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On a beach, | 0:00:29 | 0:00:31 | |
bones in the sand tell a story of early Christian life, | 0:00:31 | 0:00:36 | |
ancestral memories and tribal conflict. | 0:00:36 | 0:00:40 | |
Those bones came from a site in a remote part of Ireland. | 0:00:51 | 0:00:56 | |
I've been invited to join the archaeological investigation. | 0:00:56 | 0:01:01 | |
-Hello, Betty. -How are you? | 0:01:08 | 0:01:10 | |
-I've made it and it's a glorious day. -Yes. | 0:01:10 | 0:01:14 | |
-This is the site? -Yes. -Let's see it. | 0:01:14 | 0:01:16 | |
The archaeologist in charge of the dig is Betty O'Brien. | 0:01:16 | 0:01:21 | |
She heard of it when a farmer found human bones while levelling dunes. | 0:01:21 | 0:01:26 | |
What's going on over here? | 0:01:28 | 0:01:30 | |
We're finishing off the excavation of this particular grave. | 0:01:30 | 0:01:36 | |
All the bones from it so far have been disturbed. | 0:01:36 | 0:01:41 | |
The first clues to the age of the site were stone-lined graves. | 0:01:41 | 0:01:45 | |
Betty thought they must be part of an early Christian cemetery. | 0:01:45 | 0:01:50 | |
Overlooking Donegal Bay, in western Ireland, this place is wonderful. | 0:01:53 | 0:01:59 | |
The cemetery is behind the dunes, marked by a low, circular mound. | 0:01:59 | 0:02:04 | |
Another clue to the age is in Betty's plan. | 0:02:05 | 0:02:10 | |
At the centre are the burials, but beyond these is a layer of boulders. | 0:02:10 | 0:02:15 | |
Betty is very puzzled about these. | 0:02:15 | 0:02:18 | |
I think they're cairn material. | 0:02:18 | 0:02:21 | |
It sounds weird, but I do think they are. | 0:02:21 | 0:02:25 | |
They're rising to the surface and they're not modern - | 0:02:25 | 0:02:29 | |
because roots are growing through. | 0:02:29 | 0:02:32 | |
So they've brought these boulders from the beach... | 0:02:32 | 0:02:36 | |
So you thought it was what date? | 0:02:36 | 0:02:39 | |
Early Christian, 7th or 8th century. | 0:02:39 | 0:02:41 | |
But other things are appearing? | 0:02:41 | 0:02:44 | |
This cairn material, BENEATH the burials. | 0:02:44 | 0:02:47 | |
But we don't know how much earlier it is yet. | 0:02:47 | 0:02:51 | |
I'm here for a few days. Can I give you a hand? | 0:02:51 | 0:02:56 | |
We'd be delighted to have a prehistorian. | 0:02:56 | 0:03:00 | |
Betty put me to work on a patch of dark sand, | 0:03:02 | 0:03:05 | |
right in the centre of the site. | 0:03:05 | 0:03:08 | |
It turned out to be unusual. | 0:03:08 | 0:03:10 | |
..Flakes all over the place. Look! | 0:03:10 | 0:03:13 | |
-There's more coming up. -Just there. | 0:03:14 | 0:03:17 | |
-This is a bit unexpected? -Totally unexpected. What do you think? | 0:03:17 | 0:03:23 | |
Bits of cremated bone... | 0:03:23 | 0:03:25 | |
It looks prehistoric, but then I'm a prehistorian. | 0:03:25 | 0:03:29 | |
It's supposed to be early medieval. | 0:03:29 | 0:03:32 | |
If this is cremated... | 0:03:32 | 0:03:34 | |
It's totally unexpected, I don't mind telling you. | 0:03:34 | 0:03:38 | |
-More complication. -I'll really have to think! | 0:03:38 | 0:03:42 | |
-I'll have to look at it further. -Wonderful timing! | 0:03:42 | 0:03:46 | |
I'm glad we turned up now. | 0:03:46 | 0:03:49 | |
That patch marked the position of a pit | 0:03:49 | 0:03:52 | |
which contained a cremation burial. | 0:03:52 | 0:03:55 | |
The discovery of this burnt human bone | 0:03:55 | 0:03:59 | |
means this may have been a burial site for over 2,000 years. | 0:03:59 | 0:04:03 | |
