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On April 6th, 1917, | 0:01:17 | 0:01:20 | |
the United States of America declared war on Germany. | 0:01:20 | 0:01:24 | |
For two and a half years, the most powerful nation in the world | 0:01:24 | 0:01:28 | |
had stood apart from Europe's mortal struggle. | 0:01:28 | 0:01:32 | |
Now at last she was drawn in. | 0:01:32 | 0:01:35 | |
Many months would pass before her soldiers could be ready for battle. | 0:01:45 | 0:01:50 | |
But to the war-weary Allies, she brought a new vision of victory. | 0:01:50 | 0:01:55 | |
CHEERING | 0:01:55 | 0:01:57 | |
America had travelled a long road since August 1914. | 0:02:02 | 0:02:06 | |
The outbreak of war in Europe at first barely touched the American people. | 0:02:06 | 0:02:12 | |
Its coming took a form hardly physical at all. | 0:02:12 | 0:02:15 | |
It came as newspaper dispatches from far away in the distance and even farther away in spirit. | 0:02:15 | 0:02:21 | |
The dispatches were as if black flocks of birds frightened from their rookeries | 0:02:23 | 0:02:28 | |
came darting across the ocean, their excited cries a tiding of stirring events. | 0:02:28 | 0:02:34 | |
In 1914, Europe's quarrels seemed to be no concern of Americans. | 0:02:46 | 0:02:50 | |
They were a nation born out of the need to become and remain separate from Europe. | 0:02:50 | 0:02:57 | |
George Washington had expressed their creed... | 0:02:57 | 0:03:01 | |
Why quit our own to stand upon foreign ground? | 0:03:01 | 0:03:05 | |
Why, by interweaving our destiny with that of any part of Europe, | 0:03:05 | 0:03:10 | |
entangle our peace and prosperity in the toils | 0:03:10 | 0:03:14 | |
of European ambition, rivalship, interest, humour or caprice? | 0:03:14 | 0:03:19 | |
FAIRGROUND MUSIC PLAYS | 0:03:19 | 0:03:22 | |
The separatism which inspired the first Americans helped to drive forward the new nation's expansion. | 0:03:55 | 0:04:02 | |
In the 19th century, millions of personal decisions by Europeans | 0:04:02 | 0:04:06 | |
to break away from the fetters of the Old World | 0:04:06 | 0:04:09 | |
brought a swift increase of population to America. | 0:04:09 | 0:04:12 | |
Every immigrant fought his private War of Independence | 0:04:15 | 0:04:19 | |
when he took the decision to uproot himself from the land of his birth and cross the Atlantic. | 0:04:19 | 0:04:24 | |
Give me your tired, your poor | 0:04:29 | 0:04:31 | |
Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free | 0:04:31 | 0:04:35 | |
The wretched refuse of your teeming shore | 0:04:35 | 0:04:38 | |
Send these, the homeless, tempest-tossed to me. | 0:04:38 | 0:04:41 | |
These Americans wanted no part of Europe. | 0:04:48 | 0:04:51 | |
It was a new world that they were seeking. | 0:04:51 | 0:04:53 | |
They found the fruits of isolationism sweet. | 0:04:56 | 0:04:59 | |
They acquired greater wealth and material power than the world had ever known. | 0:04:59 | 0:05:03 | |
In America, men could make vast personal fortunes with astounding speed. | 0:05:06 | 0:05:11 | |
Andrew Carnegie, when he retired, gave away 350 million. | 0:05:12 | 0:05:17 | |
America was the land of promise. | 0:05:17 | 0:05:20 | |
Poor men could grow rich almost overnight. | 0:05:20 | 0:05:23 | |
They could also remain very poor. | 0:05:31 | 0:05:33 | |
In the Dust Bowl, in the factories of Detroit, Baton Rouge or Chicago, | 0:05:33 | 0:05:39 | |
in the cities with their slums which matched the slums of Europe, | 0:05:39 | 0:05:44 | |
there was squalor, misery, bitterness. | 0:05:44 | 0:05:47 | |
For many immigrants and their sons, it was a poor exchange | 0:05:47 | 0:05:51 | |
to escape servitude to Europe's hereditary princes, | 0:05:51 | 0:05:54 | |
only to find servitude to Wall Street's tycoons. | 0:05:54 | 0:05:58 | |
Tycoons were tough. | 0:06:18 | 0:06:19 | |
The first battles of American trade unions were battles indeed. | 0:06:19 | 0:06:23 | |
32 men were killed in a coalfield strike in Colorado. | 0:06:23 | 0:06:27 | |
A bomb in the printing works of a Los Angeles newspaper killed 19 people. | 0:06:27 | 0:06:33 | |
Then we went to hear Emma Goldman at the Bronx Casino, | 0:06:33 | 0:06:36 | |
but the meeting was forbidden and the streets were crowded. | 0:06:36 | 0:06:40 | |
There were moving vans, said to be full of cops with machine guns. | 0:06:40 | 0:06:46 | |
Everybody was talking machine guns, revolution, | 0:06:46 | 0:06:49 | |
