Pushing the Boundaries Time to Remember


Pushing the Boundaries

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In the 1950s, the famous newsreel company,

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Pathe, produced a major historical documentary series for British television.

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Made by the award-winning producer Peter Baylis and narrated by an illustrious line-up

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of celebrated actors, Time to Remember chronicled the social, cultural

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and political forces that shaped the first half of the twentieth century.

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The series covered the exploits of inventors and adventurers in several of its episodes.

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The achievements of those intrepid pioneers offer remarkable insights into another era.

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Things, faces, friends, places, years and moments half-forgotten.

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Laughs, fears, songs, tears,

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memories are made of this.

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CLOCK WINDS AND CHIMES

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In the first half of the 20th Century,

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the arrival of new technological breakthroughs brought dramatic change to the lives of millions.

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Improvements to the design of the internal combustion engine saw the roads transformed

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and aviators taking to the skies for the first time in new-fangled "heavier than air" flying machines.

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Experiments in communication technology brought radio,

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then moving pictures, into millions of homes.

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The possibility of being the "very first"

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was motivating pioneers in every field of human endeavour.

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This was an age of daringly ambitious engineering projects, and often eccentric modes of transport.

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For those with a bold spirit and a desire to reach new horizons, the opportunities were boundless.

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Adventure! Even in the changing world of 1900, adventure could still be found for the asking.

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If you grew weary of pushing a clerk's pen or swinging a navy's pick

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you could still find plenty of adventure under the sun.

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For instance, there was still the air to conquer,

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as yet only balloons and airships had risen into that element.

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But though the first heavier than air machine had yet to take off,

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progress was such that already flying was considered safe for ladies,

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in moderation of course.

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Plenty of adventure under the sun.

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You could still be first at the North Pole or the South, for there no man had yet trod, only you'd have

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to make the journey on your own feet with your own sweat and nobody would know of it until you got back,

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if you ever did.

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Get rich quick, you could still plant a stake on a diamond or gold field,

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but you had to be tough enough to defend it against all comers.

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Nowadays it's football pools.

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You could still be first to conquer any one of a hundred virgin peaks, from the Matterhorn to Everest.

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Room and scope up there for a stout heart and a strong rope.

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Plenty of adventure under the sun.

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But the whole century was moving forward, in communications,

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in science and medicine, reason, thought, and above all in industry.

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Never had there been such expansion, sprawling, messy, but where there's muck there's money.

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At the end of her reign Victoria saw a transformed world and all

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around her were mighty monuments to those who had had vision and courage.

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A transformed world moving forward with ever increasing speed.

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Though some preferred to proceed at a more stately pace.

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That was about the time too when Fred got his first motorbike.

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I say motor, but exactly how it did work we were never quite sure.

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And sometimes I suspect neither was Fred.

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Paraffin, or was it petrol?

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At all events there was much priming and lighting up and clouds of mysterious threatening smoke,

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lots of uncertainty.

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ENGINE BLOWS

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But whatever we thought about it, Fred always seemed to get there.

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But changing circumstances forced some to adopt more robust forms of transport.

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In the First World War, the race for superiority on the battlefield

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inspired a new invention, one that wasn't to everyone's taste.

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The people born and bred to horses were reluctant to accept the fact

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that the day of the horse in battle was over and cavalry breakthroughs were no longer possible.

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What war required now was some kind of mechanical armoured horse.

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Well, there were a few weird experiments along these lines,

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complete with reins, so strong was the horse influence.

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But there was little doubt that something

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more revolutionary was wanted, something more revolutionary.

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So was born the tank.

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The first of them was enough to frighten the life out of anybody,

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including those who had to drive them.

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Crushing a car into wreckage was quite another thing from smashing through the deep

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German front. But all the same, it looked very impressive.

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Britain was the first country to develop and then deploy tanks on the battlefield.

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At the Somme, in September 1916.

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After the war, these formidable weapons of combat fulfilled a very different purpose.

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Roll out the tanks, but not for war, for memorials or scrap

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or rides for happy holiday makers at the seaside resorts.

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In the post-war years,

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most people sought thrills in more conventional forms of transport.

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The roaring 20's continued their roaring way.

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Britain was not going to be left behind in the great

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drive for mechanical superiority that this noisiest of eras promoted.

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Throughout the decade, the desirability of the motorcar grew inexorably,

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and inventors responded to the public's fascination

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with ever more experimental, and sometimes outlandish, designs.

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Cars were wonderful, you could do anything with cars.

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How about a car driven by a propeller?

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Just one question...

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Why?

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Then someone brought out a two-way car.