Next day, Betty had another job for me. | 0:04:06 | 0:04:09 | |
A skull was appearing through the sand. | 0:04:09 | 0:04:13 | |
I had to find its skeleton. | 0:04:13 | 0:04:15 | |
The sand was easy to remove. | 0:04:17 | 0:04:20 | |
And the skull seemed well-preserved. | 0:04:20 | 0:04:23 | |
But was it male or female? | 0:04:23 | 0:04:25 | |
Stacey, one of the diggers, knew right away. | 0:04:27 | 0:04:30 | |
I think it's a woman | 0:04:30 | 0:04:33 | |
due to the rounded mandible. | 0:04:33 | 0:04:36 | |
-The bottom part of the jaw? -Exactly - usually, a man's mandible | 0:04:36 | 0:04:41 | |
is at a sharper angle. | 0:04:41 | 0:04:44 | |
-So you think this is a woman? -Yes. | 0:04:44 | 0:04:47 | |
As the outline of the grave became clear, I moved down to the feet. | 0:04:50 | 0:04:55 | |
I think this is the most difficult bit to deal with. | 0:04:55 | 0:05:00 | |
This is the feet - legs coming down here. | 0:05:00 | 0:05:04 | |
The feet look very close together - | 0:05:04 | 0:05:07 | |
maybe bound together in a shroud - | 0:05:07 | 0:05:11 | |
probably like that. | 0:05:11 | 0:05:13 | |
As it's decayed, the toe bones have collapsed down. | 0:05:13 | 0:05:17 | |
So this ball here contains all of those little bones - | 0:05:17 | 0:05:22 | |
which is what I've got to sort out. | 0:05:22 | 0:05:26 | |
-'There was another surprise in store.' This is the pelvis? -Yep. | 0:05:27 | 0:05:33 | |
There! I haven't the faintest idea what it is. | 0:05:38 | 0:05:41 | |
STACEY LAUGHS | 0:05:41 | 0:05:43 | |
Next day, Betty was very excited. | 0:05:47 | 0:05:50 | |
I've been looking at that lump from yesterday and I think it's wood. | 0:05:50 | 0:05:56 | |
-Wood? -Look through there - you can see the fibres. | 0:05:56 | 0:06:00 | |
And there seems to be a sand shadow building up underneath it. | 0:06:00 | 0:06:05 | |
-We knew it wasn't bone. -Absolutely. But wood! That's totally unexpected. | 0:06:05 | 0:06:10 | |
It's unbelievable! Bone, fine. | 0:06:10 | 0:06:14 | |
-But I never thought you'd find wood preserved in sand. And... -What? | 0:06:14 | 0:06:19 | |
There's more where I've just been cleaning. | 0:06:19 | 0:06:22 | |
Oh, good! Let me have a look. | 0:06:22 | 0:06:24 | |
That's bone. That's where that bit was. | 0:06:24 | 0:06:28 | |
And all that by the side of the pelvis and femur is the same thing. | 0:06:28 | 0:06:33 | |
So, if it's wood, what is it? | 0:06:33 | 0:06:36 | |
-It might be part of a plank. -What's that doing there? | 0:06:36 | 0:06:41 | |
It could be a plank-lined grave, which is great. | 0:06:41 | 0:06:45 | |
For this period, there aren't plank-lined graves in Ireland. | 0:06:45 | 0:06:49 | |
Well, we don't know of them. So we've got a first. | 0:06:49 | 0:06:53 | |
-A first? -Yes. -Brilliant! | 0:06:53 | 0:06:55 | |
I came here to see an early Christian site | 0:06:59 | 0:07:02 | |
dating back maybe 1,200 or 1,400 years. | 0:07:02 | 0:07:06 | |
But so much more has emerged that it looks as though those burials | 0:07:06 | 0:07:11 | |
may belong to a family using an ancestral burial ground, | 0:07:11 | 0:07:15 | |
dating back into prehistoric times. | 0:07:15 | 0:07:18 | |
It emphasises what's so exciting about archaeology. | 0:07:18 | 0:07:21 | |
No matter how much you think you know the site, | 0:07:21 | 0:07:24 | |
there are always surprises. | 0:07:24 | 0:07:27 | |
The next day, a team of geophysical surveyors arrived | 0:07:31 | 0:07:35 | |