civil liberty, freedom of speech, | 0:06:49 | 0:06:51 | |
but some got beaten up by a cop and shoved into a patrol wagon. | 0:06:51 | 0:06:56 | |
Everyone said it was an outrage. And what about Washington and Jefferson? | 0:06:56 | 0:07:02 | |
Yet America offered abundant space to her people, | 0:07:02 | 0:07:06 | |
with a sense of promise never far away. | 0:07:06 | 0:07:09 | |
By the turn of the century, | 0:07:18 | 0:07:20 | |
the frontier, the legendary, luring frontier of the West, had vanished. | 0:07:20 | 0:07:25 | |
From the Atlantic to the Pacific, the nation was won. | 0:07:26 | 0:07:29 | |
Americans who had confined their expansion within their coasts began to look beyond them. | 0:07:35 | 0:07:41 | |
While Britain was fighting in South Africa, America fought Spain | 0:07:43 | 0:07:47 | |
and became a surprised imperialist. | 0:07:47 | 0:07:49 | |
She freed Cuba and she acquired the rich Philippine Islands and Hawaii. | 0:07:51 | 0:07:56 | |
Spokesman of the extrovert American mood was Theodore Roosevelt, twice Republican President... | 0:07:57 | 0:08:04 | |
Our nation, while first of all seeing to its own domestic wellbeing | 0:08:06 | 0:08:11 | |
must not shrink from playing its part | 0:08:11 | 0:08:15 | |
among the great nations without. | 0:08:15 | 0:08:18 | |
Speak softly | 0:08:18 | 0:08:20 | |
and carry a big stick. | 0:08:20 | 0:08:22 | |
Roosevelt's bounding personal vitality | 0:08:23 | 0:08:27 | |
matched that of a nation whose pioneer days were barely finished, | 0:08:27 | 0:08:32 | |
which recognised no challenge which the human muscle and spirit could not overcome. | 0:08:32 | 0:08:37 | |
After his presidency, Roosevelt departed for a long tour of Africa and South America. | 0:08:40 | 0:08:45 | |
He had made America's voice heard in the world's affairs. | 0:08:49 | 0:08:53 | |
He intervened in the Russo-Japanese War, spoke up when France and Germany quarrelled over Morocco, | 0:08:53 | 0:08:59 | |
seized Latin American territory to build the Panama Canal. | 0:08:59 | 0:09:04 | |
His ideas carried the American people beyond their present understanding of themselves. | 0:09:07 | 0:09:12 | |
In 1914, after 20 years out of office, | 0:09:24 | 0:09:27 | |
the Democrats swept back to power on the rallying cry of "Reform". | 0:09:27 | 0:09:33 | |
President Woodrow Wilson voiced the nation's concerns. | 0:09:33 | 0:09:37 | |
We have been proud of our industrial achievements, | 0:09:37 | 0:09:41 | |
but we have not hitherto stopped to count the human cost. | 0:09:41 | 0:09:45 | |
Our duty is to cleanse, | 0:09:45 | 0:09:48 | |
to reconsider, to restore... | 0:09:48 | 0:09:50 | |
every process of our common life. | 0:09:50 | 0:09:53 | |
When war broke out in Europe, | 0:09:53 | 0:09:55 | |
America's president seemed likely to keep her out of it. | 0:09:55 | 0:10:00 | |
Woodrow Wilson was an austere, withdrawn intellectual, the son of a Presbyterian clergyman. | 0:10:00 | 0:10:07 | |
He had lived in the seclusion of the academic world. | 0:10:07 | 0:10:11 | |
His orderly mind found difficulty in grasping the complex dilemmas of the world outside the campus. | 0:10:11 | 0:10:17 | |
But all his instincts were for peace. | 0:10:17 | 0:10:21 | |
Sometimes people call me an idealist. | 0:10:21 | 0:10:24 | |
Well, that is the way I know I am an AMERICAN. | 0:10:24 | 0:10:28 | |
America is the only idealist nation in the world. | 0:10:28 | 0:10:32 | |
ENTHUSIASTIC CHEERING | 0:10:32 | 0:10:35 | |
The idealism of the American people was often confused | 0:10:35 | 0:10:39 | |
and coloured with the boastfulness of a young and thriving country. | 0:10:39 | 0:10:44 | |
Any American mechanic could see that if the Europeans hadn't been a lot of ignorant, underpaid foreigners | 0:10:44 | 0:10:50 | |
who drank, smoked, were loose about women and wasteful in their methods of production, there'd be no war. | 0:10:50 | 0:10:57 | |
Most Americans were well satisfied when Wilson stated the nation's posture towards Europe's war... | 0:10:57 | 0:11:04 | |
We must be impartial in thought, as well as in action. | 0:11:04 | 0:11:08 | |
Must put a curb upon our sentiments, as well as upon every transaction | 0:11:08 | 0:11:13 | |
that might be construed as a preference of one party to the struggle before another. | 0:11:13 | 0:11:20 | |
Many Americans of British origin were two ways torn. | 0:11:20 | 0:11:24 | |
It was New England which had first rebelled against King George. | 0:11:24 | 0:11:28 | |