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With all this race and tear to get from place to place,

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it was nice to see someone inventing something

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to help you should you fall over in the rush.

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Another try.

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And yet again.

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That time, I think something bent.

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And parking, watch this.

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Just in case you thought you were seeing things, once again...

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It has another advantage in that, if you changed your mind, you could turn around for home in seconds.

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But there again, it didn't last, probably ran out of front wheels

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changing direction at 60 miles an hour.

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There were some pretty snappy buses too by that time,

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with pneumatic tyres.

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And believe it or not, road sleepers,

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London to Liverpool by night tucked up in your own bed.

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It didn't last long, I don't know what happened to them,

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I suppose they didn't pay or they ran out of sheets or something, or alarm clocks.

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Now, here was something new, a machine designed to skim the water at great speed,

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neither airborne or really seaborne.

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But what would it do faced with the 40-feet Atlantic rollovers?

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Luckily no-one was foolish enough to try and find out.

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Journeys over land and sea could be exhilarating,

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but the really intrepid were reaching for the skies.

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Aviation was the rage around this time.

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Anybody who could afford it went in for their own private plane.

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Hitch your flying machine to your car and tow it to nearest aerodrome,

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there to unfold its wings and take to the air.

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No knowing what the skies over Europe might become if this kind of thing went on.

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Whenever there's a need there's always someone trying to fill it.

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Trying was the word.

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One can't help having a distinct impression that as far as this

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model was concerned there was something aerodynamically wrong.

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Just an impression,

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but in every field of human endeavour hope springs eternal.

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I wonder if he's still trying.

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The odd thing about progress is that there always seems to be

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somebody reading the writing on the wall the wrong way round.

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To change the wheel of a car in motion would be difficult

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enough for anyone, but to change the wheel of an aircraft in flight

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would be a million times more difficult.

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So logic said that if you succeeded

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you'd make progress a million times more progressive,

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if you get what I mean.

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And even if you don't the wheel still got changed, so there.

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An unswerving belief in the power of technology, and optimism

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about all things new and modern, marked the spirit of the age.

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In the '20s, the daredevils had a field day.

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In 1922 it looked very much as though normalcy wasn't so much

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something to get back to as something to get away from.

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And there were plenty of ways open for people to try and do that.

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You could be the first to hang by your teeth from an aeroplane,

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this way up or the other.

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Or the first to walk the English channel instead of taking the boat.

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The choice was unlimited.

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Two bright boys crossed the channel on a motorbike,

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while two other characters paced it out to Vienna on stepladders.

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The exact reason for this escapes me.

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Somebody else achieved a lifetime ambition, to fly into a house at 70 miles an hour.

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A steam roller that went by itself.

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Went was the word.

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It hasn't been seen again since.

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Yes, in every field there must be pioneers.

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Something not done before, and frankly I don't think ever since,

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but in everything there has to be a first time.

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The desire to be first was manifested in a variety of ways.

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Particularly in the quest to reach some of the most inaccessible territories on the planet.

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Time to Remember featured some of the greatest moments

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from the heroic age of exploration,

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including an epic, ill-fated expedition to Antarctica in 1910.

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A ship leaving Britain for the distant Antarctic.

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What was her name?

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The Terra Nova.

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Going to be away some time, so the papers said,

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carrying an expedition that was to try and reach the South Pole.

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Its leader, a naval man, Robert Falcon Scott. Such a little ship,

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such a little band of men,

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but the first chapter in a great story of endurance.

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Always in history it is the pioneers who suffer for ultimate victory.

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Hundreds of miles away from the little Terra Nova, Scott

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and his party plod on night after night in the freezing polar air.

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They set up camp to follow the monotonous routine of keeping alive on the worst journey in the world.

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Farewell, Scott,

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Evans, Wilson and Oates,

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for your march leads only to death.

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Four years later, Scott's great rival, Ernest Shackleton, attempted to be the first to

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cross the Antarctic continent from ocean to ocean via the South Pole.

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The expedition ultimately failed, but is recognised as one of

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history's great stories of endurance.

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Shackleton's fascination with polar exploration continued

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until his death off the coast of South Georgia Island in 1922.

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Two years later, another British expedition embarked

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on an equally arduous mission,

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to become the first men to scale the world's most forbidding peak.

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To conquer the air or the roof of the world.

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That year found another British expedition making the long trek

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through Tibet to camp at the foot of Everest,

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in order to attack that as yet unconquered peak.

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Among that little party in camp were two men, Mallory and Irving, whose

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courage and tenacity were destined to write a never to be forgotten chapter in the history of mountain climbing.

