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1066 was the year that invasion changed the course of English history. | 0:00:24 | 0:00:31 | |
A duke became a conqueror. | 0:00:31 | 0:00:34 | |
He landed here, beat King Harold at the Battle of Hastings, | 0:00:34 | 0:00:39 | |
and brought about the end of Anglo-Saxon England. | 0:00:39 | 0:00:43 | |
It's a story of great men and great events, of tragedy, heroism and sheer bad luck. | 0:00:43 | 0:00:50 | |
We call him William the Conqueror, | 0:01:12 | 0:01:15 | |
but to contemporaries he was William the Bastard. | 0:01:15 | 0:01:20 | |
His father was Duke Robert of Normandy, but his mother was a tanner's daughter. | 0:01:20 | 0:01:26 | |
When he was besieging a French town, the citizens threw hides out to remind William of his origins. | 0:01:26 | 0:01:33 | |
He wasn't amused. When he took the place he had them skinned alive. | 0:01:35 | 0:01:40 | |
It was a measure of the man. | 0:01:40 | 0:01:42 | |
By contrast, Harold was described as affable to all good men and the enemy of evil-doers. | 0:01:42 | 0:01:50 | |
Harold was a son of Earl Godwin, the most powerful man in England after the King, | 0:01:52 | 0:01:58 | |
at times more powerful than him. | 0:01:58 | 0:02:01 | |
The family lived here at Bosham in Sussex. Their hall has long gone, | 0:02:01 | 0:02:06 | |
but the Saxon church in which Harold worshipped still survives. | 0:02:06 | 0:02:11 | |
In 1064, King Edward the Confessor sent Harold to Normandy. | 0:02:11 | 0:02:16 | |
He was shipwrecked, fell into William's hands and swore an oath for him. | 0:02:16 | 0:02:22 | |
Harold promised that when Edward died he would support William's claim to the English throne. | 0:02:22 | 0:02:29 | |
Whether he made his promise freely no-one knows, but the story of his oath is told in the Bayeux Tapestry. | 0:02:29 | 0:02:37 | |
This replica panel from the tapestry shows a long-haired, moustached Harold - | 0:02:37 | 0:02:44 | |
he was a fine figure of a man - | 0:02:44 | 0:02:46 | |
riding here "ad Bosham ecclesia", to Bosham church. | 0:02:46 | 0:02:51 | |
He's about to set out on the journey during which he'll swear that fatal oath. | 0:02:51 | 0:02:58 | |
The oath was broken two years later. | 0:02:58 | 0:03:01 | |
When Edward died in January 1066 Harold himself was crowned King of England. | 0:03:01 | 0:03:07 | |
When William heard the news he decided to invade, and spent months preparing a fleet. | 0:03:07 | 0:03:14 | |
On September the 27th, the invaders set sail in 300 ships. | 0:03:14 | 0:03:19 | |
On the 28th of September, the invaders landed here on the beach at Pevensey in Sussex. | 0:03:30 | 0:03:37 | |
Their cavalry was a force to be reckoned with. My horse Thatch has got Norman blood in his veins. | 0:03:37 | 0:03:45 | |
It can't have been easy bringing 2,000 horses the 100 miles from Normandy in open-top wooden boats. | 0:03:45 | 0:03:52 | |
Harder still, getting them ashore. | 0:03:52 | 0:03:55 | |
This was the biggest amphibious operation since Roman times. | 0:03:55 | 0:04:00 | |
As William scrambled up the shingle he slipped and fell, | 0:04:02 | 0:04:07 | |
throwing out both hands to protect himself. | 0:04:07 | 0:04:11 | |
He got up with blood on his face. | 0:04:11 | 0:04:14 | |
One of his followers said it was a good omen - | 0:04:14 | 0:04:18 | |
he'd taken hold of England with both hands, meaning to guarantee it to his descendants with his blood. | 0:04:18 | 0:04:25 | |
This mishap apart, it was a bloodless landing. | 0:04:25 | 0:04:29 | |
The Normans spent their first day in the Roman fort at Pevensey. | 0:04:34 | 0:04:39 | |