to investigate the structure of the ground. | 0:07:35 | 0:07:39 | |
We have solid rock which drops, over a distance of about two metres, | 0:07:39 | 0:07:44 | |
to a depth of 50 centimetres. | 0:07:44 | 0:07:47 | |
Betty was convinced that the cairn was built on a natural rock outcrop. | 0:07:48 | 0:07:53 | |
Martina, leading the geophysicists, | 0:07:57 | 0:08:00 | |
is processing the first results of the survey. | 0:08:00 | 0:08:04 | |
-Hello there. -Hello! How are you? | 0:08:04 | 0:08:07 | |
Bet you're glad it's not raining. | 0:08:07 | 0:08:10 | |
However, it was not what Betty was expecting. | 0:08:10 | 0:08:13 | |
-Any results? -Just preliminary ones. | 0:08:13 | 0:08:16 | |
If we did have an outcrop, it should come in here, on the lower levels. | 0:08:16 | 0:08:21 | |
It doesn't seem to be - but these have to be further processed. | 0:08:21 | 0:08:27 | |
But you should see it at this point. | 0:08:27 | 0:08:29 | |
So you're saying we're looking at a monument which is built on sand - | 0:08:29 | 0:08:34 | |
it's not a rock outcrop that's been augmented? | 0:08:34 | 0:08:38 | |
From the results, it looks like it is built on sand, | 0:08:38 | 0:08:42 | |
and it appears to be wind-blown sand. | 0:08:42 | 0:08:44 | |
But Martina had a surprise. | 0:08:46 | 0:08:48 | |
Acting on a tip-off, she scanned an area | 0:08:48 | 0:08:52 | |
where she'd found traces of something large and circular. | 0:08:52 | 0:08:57 | |
Was it another ancient structure? | 0:08:57 | 0:09:00 | |
-What do you reckon that is, then? -I have no idea! | 0:09:00 | 0:09:04 | |
Heaven only knows what it is. | 0:09:04 | 0:09:07 | |
Isn't this place great? | 0:09:07 | 0:09:09 | |
I'll wait with bated breath to see what they come up with. | 0:09:09 | 0:09:13 | |
Oh, dear! | 0:09:13 | 0:09:15 | |
It was a good time for Jane Brayne to be here. | 0:09:15 | 0:09:19 | |
An archaeological illustrator, | 0:09:19 | 0:09:21 | |
she's an expert at reconstructing ancient landscapes. | 0:09:21 | 0:09:25 | |
How might it have looked 1,300 years ago? | 0:09:25 | 0:09:29 | |
She had enough information to make a start. | 0:09:29 | 0:09:33 | |
Jane, what has this got to do with the early Christian landscape? | 0:09:33 | 0:09:37 | |
It has more to do with the modern landscape, | 0:09:37 | 0:09:41 | |
but that's where you begin. | 0:09:41 | 0:09:43 | |
It has to start with what's there now. | 0:09:43 | 0:09:46 | |
Then I'll take it home and change it. | 0:09:46 | 0:09:49 | |
So this is the framework - what you can see now? | 0:09:49 | 0:09:54 | |
Yes, minus modern things like fences, and so on - they're not here. | 0:09:54 | 0:09:59 | |
While Jane got on with painting, I went to have a look at that lake. | 0:09:59 | 0:10:04 | |
I found that it was fresh water. Maybe that's what drew people here? | 0:10:04 | 0:10:09 | |
But there's more. | 0:10:09 | 0:10:11 | |
I thought this lake was strange, | 0:10:12 | 0:10:15 | |
and someone's just told me it's known as the Lake Of The Fair Women. | 0:10:15 | 0:10:20 | |
It's also supposed to be bottomless | 0:10:20 | 0:10:22 | |
and contain treasure from a local abbey, | 0:10:22 | 0:10:26 | |
so there are all sorts of legends attached to the area. | 0:10:26 | 0:10:30 | |
My week at the dig was coming to an end. | 0:10:30 | 0:10:34 | |
We'd found a cairn with a prehistoric cremation, | 0:10:34 | 0:10:38 | |
and early Christians buried on top. | 0:10:38 | 0:10:41 | |
What did it add up to? | 0:10:41 | 0:10:43 | |
