Refugees of the Lost Rainforest


Refugees of the Lost Rainforest

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This is Durrell. Jersey's famous wildlife conservation trust.

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Outside, the animals enjoy the sunshine.

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Inside, one very special creature is being closely watched.

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Dana, the Sumatran orang-utan, is almost ready to give birth.

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Staff are anxious about the arrival of her baby

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because Dana's last pregnancy ended in tragedy.

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Here, Dana and the other apes live safely,

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but her wild relatives are on the edge of extinction.

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These orang-utans live on the Indonesian island of Sumatra.

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It's one of their last wild strongholds.

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They cling on as land is cleared and burnt to make way for industry.

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But with half of the island's rainforest already gone,

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can they survive?

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I really get sick up of seeing just the scale of destruction.

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You see fires, you see plantations going.

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Not just a few trees being chopped down here,

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but whole landscapes being converted.

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Dana's keeper, Gordon Hunt, is making the hard journey to Sumatra

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to see for himself what can be done to help these great apes.

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He knows it's going to be tough.

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I'm expecting to see cages full of orphaned orang-utans,

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which is...not great.

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He's come in search of the refugees of the lost rainforest.

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Day one. And Gordon's going deep into the jungle.

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Road? What road? There is no road.

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It's a boggy ravine, rut, riverbed mixture of...

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No track at all.

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But this is the only way

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to get to the orang-utan release site in northern Sumatra,

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where he's going to meet a man

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who's devoted his life to saving these animals.

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Today, Dr Ian Singleton's home is in the jungle,

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but he was once a keeper at Jersey Zoo.

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While Gordon wrestles with the rutted road,

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his orang-utans in Jersey are on his mind.

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Good girl, Dana.

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He's got two expectant mums to think about - Anette and Dana.

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And just like any pregnant mums, they're having ultrasound scans.

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Dana's scans are crucial because her last baby was stillborn

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and she almost died.

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Luckily, this time, she's in the hands

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of Jersey hospital's Neil MacLachlan, consultant gynaecologist.

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We are concerned as to how she's going to perform in this pregnancy

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because she's never actually had a live-born baby before.

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So we've been watching today on the scan

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to see if the baby is developing well.

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Gerald Durrell's intention was never to imprison endangered animals,

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but to protect them.

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Captive breeding is now a vital part of the wildlife trust's work.

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Because who knows if one day these Jersey-born youngsters

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will be among the few orang-utans that remain.

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Back in the forests of Sumatra, it's thought there are fewer

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than 7,000 orang-utans left in the wild.

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They're being pushed to the edge of their habitat

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as nature and industry compete for space.

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Here, vast palm oil plantations have replaced the jungle.

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There are still thousands of hectares of forest,

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alive with some of the world's rarest species.

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The Great Argus pheasant.

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And one of the biggest forest geckos in the world.

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At the top of the tree, the orang-utans.

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They are among the world's most critically endangered great apes

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and protected under Indonesian law.

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But despite this, many will end up here with Ian

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at Sumatra's only rehabilitation project

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in the far north of the island near Medan.

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Ian takes in rescued and injured animals in the hope

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they can be one day released back into the jungle.

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The orang-utans that come here are mostly confiscated illegal pets.

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So they come in from back gardens, where they've been kept in a cage

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or chained up by the neck or something like that.

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One or two of them have come here

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because we've had to rescue them from the wild

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because they were in patches of forest that were being destroyed.

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And usually, if we do that, we'll release them immediately

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in another safer area of forest.

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This is Ian almost 20 years ago looking after the apes in Jersey.

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The passion to protect them began here at Durrell.

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In my early zoo career,

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I felt I enjoyed working with the animals

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and working closely with them

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and not working with people and being responsible for them.

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And when I started at Jersey Zoo, I really liked the fact that

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I ended up on the orang-utans

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and we built a new enclosure in the far corner of the zoo

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so I could go up there and just hide with my charges and get on with it.

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Naturalist and author Gerald Durrell

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inspired a generation of readers with his love of wildlife.

