at the corner here, | 0:13:09 | 0:13:12 | |
and back further towards what was then the marsh, Newbury Marsh. | 0:13:12 | 0:13:17 | |
David has brought me to the town hall, | 0:13:19 | 0:13:22 | |
where a portrait of this Tudor captain of industry still hangs. | 0:13:22 | 0:13:25 | |
So how should we remember Jack of Newbury? | 0:13:27 | 0:13:29 | |
He was tremendously important in England's economic history | 0:13:29 | 0:13:35 | |
at a time that is usually remembered for the six wives of Henry VIII | 0:13:35 | 0:13:40 | |
and, really, relatively little else. | 0:13:40 | 0:13:42 | |
What does he mean to you personally, David? | 0:13:42 | 0:13:45 | |
I feel that he was a major figure in English history. | 0:13:45 | 0:13:48 | |
A tremendously important contributor to the development of this country | 0:13:48 | 0:13:53 | |
and he ought not have been written out of the history of the country. | 0:13:53 | 0:13:57 | |
Well, at least he's remembered in Bradshaw's. | 0:13:57 | 0:14:00 | |
After a long day, I'm ready to feel the soft fabric of my pillow. | 0:14:03 | 0:14:08 | |
This is the busy Bath Road and, long before the railways, | 0:14:08 | 0:14:12 | |
Newbury had almost innumerable coaching inns - | 0:14:12 | 0:14:15 | |
the Angel, the Bear, the Cross Keys, | 0:14:15 | 0:14:17 | |
the George and Pelican - | 0:14:17 | 0:14:19 | |
all serving the landed gentry on their to fashionable Bath to take the waters. | 0:14:19 | 0:14:24 | |
But I've decided to stay at the Hare and Hounds. | 0:14:24 | 0:14:27 | |
-Good evening, landlord. -Good evening, sir. -A splendid coaching inn you've got here. -Thank you. | 0:14:29 | 0:14:34 | |
Just before I turn in, could I have a pint of your finest West Berkshire ale? | 0:14:34 | 0:14:39 | |
There we go. You'll enjoy that. Thank you. | 0:14:39 | 0:14:42 | |
-That has the makings of a sound sleep. Thank you. -Thank you very much. | 0:14:42 | 0:14:46 | |
Set for the day ahead, | 0:14:59 | 0:15:01 | |
I'm continuing my journey along the old Great Western railway | 0:15:01 | 0:15:04 | |
towards Westbury, where I shall change trains and head north. | 0:15:04 | 0:15:08 | |
My next destination is Trowbridge, which Bradshaw's tells me | 0:15:22 | 0:15:26 | |
has a population of 9,626 and is situated on the River Ware. | 0:15:26 | 0:15:31 | |
It's one of the largest clothing towns in the west of England. | 0:15:31 | 0:15:34 | |
"The church is large and highly decorated," | 0:15:34 | 0:15:38 | |
which makes it sound a bit like a stout and gallant military officer. | 0:15:38 | 0:15:42 | |
Anyway, I will go there and make notes. | 0:15:42 | 0:15:45 | |
Wiltshire's county town of Trowbridge is mentioned as far back as the Domesday Book. | 0:15:49 | 0:15:54 | |
And its most celebrated resident was another man of letters. | 0:15:54 | 0:15:59 | |
His name was Isaac Pitman. | 0:15:59 | 0:16:00 | |
I'm hoping that Trowbridge Museum curator Clare Lyall knows more. | 0:16:00 | 0:16:05 | |
-Hello, Clare. -Hello, Michael. | 0:16:06 | 0:16:08 | |
A large and decorated church, as promised by my Bradshaw's, | 0:16:08 | 0:16:11 | |
but why have you asked to meet here? | 0:16:11 | 0:16:13 | |
Well, the inventor of shorthand, Sir Isaac Pitman, | 0:16:13 | 0:16:15 | |
and Trowbridge's most famous son, was actually educated in the grounds here. | 0:16:15 | 0:16:20 | |
What led him to devise a system of shorthand? | 0:16:20 | 0:16:23 | |
He saw there was a need for key events in history and society | 0:16:23 | 0:16:28 | |
to be disseminated very quickly and effectively. | 0:16:28 | 0:16:32 | |
Hence he came up with the Pitman stenograph system. | 0:16:32 | 0:16:35 | |