Then it jutted out into the sea. Now it lies a few miles inland. | 0:04:39 | 0:04:44 | |
This was an important gain, but one thing must have worried William. | 0:04:44 | 0:04:49 | |
His invasion had been expected, so where were the Saxons? | 0:04:49 | 0:04:54 | |
A week earlier, Harold had received disastrous news. | 0:04:55 | 0:05:00 | |
His country had been invaded - not in the south by the Normans, but in the north by the Vikings, | 0:05:00 | 0:05:07 | |
who'd landed near York and beaten the local forces. | 0:05:07 | 0:05:11 | |
Harold's army marched out of London and on September the 25th advanced on the Vikings at Stamford Bridge. | 0:05:11 | 0:05:19 | |
Harold pounded up this road at the head of 6,000 men. | 0:05:19 | 0:05:24 | |
He knew all too well who his opponents were - | 0:05:24 | 0:05:28 | |
Harald Hardrada, King of Norway, and his own brother, Earl Tostig. | 0:05:28 | 0:05:33 | |
Both had claims to the throne. | 0:05:33 | 0:05:35 | |
Harold planned to take the Vikings by surprise. | 0:05:35 | 0:05:40 | |
Scouts said they were some distance from their ships, where they'd left their armour. | 0:05:40 | 0:05:47 | |
The Vikings saw the sun glinting off the armour of Harold's host. It looked like sunlight on broken ice. | 0:05:47 | 0:05:55 | |
In order to get at the invaders, Harold's army had to cross the River Derwent. | 0:05:55 | 0:06:01 | |
There was a wooden bridge across it | 0:06:01 | 0:06:04 | |
somewhere here. | 0:06:04 | 0:06:07 | |
One of the Vikings had worn his mail shirt that morning. He stood on the bridge armed with a mighty axe. | 0:06:07 | 0:06:14 | |
He cut down dozens of Saxons. | 0:06:14 | 0:06:17 | |
Eventually one of Harold's men got into a barrel, went underneath the bridge, taking a spear. | 0:06:17 | 0:06:24 | |
As the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle says, "He brogged the giant from below." | 0:06:24 | 0:06:29 | |
The way was now clear for Harold's men | 0:06:29 | 0:06:33 | |
to pour across the river and take on their enemies on the ridge opposite. | 0:06:33 | 0:06:40 | |
The battle was ferocious. | 0:06:48 | 0:06:50 | |
At its end, both Tostig and Hardrada were dead. | 0:06:50 | 0:06:54 | |
The invaders had arrived in 300 ships. The survivors needed only 24 to carry them home. | 0:06:54 | 0:07:02 | |
Harold had destroyed a mighty army. | 0:07:02 | 0:07:04 | |
'The written accounts of this battle are very sketchy. | 0:07:07 | 0:07:12 | |
'Archaeologists like Richard Kemp can give us a sense of what it was like.' | 0:07:12 | 0:07:18 | |
What happened to the warriors who were killed? | 0:07:18 | 0:07:22 | |
Well, we actually have done an excavation of a local churchyard | 0:07:22 | 0:07:27 | |
and found people buried there who undoubtedly fell in the battle. | 0:07:27 | 0:07:32 | |
I've brought along one of the skulls that was excavated from this. | 0:07:32 | 0:07:38 | |
It shows the signs of the battle in the form of the injuries here. | 0:07:38 | 0:07:43 | |
This is undoubtedly a sword, whereas this very straight line may well have been caused by an axe. | 0:07:43 | 0:07:51 | |
If you'd like to handle it, wear gloves. This is mid-11th century, | 0:07:51 | 0:07:57 | |
and therefore rather precious. | 0:07:57 | 0:08:00 | |
The injuries are mostly to the skull. | 0:08:00 | 0:08:04 | |
So we've got straight down wounds. | 0:08:04 | 0:08:07 | |
Several have taken the top off the skull. | 0:08:07 | 0:08:11 | |
We've even got one that comes down against the jaw | 0:08:11 | 0:08:16 | |
and then hits the collar bone. | 0:08:16 | 0:08:18 | |