The memory of rebellion, long distrust of British policy, | 0:11:28 | 0:11:33 | |
some irritation at the sight of the Union Jack in Canada, | 0:11:33 | 0:11:37 | |
conflicted with an instinctive condemnation of German aggression. | 0:11:37 | 0:11:42 | |
Affection towards France, which had helped the colonies in their rebellion, | 0:11:42 | 0:11:48 | |
then imitated them by becoming a republic, was another factor. | 0:11:48 | 0:11:52 | |
And 15 million Irish Americans whose forebears had been forced to emigrate by hunger and poverty | 0:11:57 | 0:12:04 | |
could not easily forgive their English oppressors. | 0:12:04 | 0:12:08 | |
There were millions from Russian territories - Poles, Ukrainians, Jews - | 0:12:08 | 0:12:14 | |
with memories of pogroms and the secret police, | 0:12:14 | 0:12:18 | |
who loathed the notion of a Tsarist victory. | 0:12:18 | 0:12:21 | |
There were over 11 million Americans of German descent. | 0:12:21 | 0:12:25 | |
Many were powerful figures, willing to put forward Germany's case. | 0:12:25 | 0:12:30 | |
England's only grudge was that Germany has grown commercially, financially and industrially | 0:12:30 | 0:12:36 | |
to a position which threatens to crowd England into a second rank. | 0:12:36 | 0:12:41 | |
Jealousy appears to control this English attitude. | 0:12:41 | 0:12:45 | |
And what is Germany fighting for? Does she want anything from anybody? | 0:12:45 | 0:12:49 | |
She wants to be left alone. | 0:12:49 | 0:12:51 | |
The delicate balance of American sympathy was soon disturbed. | 0:12:51 | 0:12:56 | |
Germany's invasion of Belgium outraged American opinion. | 0:12:56 | 0:13:01 | |
Life magazine wrote... | 0:13:01 | 0:13:03 | |
If we see anything right at all in all this matter, Belgium is a martyr to civilisation. | 0:13:03 | 0:13:10 | |
Sister to all who love liberty or law, the great unconquerable fact of the Great War is Belgium. | 0:13:10 | 0:13:17 | |
Strict impartiality was easier to proclaim than to preserve. | 0:13:17 | 0:13:22 | |
As the impact of war sank in, | 0:13:22 | 0:13:24 | |
invasion, destruction, atrocity, authentic or not, | 0:13:24 | 0:13:28 | |
American opinion swayed upon a deep underwater tide. | 0:13:28 | 0:13:33 | |
Yet this tide of pro-British sentiment might be reversed | 0:13:36 | 0:13:41 | |
by the exigencies of war itself. | 0:13:41 | 0:13:43 | |
The exercise of British sea power had always grated upon America. | 0:13:43 | 0:13:48 | |
Britain's blockade of Germany meant the searching of American ships, the seizure of contraband cargos. | 0:13:48 | 0:13:55 | |
A flood of protests poured into the White House. | 0:13:55 | 0:13:58 | |
The British Chancellor of the Exchequer, Lloyd George, wrote... | 0:13:58 | 0:14:03 | |
Germany's chief power was on land, Britain's on the sea. | 0:14:03 | 0:14:07 | |
Germany's invasion of Belgium, her devastation of France, | 0:14:07 | 0:14:11 | |
might arouse disinterested wrath in America, but it did not touch American pockets. | 0:14:11 | 0:14:18 | |
On the other hand, Britain's firm measures | 0:14:18 | 0:14:22 | |
to prevent contraband of war from reaching Germany | 0:14:22 | 0:14:26 | |
and her wide and constantly widening interpretation of contraband | 0:14:26 | 0:14:31 | |
caused serious inconvenience to American shipping and direct interference with American business. | 0:14:31 | 0:14:37 | |
Left to itself, this friction might have developed into a fatal sore, | 0:14:41 | 0:14:47 | |
but German action swung the tide of sympathy against her once more. | 0:14:47 | 0:14:51 | |
U-boat attacks on merchant ships, | 0:14:53 | 0:14:56 | |
sunk with their crews aboard or left to die in their boats, | 0:14:56 | 0:15:00 | |
were more shocking than the Royal Navy's blockade. | 0:15:00 | 0:15:04 | |
The loss of America's trade with Germany was not to be such a blow. | 0:15:04 | 0:15:09 | |
She found a new, insatiable market. | 0:15:09 | 0:15:11 | |
The Allies would buy all the munitions that America could make. | 0:15:11 | 0:15:17 | |
A temporary slump turned into an unprecedented boom. | 0:15:17 | 0:15:21 | |
Righteous sentiment might coincide with self-interest after all - | 0:15:30 | 0:15:35 | |
an ideal circumstance for judicious propaganda. | 0:15:35 | 0:15:39 | |
In the field of propaganda, the Allies enjoyed a vast advantage. | 0:15:40 | 0:15:45 | |
The Royal Navy had ripped up the German transatlantic cables from the ocean bed. | 0:15:45 | 0:15:51 | |