I think of shorthand now as being a secretarial device, | 0:16:35 | 0:16:38 | |
but I'm getting the impression that Isaac Pitman had broader uses for it. | 0:16:38 | 0:16:43 | |
That was the key. He saw it as a crucial communication tool | 0:16:43 | 0:16:47 | |
and he ensured that it received the wide notoriety that it did | 0:16:47 | 0:16:52 | |
by publicising and marketing it incredibly effectively. | 0:16:52 | 0:16:56 | |
He went on lecture tours. | 0:16:56 | 0:16:57 | |
So he was very good at raising the profile of it | 0:16:57 | 0:17:00 | |
and ensuring that people saw it as a very useful communication tool. | 0:17:00 | 0:17:04 | |
Isaac Pitman was the son of a manual worker. | 0:17:06 | 0:17:10 | |
In 1837, he published Stenographic Sound-Hand - | 0:17:10 | 0:17:15 | |
a classification of language into basic abbreviations, | 0:17:15 | 0:17:19 | |
which allowed men to quickly record important events | 0:17:19 | 0:17:22 | |
and later revolutionised the role of women in the workplace. | 0:17:22 | 0:17:26 | |
If you had the shorthand qualification it gave you that extra kudos, | 0:17:28 | 0:17:32 | |
that extra status, and it meant you could justify a higher salary. | 0:17:32 | 0:17:35 | |
So, in terms of that, I think it's had a real impact | 0:17:35 | 0:17:38 | |
in enabling women to be independent, financially, | 0:17:38 | 0:17:42 | |
from a quite a relatively young age. | 0:17:42 | 0:17:44 | |
What's the legacy? | 0:17:44 | 0:17:46 | |
I think the fact that Pitman shorthand is still being learnt today, | 0:17:46 | 0:17:49 | |
176 years after Pitman was born. That's quite an achievement. | 0:17:49 | 0:17:53 | |
Clare's introducing me to Anne Bishop, a retired council secretary, | 0:17:56 | 0:18:01 | |
who started learning Pitman's shorthand when she was just 13. | 0:18:01 | 0:18:04 | |
Hello, Anne. The system worked for you, you found it was effective? | 0:18:06 | 0:18:10 | |
-Yes, very much so. -How many words do you do a minute? | 0:18:10 | 0:18:14 | |
At County Hall, to become a senior secretary, you needed 120. | 0:18:14 | 0:18:18 | |
Was that sufficient for everything you needed to do? | 0:18:18 | 0:18:22 | |
The news on the television is mainly read at about that speed | 0:18:22 | 0:18:25 | |
and I used to use that as a guide. | 0:18:25 | 0:18:28 | |
Did you ever have anyone really unreasonable, | 0:18:28 | 0:18:31 | |
who spoke, or dictated, much faster? | 0:18:31 | 0:18:34 | |
Well, you'd ask them to slow down! | 0:18:34 | 0:18:36 | |
Anne, would you like to demonstrate your skills? | 0:18:38 | 0:18:41 | |
If I hand Bradshaw over to Clare, she can read something to us. | 0:18:41 | 0:18:47 | |
You can put it down with pinpoint accuracy in your shorthand | 0:18:47 | 0:18:52 | |
and I'll struggle along in my longhand. | 0:18:52 | 0:18:56 | |
"Trowbridge. This town is the largest in the county, | 0:18:56 | 0:19:00 | |
"with the exception of Salisbury. | 0:19:00 | 0:19:02 | |
"It has a population of 9,626 and is situated on the River Ware." | 0:19:02 | 0:19:09 | |
So this is what I got, "Trowbridge. This is the largest..." | 0:19:09 | 0:19:17 | |
-Ha! But I missed out quite a lot. What have you got? -You did miss quite a lot. | 0:19:17 | 0:19:22 | |
"Trowbridge. This town is the largest in the county, | 0:19:22 | 0:19:24 | |
"with the exception of Salisbury. | 0:19:24 | 0:19:26 | |
"It has a population of 9,626 and is situated on the River Ware." | 0:19:26 | 0:19:32 | |
That's brilliant! | 0:19:32 | 0:19:34 | |
-I missed out about 50%, didn't I? -Probably, yes. -Wow. | 0:19:34 | 0:19:38 | |
-Well done, Anne, and well done, Pitman. -Thank you. | 0:19:38 | 0:19:41 | |
