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The Western Front, January 1917. | 0:01:20 | 0:01:24 | |
The hopes of men lay frozen in the grip of winter - | 0:01:24 | 0:01:28 | |
one of the coldest in living memory. | 0:01:28 | 0:01:31 | |
A British war correspondent wrote, | 0:01:35 | 0:01:38 | |
"The snow gave a beauty, even to no-man's land. Lying softly over the tumbled ground of mine fields. | 0:01:38 | 0:01:46 | |
"So that all the ugliness and destruction and death was hidden under this canopy. | 0:01:46 | 0:01:52 | |
"The snowflakes fluttered upon stark bodies there and shrouded them tenderly. | 0:01:52 | 0:01:59 | |
"It was as though all the doves of peace were flying down to fold | 0:01:59 | 0:02:03 | |
"their wings above the obscene things of war." | 0:02:03 | 0:02:06 | |
The cold imposed a defiant cheerfulness. | 0:02:19 | 0:02:23 | |
Keeping warm became a major preoccupation. | 0:02:23 | 0:02:27 | |
We slept in our clothes and our boots. We used to place our top boots under our bodies, | 0:02:30 | 0:02:36 | |
because they used to be stiff in the morning - one couldn't get them on. | 0:02:36 | 0:02:41 | |
The weather then was very, very bitter. | 0:02:41 | 0:02:45 | |
The ground was frozen hard. The hooves of a horse | 0:02:45 | 0:02:50 | |
or the tread of a man's boot would linger for a month. | 0:02:50 | 0:02:55 | |
And when we received our rations, | 0:02:55 | 0:02:58 | |
the bread had to be sawn through, | 0:02:58 | 0:03:01 | |
because you could see the ice in it. | 0:03:01 | 0:03:03 | |
The sinews of war were paralysed by the cold. | 0:03:06 | 0:03:09 | |
Boilers of railway engines froze solid, ships were trapped in ice, | 0:03:09 | 0:03:15 | |
vehicles slithered to a halt, aircraft were grounded. | 0:03:15 | 0:03:20 | |
The guns still fired, although accurate artillery observation was often impossible. | 0:03:25 | 0:03:32 | |
"There was," wrote an onlooker, "something suggestive of tragic drama in this silent countryside, | 0:03:36 | 0:03:42 | |
"where millions of men were waiting to kill each other." | 0:03:42 | 0:03:47 | |
At the beginning of 1917, some 1,300,000 French men had been killed or were dead of wounds, | 0:03:52 | 0:03:59 | |
or in prison, or missing. | 0:03:59 | 0:04:02 | |
A loss of nearly one life for every minute of the war. | 0:04:02 | 0:04:06 | |
The French army had forgotten how to smile. | 0:04:06 | 0:04:10 | |
An old soldier summed up the French state of mind. | 0:04:11 | 0:04:15 | |
"They had lost the habit of the sun. | 0:04:15 | 0:04:19 | |
"They even feared the moonlight. | 0:04:19 | 0:04:22 | |
"They had abandoned the red trousers and kepi of 1914 | 0:04:22 | 0:04:27 | |
"along with their illusions, and had put on horizon blue. | 0:04:27 | 0:04:31 | |
"The blue of a horizon always dirty, dull, and without hope." | 0:04:31 | 0:04:37 | |
Now the French soldiers were being asked for yet one more effort. | 0:04:38 | 0:04:43 | |
They responded once again to a promise which brought fresh hope. | 0:04:43 | 0:04:48 | |
General Robert Nivelle assured his army... | 0:04:48 | 0:04:51 | |
"The rupture of the front is possible in 24 to 48 hours, | 0:04:51 | 0:04:56 | |
"on condition it is with a single stroke and by a sudden attack." | 0:04:56 | 0:05:01 | |
Nivelle was aiming at nothing less than an outright victory. | 0:05:01 | 0:05:06 | |
As an army commander at Verdun, his tactics had been brilliantly successful on a small scale. | 0:05:06 | 0:05:13 | |
But this attack involved a million men. It envisaged, in his words... | 0:05:13 | 0:05:18 | |