Mostly to the upper part of the body. Not people with helmets. | 0:08:18 | 0:08:23 | |
A helmet would protect you from this sort of wound. | 0:08:23 | 0:08:28 | |
Another major area of injury is the upper leg and pelvic region. | 0:08:28 | 0:08:33 | |
-So some of them were hit by spears going in under the shield wall. -Yes. | 0:08:33 | 0:08:38 | |
-Bring him down, and once he's fallen, he's hit on the head. -Yes. | 0:08:38 | 0:08:43 | |
Once there's a gap in the shield wall and you can get through, you finish the person off with a hack. | 0:08:43 | 0:08:51 | |
These are evidence, perhaps, that there were two separate people. | 0:08:51 | 0:08:57 | |
-It brings the reality home. -Yes. | 0:08:57 | 0:09:00 | |
That is a considerable injury and this was a field of major slaughter. | 0:09:00 | 0:09:06 | |
Just three days later, the Normans landed. | 0:09:08 | 0:09:11 | |
When Harold received the news, he ordered his exhausted army to begin the 230-mile march back to London. | 0:09:11 | 0:09:19 | |
With Harold away in the north, the Normans moved their base | 0:09:22 | 0:09:27 | |
along the coast to Hastings, and built a temporary fortification. | 0:09:27 | 0:09:32 | |
This castle was built later. | 0:09:32 | 0:09:35 | |
William's problem was simple. He had to beat Harold and take London. | 0:09:35 | 0:09:41 | |
But he couldn't move north. | 0:09:41 | 0:09:43 | |
His fleet would be vulnerable if he left it. | 0:09:43 | 0:09:47 | |
If he stayed put, he risked being bottled up in the Hastings peninsula | 0:09:47 | 0:09:52 | |
with the sea to his back. | 0:09:52 | 0:09:55 | |
William's only hope was to force Harold to come to him. | 0:09:57 | 0:10:02 | |
And the way to do that was to sting Harold into action using sword and fire. | 0:10:02 | 0:10:09 | |
William sent patrols out all over the area, and remorselessly burned and pillaged the nearby villages. | 0:10:14 | 0:10:22 | |
The inhabitants took refuge in churches. | 0:10:22 | 0:10:26 | |
This is Crowhurst, a few miles from Hastings. | 0:10:26 | 0:10:29 | |
In the weeks before the battle it was utterly destroyed. | 0:10:29 | 0:10:34 | |
The Domesday Book has one word for the villages William wiped out - | 0:10:34 | 0:10:39 | |
"vasta" - wasteland. | 0:10:39 | 0:10:42 | |
William's strategy worked. | 0:10:48 | 0:10:51 | |
Harold received news of the ravaging of the villages. | 0:10:51 | 0:10:55 | |
He was Earl of Wessex. These were his people under attack. | 0:10:55 | 0:11:00 | |
He summoned a council of war, probably to Westminster Hall. | 0:11:00 | 0:11:05 | |
His advisors urged caution, | 0:11:05 | 0:11:07 | |
and begged him to let his brother Gyrth lead the army while he stayed back to raise fresh troops. | 0:11:07 | 0:11:15 | |
This was not Harold's style. | 0:11:15 | 0:11:18 | |
He said, "It was never my wont to lie in a lair while other men fight. | 0:11:18 | 0:11:23 | |
"William shall never hear that I dare not look him in the face." | 0:11:23 | 0:11:28 | |
On October the 12th, Harold marched out of London with his depleted army, | 0:11:30 | 0:11:36 | |
an army that Steve Pollington understands. | 0:11:36 | 0:11:40 | |
-How was it organised? -Beneath the King, | 0:11:40 | 0:11:44 | |
who was the supreme commander one might say, we had his personal followers. | 0:11:44 | 0:11:50 | |
These are the men known as housecarls. | 0:11:50 | 0:11:54 | |
Beneath them we have the thecnas - the theyns. These are men possibly a little like medieval knights, | 0:11:54 | 0:12:02 | |
bound by duty to follow their lord into battle, and not to leave the field if he didn't. | 0:12:02 | 0:12:09 | |
Beyond that we have the Anglo-Saxon fyrd - | 0:12:09 | 0:12:14 | |