Bradford on Avon next. | 0:19:55 | 0:19:57 | |
Bradshaw says, " 'A town that standeth by cloth making,' said Leland three centuries ago, | 0:19:57 | 0:20:02 | |
"and the same may be said of it now." That's a reference | 0:20:02 | 0:20:05 | |
to John Leland, who catalogued much of England for Henry VIII. | 0:20:05 | 0:20:10 | |
"The Avon is crossed by two bridges, | 0:20:10 | 0:20:12 | |
one very ancient one with a chapel over one of the piers." | 0:20:12 | 0:20:16 | |
I wonder why there's a place of worship over the river. | 0:20:16 | 0:20:20 | |
I'm in suspense. | 0:20:20 | 0:20:21 | |
The company funding Bradford on Avon's original line went bust | 0:20:23 | 0:20:27 | |
and it was a decade before tracks were laid through the town's Victorian station. | 0:20:27 | 0:20:32 | |
But it looks well looked after today. | 0:20:32 | 0:20:34 | |
-Hello, gentlemen. -Hello, Michael. | 0:20:37 | 0:20:39 | |
-Nice to see you. -Very good to see you. Hello. | 0:20:39 | 0:20:42 | |
You're doing a beautiful job, keeping the station looking lovely. | 0:20:42 | 0:20:45 | |
-All volunteers are you? -All volunteers, that's right. | 0:20:45 | 0:20:47 | |
What's your planting plan here? What do you do around the year? | 0:20:47 | 0:20:51 | |
We don't have a great plan. It just evolves as we go along week by week. | 0:20:51 | 0:20:55 | |
We don't profess to be professionals at it. | 0:20:55 | 0:20:57 | |
We just put it in and it works. | 0:20:57 | 0:20:59 | |
-Where are you getting your plants from? -Many, many sources. Many donations of plants. | 0:20:59 | 0:21:04 | |
Ladies will turn up and say, "Can you put this in?" | 0:21:04 | 0:21:07 | |
"What is it?" "Don't know." In it goes. | 0:21:07 | 0:21:09 | |
We've even got some strawberries across there. | 0:21:09 | 0:21:11 | |
That's our treat for the summer, if they grow. | 0:21:11 | 0:21:14 | |
That'll be for the workers, or will you hand them out to the passengers? | 0:21:14 | 0:21:17 | |
-Oh, no, workers! -LAUGHTER | 0:21:17 | 0:21:19 | |
Thanks very much, bye-bye. | 0:21:19 | 0:21:21 | |
Having seen a station as flowery as a church on a wedding day, | 0:21:21 | 0:21:25 | |
I'm meeting local historian Margaret Dobson, | 0:21:25 | 0:21:28 | |
to hear about the chapel on the bridge. | 0:21:28 | 0:21:31 | |
Margaret, Bradshaw's refers to an ancient bridge across the Avon. How old is it? | 0:21:31 | 0:21:35 | |
Probably 13th or 14th century. | 0:21:35 | 0:21:37 | |
Bradshaw's talks about a chapel on one of the piers. That would be the chapel? | 0:21:37 | 0:21:41 | |
No, this would not be the chapel. There was a mediaeval chapel there, | 0:21:41 | 0:21:44 | |
but, by Bradshaw's day, it was a blind house, | 0:21:44 | 0:21:48 | |
a new building that went up - many of them in this area - in the 18th century. | 0:21:48 | 0:21:53 | |
-What was a blind house? -A blind house was a lock-up. | 0:21:53 | 0:21:55 | |
You put people in that if they were misbehaving, | 0:21:55 | 0:21:59 | |
quite probably drunk and disorderly and they couldn't get home, | 0:21:59 | 0:22:03 | |
so you shoved them in there. | 0:22:03 | 0:22:05 | |
The whole town is so pretty | 0:22:05 | 0:22:06 | |
and the weather vane on the lock-up is beautiful. | 0:22:06 | 0:22:09 | |
We think that's a 16th-century fish. It's been there a very long time, | 0:22:09 | 0:22:13 | |
because if somebody was put in there for the night, they were "under the fish and over the water". | 0:22:13 | 0:22:19 | |
-That expression survives to today. -It does, indeed. | 0:22:19 | 0:22:22 | |
Not that many people are locked up in it these days! | 0:22:22 | 0:22:25 | |
Though you might be! | 0:22:25 | 0:22:26 | |