"The destruction of the principal mass of the enemy armies on the western theatre by a battle | 0:05:18 | 0:05:25 | |
"delivered with a considerable numerical superiority. | 0:05:25 | 0:05:29 | |
"Breaking through the enemy's front in such a way that the breakthrough can be immediately exploited." | 0:05:29 | 0:05:36 | |
The plan was to return to the French offensive doctrines of 1914. | 0:05:36 | 0:05:42 | |
It was a plan with the simplicity of genius... | 0:05:42 | 0:05:46 | |
or lunacy. | 0:05:46 | 0:05:48 | |
General Nivelle was cultivated, plausible, intensely ambitious. | 0:05:48 | 0:05:53 | |
He expressed himself ably. | 0:05:53 | 0:05:56 | |
But British military leaders, aware now of the hazards of the Western Front, were sceptical of his plan. | 0:05:56 | 0:06:03 | |
General Robertson, Chief of the Imperial General Staff, voiced their fears. | 0:06:03 | 0:06:09 | |
"To Haig and myself, the plan seemed to have many fallacies. | 0:06:09 | 0:06:14 | |
"A breach in the enemy defences on the scale contemplated couldn't be affected within 48 hours." | 0:06:14 | 0:06:21 | |
Major Speirs, a liaison officer who understood the French army, had other misgivings. | 0:06:21 | 0:06:28 | |
"The French army had suffered and fought too long. It was tired to death. | 0:06:28 | 0:06:35 | |
"The light that had guided them receded as they advanced down the long, hopeless road of the war." | 0:06:35 | 0:06:42 | |
Verdun, Champagne, Ypres, Artois, the Somme, the scarp - | 0:06:42 | 0:06:47 | |
they were all just synonymous for suffering and death. | 0:06:47 | 0:06:52 | |
Behind the lines too, the war had left deep scars. | 0:06:58 | 0:07:03 | |
The heart of France was beating slower now, from loss of blood. | 0:07:04 | 0:07:09 | |
From the agony of cumulative grief endured by so many parents, | 0:07:09 | 0:07:15 | |
so many wives, so many hundreds of thousands of orphans. | 0:07:15 | 0:07:20 | |
The assembling French army's new weapons and new tactics now offered new hope. | 0:07:26 | 0:07:33 | |
The men were exhorted... | 0:07:33 | 0:07:35 | |
"Keep moving - the infantry must be through the rear German positions seven hours after zero hour." | 0:07:35 | 0:07:42 | |
And Nivelle insisted that... | 0:07:54 | 0:07:57 | |
"The stamp of violence, of brutality and of rapidity, must characterise your offensive." | 0:07:57 | 0:08:04 | |
Gradually the familiar round of preparations gathered momentum. | 0:08:13 | 0:08:18 | |
As over a million men moved into the assembly areas, | 0:08:18 | 0:08:22 | |
the spark of the Mons was rekindled. | 0:08:22 | 0:08:26 | |
The Marseillaise was heard again on the march, as it had been in 1914. | 0:08:26 | 0:08:31 | |
MARSEILLAISE PLAYS | 0:08:31 | 0:08:34 | |
From French West Africa had come 35 battalions of Senegalese. | 0:08:54 | 0:08:59 | |
Men with fierce courage, but unused to the cold of a northern winter. | 0:08:59 | 0:09:04 | |
From the distant Urals and from Moscow had come two brigades of Russian troops. | 0:09:04 | 0:09:11 | |
They received an ecstatic welcome. | 0:09:11 | 0:09:14 | |
Now in France, in March 1917, they read in their newspapers of a revolution in Russia. | 0:09:20 | 0:09:27 | |
The Tsar had abdicated. There was talk of peace. | 0:09:27 | 0:09:32 | |
The Russian troops in France were a source of disaffection. | 0:09:32 | 0:09:36 | |
They were divided among themselves. When on leave in Paris, they saw Russian revolutionary propaganda. | 0:09:36 | 0:09:43 | |
They took a vote as to whether they should join in the offensive at all. They decided to fight. | 0:09:43 | 0:09:50 | |
It was not a good omen. | 0:09:50 | 0:09:53 | |