Only the Allies now had direct access to America's public ear. | 0:15:51 | 0:15:56 | |
As the months went by, | 0:15:56 | 0:15:59 | |
the Allied version of events loomed ever larger in the American press. | 0:15:59 | 0:16:03 | |
Gradually the true meaning of neutrality was eroded. | 0:16:03 | 0:16:08 | |
Yet, for a while, its outward forms remained. | 0:16:08 | 0:16:12 | |
In May 1915, there were great issues at home to distract American minds from Europe's war. | 0:16:12 | 0:16:18 | |
Prohibition was one of them - | 0:16:18 | 0:16:21 | |
a cause which stepped into every home. | 0:16:21 | 0:16:24 | |
Already 14 states had gone dry | 0:16:24 | 0:16:27 | |
and a nationwide campaign was demanding total prohibition of the sale of alcohol. | 0:16:27 | 0:16:33 | |
There were dissenters. | 0:16:33 | 0:16:35 | |
Campaigners for women's rights were active | 0:16:49 | 0:16:53 | |
and women, on the whole, also supported Prohibition. | 0:16:53 | 0:16:57 | |
In May, the fastest British liner afloat, the Lusitania, | 0:17:05 | 0:17:09 | |
left New York for Liverpool. | 0:17:09 | 0:17:12 | |
Aboard were 2,000 passengers and crew... | 0:17:12 | 0:17:15 | |
and 5,000 crates of ammunition for the Allies. | 0:17:15 | 0:17:20 | |
On the day before, the German Embassy in Washington had published an announcement in the press. | 0:17:20 | 0:17:27 | |
This warned that Allied ships, including passenger liners, | 0:17:27 | 0:17:31 | |
were liable to be sunk by U-boats. | 0:17:31 | 0:17:33 | |
It meant that the Lusitania's passengers travelled at their own risk, but few paid much attention. | 0:17:33 | 0:17:40 | |
On May 7th, Commander Schwieger's U-20 was waiting for her. | 0:17:42 | 0:17:47 | |
She fired two torpedoes. | 0:17:47 | 0:17:49 | |
EXPLOSION | 0:17:49 | 0:17:51 | |
Her commander noted in his log... | 0:17:51 | 0:17:53 | |
Great confusion on board. Lifeboats being cleared and lowered to water. | 0:17:53 | 0:17:58 | |
Many boats crowded, come down bow first or stern first in the water | 0:17:58 | 0:18:03 | |
and immediately fill and sink. | 0:18:03 | 0:18:05 | |
1,153 people went down in the Lusitania, | 0:18:08 | 0:18:12 | |
including 114 American citizens. | 0:18:12 | 0:18:14 | |
Some of the Lusitania's dead were brought to Ireland for burial. | 0:18:19 | 0:18:23 | |
The American press blazed with indignation. | 0:18:23 | 0:18:27 | |
Germany has affronted the moral sense of the world | 0:18:27 | 0:18:30 | |
and sacrificed her standing among the nations. | 0:18:30 | 0:18:33 | |
The sinking of the Lusitania was deliberate murder. | 0:18:37 | 0:18:41 | |
Once more, the pendulum of American sympathy took a violent swing. | 0:18:46 | 0:18:51 | |
It was no longer just a question of which side America favoured. | 0:18:51 | 0:18:55 | |
It became a matter of whether America herself might fight. | 0:18:55 | 0:19:00 | |
Theodore Roosevelt said... | 0:19:00 | 0:19:02 | |
This represents not merely piracy, | 0:19:02 | 0:19:05 | |
but piracy on a vaster scale of murder than old-time pirates ever practised. | 0:19:05 | 0:19:11 | |
It is warfare against innocent men, women and children on the ocean | 0:19:11 | 0:19:17 | |
and our own fellow countrymen and women who are among the sufferers. | 0:19:17 | 0:19:21 | |
It seems inconceivable | 0:19:21 | 0:19:24 | |
that we can refrain from taking action in this matter, | 0:19:24 | 0:19:28 | |
for we owe it not only to humanity, but to our own national self-respect. | 0:19:28 | 0:19:34 | |
Amid all the passion, President Wilson kept his head. | 0:19:36 | 0:19:40 | |
The principles of a lifetime sustained him. | 0:19:40 | 0:19:43 | |
The example of America must be the example not merely of peace because it will not fight, | 0:19:43 | 0:19:50 | |
but of peace because peace is the healing and elevating influence of the world and strife is not. | 0:19:50 | 0:19:56 | |
There is such a thing as being too proud to fight. | 0:19:56 | 0:20:00 | |
Proud, certainly. And rich. America was now the arsenal of the Allies. | 0:20:00 | 0:20:05 | |
HER booming prosperity was closely linked to THEIR fortunes. | 0:20:05 | 0:20:10 | |
If U-boats could not check the flow of vital war material from America to Europe, | 0:20:10 | 0:20:16 | |
Germany must try other ways. | 0:20:16 | 0:20:18 | |
She turned to sabotage. | 0:20:18 | 0:20:21 | |
Warehouses and factories supplying the Allies were burnt down, | 0:20:21 | 0:20:26 | |
bombs were planted, a huge espionage and sabotage ring was uncovered. | 0:20:26 | 0:20:31 | |