Hopeful that Margaret won't leave me under the fish and over the water, | 0:22:29 | 0:22:33 | |
I'm keen to have a look inside. | 0:22:33 | 0:22:34 | |
Oh, this is pretty grim. | 0:22:37 | 0:22:39 | |
Well, actually, it's a great improvement on what it was up to about 1826, | 0:22:39 | 0:22:44 | |
when it was simply one large cell. | 0:22:44 | 0:22:47 | |
And the man who was kept in here in 1757 | 0:22:47 | 0:22:50 | |
wrote an indignant letter afterwards, | 0:22:50 | 0:22:53 | |
saying that he just had a stone to sit on | 0:22:53 | 0:22:56 | |
and straw on the floor. | 0:22:56 | 0:22:58 | |
So what did these great improvements consist of? | 0:22:58 | 0:23:02 | |
-Making it into two separate cells. -Ah, yes. | 0:23:02 | 0:23:05 | |
And you do have a bed here and, even more modern, | 0:23:05 | 0:23:09 | |
you have a lavatory, which discharges, of course, straight into the river. | 0:23:09 | 0:23:14 | |
Well, let's face it, the bed is not exactly highly sprung | 0:23:14 | 0:23:18 | |
and the lavatory, of course, lacks a flush. | 0:23:18 | 0:23:21 | |
For 1827, I should think this was a delight. | 0:23:21 | 0:23:24 | |
Surprisingly, tranquil Bradford on Avon was the birthplace | 0:23:30 | 0:23:34 | |
of the Victorian vulcanised rubber industry. | 0:23:34 | 0:23:37 | |
And by the look of the family pile, | 0:23:37 | 0:23:39 | |
it brought Shaun Moulton's forebear a great fortune. | 0:23:39 | 0:23:43 | |
-Shaun, what a marvellous house. -Hello, Michael, how do you do? -Gorgeous. | 0:23:44 | 0:23:49 | |
So, what's the story of your family and rubber and Bradford on Avon? | 0:23:49 | 0:23:55 | |
It's a long story, | 0:23:55 | 0:23:57 | |
but a very quick way of explaining it would be to say, | 0:23:57 | 0:24:01 | |
1848, Stephen Moulton came back from America | 0:24:01 | 0:24:04 | |
with a licence from Charles Goodyear to vulcanise rubber. | 0:24:04 | 0:24:10 | |
To stop it from being brittle in the winter, in the cold, and sticky in the summer, in the heat. | 0:24:10 | 0:24:14 | |
And it was Charles Goodyear, back in 1839, who found a way, by adding sulphur. | 0:24:14 | 0:24:19 | |
And he gave that licence to Stephen Moulton, | 0:24:19 | 0:24:22 | |
who sailed back to England with it to try and find a backer. | 0:24:22 | 0:24:25 | |
These early pioneers, these Victorians - | 0:24:25 | 0:24:28 | |
what opportunities did they see for rubber? | 0:24:28 | 0:24:30 | |
First of all, it was the Crimean War. | 0:24:30 | 0:24:31 | |
Waterproof capes, blankets, groundsheets, tents et cetera. | 0:24:31 | 0:24:35 | |
But, after that, it was very much the locomotive industry - | 0:24:35 | 0:24:38 | |
springs, buffers, hoses, you name it. It was a vast business. | 0:24:38 | 0:24:43 | |
Moulton's vulcanised rubber could be useful beyond the railways. | 0:24:45 | 0:24:49 | |
Great engineers like Isambard Kingdom Brunel saw wider potential. | 0:24:49 | 0:24:54 | |
This is a fascinating letter from Brunel to Stephen Moulton, 1859, | 0:24:55 | 0:25:00 | |
requiring a staff for his mast aboard the Great Eastern. | 0:25:00 | 0:25:04 | |
You can see from his lovely diagram that what he's trying to do | 0:25:04 | 0:25:07 | |
is enable the mast to actually move on the deck, | 0:25:07 | 0:25:10 | |
so they don't get snapped off in heavy weather. | 0:25:10 | 0:25:13 | |
-It's signed beautifully. -This is a real treasure, isn't it? | 0:25:13 | 0:25:16 | |
And these are little Brunel sketches! | 0:25:16 | 0:25:18 | |
Yeah, he's actually seen the possibilities | 0:25:18 | 0:25:21 | |
for the application of rubber. | 0:25:21 | 0:25:23 | |