The Germans too had had a hard winter. | 0:09:53 | 0:09:56 | |
They occupied haphazard trench lines that they were cast in by the ebbing tide of the Somme battles. | 0:09:56 | 0:10:03 | |
Hindenburg told the German chancellor... | 0:10:03 | 0:10:07 | |
"The military position can scarcely be worse than it is." | 0:10:07 | 0:10:11 | |
Hindenburg's lieutenant, Ludendorff, predicted that if one of the allies did not collapse, | 0:10:11 | 0:10:17 | |
Germany's defeat was inevitable. | 0:10:17 | 0:10:20 | |
The probability of the allies breaking though in the west had worried Ludendorff since the Somme. | 0:10:20 | 0:10:27 | |
Through winter he had been building a strong system of fortifications, | 0:10:27 | 0:10:32 | |
running from Arras in the north to Soisson in the south. | 0:10:32 | 0:10:36 | |
The Hindenburg line overlapped the sector which Nivelle was proposing to attack. | 0:10:36 | 0:10:43 | |
It was not yet finished in February 1917, but under pressure from local British attacks in the north, | 0:10:43 | 0:10:50 | |
and with expectation of the French offensive, Ludendorff ordered a withdrawal to the new line. | 0:10:50 | 0:10:57 | |
In some places, 30 miles behind the original front. | 0:10:57 | 0:11:01 | |
"The decision to retreat was not reached without a painful struggle. | 0:11:03 | 0:11:08 | |
"It implied a confession of weakness that was bound to raise the morale of the enemy and lower our own." | 0:11:08 | 0:11:14 | |
One night we were not shelled, and we wondered what had happened. | 0:11:14 | 0:11:19 | |
Then we heard the old Hun, as we called him, was pulling out. | 0:11:19 | 0:11:23 | |
He'd gone. | 0:11:23 | 0:11:25 | |
And then we saw the cavalry come up. | 0:11:25 | 0:11:28 | |
The Bengal Lancers trotted past - a wonderful sight. | 0:11:28 | 0:11:32 | |
Rumours all around were, "Is he going? Is he packing up to go home?" | 0:11:32 | 0:11:39 | |
Bit by bit we followed, our patrols went out - they had good rear guard action that they'd laid in advance. | 0:11:39 | 0:11:46 | |
At last we got onto green fields, and roads that weren't shelled. | 0:11:46 | 0:11:53 | |
All was virgin country, and we could gallop on the downs, | 0:11:53 | 0:11:58 | |
we could see the hares and see the larks. | 0:11:58 | 0:12:02 | |
After the months and months of utter brownness and chaos and everything going back into ruin, | 0:12:02 | 0:12:10 | |
to see that open country again was marvellous. | 0:12:10 | 0:12:14 | |
The German withdrawal was accompanied by an orgy of calculated destruction. | 0:12:14 | 0:12:21 | |
Bridges were blown, roads mined, tracts of countryside flooded. | 0:12:21 | 0:12:25 | |
Fruit trees in full bloom senselessly felled, | 0:12:25 | 0:12:29 | |
wells poisoned, household objects booby-trapped. | 0:12:29 | 0:12:33 | |
"Whole villages had been torn down by hand, evidently at the cost of immense labour. | 0:12:33 | 0:12:40 | |
"It was as if the whole countryside had fallen into the hands of demons | 0:12:40 | 0:12:45 | |
"who had vented their lust for destruction on these dwellings. | 0:12:45 | 0:12:51 | |
"As the people grasped the fact that the Germans had really gone, | 0:12:53 | 0:12:58 | |
"they crowded round us, tears of joy and gratitude running down their cheeks. | 0:12:58 | 0:13:04 | |
"Many just wanted to touch us, to make sure that we were real. | 0:13:04 | 0:13:10 | |
"Hardest to bear were the inquiries - the piteous questions about relatives and friends. | 0:13:10 | 0:13:17 | |
"Their questions evoked unbearably the vision of wooden crosses. | 0:13:17 | 0:13:21 | |