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About the otters,

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if we could have a sort of cement thing about two foot...

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Three foot? Yes, about three foot wide.

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The zoo was his ark and home to orang-utans since the 1960s.

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He hoped they would teach his visitors

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that their fate is in our hands.

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If we can indoctrinate people as they come through our gates,

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if we can indoctrinate them with the idea that it's terribly sad

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that creatures are being killed all over the world

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in hundreds of thousands,

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and if, during the course of our existence,

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we can save one or two species from extinction,

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then the whole thing would be...

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It would be worth it, certainly.

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The Durrell Wildlife Trust is now an international organisation

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and it supports Ian's work in Sumatra

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with funding, equipment and publicity.

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Indonesia is one of those counties where Jersey

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didn't traditionally have a big role and a big influence.

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Even today, it's still not that well known.

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And I would like to change that by showing people by example

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exactly the kind of things that can be achieved

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by following Durrell's philosophy.

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After hours of hard driving,

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Gordon has almost made it to his destination.

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A boat ride across the River Aceh welcome relief from the muddy roads.

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He's come to the jungle reserve

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where Ian Singleton is waiting to meet him.

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Morning. Hey. How's it going? Good. You?

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You have any trouble on the trip in? No, it was fine.

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It was a bumpy ride, but, yeah, it was pretty good.

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Ian is taking Gordon to the site

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where orang-utans who have been rehabilitated in quarantine

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are finally set free.

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For me, it's massively exciting.

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Is it still massively exciting for you to see the finished product?

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It is, it is. Because this is...this is what the whole thing's about.

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And I still get a massive kick out of it when I come out here

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and see Marco or somebody hanging about in the trees.

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And they're behaving just like wild orang-utans. It brings it home.

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Because when you first meet a lot of these animals,

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they're little, skinny, covered in fungus, chain around their neck,

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really terrified of people.

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And then to get them from that stage, out through the quarantine

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and they're living as wild orang-utans again,

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you feel like everything you're doing is worthwhile. Yeah.

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This is Udin.

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At about six years old, he was confiscated by police

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who found him near the swamps where he used to live.

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Ian's team says his home had been burned and cleared for industry,

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making him vulnerable to the illegal pet trade.

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Given to Ian's team, Udin has been learning how to feed himself

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and make nests.

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Wow! Look at that. Ooh!

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Is he going to open the door himself? Yeah.

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Oh! You're very enthusiastic.

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Udin is one of about 30 orang-utans

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rescued each year by Ian's organisation.

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It's taken two years to get him ready for this,

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but there's always a risk.

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I feel much better giving an animal a second chance

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at a life in the wild, and maybe it's lucky and it makes it,

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maybe it's not so lucky and it doesn't make it,

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but I feel much better giving them that chance.

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Great to see them out of the cages.

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I think Udin is in... Looks like he's in really good condition.

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Bright eyes, wet nose, glossy hair.

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It's the moment Ian's been waiting for.

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Oh, look at that. Straight up. Wow! Fantastic, yeah!

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Look at that! That is brilliant.

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Up the liana. Go on, off you go, mate.

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Wow! A whole new world.

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As Udin ventures out to explore his new home,

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he won't be left to his own devices.

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Like the other orang-utans released here,

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he has a transmitter chip in his neck,

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so his progress can be tracked.

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For Ian, new developments are playing a growing role

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in efforts to save the species.

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Yeah, there's two up there.

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See that big branch up there?

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See that big branch? Yeah.

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So, that is the signal from one orang-utan?

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So, who is it? Nelly.

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Nelly, yeah?

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But they're not the only orang-utans in the world being closely watched.

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In Jersey, Anette and Dana are having a regular checkup.

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Touch.

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Ape keeper Sarah Foulkes has trained them

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to position their tummies against the cage so they can be scanned.

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Hold, hold. Good girl.

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Scanning an orang-utan's a little bit different from a human

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because an orang-utan is not quite as obliging.