It had spent nearly 30m of German government money, disbursed through the military and naval attaches. | 0:20:31 | 0:20:39 | |
America insisted on their recall. | 0:20:39 | 0:20:42 | |
Her relations with Germany deteriorated further still. | 0:20:42 | 0:20:46 | |
Yet the months went by without any definite consequence | 0:20:51 | 0:20:56 | |
of America's ripening hostility towards the Central powers. | 0:20:56 | 0:20:59 | |
The anniversary of the Lusitania's sinking approached. It was April 1916. | 0:20:59 | 0:21:04 | |
Suddenly once more the pendulum took a counter-swing. | 0:21:08 | 0:21:12 | |
The Easter Rebellion in Ireland was suppressed by British forces. | 0:21:12 | 0:21:18 | |
The execution of captured rebels, spread over ten days, | 0:21:18 | 0:21:23 | |
infuriated millions of Irish Americans and revived their ancient hatred. | 0:21:23 | 0:21:28 | |
The British ambassador in Washington reported... | 0:21:28 | 0:21:31 | |
The attitude towards England has been changed for the worse. | 0:21:31 | 0:21:35 | |
Our cause for the present among the Irish here is a lost one. | 0:21:35 | 0:21:39 | |
In America, 1916 was an election year. | 0:21:42 | 0:21:46 | |
The war was the dominant issue. | 0:21:49 | 0:21:52 | |
The election campaigns of the parties crystallised the sway of opinion. | 0:21:52 | 0:21:56 | |
Neutralism, the desire to stay out of the war, still possessed a doughty champion in the President. | 0:21:56 | 0:22:03 | |
Support for this policy was strong in the Midwest and Pacific states. | 0:22:03 | 0:22:08 | |
Europe's war seemed more remote there than on the Atlantic seaboard. | 0:22:08 | 0:22:14 | |
At the Democratic convention, Wilson was renominated presidential candidate. | 0:22:14 | 0:22:19 | |
The chairman quoted from the Sermon on the Mount. | 0:22:19 | 0:22:23 | |
Blessed are the peacemakers | 0:22:23 | 0:22:26 | |
for they shall be called the children of God. | 0:22:26 | 0:22:30 | |
He was applauded to the echo. | 0:22:30 | 0:22:33 | |
Up and down the United States, | 0:22:35 | 0:22:37 | |
Wilson's campaign slogan was, "He kept us out of the war." | 0:22:37 | 0:22:42 | |
The Republican candidate against Wilson was Charles Hughes, strongly backed by Theodore Roosevelt. | 0:22:42 | 0:22:49 | |
Their policy was preparedness. | 0:22:49 | 0:22:51 | |
They wanted a bigger army, | 0:22:51 | 0:22:54 | |
universal military training, more aggressive American leadership. | 0:22:54 | 0:22:58 | |
Roosevelt taunted Wilson with... | 0:22:58 | 0:23:01 | |
The shadows of men, women and children who have risen from the ooze of the ocean, | 0:23:01 | 0:23:07 | |
the shadows of babies, | 0:23:07 | 0:23:09 | |
gaping pitifully as they sank under the waves. | 0:23:09 | 0:23:13 | |
The shadows of deeds that were never done. | 0:23:13 | 0:23:16 | |
The shadows of lofty words that were followed by no action. | 0:23:16 | 0:23:22 | |
The shadows... | 0:23:22 | 0:23:23 | |
of the tortured dead. | 0:23:23 | 0:23:25 | |
Woodrow Wilson was re-elected, but his majority fell sharply. | 0:23:28 | 0:23:32 | |
The portents were becoming unmistakable. | 0:23:32 | 0:23:35 | |
Yet Wilson clung to his ideal of peace. | 0:23:35 | 0:23:39 | |
There will be no war. This country does not intend to become involved in war. | 0:23:39 | 0:23:45 | |
It would be a crime against civilisation for us to go into it. | 0:23:45 | 0:23:50 | |
Once again, it was Germany's own acts which swung the balance against her. | 0:23:50 | 0:23:55 | |
On January 31st, 1917, Germany informed America of her intention | 0:23:55 | 0:24:01 | |
to carry out unrestricted submarine warfare. | 0:24:01 | 0:24:05 | |
This meant that all shipping, including neutrals, | 0:24:05 | 0:24:08 | |
whether carrying contraband or not, | 0:24:08 | 0:24:10 | |
would be sunk at sight without warning anywhere in Allied waters. | 0:24:10 | 0:24:14 | |
Stage by stage, President Wilson's campus ideals were battered down by war reality. | 0:24:17 | 0:24:24 | |
Stage by stage, he resisted the evidence and its implications. | 0:24:24 | 0:24:29 | |
I refuse to believe that it is the intention of the German authorities | 0:24:29 | 0:24:33 | |
to do in fact what they have warned us they will feel at liberty to do. | 0:24:33 | 0:24:37 | |
Only overt acts can make me believe it. | 0:24:37 | 0:24:42 | |
Wilson was forced to believe. | 0:24:45 | 0:24:48 | |
As vessel after vessel went down, | 0:24:48 | 0:24:51 | |