"Hundreds of thousands of little wooden crosses scattered from Switzerland to the North Sea." | 0:13:21 | 0:13:29 | |
The Allied advance towards the Hindenburg line was painfully slow. | 0:13:31 | 0:13:36 | |
The weather was atrocious, and the troops, accustomed to static trench warfare, moved as one man put it... | 0:13:36 | 0:13:43 | |
"Like an army of moles suddenly ordered to disport themselves in the light of day." | 0:13:43 | 0:13:50 | |
In France, as indeed in Britain, the German retreat was hailed as a great victory, | 0:13:54 | 0:14:00 | |
and Nivelle claimed the laurels. | 0:14:00 | 0:14:03 | |
-"Had -I -been able to command the German armies, | 0:14:03 | 0:14:07 | |
"I couldn't have given them orders more favourable to my plan." | 0:14:07 | 0:14:11 | |
Haig, whose army was to attack at Arras in support of Nivelle's offensive, took a different view. | 0:14:11 | 0:14:19 | |
"The advisability of launching Nivelle's battle grows daily less. | 0:14:19 | 0:14:24 | |
"The enemy has organised the area in the rear of the threatened front to enable his troops to slip away. | 0:14:24 | 0:14:32 | |
"His object seems to be to disorganise our offensive by causing our attacks to be made in the air." | 0:14:32 | 0:14:40 | |
Nivelle himself obstinately refused to admit that the German withdrawal had altered anything. | 0:14:44 | 0:14:51 | |
"I don't fear numbers. The greater the numbers, the greater the victory." | 0:14:51 | 0:14:57 | |
"He was like a man under a spell," wrote a British liaison officer. | 0:14:57 | 0:15:02 | |
The German defences were wiped out in his imagination and he could see himself galloping in open country. | 0:15:02 | 0:15:10 | |
Grave doubts now beset Nivelle's own generals. | 0:15:10 | 0:15:14 | |
Petain, Franchet d'Esperey, Micheler - their misgivings were shared by the politicians. | 0:15:14 | 0:15:22 | |
Like Painleve, the new Minister of War, and Ribot, the Prime Minister. | 0:15:22 | 0:15:27 | |
But the politicians did not dare dismiss the commander in chief on the very eve of a great offensive. | 0:15:27 | 0:15:32 | |
Already the British bombardment at Arras had begun. | 0:15:32 | 0:15:35 | |
Among the men of Haig's armies, hopes ran high. | 0:15:45 | 0:15:49 | |
They had a premonition that this time all would go well. | 0:15:49 | 0:15:54 | |
On the eve of the attack, a trench raiding party was sent over | 0:16:28 | 0:16:33 | |
to discover how effective the bombardment had proved. | 0:16:33 | 0:16:36 | |
It reported that the first and second German lines were not recognisable as trenches. | 0:17:28 | 0:17:35 | |
German prisoners spoke of "a symphony of hell." | 0:17:35 | 0:17:39 | |
A symphony which had shattered every pain of glass in Douay - 15 miles behind their lines. | 0:17:39 | 0:17:45 | |
They knew the Canadians were about to try to retake Vimy Ridge. | 0:17:45 | 0:17:50 | |
"You Canadians may reach the top of it," said one prisoner, | 0:17:50 | 0:17:54 | |
"But you'll be taken back to Canada in a rowing boat." | 0:17:54 | 0:17:58 | |
On the dawn of Easter Monday, April 9th, the gunfire suddenly stopped. | 0:17:58 | 0:18:04 | |
-Then, -"Fire!" | 0:18:05 | 0:18:07 | |
"The British guns broke out again, | 0:18:07 | 0:18:10 | |
"into such a fire as had yet been seen on no battlefield on Earth. | 0:18:10 | 0:18:15 | |
"It was the first hour of the Somme repeated but a hundred-fold worse. | 0:18:15 | 0:18:21 | |
"As our men went over the parapet the heaven above them was a canopy of shrieking steel." | 0:18:24 | 0:18:31 | |
As the barrage passed, the Germans on Vimy Ridge saw khaki figures in flat steel helmets | 0:18:58 | 0:19:05 | |