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Through powerful glasses, the rest of the party watched these two

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as they painfully scaled the most formidable of all mountain sides.

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With all that terrible power, Everest fought back.

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And two black specks near her summit was all that was last seen of Mallory and Irving.

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Who can deny that even in defeat, Britain has her great moments.

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That year, closer to home, there was a more successful attempt to claim a world's first.

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At the British Empire Exhibition at Wembley in 1924,

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a speech by a reigning monarch was broadcast over the radio

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for the very first time.

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We've come here today for the purpose of opening...

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Wireless, they called it in Britain, and there are many of them who still do.

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With crystals and cat whiskers and earphones, and the

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new high falutin valve sets, most of the nation listened into that speech,

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and those who managed to pick out the words from all the static and

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interference declared it to be a historic moment indeed.

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As radio was very much in its infancy, you had to put up the vital aerial yourself.

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And if you were as inexpert as Harry Tate and friends,

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there was a fair chance that you didn't catch the king's speech.

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Or anything else, for that matter.

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Yes, these were the first real do-it-yourself days.

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By this time, the inventor who'd helped to achieve

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this landmark moment in the history of communications, and made possible

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special garter-mounted radios for the ladies,

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was striving to make the technology accessible to all.

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Senor Marconi, the radio expert.

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His work in the past had revolutionised wartime navel operations.

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Now, what new marvel was to come next?

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Messages to the moon, some claimed.

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One thing was sure, fire brigades need no longer remain

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out of touch with their bases when dealing with distant conflagrations.

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First, all they needed was an aerial,

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and for that, any tallish structure would suffice.

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The next thing was to spread out on the ground a kind of mattress.

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Don't ask me why. I'm not technically minded.

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This is engine number 235, ready for action.

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But tell us, where's the fire?

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For some time now in southern England, a little group of enthusiasts,

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deep in a mass of coils and wire, had been operating an experimental radio station for half an hour a week.

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And then in 1922, from London's Savoy Hill,

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close by the roaring traffic of The Strand, came the

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first voice of the BBC, the British Broadcasting Company, as it was then.

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2LO, Marconi House, London calling.

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2LO, Marconi House, London calling.

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Regular radio programmes had at last arrived, open to all with a crystal and a cats whisker.

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SINGS

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At that time, the BBC was broadcasting radio only, but soon

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a new form of entertainment would captivate the public imagination.

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The turn of the century had seen the first moving pictures, a remarkable

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new technology, no matter how crude and unprepossessing the images.

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Sitting on hard benches before one of the first of those whirring,

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erm, cinematograph machines, seeing, for a few pennies, a miracle.

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What did it matter what was on the screen,

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so long as it moved, and what did it matter, either, if sometimes

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the lettering on the picture was unaccountably back to front.

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All part of the miracle.

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Fireman, save my child.

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And among those leaping shadows, often you saw something else.

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You saw history.

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A flickering, jumpy scene.

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That carriage arriving at the garden party,

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an old, old lady being assisted from it.

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Victoria Regina, long may she continue to reign.

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Another tuppence, and something even more exciting.

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Soldiers riding across the African Delt. The Boer war.

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It was De Wet, Kruger and a pressman named Winston Churchill, escaping from the Boers.

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£25 reward, dead or alive.

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The brave, the great, the famous.

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Cricketers march out into what looks like a snow storm.

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Oh, but that's only the film.

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Surely it never snowed in those far-off sunny days?

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To the British, a beard as famous as any, well...

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Since Moses. The beard of a man now a legend, WG Grace.

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Soon, cinema's pioneers would marry sound and vision to great effect.

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I recall about 1905, it would have been,

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somebody in Germany experimenting with, surprising at that early date, talking pictures.

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A crude system of synchronisation and amplification, but very interesting.

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A rare glimpse ahead, the movies then were silent and

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destined to remain silent for close upon another quarter of a century.

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In 1929, British cinema-goers flocked to see the first-ever

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home-grown talking picture.

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I shall have quite a lot to say,

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and the first thing I shall say is that she was there too.

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Blackmail featured a trademark cameo appearance by its director, the legendary Alfred Hitchcock.

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But by then, moving pictures were already making their way onto the small screen.

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Under crude aerials with primitive equipment, the engineers of Baird

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were dabbling in, for those days, a real far fetched realm of science.

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Television. Sending pictures, as well as sound, by means of radio waves.

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Oh, what an absurdity.

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In any case, such a device could never have the slightest effect on the motion picture trade, could it?

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Not a chance.

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The land where the talkies had really taken off, the United States, was still mired in the financial

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calamity that had followed the Wall Street Crash in 1929.