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So sometimes you see things that maybe look unusual

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or you're not expecting to see.

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And that partially can be just because it's the complications

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and the logistics of trying to scan an animal

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that's hanging on bars rather than lying down.

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In April, Anette gave birth

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in the middle of the night to a healthy male.

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He's been named Jantho after the release site in Sumatra.

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Now all eyes are on Dana.

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Her story is interesting and amazing

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because she came to Jersey to breed with the male there, Dagu.

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She did so very quickly and she went full term,

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eight and a half months with the youngster,

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which turned out to be a female, but she had a stillborn.

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The placenta sheared off inside her

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and we almost lost her as well as the youngster.

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She was bleeding to death.

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But this time, medical science is helping Dana. Good girl.

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There's a lot more amniotic fluid than before, as well.

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Would you like me to do anything? No. Just keep going. Hold. Hold.

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Neil MacLachlan operated on her fallopian tubes

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so later she could become pregnant.

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Now he's making sure his patient's latest pregnancy is going to plan.

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That's the heartbeat.

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It's a departure from his daily routine at the hospital.

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That looks nice and regular.

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I was really interested in the breeding programme

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and because one of my big interests is in fertility, um...

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And because Durrell is all about breeding endangered species,

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it was just a wonderful place to go and get involved with.

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There were occasions where they felt they needed to compare

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with a sort of human doctor, as it were.

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All's well in the hospital today, but Neil once had to perform

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an extraordinary operation on an orang-utan.

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She needed an emergency Caesarean.

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We need some oxygen. Get the oxygen on. Turn the baby over.

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Neil went up to Durrell to carry out the surgery.

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As these incredible pictures show, he was able to save the baby.

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185, 186. OK.

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Thankfully, the anatomy was very similar.

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I'd never done this before, but I just...pretended I was operating

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on one of my human patients that just was a little bit hairier than normal.

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And it was incredibly similar.

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We thought initially that maybe the baby wasn't going to survive.

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INDISTINCT

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And after many minutes, when he threw his arms up and started crying,

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there was a great roar from everyone in theatre.

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and it was really a very emotional moment for everyone.

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Oh, look at him!

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Fantastic.

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'I said at the time that it was'

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the greatest day of my life and my wife was not over pleased!

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Come on then.

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Jaya is now a healthy nine-year-old

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and is being taken to a zoo in France to breed.

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Oh, look at his little chest.

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And now there's concern he might have to do

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the same operation again, this time for Dana.

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If we can keep the scanning going

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and see that the pregnancy is developing

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as normally as possible, then I think she'll be OK,

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but we do need to be prepared for a similar thing

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to what happened last time.

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In Sumatra, Gordon is waiting to hear how Dana is.

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But he's 7,000 miles away

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and mobile phones don't work too well out in the jungle.

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Getting connected is tricky,

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but not impossible.

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PHONE RINGS

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Here we go.

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Ah! Hello, how are you doing?

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'Everything's going really well, Jantho's really good.

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'He's getting more active and he's looking around more.'

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Fantastic. And Dana?

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'Dana's doing really well as well.

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'She's looking like the pregnancy's developing normally.

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'She is spending more time sleeping and resting and she is getting

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'increasingly hungry, so I think it's probably pretty soon.'

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OK, yes. Yes.

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That's great news.

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Safe in Jersey or deep in the jungle, both Gordon and Ian

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are continuing what Gerald Durrell started 50 years ago.

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You knew Gerald Durrell?

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Yes, I mean I didn't meet him a lot, but...

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I mean, I started in '89 and I was kind of interested in this idea

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that you can take a species that's on the brink,

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for relatively little investment compared to some of these

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big conservation projects, relatively little investment,

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and you can actually save a species from extinction.

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Recent research says that since 1985,

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half of Sumatra's rainforest has been lost.

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Ian has filmed the scale of forest destruction.

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He says much of it is caused by large industries

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demanding more land to develop.

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He believes some of the native species, already endangered,

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are being pushed to the brink.