swarming in every direction. | 0:19:05 | 0:19:07 | |
These were the Canadians attacking one of the strongest positions on the Western Front. | 0:19:07 | 0:19:14 | |
We had to thread our way amongst the shell holes because the ridge itself had been so pounded. | 0:19:19 | 0:19:25 | |
The German trenches were almost obliterated. They were mere ditches. | 0:19:25 | 0:19:30 | |
We carried on there - the first objective was the German main line, | 0:19:30 | 0:19:35 | |
then we went on to the eastern crest of the ridge. | 0:19:35 | 0:19:38 | |
When we reached the top of the ridge a remarkable sight was unfolded. | 0:19:38 | 0:19:44 | |
We saw before our eyes | 0:19:44 | 0:19:46 | |
all the German occupied villages around Mons - the mining villages with the slag heaps and mine shafts. | 0:19:46 | 0:19:54 | |
And you could even see beyond Mons. They didn't seem to be affected at all. They still seemed intact. | 0:19:54 | 0:20:01 | |
This was the promised land and the Canadian soldiers were the first to see it since the days of 1915, | 0:20:01 | 0:20:08 | |
when the French had held part of the heights. | 0:20:08 | 0:20:12 | |
It was to remain a promised land. | 0:20:12 | 0:20:14 | |
For though the British advanced five miles in places on the first day, capturing 13,000 prisoners, | 0:20:14 | 0:20:22 | |
they hadn't the means or experience to follow up this feat of arms. | 0:20:22 | 0:20:28 | |
The British diversionary attack had fulfilled its purpose. | 0:20:29 | 0:20:34 | |
It had pinned down German reserves. | 0:20:34 | 0:20:37 | |
But the German positions facing the French on the hills of the Aisne were a great natural strength, | 0:20:43 | 0:20:51 | |
and were organised in depths to a distance of five miles. | 0:20:51 | 0:20:55 | |
And the Germans knew the date, even the hour, of the French attack. | 0:20:55 | 0:21:01 | |
GERMAN ACCENT: Minutes before the French attack, the German batteries opened up. | 0:21:02 | 0:21:09 | |
and the fire was so tremendous that hardly any French soldiers went over the top. | 0:21:09 | 0:21:17 | |
After a while, the Germans sent patrols | 0:21:19 | 0:21:23 | |
to find out what happened. | 0:21:23 | 0:21:27 | |
And there they found the French trenches deserted, | 0:21:28 | 0:21:33 | |
except for the wounded and the dead. | 0:21:33 | 0:21:38 | |
Full of dead. | 0:21:38 | 0:21:41 | |
To the assaulting French infantry, the attack was a nightmare. | 0:21:48 | 0:21:53 | |
FRENCH ACCENT: And we could see that everything in the German line was in order - | 0:21:57 | 0:22:04 | |
the machine guns, the men, and everything, and... | 0:22:04 | 0:22:09 | |
But even in some places the barbed wire was there in place. | 0:22:09 | 0:22:16 | |
Was hopeless. | 0:22:17 | 0:22:19 | |
The deeper they penetrated, the more the guns took toll of them. | 0:23:31 | 0:23:36 | |
The Senegalese, their faces grey with cold, were even unable to load their rifles. | 0:23:36 | 0:23:43 | |
Caught between German machine guns and their own artillery fire, they fled the field. | 0:23:43 | 0:23:50 | |
The Russian brigades also suffered cruelly. | 0:23:50 | 0:23:54 | |
French tanks in action for the first time, bogged down in the mud. | 0:23:54 | 0:23:59 | |
The French air force was grounded by the weather. | 0:23:59 | 0:24:03 | |
The wounded returned from the front, swamping medical services. | 0:24:03 | 0:24:08 | |
On these muddy heights under the drenching sleet and rain, | 0:24:08 | 0:24:13 | |
the French attacks faltered, stopped, and wearily faced the inevitable counterattack. | 0:24:13 | 0:24:19 | |