Germany's ruthless determination became evident. | 0:24:51 | 0:24:54 | |
The German ambassador in Washington was handed his passport. | 0:24:56 | 0:24:59 | |
America broke off diplomatic relations and drafted a bill to arm her merchant ships. | 0:24:59 | 0:25:05 | |
Now she stood on the brink of war. | 0:25:05 | 0:25:08 | |
The last act needed to drag her in was not slow in coming. | 0:25:10 | 0:25:14 | |
In 1917, four-fifths of America's small army was embroiled with Mexico. | 0:25:17 | 0:25:23 | |
Relations between the US and her Latin neighbour were never easy. | 0:25:23 | 0:25:28 | |
The border along the Rio Grande was rarely quiet. | 0:25:28 | 0:25:32 | |
Mexico's successive revolutions alarmed America, | 0:25:32 | 0:25:36 | |
threatened her commercial interests and the lives of her citizens. | 0:25:36 | 0:25:41 | |
To Germany, this distant preoccupation was a godsend. | 0:25:42 | 0:25:46 | |
If the American army was busy in Mexico, it couldn't come to Europe. | 0:25:46 | 0:25:51 | |
Germany proposed an alliance to the Mexican government. | 0:25:51 | 0:25:55 | |
Germany makes Mexico a proposal of alliance on the following basis. | 0:25:55 | 0:25:59 | |
Make war together, make peace together, | 0:25:59 | 0:26:02 | |
generous financial support and an understanding that Mexico | 0:26:02 | 0:26:06 | |
is to reconquer the lost territory in Texas, New Mexico and Arizona. | 0:26:06 | 0:26:12 | |
We suggest Mexico should invite Japan's immediate assistance | 0:26:12 | 0:26:16 | |
and mediate between Japan and ourselves. | 0:26:16 | 0:26:19 | |
This was the secret Zimmermann telegram, | 0:26:23 | 0:26:26 | |
one of history's most explosive documents. | 0:26:26 | 0:26:30 | |
British naval intelligence had broken the German codes | 0:26:30 | 0:26:34 | |
and selected its moment carefully to inform America of the contents of the telegram. | 0:26:34 | 0:26:40 | |
They came as a thunderclap. | 0:26:40 | 0:26:42 | |
This was a conspiracy to attack the very homeland of the United States. | 0:26:42 | 0:26:46 | |
Isolationism withered away. | 0:26:49 | 0:26:51 | |
The Peace Party collapsed. | 0:26:51 | 0:26:53 | |
The fire-eaters rose in their wrath, | 0:26:56 | 0:26:59 | |
headed by a characteristic bellow of rage from Theodore Roosevelt. | 0:26:59 | 0:27:04 | |
This man Wilson is enough to make the saints and the angels, yes, and the Apostles, swear | 0:27:04 | 0:27:10 | |
and I would not blame them. | 0:27:10 | 0:27:12 | |
My God! Why doesn't he do something? | 0:27:12 | 0:27:15 | |
If he does not go to war with Germany, I shall skin him alive. | 0:27:15 | 0:27:20 | |
This was the end of the President's dream of peace. | 0:27:22 | 0:27:25 | |
While he took his last agonising decisions, | 0:27:25 | 0:27:29 | |
Germany for the last time fortified his resolve | 0:27:29 | 0:27:32 | |
by torpedoing three American merchant ships in one day. | 0:27:32 | 0:27:36 | |
Now there was no choice. The peacemaker must go to war. | 0:27:36 | 0:27:41 | |
On April 2nd, 1917, Woodrow Wilson drove to the Capitol to deliver a momentous address. | 0:27:41 | 0:27:48 | |
The wrongs against which we array ourselves are not common wrongs. | 0:27:48 | 0:27:54 | |
They cut to the very root of human life. | 0:27:54 | 0:27:58 | |
I advise that Congress declare | 0:27:58 | 0:28:01 | |
that it formally accept the status of a belligerent which is thrust upon it. | 0:28:01 | 0:28:06 | |
It is a fearful thing to lead this great peaceful people into war, | 0:28:06 | 0:28:11 | |
into the most terrible and disastrous of all wars, | 0:28:11 | 0:28:15 | |
civilisation itself seeming to be in the balance. | 0:28:15 | 0:28:19 | |
But the right is more precious than peace. | 0:28:19 | 0:28:23 | |
The world must be made safe for democracy. | 0:28:23 | 0:28:27 | |
Wilson spoke for the whole nation, | 0:28:32 | 0:28:35 | |
yet the ecstatic cheers with which it applauded him only filled him with sorrowful wonder. | 0:28:35 | 0:28:40 | |
My message today was a message of death for our young men. | 0:28:40 | 0:28:45 | |
How strange it seems to applaud that. | 0:28:45 | 0:28:49 | |
America was at war at last. | 0:28:49 | 0:28:52 | |
The mood which swept her echoed the passionate violence of Europe in 1914. | 0:28:52 | 0:28:58 | |
Winston Churchill wrote... | 0:28:58 | 0:29:00 | |
Pacifism, indifference, dissent were swept from the path | 0:29:00 | 0:29:05 | |
and fiercely pursued to extermination. | 0:29:05 | 0:29:09 | |