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The biggest threat to most species right now

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is not hunting and collection, it's loss of entire ecosystems

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and by destroying them you're losing your water sources,

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your climate regulation, and a host of other resources.

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For me, the aim is to use these species, these iconic species,

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that can get international attention and public support

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in the battle to save the bigger picture,

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to save whole ecosystems.

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Now, there is another threat on the horizon.

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More than a million hectares of protected forest,

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in the region where most of the remaining Sumatran orang-utans live,

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could be opened up to industry.

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Conservationists such as Ian fear the animals they work so hard

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to protect will be left more vulnerable than ever.

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Gerald Durrell's vision is being put to the test.

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Campaigners and the regional government disagree over what's planned.

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The head of forestry for the Aceh region says while no protected land

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can be used for industry, there is a growing need for human settlements.

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HE SPEAKS IN HIS NATIVE LANGUAGE

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TRANSLATION: So I can tell you that we do not issue

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the land clearing permit or licence for palm oil businessmen,

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no permits for mining businessmen or any other businessmen.

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If you want to convert forest areas into other purposes,

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it is purely for people's settlement. People need space.

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Gordon remains unconvinced by assurances from the authorities.

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He argues industry is competing

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for the areas of forest the orang-utans live in.

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That competition looks like this.

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Palm oil.

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It's farmed extensively throughout Sumatra

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and Indonesia is the world's largest exporter.

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More than 30 million tonnes were produced this year.

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The oil is extracted from the fruit of these trees

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and it's used in products from shampoo to biscuits.

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Indonesia Palm Oil Association says it gives people jobs.

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It says its members are committed to protecting the environment.

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But as Gordon travels further in Sumatra,

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he's worried more industries on this scale

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could ruin the remaining rainforest.

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Finding out what's going on on the ground

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is hard in such a vast country.

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But there are ways.

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Just a few miles from Ian's head office near Medan,

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Graham Usher and David Dellatore are testing the latest spy technology.

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ENGINE WHIRRS

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BEEPING

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Yes, that should do it.

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They're working with Ian, and today they're testing a mini drone.

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One, two, three.

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Engine on.

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ENGINE WHIRRS

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David and Graham have high hopes.

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You can use a video camera for spotting fires,

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encroachment in the forest.

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It has been used in the past for surveying for orang-utan nests,

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which you can see from the air if you fly low enough over the forest.

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The spy-plane can travel to remote areas

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and its on-board camera records the scene below.

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It's the cutting edge of conservation technology.

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I see lots of interesting new technologies coming out now

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which we will support and try and test

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and try and refine in the field,

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but in five to ten years, I think we're going to see big advantages

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from all of these things.

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These young orang-utans are among those made homeless

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as their habitat disappears.

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There are many mouths to feed,

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many infants with no mothers,

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many very ill.

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Some of them are just so bad, some of them are critically ill

0:22:370:22:40

and so late in the disease progression

0:22:400:22:43

that you really haven't got much hope of saving them,

0:22:430:22:46

whereas other ones you have

0:22:460:22:47

and you just focus on the ones that you can do.

0:22:470:22:50

It would be amazing to get all of these orang-utans

0:22:520:22:56

back into the wild, but there are ones that can't go back

0:22:560:23:00

for various reasons - they've been maimed so badly,

0:23:000:23:03

one is blind, permanently blind, and that is really sad

0:23:030:23:09

because it requires full-time care

0:23:090:23:13

from people and they shouldn't need to.

0:23:130:23:17

They should be able to return to their home where they came from.

0:23:170:23:21

But some can't.

0:23:210:23:23

Gordon's preparing to say goodbye and head home to Jersey.

0:23:330:23:36

He has mixed feelings.

0:23:380:23:40

There are more orang-utans here than the last time I visited.

0:23:420:23:47

There are some extremely sick orang-utans being cared for.

0:23:470:23:51

One has a broken neck.

0:23:510:23:53

Another one has been bitten by a dog.

0:23:530:23:56

It's quite tragic really to see them.