We have a small group of people - probably a family, I'm not sure - | 0:10:43 | 0:10:49 | |
who are burying deliberately in an ancestral burial ground. | 0:10:49 | 0:10:54 | |
They're establishing an ancestry for themselves - making a statement. | 0:10:54 | 0:11:00 | |
Trying to lay claim to some land? | 0:11:00 | 0:11:02 | |
Or confirming claim by establishing a connection with their ancestors. | 0:11:02 | 0:11:08 | |
But who were they? | 0:11:08 | 0:11:11 | |
We don't know, but there's a possibility we can find out. | 0:11:11 | 0:11:16 | |
In Ireland we are lucky in that we do have early historic records. | 0:11:16 | 0:11:21 | |
If we get radiocarbon dates on these, | 0:11:21 | 0:11:24 | |
which will indicate which century they belong to, | 0:11:24 | 0:11:28 | |
there's a possibility we might be able to link them in | 0:11:28 | 0:11:32 | |
with a particular group of people. | 0:11:32 | 0:11:35 | |
When are you going to do this research? | 0:11:35 | 0:11:39 | |
When you give me a chance to finish the excavation. | 0:11:39 | 0:11:43 | |
-Right! We'll go away and leave you alone. -Good. | 0:11:43 | 0:11:47 | |
Several weeks later, I had an appointment | 0:11:49 | 0:11:52 | |
with a bone specialist at Trinity College, Dublin. | 0:11:52 | 0:11:56 | |
Moira Delaney was examining all the bones from the excavation. | 0:11:59 | 0:12:04 | |
But what about that wood I'd found? | 0:12:04 | 0:12:07 | |
-Have you had a look at our piece of plank? -Yes, this is it. | 0:12:07 | 0:12:11 | |
It looks a bit dried out since I last saw it. | 0:12:11 | 0:12:15 | |
Yes, I deliberately dried it out | 0:12:15 | 0:12:18 | |
because when I got it, it was still damp. | 0:12:18 | 0:12:21 | |
This is what came up. | 0:12:21 | 0:12:22 | |
A lot of brown, fibrous stuff turned out to be clay and sand. | 0:12:22 | 0:12:27 | |
I get the feeling you're trying to tell me something. | 0:12:27 | 0:12:32 | |
Something you don't really want to hear - that this is bone. | 0:12:32 | 0:12:36 | |
-Oh, no! -I'm afraid so. | 0:12:36 | 0:12:38 | |
-It's not plank? -It's not plank, no. | 0:12:38 | 0:12:41 | |
Out goes the idea of the first plank-lined grave found in Ireland. | 0:12:44 | 0:12:49 | |
I was even more deflated when I saw the burial | 0:12:50 | 0:12:55 | |
I'd helped to excavate. | 0:12:55 | 0:12:57 | |
Most of her bones had crumbled to sand. | 0:12:57 | 0:13:01 | |
Can you tell much from what's left? | 0:13:01 | 0:13:03 | |
The skull has a couple of features | 0:13:03 | 0:13:07 | |
that are worth mentioning - | 0:13:07 | 0:13:10 | |
one piece of pathology that would have affected the quality of life. | 0:13:10 | 0:13:15 | |
-That is an inflammation in the left orbit. -The left eye? | 0:13:15 | 0:13:21 | |
That's the top of the left eye. | 0:13:21 | 0:13:24 | |
You can see here, | 0:13:24 | 0:13:27 | |
the remains of little pits, | 0:13:27 | 0:13:30 | |
and a thickening of the bone, here. | 0:13:30 | 0:13:33 | |
Holding it to the light, | 0:13:33 | 0:13:35 | |
you can see the light through this orbit, but not the other. | 0:13:35 | 0:13:41 | |
In this area here, sits what's called the lachrymal gland. | 0:13:42 | 0:13:47 | |
And it does sometimes get inflamed. | 0:13:47 | 0:13:50 | |
This appearance of inflammation | 0:13:50 | 0:13:53 | |
is borne out by this very marked groove here. | 0:13:53 | 0:13:58 | |
-So that's not damage to the bone? -No, it's not. | 0:13:58 | 0:14:02 | |
That is a natural phenomenon. | 0:14:02 | 0:14:05 | |
That indicates that the artery had enlarged, | 0:14:05 | 0:14:11 | |