And with a roar of slowly gathered, pent-up wrath, | 0:29:09 | 0:29:13 | |
which overpowered in its din every discordant yell, | 0:29:13 | 0:29:17 | |
the American nation sprang to arms. | 0:29:17 | 0:29:19 | |
CHEERING | 0:29:19 | 0:29:21 | |
All America's competitiveness, all her genius for publicity, were channelled into the war effort. | 0:29:22 | 0:29:29 | |
The first war loan was oversubscribed by 50%. | 0:29:29 | 0:29:32 | |
Anti-German feeling ran riot. | 0:29:32 | 0:29:35 | |
Wagner's music was banned. Dachshunds were stoned. | 0:29:35 | 0:29:39 | |
Sauerkraut was rechristened liberty cabbage. | 0:29:39 | 0:29:43 | |
And Potsdam, Missouri, hurriedly changed its name to Pershing. | 0:29:43 | 0:29:48 | |
Newspapers, magazines and posters | 0:29:55 | 0:29:57 | |
provided constant fuel for the nation's passion. | 0:29:57 | 0:30:00 | |
Even in a prayer before the House of Representatives, Germany was remembered. | 0:30:00 | 0:30:04 | |
Thou knowest, O Lord, that no nation so infamous, vile, | 0:30:04 | 0:30:09 | |
greedy, sensuous, bloodthirsty, ever disgraced the pages of history. | 0:30:09 | 0:30:15 | |
Young men swarmed into recruiting centres. | 0:30:15 | 0:30:18 | |
But with memories of the breakdown of volunteering in the Civil War, | 0:30:18 | 0:30:23 | |
the government rushed through a conscription bill. | 0:30:23 | 0:30:26 | |
Every male between 21 and 30 had to register for military service. | 0:30:26 | 0:30:31 | |
Only 4% of the ten million available failed to do so. | 0:30:31 | 0:30:35 | |
680,000 were selected by ballot for the first draft, | 0:30:35 | 0:30:40 | |
the most America could possibly equip and train at once. | 0:30:40 | 0:30:43 | |
ENTHUSIASTIC CHEERING | 0:30:52 | 0:30:55 | |
American womanhood, determined not to miss this opportunity of proving itself equal in a man's world, | 0:30:55 | 0:31:01 | |
joined the war effort with equal fervour. | 0:31:01 | 0:31:03 | |
The task which faced America was tremendous. | 0:31:21 | 0:31:24 | |
President Wilson said... | 0:31:24 | 0:31:27 | |
It is not an army that we must shape and train for war. It is a nation. | 0:31:27 | 0:31:32 | |
American industry was heavily committed to supplying the Allies. | 0:31:32 | 0:31:37 | |
Now the Secretary for War needed it to arm and supply her own soldiers. | 0:31:37 | 0:31:42 | |
War is no longer Samson with his shield and spear and sword, and David with his sling. | 0:31:42 | 0:31:47 | |
It is the conflict of smokestacks now, the combat of the driving wheel and engine. | 0:31:47 | 0:31:52 | |
The government called in the great business tycoons. | 0:31:56 | 0:31:59 | |
Bernard Baruch was placed in charge of coordinating all the nation's resources. | 0:31:59 | 0:32:05 | |
Private shipping was commandeered and new shipyards were built | 0:32:05 | 0:32:09 | |
for the enormous task of transporting and supplying an army across 3,000 miles of ocean. | 0:32:09 | 0:32:15 | |
Agriculture and food conservation were organised and publicised. | 0:32:35 | 0:32:41 | |
Life magazine urged its readers... | 0:32:41 | 0:32:43 | |
Do not permit your child to take a bite or two from an apple and throw the rest away. | 0:32:43 | 0:32:48 | |
Even children must be patriotic to the core. | 0:32:48 | 0:32:53 | |
Like Britain in 1914, America was a naval power with only a small regular army. | 0:32:53 | 0:32:59 | |
Immediately she placed her fleet at the disposal of the Allies. | 0:32:59 | 0:33:03 | |
On May 4th, 1917, the first American warships reached Britain. | 0:33:11 | 0:33:16 | |
Admiral Beatty welcomed the reinforcement to Britain's fleet. | 0:33:16 | 0:33:20 | |
But it was the American army, | 0:33:27 | 0:33:29 | |
the influx of her inexhaustible manhood, that Europe was awaiting. | 0:33:29 | 0:33:34 | |
It was hard for the Allies to grasp the problems that faced the USA. | 0:33:34 | 0:33:39 | |
The strength of America's army was only 80,000 men | 0:33:39 | 0:33:43 | |
and most of them were on the Mexican border. | 0:33:43 | 0:33:46 | |
To turn this tiny force into a trained army of hundreds of thousands, perhaps millions, | 0:33:46 | 0:33:51 | |
was a stupendous task. | 0:33:51 | 0:33:53 | |
Huge camps were built at breakneck speed and men began training in them almost at once. | 0:33:57 | 0:34:02 | |
The peaceful nation adapted itself to war with a speed and efficiency | 0:34:02 | 0:34:07 | |
which the President had grimly prophesied. | 0:34:07 | 0:34:10 | |