Losses mounted, hope faded. | 0:24:19 | 0:24:22 | |
"It's all up," they said. "We shall never do it." | 0:24:22 | 0:24:26 | |
At French army headquarters, as the reports came in, | 0:24:35 | 0:24:39 | |
an American man observed their effect on some French politicians. | 0:24:39 | 0:24:44 | |
"All day they were telephoning the government in Paris, | 0:24:44 | 0:24:48 | |
"that the army was being massacred and demanding they stop the attack." | 0:24:48 | 0:24:54 | |
It couldn't be stopped. The Germans counter-attacked immediately. | 0:25:00 | 0:25:05 | |
At the end of the first day's fighting, French casualties totalled 90,000 men. | 0:25:41 | 0:25:47 | |
At the end of a fortnight, 120,000. | 0:25:47 | 0:25:50 | |
At the end of three weeks, over 180,000. | 0:25:50 | 0:25:53 | |
The Germans lost 160,000 men, | 0:26:03 | 0:26:06 | |
of whom 40,000 were taken prisoner, and a few miles of ground. | 0:26:06 | 0:26:12 | |
But the real balance was not to be struck in gains and losses, but in hope unfulfilled. | 0:26:12 | 0:26:18 | |
In the bitter sense of betrayal felt by a million French soldiers. | 0:26:18 | 0:26:24 | |
"We've just taken part in one of the most glaring crimes of the war. | 0:26:27 | 0:26:31 | |
"We are betrayed, sold, lost. | 0:26:31 | 0:26:34 | |
"We've learnt nothing - it's a return to 1915. | 0:26:35 | 0:26:40 | |
"They give us citations and crosses, but we'd rather chuck them back at the high command. | 0:26:40 | 0:26:46 | |
"Let those war-to-the-end merchants come up here and see for themselves. | 0:26:46 | 0:26:52 | |
"Our commanders are incapable of leading us to victory. | 0:26:52 | 0:26:56 | |
"Peace ought to be made straight away." | 0:26:56 | 0:27:00 | |
They had had enough. The army of the Marne, of Champagne, Artois, Verdun, the Somme. | 0:27:00 | 0:27:07 | |
This army which had expended itself with valour for three years, | 0:27:07 | 0:27:12 | |
which had lost about one and a half million men - killed or prisoners - at last its proud spirit broke. | 0:27:12 | 0:27:19 | |
They had had enough. | 0:27:19 | 0:27:22 | |
Back in Paris, beneath the surface bustle of a great city, all was speculation and doubt. | 0:27:25 | 0:27:30 | |
But the hospital trains, steaming into the Gare du Nord, told their own truths. | 0:27:30 | 0:27:37 | |
Rumours fed by parliamentary deputies and fanned by defeatists, | 0:27:37 | 0:27:41 | |
spread their sly contagion through the summer days. | 0:27:41 | 0:27:45 | |
In every cafe, in every bistro, in every concierge's lodge, at every street corner, | 0:27:48 | 0:27:54 | |
the casualty figures were trebled, quadrupled. | 0:27:54 | 0:27:58 | |
Rumours and evasions, disillusion and defeatism, | 0:28:03 | 0:28:07 | |
everything that France stood for seemed to be threatened. | 0:28:07 | 0:28:12 | |
Soon after I visited Paris I observed for myself | 0:28:12 | 0:28:17 | |
that things weren't too well, even in the civilian population. | 0:28:17 | 0:28:21 | |
I saw, for instance... | 0:28:23 | 0:28:26 | |
a strike, | 0:28:26 | 0:28:28 | |
of the girls in the big milliner shops - the dressmakers. | 0:28:28 | 0:28:36 | |
They were called, rather pathetically I thought, "Les Petites Mains" - The Small Hands. | 0:28:36 | 0:28:43 | |
And what they were striking for was one sou an hour more - | 0:28:43 | 0:28:49 | |
a ha'penny. | 0:28:49 | 0:28:51 | |
I saw these girls processing down some of the main thoroughfares, | 0:28:51 | 0:28:57 | |
and a lot of men on leave joined them. | 0:28:57 | 0:29:01 | |
That showed there was something. There was unrest, disquiet. | 0:29:02 | 0:29:07 | |