and that there was a greater blood supply to this area. | 0:14:11 | 0:14:15 | |
Is that to do with this? | 0:14:15 | 0:14:17 | |
With inflammation, you get | 0:14:17 | 0:14:20 | |
an increase in blood supply to that area. | 0:14:20 | 0:14:24 | |
So this more or less confirms the appearance. | 0:14:24 | 0:14:28 | |
What effect would that inflammation have had on this woman? | 0:14:28 | 0:14:33 | |
With inflammation of the lachrymal gland, there would be pain - | 0:14:33 | 0:14:38 | |
in here, above the left eye. | 0:14:38 | 0:14:41 | |
And the white part of her eye might have had little red veins - | 0:14:41 | 0:14:46 | |
as you'd see in someone with conjunctivitis. | 0:14:46 | 0:14:50 | |
I suspect that the eyelid would have been swollen as well. | 0:14:50 | 0:14:55 | |
From the wear on her molars, Moira thought she died in her late 40s. | 0:14:55 | 0:15:00 | |
What else could her teeth tell us? | 0:15:00 | 0:15:04 | |
This is the left upper canine. | 0:15:04 | 0:15:07 | |
And this is the left upper first. | 0:15:07 | 0:15:10 | |
If you put them together, like that, | 0:15:10 | 0:15:13 | |
there's a tiny notch between them. | 0:15:13 | 0:15:16 | |
What could have caused that wear? | 0:15:16 | 0:15:19 | |
It was either a chip off the enamel, | 0:15:19 | 0:15:22 | |
or something she did pulling something between those two teeth. | 0:15:22 | 0:15:28 | |
What sort of occupation could cause this? | 0:15:28 | 0:15:31 | |
She could have been drawing threads, | 0:15:31 | 0:15:35 | |
she could have been biting them off. | 0:15:35 | 0:15:38 | |
The only definite thing I will say | 0:15:38 | 0:15:41 | |
is that it wasn't a very abrasive substance. | 0:15:41 | 0:15:45 | |
Despite her poor state, | 0:15:48 | 0:15:50 | |
the woman from Donegal can provide us with clues. | 0:15:50 | 0:15:54 | |
We can see what she looks like from her skull. | 0:15:54 | 0:15:58 | |
Her leg bones - radiocarbon dated - should tell us when she was buried. | 0:15:58 | 0:16:02 | |
We also want to know the date of that cremation pit. | 0:16:02 | 0:16:07 | |
That's being dated as well, | 0:16:07 | 0:16:09 | |
and we hope it will be in the prehistoric period. | 0:16:09 | 0:16:14 | |
Then, I went to Belfast University with the bones from Donegal. | 0:16:18 | 0:16:23 | |
They have one of the most accurate carbon dating labs in the world. | 0:16:23 | 0:16:27 | |
But the chemistry will take about three months, | 0:16:27 | 0:16:30 | |
which is good, as there's still lots to do. | 0:16:30 | 0:16:33 | |
I headed back over the Irish Sea. | 0:16:37 | 0:16:40 | |
I wondered if the groove in the tooth | 0:16:40 | 0:16:43 | |
could be proven scientifically to be a wear mark. | 0:16:43 | 0:16:48 | |
I went to see forensic orthodontist David Whittaker | 0:16:48 | 0:16:52 | |
at Cardiff Dental Hospital. | 0:16:52 | 0:16:55 | |
What could he tell us? | 0:16:55 | 0:16:57 | |
Something's been going on, certainly. | 0:16:57 | 0:17:00 | |
The tooth was coated with gold. | 0:17:02 | 0:17:05 | |
This helps the scanning electron microscope | 0:17:05 | 0:17:08 | |
to pick up minute surface details. | 0:17:08 | 0:17:11 | |
The image was then enlarged over 200 times. | 0:17:11 | 0:17:15 | |
After this gold plating, have you found whether this is wear or not? | 0:17:17 | 0:17:22 | |
I think we have, yes. | 0:17:22 | 0:17:25 | |
I'm pleased with this. | 0:17:25 | 0:17:27 | |
This is the biting edge, along here | 0:17:27 | 0:17:31 | |
which we'd expect to be continuous. | 0:17:31 | 0:17:34 | |