the mobile army, the army in the field. | 0:12:14 | 0:12:18 | |
This business about not leaving the field after your lord had fallen - fine for poets. | 0:12:18 | 0:12:25 | |
But did it really happen? | 0:12:25 | 0:12:27 | |
There is evidence from a poem recording events at Malden in Essex in 991, | 0:12:27 | 0:12:34 | |
in which one of the old retainers of the ealdorman there - a chap called Burkneuth - | 0:12:34 | 0:12:42 | |
utters some memorable lines from Old English verse which go: | 0:12:42 | 0:12:48 | |
RECITES IN OLD ENGLISH | 0:12:48 | 0:12:51 | |
"Thought shall be the harder, hearts the keener, minds shall be the stronger | 0:12:56 | 0:13:02 | |
"as our strength diminishes." | 0:13:02 | 0:13:05 | |
Their leader was down, they had no hope of getting away alive, but they stayed behind, | 0:13:05 | 0:13:12 | |
they fought on until the last man was down. | 0:13:12 | 0:13:16 | |
Formidable men, aren't they? It's hard not to like them. | 0:13:16 | 0:13:20 | |
Harold ordered his army to rendezvous at a well-known landmark, | 0:13:20 | 0:13:26 | |
the hoar apple tree on Caldbec Hill. | 0:13:26 | 0:13:29 | |
As night fell on Friday, October the 13th, his men made camp. | 0:13:29 | 0:13:34 | |
A Norman chronicler tells us that the Saxons spent the night before the battle carousing up here. | 0:13:34 | 0:13:42 | |
He gives us an account of their toasts. | 0:13:42 | 0:13:46 | |
"Wassail" and "drinkheil". | 0:13:46 | 0:13:49 | |
He wasn't here. He may have been contrasting the wild English with the pious Normans, | 0:13:49 | 0:13:56 | |
who spent the night at prayer. | 0:13:56 | 0:13:58 | |
Many of the Saxons must have known this would be their last night on earth, | 0:13:58 | 0:14:05 | |
for tomorrow they would fight. | 0:14:05 | 0:14:07 | |
Early on the 14th, William heard Mass. | 0:14:19 | 0:14:23 | |
His men were fighting not merely for victory, but for survival. | 0:14:23 | 0:14:28 | |
He took the holy relics on which Harold had sworn his oath in 1064, | 0:14:28 | 0:14:33 | |
and at about six o'clock set off to fight a decisive battle. | 0:14:33 | 0:14:38 | |
As they reached the crest of Telham Hill, the Normans were confronted by an awesome sight. | 0:14:40 | 0:14:47 | |
Over there, on Senlac Ridge, | 0:14:47 | 0:14:50 | |
the Saxons were forming up - | 0:14:50 | 0:14:52 | |
7,000 men, the early sun glinting off swords and axes behind a wall of shields. | 0:14:52 | 0:14:59 | |
'To get an idea of how Harold's men fought, I'm talking to Alan Jeffery, | 0:14:59 | 0:15:04 | |
'expert on Saxon tactics, and known to his friends as Alan the Axe.' | 0:15:04 | 0:15:09 | |
I always think of the axe as being THE Saxon weapon. Was it important? | 0:15:09 | 0:15:14 | |
It was probably the most important weapon of the time. | 0:15:14 | 0:15:19 | |
Technique's the only way to survive in that kind of conflagration. | 0:15:19 | 0:15:24 | |
I have to have a style that will keep me moving and keep you away. | 0:15:24 | 0:15:29 | |
That was a figure eight. | 0:15:29 | 0:15:31 | |
In a wide form or a high form it basically takes this shape. | 0:15:31 | 0:15:36 | |
Now, that's on a wide arc. | 0:15:36 | 0:15:39 | |
On a higher arc, left hand or right, | 0:15:39 | 0:15:43 | |
it takes no effort at all for me to do that. | 0:15:43 | 0:15:47 | |
What is worth bearing in mind, when this hits you I get a rest. | 0:15:47 | 0:15:52 | |
But if I want to get closer to you, | 0:15:52 | 0:15:55 | |
it's easy to take your shield away. | 0:15:55 | 0:15:59 | |
Yeah, I think I get the point. | 0:15:59 | 0:16:01 | |