In 1956, Shaun's great uncle, Dr Alex Moulton, sold the rubber company | 0:25:25 | 0:25:30 | |
and, shortly after, began manufacturing luxury, handmade small-wheeled bicycles, | 0:25:30 | 0:25:35 | |
which are fitted with rubber suspension systems. | 0:25:35 | 0:25:38 | |
-Here's Joel, one of our apprentices. -Nice to meet you. -Good to see you. | 0:25:40 | 0:25:43 | |
He's learnt how to mould here in the factory. | 0:25:43 | 0:25:46 | |
What component is being made here? | 0:25:46 | 0:25:48 | |
The four painted parts here are all filled with rubber, | 0:25:48 | 0:25:51 | |
giving the suspension of the front wheel. | 0:25:51 | 0:25:53 | |
So, Joel, what is it that you have to do here? | 0:25:53 | 0:25:56 | |
My task here is to take the vulcanised rubber | 0:25:56 | 0:25:58 | |
and to press it in the press, under heat and 18 tonnes of pressure, | 0:25:58 | 0:26:03 | |
and form the end product, which is our Flexitor piece. | 0:26:03 | 0:26:06 | |
-OK, where do we start? -So, if I give you those. | 0:26:06 | 0:26:09 | |
-I'm trusting you that these are heatproof! -They are. To an extent, yes. | 0:26:09 | 0:26:13 | |
-LAUGHTER -I guess we start with that piece, yes? | 0:26:13 | 0:26:16 | |
-We do. -We pop it in there? -Yep. -There we go. | 0:26:16 | 0:26:18 | |
And we take the wooden wedge and tap it down | 0:26:18 | 0:26:22 | |
-into the base of the mould. -This is hi-tech. -It is! | 0:26:22 | 0:26:25 | |
Shaun, this is a highly manual process. | 0:26:26 | 0:26:28 | |
I can imagine Victorians doing similar things. | 0:26:28 | 0:26:31 | |
Our customers love the fact that it is manual and that we're making these by hand. | 0:26:31 | 0:26:35 | |
Don't apply the pressure while I've got my fingers in there! | 0:26:35 | 0:26:37 | |
-Now I'm going to put apply pressure and heat? Is that right? -Yes, that's correct. | 0:26:37 | 0:26:41 | |
And now, I sit back and wait for 15 minutes? | 0:26:46 | 0:26:48 | |
Yes, 15 minutes' securing time and then it's ready to come out. | 0:26:48 | 0:26:51 | |
What is so special about this suspension? | 0:26:51 | 0:26:53 | |
I think you should try it, Michael, and see. | 0:26:53 | 0:26:55 | |
So what will I notice as I go along? | 0:26:56 | 0:26:58 | |
When you come down through the archway over those cobbles, you'll feel totally isolated. | 0:26:58 | 0:27:03 | |
Ha ha! Here I go. | 0:27:03 | 0:27:05 | |
Whoa! | 0:27:06 | 0:27:08 | |
Yeah, a lovely smooth ride over the cobbles. | 0:27:15 | 0:27:18 | |
-Thank you very much. -You're welcome. -Bye! | 0:27:18 | 0:27:20 | |
The Victorian age witnessed a revolution in communications. | 0:27:26 | 0:27:30 | |
Men like J Walter developed mass-circulation, mass-production newspapers, | 0:27:30 | 0:27:35 | |
while Isaac Pitman gave his name to a faster way of recording speech. | 0:27:35 | 0:27:40 | |
But the most remarkable advance in communications | 0:27:40 | 0:27:43 | |
was the growth of the railways | 0:27:43 | 0:27:46 | |
and the shorthand for timetables and guide books was Bradshaw's. | 0:27:46 | 0:27:51 | |
'Next time, I discover the origins of Victorian photography...' | 0:27:56 | 0:28:00 | |
Talbot made the first photographic negative. | 0:28:00 | 0:28:03 | |
-A shot of this window. -Wow, that is a feeling of history. | 0:28:03 | 0:28:08 | |
'..I visit Britain's longest rail tunnel and its worrying water feature...' | 0:28:08 | 0:28:12 | |
Torrents of water. That is unbelievable! | 0:28:12 | 0:28:16 | |
'..and I receive Bristol Zoo's SEAL of approval.' | 0:28:16 | 0:28:19 | |
OK, Michael, if you just want to raise your right hand. | 0:28:19 | 0:28:22 | |
And your left hand. | 0:28:24 | 0:28:26 | |
Hey! Well done! | 0:28:26 | 0:28:28 |