Still more alarming stories now began to filter into Paris from the zone of the armies. | 0:29:13 | 0:29:20 | |
Anxious about all these rumours concerning mutinies, | 0:29:29 | 0:29:34 | |
I decided to go up and see for myself. | 0:29:34 | 0:29:37 | |
I arrived in part of the country near Soisson, which I know well, | 0:29:38 | 0:29:44 | |
and there I was met with the most amazing sight. | 0:29:44 | 0:29:48 | |
Regiment after regiment was in open mutiny. | 0:29:50 | 0:29:57 | |
By which I meant there were degrees of mutiny. | 0:29:57 | 0:30:02 | |
In many units, | 0:30:03 | 0:30:06 | |
the officers were confined to a section of the village - | 0:30:06 | 0:30:11 | |
had no authority at all - | 0:30:11 | 0:30:14 | |
and the men had established posts, | 0:30:14 | 0:30:18 | |
and I wasn't in the least molested. | 0:30:18 | 0:30:22 | |
I asked what was going on... | 0:30:22 | 0:30:25 | |
..got rather evasive answers, but in the main found that the line taken by the men was... | 0:30:26 | 0:30:34 | |
..that they were prepared to occupy the line, but they weren't prepared to fight. | 0:30:36 | 0:30:42 | |
The French army had endured too much for too long. | 0:30:42 | 0:30:46 | |
The agony of Verdun, lack of leave, miserable rest camps and canteens, harsh discipline, low pay, | 0:30:46 | 0:30:54 | |
and now the awful disillusionment of Nivelle's attack. | 0:30:54 | 0:30:59 | |
It was not that they had failed to win a victory, it was that the victory itself was not enough. | 0:30:59 | 0:31:06 | |
It had not produced the expected ending of the war. | 0:31:06 | 0:31:10 | |
The soldiers went on strike. | 0:31:10 | 0:31:13 | |
All through May and into June, the mutinies multiplied. | 0:31:13 | 0:31:17 | |
More and more regiments out of the line refused to obey orders, | 0:31:17 | 0:31:22 | |
refused to take part in attacks or even return to the front. | 0:31:22 | 0:31:27 | |
54 divisions were affected, yet there was little violence. | 0:31:56 | 0:32:02 | |
For the most part, men drifted away into the woods, tried to commandeer trains to Paris, | 0:32:02 | 0:32:08 | |
or just sat tight in their camps or billets, | 0:32:08 | 0:32:12 | |
until, weary of inaction, they gave themselves up to loyal troops. | 0:32:12 | 0:32:17 | |
Russian brigades set up councils and disarmed their officers. | 0:32:27 | 0:32:32 | |
They had to be shelled into submission by French artillery. But at the front, the line held firm. | 0:32:32 | 0:32:39 | |
The men's attitude was, "We'll never advance, but we won't let the Bosch advance either." | 0:32:39 | 0:32:46 | |
"No-one believed any longer in a decision by force of arms," wrote an officer at French GHQ. | 0:32:46 | 0:32:53 | |
"It is an army without faith." | 0:32:53 | 0:32:56 | |
A choice had now to be made between ruin and reason. Reason prevailed. | 0:33:00 | 0:33:05 | |
Nivelle was dismissed and France turned, as she had done in the worst days of Verdun, to Petain - | 0:33:05 | 0:33:12 | |
a man who understood men. | 0:33:12 | 0:33:15 | |
General Petain was put in charge of the French army, | 0:33:16 | 0:33:20 | |
and he re-established morale in a matter of months. | 0:33:20 | 0:33:25 | |
I saw him doing so, some of the time. | 0:33:26 | 0:33:31 | |
He visited, in a very short time, every division in the French army, | 0:33:32 | 0:33:38 | |
insisting that every single company should be represented by at least one trustworthy man. | 0:33:38 | 0:33:45 | |
He spoke to them ALL and they realised he felt for them, | 0:33:45 | 0:33:52 | |
appreciated what they'd endured, | 0:33:52 | 0:33:55 | |