-Now, talk me through the axe itself. -OK. | 0:16:01 | 0:16:05 | |
It's largely iron - a precious commodity then - with a tempered steel edge | 0:16:05 | 0:16:11 | |
put along here, heat-welded on. | 0:16:11 | 0:16:14 | |
It has a diamond section there which gives it more steel. | 0:16:14 | 0:16:19 | |
In the hands of a skilled person this could fell a human or a horse with little effort at all. | 0:16:19 | 0:16:27 | |
This was the centre of Harold's line on Senlac Ridge. | 0:16:31 | 0:16:36 | |
He stood up here with his guard about him. | 0:16:36 | 0:16:40 | |
His men fought on foot, shoulder to shoulder, like their fathers before them. | 0:16:40 | 0:16:47 | |
Theyns and housecarls, well armed, were probably in the front rank, the worse armed fyrdmen behind them. | 0:16:47 | 0:16:54 | |
7,000 men on a front a mile across. | 0:16:54 | 0:16:58 | |
The army's official war cries were "Holy Cross" and "God Almighty", | 0:16:58 | 0:17:03 | |
but when the Normans came in sight, these shaggy, bearded warriors beat their shields with their weapons | 0:17:03 | 0:17:11 | |
and barked out the older, pagan war cry, "Out! Out! Out! Out! Out!" | 0:17:11 | 0:17:16 | |
William had God on his side, and a banner to prove it. | 0:17:21 | 0:17:26 | |
He had secured the Pope's blessing, | 0:17:26 | 0:17:29 | |
arguing that Harold had broken an oath sworn on holy relics. | 0:17:29 | 0:17:34 | |
William's army formed up, with the papal banner, facing the shield wall. | 0:17:34 | 0:17:40 | |
The Normans were here in the centre, the Bretons were on the left, and the Flemings on the right. | 0:17:40 | 0:17:47 | |
William's plan was simple. His archers and crossbowmen would wear down the shield wall. | 0:17:47 | 0:17:54 | |
Then his infantry would tear gaps in it. | 0:17:54 | 0:17:58 | |
He'd send in the cavalry to break it. | 0:17:58 | 0:18:01 | |
To the accompaniment of trumpets from both sides, his archers let fly. | 0:18:01 | 0:18:08 | |
The arrows had little effect, | 0:18:13 | 0:18:16 | |
either sticking in the shields or passing over the line harmlessly. | 0:18:16 | 0:18:21 | |
The Saxons held firm under heavy fire. | 0:18:21 | 0:18:25 | |
William would have to mount a frontal assault against Harold's well-chosen defensive position. | 0:18:25 | 0:18:33 | |
Battle Abbey was built later. Its construction flattened the slope. | 0:18:33 | 0:18:38 | |
But it's still pretty steep and it must have been much worse then, | 0:18:38 | 0:18:43 | |
particularly with 7,000 Saxons up on top. | 0:18:43 | 0:18:48 | |
The infantry attack was a disaster, and the Saxons pushed the Normans back down the slope. | 0:18:58 | 0:19:06 | |
William now relied on his cavalry. | 0:19:06 | 0:19:09 | |
'Thatch and I are being given some hands-on training by Anne Hyland. | 0:19:09 | 0:19:14 | |
'She's an expert on the medieval warhorse.' | 0:19:14 | 0:19:18 | |
-Shield first, I think. -Heavier than you think, your Norman kite-shaped shield. | 0:19:18 | 0:19:25 | |
-What about the reins? -Hold those a little bit above the horse's neck, | 0:19:25 | 0:19:30 | |
-so the shield actually covers your upper body. -OK. | 0:19:30 | 0:19:35 | |
-How do I use the lance? -You can use it | 0:19:35 | 0:19:39 | |
overarm, as was the normal way, or else, as was becoming much more common, couched. | 0:19:39 | 0:19:46 | |
-That's tucked under my arm. -Yes, with a third of the length behind your body, | 0:19:46 | 0:19:52 | |
and the rest of it pointing at your enemy with all the force you've got. Your stirrup gives you a platform. | 0:19:52 | 0:20:00 | |
No, don't point it down. You want to level it at your opponent. | 0:20:00 | 0:20:06 | |