Once lead this people into war | 0:34:10 | 0:34:13 | |
and they'll forget there was ever such a thing as tolerance. | 0:34:13 | 0:34:17 | |
A spirit of ruthless brutality will enter into the very fibre of our national life. | 0:34:17 | 0:34:23 | |
BATTLE CRIES | 0:34:23 | 0:34:26 | |
Conflicts arose between America and her allies - | 0:34:26 | 0:34:30 | |
conflict between America's need for munitions and Allied needs, | 0:34:30 | 0:34:34 | |
between the demand of the Allies for immediate reinforcements | 0:34:34 | 0:34:39 | |
and America's determination to build a great army, | 0:34:39 | 0:34:43 | |
as befitted her station among the powers. | 0:34:43 | 0:34:45 | |
Allied missions, headed by Marshal Joffre for France, | 0:34:47 | 0:34:51 | |
and by Mr Balfour and General Sir Tom Bridges for Britain, | 0:34:51 | 0:34:55 | |
pleaded for American soldiers. | 0:34:55 | 0:34:57 | |
The Allies would have to wait. | 0:35:00 | 0:35:02 | |
America was irrevocably determined upon her course. | 0:35:02 | 0:35:06 | |
The Yanks were coming, but they would come as a United States Army with a United States general, | 0:35:06 | 0:35:12 | |
General Joseph Pershing. | 0:35:12 | 0:35:14 | |
They would come in the fullness of time and not before. | 0:35:14 | 0:35:18 | |
Until then, the Allies must make shift to do without them. | 0:35:20 | 0:35:23 | |
But for encouragement, as a token of what would follow, | 0:35:28 | 0:35:31 | |
a handful of Americans headed by Pershing came to Europe to show the flag. | 0:35:31 | 0:35:37 | |
They disembarked at Liverpool to a hero's welcome. | 0:35:37 | 0:35:40 | |
As we stepped off the gangplank onto British soil, | 0:35:40 | 0:35:43 | |
the band struck up The Star-Spangled Banner, | 0:35:43 | 0:35:47 | |
this being the first time in history that an American army contingent | 0:35:47 | 0:35:51 | |
was officially received in England. | 0:35:51 | 0:35:53 | |
BAND PLAYS US NATIONAL ANTHEM | 0:35:53 | 0:35:56 | |
ENTHUSIASTIC CHEERING | 0:35:59 | 0:36:02 | |
They went on to London, followed by the same tumultuous cheering. | 0:36:04 | 0:36:08 | |
MUSIC: Elgar's "Pomp And Circumstance March No 4" | 0:36:08 | 0:36:12 | |
Pershing was greeted by the King. | 0:36:41 | 0:36:44 | |
It has always been my dream that the two English-speaking nations should some day be united | 0:36:44 | 0:36:51 | |
in a great cause. | 0:36:51 | 0:36:53 | |
And today my dream is realised. | 0:36:53 | 0:36:56 | |
Together, we are fighting for the greatest cause for which peoples could fight. | 0:36:57 | 0:37:02 | |
The Anglo-Saxon race must save civilisation. | 0:37:02 | 0:37:07 | |
The triumphal progress continued into France. | 0:37:11 | 0:37:15 | |
# Over there, over there | 0:37:15 | 0:37:17 | |
# Send the word Send the word over there | 0:37:17 | 0:37:21 | |
# That the Yanks are coming The Yanks are coming | 0:37:21 | 0:37:26 | |
# The drums rum-tumming everywhere... # | 0:37:26 | 0:37:31 | |
In Paris, it swelled to a frenzy. | 0:37:31 | 0:37:33 | |
# Send the word Send the word over there... # | 0:37:34 | 0:37:37 | |
All felt that they were present at the magical operation of the transfusion of blood. | 0:37:37 | 0:37:43 | |
Life arrived in floods to reanimate the mangled body | 0:37:45 | 0:37:49 | |
of a France bled white by the innumerable wounds of four years. | 0:37:49 | 0:37:55 | |
At his new headquarters in the Hotel Crillon, | 0:38:06 | 0:38:09 | |
Pershing was called out onto the balcony by the crowd in the Place de la Concorde. | 0:38:09 | 0:38:14 | |
A breeze caught the folds of the French flag and in a spontaneous gesture, | 0:38:14 | 0:38:19 | |
the normally unemotional American pressed it to his lips. | 0:38:19 | 0:38:23 | |
CHEERING | 0:38:23 | 0:38:25 | |
BAND PLAYS "Over There" | 0:38:25 | 0:38:27 | |
No conquering army could have had a more rapturous welcome from its own people than France gave | 0:38:38 | 0:38:45 | |
to this handful of inexperienced, untried, but vigorous and cheerful American soldiers. | 0:38:45 | 0:38:51 | |
As yet, their fighting value was almost nothing, but their moral effect was everything. | 0:38:51 | 0:38:57 | |
To the onlookers in the streets of Paris, it was one of the most poignant moments in history. | 0:38:57 | 0:39:03 | |
The New World was coming to redress the balance of the Old. | 0:39:03 | 0:39:07 | |
# And we won't come back till it's over over there | 0:39:10 | 0:39:14 | |
# And we won't come back till it's over over there. # | 0:39:18 | 0:39:22 |