There's quite a notch in it. | 0:17:34 | 0:17:36 | |
Yes, in the actual edge. | 0:17:36 | 0:17:39 | |
And continuing up from that, this super area of wear. | 0:17:39 | 0:17:45 | |
-You can imagine... -But is it wear? -I think so, yes. | 0:17:45 | 0:17:49 | |
When you get fracture, it's almost as though you've cleaved a diamond | 0:17:49 | 0:17:54 | |
and you get these nice facets of polishing. | 0:17:54 | 0:17:58 | |
This is not like that. | 0:17:58 | 0:18:00 | |
It's got the shape of a narrow thread | 0:18:00 | 0:18:04 | |
or a piece of leather or something - | 0:18:04 | 0:18:07 | |
it's an occupational disease. | 0:18:07 | 0:18:10 | |
It's an occupational function that this lady's been doing. | 0:18:10 | 0:18:13 | |
What it is, I'm not sure, | 0:18:13 | 0:18:15 | |
but she's been running or holding something between these two teeth. | 0:18:15 | 0:18:21 | |
It's the lateral and central incisor, here. | 0:18:21 | 0:18:25 | |
It's quite a sensible place to hold things. | 0:18:25 | 0:18:28 | |
-Great! It was worth all this? -It's always worth it. | 0:18:28 | 0:18:33 | |
Now we've proved the groove resulted from wear, | 0:18:34 | 0:18:38 | |
what occupation caused it? | 0:18:38 | 0:18:41 | |
Time to return to Ireland and visit the Ulster History Park, | 0:18:42 | 0:18:46 | |
and another expert. | 0:18:46 | 0:18:48 | |
Spinning is just twisting the fibres of the flax. | 0:18:49 | 0:18:53 | |
Now, flax ... it helps if it's damp. | 0:18:53 | 0:18:57 | |
Nowadays people wet their fingers, | 0:18:57 | 0:19:00 | |
but before, people passed it through their teeth. | 0:19:00 | 0:19:04 | |
Does that work? Does it help to wet it? | 0:19:10 | 0:19:14 | |
It does. That has gone through my mouth | 0:19:14 | 0:19:17 | |
and it's much...smoother, if you like. | 0:19:17 | 0:19:21 | |
The dampness from the spittle helps the fibres of the flax to lie flat. | 0:19:21 | 0:19:25 | |
And it tightens it. | 0:19:25 | 0:19:28 | |
But the skull from Donegal has got wear marks on its teeth | 0:19:28 | 0:19:32 | |
and this is suggested as being where this woman pulled... | 0:19:32 | 0:19:36 | |
-It could. -..fibres through her teeth. | 0:19:36 | 0:19:39 | |
-That's just the same place. -It could be done like that. | 0:19:39 | 0:19:43 | |
Well, I'd never have believed it - unless I'd seen it. | 0:19:43 | 0:19:48 | |
-And it would floss your teeth as you did it, as well. -Absolutely! | 0:19:48 | 0:19:53 | |
While I was here, I saw a reconstructed ring fort | 0:19:55 | 0:19:58 | |
where early Christians would have lived. | 0:19:58 | 0:20:02 | |
If this was home, it's certainly cosy, | 0:20:02 | 0:20:06 | |
but where are the pots and pans? | 0:20:06 | 0:20:09 | |
I see wooden vessels around, but weren't there any pots? | 0:20:09 | 0:20:14 | |
No. In the early Christian period, the Irish didn't make pottery. | 0:20:14 | 0:20:19 | |
Without pottery, what did they cook in? | 0:20:19 | 0:20:23 | |
Probably a metal container, | 0:20:23 | 0:20:25 | |
perhaps a cauldron, which would have lasted indefinitely. | 0:20:25 | 0:20:30 | |
But you'd eat out of wooden bowls | 0:20:30 | 0:20:33 | |
and serve your food | 0:20:33 | 0:20:35 | |
-out of wooden troughs? -Yes. | 0:20:35 | 0:20:38 | |
You'd use them for all sorts of purposes. | 0:20:38 | 0:20:42 | |
In a roundhouse nearby, Betty laid on a demonstration | 0:20:42 | 0:20:46 | |
of how early Irish Christians prepared their dead for burial. | 0:20:46 | 0:20:50 | |