and was determined that they shouldn't be submitted to such unnecessary suffering again. | 0:33:55 | 0:34:02 | |
Petain listened to the grievances of his troops and acted swiftly. | 0:34:24 | 0:34:29 | |
Every man who could be spared was pulled out of the line. | 0:34:29 | 0:34:34 | |
Decent rest camps were built with facilities for recreation. | 0:34:40 | 0:34:44 | |
A leave system was introduced which allowed men home every four months, | 0:34:59 | 0:35:03 | |
provided trains to get them there and even canteens for the journey. | 0:35:03 | 0:35:08 | |
The troops began to feel at last that somebody cared for them, | 0:35:08 | 0:35:13 | |
that they mattered as individuals. | 0:35:13 | 0:35:16 | |
But military discipline demanded harsher measures as well. | 0:35:59 | 0:36:04 | |
Petain reported to the Minister of War... | 0:36:04 | 0:36:08 | |
"It is necessary to make examples in every regiment that has mutinied." | 0:36:08 | 0:36:13 | |
Over 400 death sentences were imposed. Many were commuted, | 0:36:22 | 0:36:28 | |
but 55 ringleaders were taken out to face a firing squad. | 0:36:28 | 0:36:32 | |
55 executions... | 0:36:32 | 0:36:35 | |
Those were the official figures. | 0:36:35 | 0:36:39 | |
But it is likely that more were shot after summary courts martial. | 0:36:41 | 0:36:46 | |
How many will never be known. | 0:36:46 | 0:36:49 | |
The secret of the mutinies was kept with extraordinary success. | 0:36:57 | 0:37:04 | |
When I reported to the war office there were mutinies in the French army, | 0:37:04 | 0:37:11 | |
the Chief Imperial General Staff expressed the utmost astonishment at this... | 0:37:11 | 0:37:19 | |
..because he said he'd heard nothing of it. | 0:37:20 | 0:37:24 | |
It did seem astonishing that we had 60 highly qualified officers, | 0:37:24 | 0:37:31 | |
attached to the French headquarters, | 0:37:31 | 0:37:35 | |
and over a period of weeks, | 0:37:35 | 0:37:38 | |
the French had managed to conceal any trouble from them. | 0:37:38 | 0:37:44 | |
In a way, perhaps it was fortunate because the Germans hadn't heard either. | 0:37:44 | 0:37:50 | |
If the Germans had, the war would have been over. | 0:37:50 | 0:37:55 | |
When Major Speirs' report was received, he was ordered back to 10 Downing Street. | 0:37:55 | 0:38:01 | |
Lloyd George said to me, | 0:38:01 | 0:38:05 | |
"Is the French army going to get over this?" | 0:38:05 | 0:38:09 | |
And I said, "I believe it is. | 0:38:10 | 0:38:14 | |
"They've had a frightful time. | 0:38:14 | 0:38:16 | |
"But now Petain's in charge, and he's a wonderful leader and the men have got faith in him, | 0:38:16 | 0:38:23 | |
"I believe they will get over it." | 0:38:23 | 0:38:26 | |
France did get over it, but her convalescence was painful and slow. | 0:38:27 | 0:38:32 | |
In the meantime her armies were in no state to prosecute the war. | 0:38:32 | 0:38:37 | |
It was a time of crisis for the allies - the Russians were talking of signing a separate peace. | 0:38:37 | 0:38:44 | |
The Italians wanted reinforcements. | 0:38:44 | 0:38:46 | |
On the Western Front, the British Army was left to bear the burden. | 0:38:46 | 0:38:52 | |
In the words of Lloyd George, "It was the one allied army | 0:38:52 | 0:38:57 | |
"which could be relied upon for any enterprise, however hazardous and arduous it might be." | 0:38:57 | 0:39:03 | |
Yet one bright beacon illuminated these dark and desperate days. | 0:39:03 | 0:39:09 | |
On April 6th 1917, the United States of America had declared war on Germany. | 0:39:09 | 0:39:16 | |
Now despite all the disillusionment of two and a half years, there was hope again. | 0:39:16 | 0:39:24 |