When you set your horse in motion, it's the weight and speed of the horse that delivers the shock. | 0:20:06 | 0:20:14 | |
Get your reins sorted. You're going in for the real thing now. Get your shield so that you are covered. | 0:20:14 | 0:20:21 | |
Keep your head pulled in so when you're charging you can eye along and aim. | 0:20:21 | 0:20:28 | |
Don't take your head off centre. You'll move your horse off centre. | 0:20:28 | 0:20:33 | |
Like many things in life, it's easy when you've done it once or twice. | 0:20:33 | 0:20:38 | |
Let's have a go. | 0:20:38 | 0:20:40 | |
Up with the lance! | 0:20:43 | 0:20:46 | |
On William's order, all three cavalry contingents - Flemish, Norman and Breton - charged, | 0:21:04 | 0:21:11 | |
1,000 horsemen thundering up the slope. | 0:21:11 | 0:21:15 | |
The Bretons hit the shields first. | 0:21:15 | 0:21:18 | |
They charged here on William's left where the slope is gentlest, making better progress than the others. | 0:21:18 | 0:21:26 | |
Their impact must been terrific but the Saxons fought back hard, bringing horses crashing down. | 0:21:26 | 0:21:34 | |
The Bretons could bear it no longer and folded back down the slope with Saxons roaring down after them. | 0:21:34 | 0:21:41 | |
This wasn't part of Harold's plan, but these men were fighting mad. | 0:21:41 | 0:21:46 | |
The panic spread. | 0:21:48 | 0:21:50 | |
Across the whole front, William's men recoiled down the slope. | 0:21:50 | 0:21:55 | |
A Norman chronicler admits, "Almost the whole of the army yielded." | 0:21:55 | 0:22:00 | |
A cry went up that William had been killed. Chaos followed. | 0:22:00 | 0:22:05 | |
It looked as if William's army would collapse, | 0:22:05 | 0:22:10 | |
giving victory to Harold. | 0:22:10 | 0:22:12 | |
As his fate hung in the balance, William rose to meet the crisis. | 0:22:14 | 0:22:19 | |
He galloped forward, pushing his helmet back so that he could be seen. | 0:22:19 | 0:22:24 | |
"Look at me!" he shouted. | 0:22:24 | 0:22:27 | |
"Look at me! I'm alive, and with God's help will be the victor!" | 0:22:27 | 0:22:32 | |
His will prevailed. | 0:22:33 | 0:22:36 | |
The retreating Normans turned, | 0:22:36 | 0:22:38 | |
and the Saxons who had pursued them suddenly found themselves outnumbered and vulnerable. | 0:22:38 | 0:22:45 | |
The Saxons were cut to pieces here, well in front of the shield wall. | 0:23:12 | 0:23:17 | |
The Bayeux Tapestry suggests that it was here that the King's brothers Gyrth and Leofwine were killed, | 0:23:17 | 0:23:24 | |
as horsemen swirled around them. | 0:23:24 | 0:23:27 | |
This was the decisive moment. William's personal leadership had rallied his army. | 0:23:27 | 0:23:33 | |
Harold had lost hundreds of his best men. | 0:23:33 | 0:23:37 | |
It was now about 11 o'clock and both sides paused to regroup. | 0:23:39 | 0:23:44 | |
Medieval battles rarely lasted more than an hour or so. | 0:23:44 | 0:23:50 | |
Hastings had already raged for two. | 0:23:50 | 0:23:52 | |
At about 12, battle recommenced. | 0:23:52 | 0:23:55 | |
William of Poitiers, a chronicler, called it an unknown sort of battle, | 0:23:55 | 0:24:01 | |
in which one side launched attacks, the other stood fixed to the ground. | 0:24:01 | 0:24:07 | |
Poitiers says that William launched a number of feigned retreats, | 0:24:07 | 0:24:12 | |
drawing the Saxons down from the shield wall and killing them out in the open. | 0:24:12 | 0:24:19 | |
I don't think they were well enough trained for that. Horses are hard to stop when they move fast en masse. | 0:24:19 | 0:24:27 | |
Probably small groups of knights wheeled up and down these slopes, | 0:24:27 | 0:24:32 | |