We know from 7th century literary sources | 0:20:50 | 0:20:53 | |
that clerics, at any rate, | 0:20:53 | 0:20:55 | |
were wrapped in white linen winding sheets. | 0:20:55 | 0:20:59 | |
So, we've a volunteer. | 0:20:59 | 0:21:01 | |
She's prepared to allow herself to be wrapped in | 0:21:01 | 0:21:06 | |
what we think a winding sheet probably looked like. | 0:21:06 | 0:21:11 | |
With the skeleton we excavated, | 0:21:11 | 0:21:13 | |
the feet were wrapped extremely close together. | 0:21:13 | 0:21:17 | |
But in this period we didn't have shroud pins, | 0:21:17 | 0:21:21 | |
so we're using a piece of flax | 0:21:21 | 0:21:24 | |
to hold the shroud in place at this point. | 0:21:24 | 0:21:27 | |
I remember how tight together they were. | 0:21:27 | 0:21:31 | |
If they were bound, as the body decayed, they'd stay close. | 0:21:31 | 0:21:35 | |
-How do you feel? -Um...secure. | 0:21:35 | 0:21:39 | |
-You're not claustrophobic, are you? -No. -Good. | 0:21:39 | 0:21:43 | |
Before burial, the face would have been covered | 0:21:43 | 0:21:46 | |
with a cloth, like this. | 0:21:46 | 0:21:50 | |
Back on the road - up and down the country in search of more answers. | 0:22:07 | 0:22:13 | |
This time, to Richard Neave at Manchester University. | 0:22:13 | 0:22:17 | |
Facial reconstruction involves the rebuilding of the skull. | 0:22:17 | 0:22:22 | |
Richard is an expert at this, but wasn't happy with what he saw. | 0:22:22 | 0:22:26 | |
This is going to be a nightmare. | 0:22:26 | 0:22:29 | |
Absolute nightmare. | 0:22:29 | 0:22:32 | |
There is always going to be a slight gap. | 0:22:33 | 0:22:38 | |
Also, there's a distortion on this bone... | 0:22:38 | 0:22:42 | |
Richard's job is made more difficult | 0:22:42 | 0:22:45 | |
because the skull is so deformed. | 0:22:45 | 0:22:48 | |
Using wax and tiny props, the skull is painstakingly reassembled. | 0:22:48 | 0:22:53 | |
Well, this has been a tussle. | 0:22:57 | 0:23:01 | |
It really has. | 0:23:01 | 0:23:04 | |
That's as good as we can expect to get it, under the circumstances. | 0:23:04 | 0:23:09 | |
From there, to London, where the reconstruction would really begin. | 0:23:10 | 0:23:15 | |
The surface of the skull is scanned by a laser | 0:23:15 | 0:23:19 | |
and the information is fed into a computer. | 0:23:19 | 0:23:23 | |
Dr Robin Richards is in charge of the Maxillofacial Unit at UCL. | 0:23:24 | 0:23:29 | |
For Robin, facial reconstruction is a routine procedure, | 0:23:29 | 0:23:34 | |
but normally with living patients. | 0:23:34 | 0:23:36 | |
-That's the image the computer's captured? -That's right. | 0:23:36 | 0:23:41 | |
Immediately apparent is the asymmetry in the face, | 0:23:41 | 0:23:46 | |
but that's the orientation of the skull | 0:23:46 | 0:23:49 | |
in the ground when you found it - it's been squashed. | 0:23:49 | 0:23:53 | |
'Lying on her side had caused her skull to distort | 0:23:53 | 0:23:57 | |
'from the pressure of the sand.' | 0:23:57 | 0:24:00 | |
-Could you correct this? -Yes. | 0:24:00 | 0:24:02 | |
I've pushed this part in | 0:24:02 | 0:24:04 | |
and that part of the skull out to make it more symmetric. | 0:24:04 | 0:24:09 | |
-So you can do what Richard wasn't able to do with solid bone? -Yes. | 0:24:09 | 0:24:14 | |
Having got a skull that you're happy with, | 0:24:14 | 0:24:17 | |
what's the next stage on from that? | 0:24:17 | 0:24:20 | |
The next stage is to take a face. | 0:24:20 | 0:24:24 | |
We'll warp the shape of that face | 0:24:24 | 0:24:27 | |