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Even so, America was leading the world in science,

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technology and immense engineering projects.

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1932, in the richest country in the world.

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Depression or no depression, you can't hold up progress and men thinking.

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Somewhere up there, above the pinnacles, someone is perfecting

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a piece of apparatus to enable aircraft to fly without a pilot.

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Just set the machine on course, plug in and leave the plane to its own devices.

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A real achievement.

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A pity they couldn't devise an automatic pilot to steer a nation through its storms.

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Then, in front of the very capital of Washington itself, an autogyro,

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forerunner of the helicopter, sails in to land at the steps of the nation's seat of government.

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From there, golf clubs at the ready, two VIPs take off,

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bound for Gettysberg or wherever it is that golfers go from Washington.

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And behind that great skyline,

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new concrete steel and great spanning bridges.

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An America demonstrating new strength in tremendous public works and giant undertaking.

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In the name of the people of the United States,

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to Boulder Dam, are a symbol of greater things in the future.

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And in the honoured presence of guests from many nations, I call you to life.

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At the touch of a switch, waters hitherto controlled only by nature

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gushed forth to make a spectacle, as Franklin D Roosevelt had put it,

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symbolic of a nation pulling itself together after the dark days of uncertainty and depression.

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The early years of the 20th century had seen astonishing advances in almost all areas of human endeavour.

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Despite the economic setbacks of the Great Depression, in the 1930s,

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the mood was still upbeat, and faith in the power of technology was undiminished.

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The 30s -

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a time of optimism.

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Vague and woolly, perhaps, but still optimism.

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A new look to the streets, the cars, the buses,

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as though we were all out to rub away the rough shapes and edges of the 20s.

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All out to streamline our world for the future.

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The first of the 30s promised an amazing world.

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A world where science and progress were rushing ahead to make it yet more wonderful every day.

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Now you could call New York or Istanbul or Rio de Janeiro,

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as though you were calling the grocers round the corner.

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Telephones and radio, in the 20s an amusing toy, today a worldwide network.

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And through it, nation could speak peace unto nation.

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But the really great revolution was mass production, the turning out of everything for everybody.

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Once a radio set was largely a matter of a soldering iron and a do-it-yourself kit.

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Now it was all production line and button-pressing, with millions

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emerging, all ready to tune in to this new and wonderful world.

0:26:180:26:22

And clearly there was not only more but everything to come.

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Soon, no more networks of lines.

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Only sky-borne ships, in the manner that HG Wells had so long prophesised.

0:26:330:26:38

Just a matter of last adjustments and the proper finance.

0:26:380:26:43

And it wasn't just theory either.

0:26:430:26:45

Everywhere you looked, you could find the ingenious applications of the new knowledge.

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A sliding roof for a car or a door that appeared to open without human agency.

0:26:550:27:00

What the world would be like by the 40s was anybody's guess.

0:27:060:27:10

Already someone in Germany has developed a car driven by a rocket motor, its fuel, liquid oxygen.

0:27:100:27:17

The shape of things to come

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and the sound too.

0:27:200:27:22

ENGINE WHIRRING

0:27:220:27:24

And then there's all this scientific talk about splitting the atom.

0:27:300:27:33

But, darling, what on earth is an atom, let alone how do you split it?

0:27:330:27:39

Oh, well, it's a...erm, er...

0:27:390:27:41

Something very small. Er, it's a promising path to follow, isn't it?

0:27:410:27:47

Yes, but exactly what it does promise beats me.

0:27:470:27:51

Science, progress, little doubt that the sky was the limit.

0:27:510:27:56

The 30's promised everything.

0:27:560:27:59

In less than 40 years, everyday life in Britain had changed profoundly.

0:28:000:28:05

The spirit of endeavour and imagination of the early 20th-century pioneers

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brought radical transformations to every sector of life, from new

0:28:090:28:13

modes of land and air transport, to revolutionary new mediums for information and entertainment.

0:28:130:28:20

In the early explorers' attempts to conquer the near unconquerable,

0:28:200:28:25

man had challenged the limits of human endurance and set the precedent for those that followed.

0:28:250:28:30

The inspired inventors of this period brought to the world bold

0:28:300:28:34

innovations, ranging from the radical and world-changing, to the playful and frivolous.

0:28:340:28:39

Their energy, imagination and daring blazed the trail

0:28:390:28:43

from the Victorian Age towards the modern, high-tech world of today.

0:28:430:28:47

Subtitles by Red Bee Media Ltd

0:28:540:28:56

E-mail [email protected]

0:28:560:28:58

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