0:23:570:24:01

And they are all, as Ian describes them,

0:24:010:24:04

refugees, being looked after in this refugee camp.

0:24:040:24:09

No-one knows what future these animals are facing,

0:24:110:24:15

but Ian's not giving up on them.

0:24:150:24:17

It's like what Gerald Durrell always said,

0:24:170:24:20

the happiest day of my life will be the day I can close the zoo

0:24:200:24:23

because it's not needed any more.

0:24:230:24:24

The happiest day of my life would be the day

0:24:240:24:27

I could stop doing this job because I didn't need to do it any more.

0:24:270:24:30

Durrell, Jersey. Gordon's back at work.

0:24:350:24:39

Dana's baby is due any day now.

0:24:410:24:43

It's been eight and a half months in the waiting

0:24:430:24:45

but no-one quite knows when the baby will come.

0:24:450:24:48

And worried staff are doing all they can to keep an eye on her.

0:24:480:24:52

Cameras are recording and sending pictures to the laptops

0:24:520:24:55

and phones of everyone involved in her welfare.

0:24:550:24:57

They've been rigged up specially,

0:24:570:24:59

some updating mobiles every 15 seconds.

0:24:590:25:02

There are hours of anxious watching and waiting.

0:25:030:25:06

If Dana gives birth to a healthy orang-utan,

0:25:120:25:15

in terms of it being miraculous, then I think it's close.

0:25:150:25:19

If you think that most new life is miraculous in itself,

0:25:200:25:24

then the process that we have gone through

0:25:240:25:27

so that she is able to conceive is a miracle of science.

0:25:270:25:34

One night in June, staff see her behaviour changing.

0:25:370:25:42

She's preparing her nest.

0:25:460:25:49

At 11.45pm Gordon's patience pays off.

0:25:510:25:55

Here it comes, here it comes.

0:25:570:25:59

Here it comes.

0:25:590:26:00

This is it, that's the head.

0:26:000:26:02

That's it, it's out.

0:26:020:26:06

That's it.

0:26:070:26:08

Yes, it's alive, it's moving.

0:26:100:26:14

It's moving.

0:26:140:26:15

She's only minutes old.

0:26:290:26:31

It's life in Dana's arms

0:26:320:26:34

when only a few years ago this new mum faced death.

0:26:340:26:38

These animals are incredible characters.

0:26:410:26:44

Realising that their characters are so different

0:26:440:26:46

and being able to help them is very special.

0:26:460:26:50

They're very close to humans.

0:26:500:26:52

Dana and Anette's babies are growing up.

0:26:550:26:58

The efforts of Gordon and Neil have helped

0:26:590:27:01

bring two new babies into the world.

0:27:010:27:03

She's still learning. She is.

0:27:030:27:05

Dana and her baby are venturing outside for the first time.

0:27:050:27:08

But how will Anette respond to the new addition

0:27:110:27:13

to the Durrell family?

0:27:130:27:15

Captive orang-utans could become the last of their kind

0:27:300:27:34

if their relatives die out in Sumatra.

0:27:340:27:38

Hundreds of species go extinct

0:27:400:27:43

but what we're seeing now

0:27:430:27:46

is an increase in the amount of extinctions that occur.

0:27:460:27:51

The timeframe is shorter, and the reason is us.

0:27:510:27:56

He's echoing the fears Gerald Durrell raised

0:27:580:28:01

more than 40 years ago.

0:28:010:28:03

It's the most incredible, the most beautiful garden,

0:28:030:28:06

and what have we done?

0:28:060:28:08

We've trampled through it with our great hobnailed boots.

0:28:080:28:11

For better or worse,

0:28:140:28:15

the Sumatran orang-utan is at the mercy of human intervention.

0:28:150:28:19

Understanding the close links between our species and theirs

0:28:210:28:24

is the key to their survival.

0:28:240:28:28

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Watch this. It is amazing.

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You can see why humans value this so much.

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It can have a significant impact on the rest of your life.

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What happens next depends on us.

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