to match the skull. | 0:24:27 | 0:24:30 | |
Whose is that face? | 0:24:30 | 0:24:32 | |
That face is the average of a number of people. | 0:24:32 | 0:24:36 | |
So we're starting from a nondescript face. | 0:24:36 | 0:24:40 | |
Go on - I'm dying to see this. Show me what the face looks like. | 0:24:40 | 0:24:45 | |
Well, that's the new face. | 0:24:45 | 0:24:48 | |
That's a very distinctive face. | 0:24:48 | 0:24:51 | |
I'm fascinated at how the shape of the skull has come through. | 0:24:51 | 0:24:56 | |
The high cheekbones and the prominent upper lip. | 0:24:56 | 0:25:01 | |
That's right. Yes. | 0:25:01 | 0:25:04 | |
Well, this is what Robin's produced. | 0:25:06 | 0:25:09 | |
'At Jane's studio, it's time for the final stage of reconstruction. | 0:25:09 | 0:25:14 | |
'Artistic interpretation takes over from science.' | 0:25:14 | 0:25:18 | |
The only real problem is going to be this eye... | 0:25:18 | 0:25:22 | |
'It's Jane's job to transfer the computer printout into a portrait. | 0:25:22 | 0:25:27 | |
'We know she was middle-aged and had an eye infection, | 0:25:28 | 0:25:33 | |
'but what colour were her hair and eyes and complexion? | 0:25:33 | 0:25:37 | |
'While Jane got on with her work, | 0:25:40 | 0:25:42 | |
'it was back to Belfast for the final jigsaw piece. | 0:25:42 | 0:25:46 | |
'When did our lady die?' | 0:25:46 | 0:25:48 | |
Don't keep us in any more suspense! | 0:25:48 | 0:25:51 | |
-I'm sure you want to know. -Yes! | 0:25:51 | 0:25:53 | |
And I do as well. | 0:25:53 | 0:25:55 | |
-< You don't really want them now? -Yes! -I do. | 0:25:55 | 0:25:59 | |
They date to between AD 608 and AD 660. | 0:25:59 | 0:26:04 | |
-That's exactly what you thought. -Seventh century! Thank you, God! | 0:26:04 | 0:26:09 | |
And the charcoal date | 0:26:09 | 0:26:11 | |
is BC 400 to BC 50. | 0:26:11 | 0:26:14 | |
-That's again what you... -Yup. | 0:26:14 | 0:26:17 | |
I wouldn't be at all surprised | 0:26:17 | 0:26:20 | |
if that narrows down to about the first century BC. | 0:26:20 | 0:26:24 | |
That's fine. That's grand. That's Iron Age. | 0:26:24 | 0:26:28 | |
-Which is what you expected? -Yes. | 0:26:28 | 0:26:31 | |
OK! You were right. | 0:26:31 | 0:26:33 | |
Six months ago, I helped to excavate her remains in Donegal. | 0:26:39 | 0:26:44 | |
Since then, with the help of experts, | 0:26:44 | 0:26:47 | |
she's gone from a collection of bones | 0:26:47 | 0:26:51 | |
to a person you can come face to face with. | 0:26:51 | 0:26:54 | |
We know about her eye condition, how painful it must have been, | 0:26:54 | 0:26:59 | |
and we can suggest how she dressed. | 0:26:59 | 0:27:02 | |
As a Christian, she would have had a headdress, | 0:27:02 | 0:27:05 | |
and this woollen cloak would have been held with a brooch. | 0:27:05 | 0:27:10 | |
So we can really build up a picture of how she looked. | 0:27:10 | 0:27:15 | |
Now we know when she died, Betty has discovered | 0:27:15 | 0:27:19 | |
from ancient Irish documents that she belonged to one of two clans - | 0:27:19 | 0:27:24 | |
the Cenel Coirpre or the Cenel Conail. | 0:27:24 | 0:27:27 | |
This area had long been fought over by rival clans. | 0:27:27 | 0:27:32 | |
By the act of her burial, wrapped in a simple shroud of white linen, | 0:27:32 | 0:27:37 | |
and laid with her head to the west, | 0:27:37 | 0:27:40 | |
the lady of the sands helped her relatives lay claim | 0:27:40 | 0:27:44 | |
to this disputed land. | 0:27:44 | 0:27:47 | |
Subtitles by BBC - 1998 | 0:28:09 | 0:28:13 |