eating away at the edge of the shield wall, wearing down Harold's strength. | 0:24:32 | 0:24:39 | |
It was now late afternoon, with dusk coming on fast. | 0:24:39 | 0:24:43 | |
If the Normans were winning, they hadn't yet won. | 0:24:43 | 0:24:48 | |
Harold was still on his feet and his men, although depleted, still held the ridge. | 0:24:48 | 0:24:55 | |
At 7, William turned to his archers, | 0:24:55 | 0:24:58 | |
ordering them to shoot high so that their arrows fell over the tattered shield wall onto the men behind it. | 0:24:58 | 0:25:06 | |
If the tapestry is to be believed, one of them hit Harold in the eye. | 0:25:06 | 0:25:11 | |
Some knights forced their way into the knot of housecarls surrounding Harold, and hacked the King to death. | 0:25:13 | 0:25:21 | |
With the King dead, panic swept through the English ranks. | 0:25:29 | 0:25:34 | |
The Bayeux Tapestry tells us simply, "The English fled." Many fyrdmen must indeed have slipped away. | 0:25:34 | 0:25:42 | |
Not so the theyns and housecarls who'd fought all day with Harold. | 0:25:42 | 0:25:47 | |
Like the heroes of epic poems, they remained true to their lord. | 0:25:47 | 0:25:53 | |
Here, on grass already greasy with the blood of the slain, | 0:25:53 | 0:25:58 | |
they swung sword and axe until they too were killed. | 0:25:58 | 0:26:02 | |
There may have been as many as 4,000 dead on this dreadful field. | 0:26:10 | 0:26:16 | |
Although the King's brothers could be identified, Harold could not. | 0:26:16 | 0:26:22 | |
His mistress, Edith Swan Neck, had followed Harold to Hastings and spent the day on Caldbec Hill. | 0:26:22 | 0:26:29 | |
As night fell she came up here to Senlac and, with a lover's eye, identified the body she knew so well. | 0:26:29 | 0:26:37 | |
This stone marks the spot where Harold died. | 0:26:37 | 0:26:41 | |
William was reluctant to grant burial in consecrated ground to a man | 0:26:41 | 0:26:47 | |
whose ambition had caused suffering. | 0:26:47 | 0:26:50 | |
But Harold probably lies at Waltham Abbey in Essex. | 0:26:50 | 0:26:54 | |
He was luckier than his followers whose bones whitened where they lay. | 0:26:54 | 0:26:59 | |
"They were few in number," wrote a monkish chronicler, "but brave in the extreme." | 0:26:59 | 0:27:06 | |
Soon after Hastings, most of the surviving magnates surrendered | 0:27:06 | 0:27:11 | |
and William advanced on London, crushing resistance as he went. | 0:27:11 | 0:27:16 | |
The Conqueror was crowned King in Westminster Abbey on Christmas Day, 1066. | 0:27:16 | 0:27:22 | |
Invasion became occupation. The country was carved up among William's followers. | 0:27:22 | 0:27:29 | |
Hundreds of castles were built to enforce their will. | 0:27:29 | 0:27:34 | |
We're never far from evidence of the Conquest. | 0:27:34 | 0:27:38 | |
There had been few castles here before 1066. The Normans built many. | 0:27:38 | 0:27:43 | |
The White Tower in the Tower of London was begun in the Conqueror's reign. | 0:27:43 | 0:27:51 | |
But the Conquest was more than a change of military architecture. | 0:27:51 | 0:27:56 | |
It brought a new language and a new ruling class. | 0:27:56 | 0:28:00 | |
4,000 Saxon theyns were replaced by 200 Norman barons, | 0:28:00 | 0:28:05 | |
whose dominance sneered out from these great square keeps. | 0:28:05 | 0:28:10 | |
Small wonder that a Norse poet wrote: | 0:28:10 | 0:28:14 | |
"Cold heart and bloody hand | 0:28:14 | 0:28:17 | |
"Now rule the English land." | 0:28:17 | 0:28:19 | |
Subtitles by John Macdonald, Subtext for BBC Subtitling, 1997 | 0:28:42 | 0:28:47 |