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These are our planet's winter wonderlands. | 0:00:02 | 0:00:05 | |
And the remarkable animals that call them home. | 0:00:07 | 0:00:10 | |
I'm Gordon Buchanan and, as a wildlife cameraman, | 0:00:13 | 0:00:17 | |
I've visited many of these unique and special places. | 0:00:17 | 0:00:21 | |
But the animals that live in places like this need to be resilient, | 0:00:21 | 0:00:25 | |
and many of them are specially adapted | 0:00:25 | 0:00:28 | |
to make the very most of these seasonal conditions. | 0:00:28 | 0:00:30 | |
I'm going to reveal the extraordinary animals | 0:00:30 | 0:00:34 | |
that don't just survive, but positively thrive, in the snow. | 0:00:34 | 0:00:38 | |
Oh, very, very cute! | 0:00:40 | 0:00:42 | |
Each has different and surprising tactics to face winter head-on. | 0:00:42 | 0:00:48 | |
From the polar bear mother, | 0:00:48 | 0:00:49 | |
who spends seven months without food and water | 0:00:49 | 0:00:52 | |
to give her babies the best start in life. | 0:00:52 | 0:00:54 | |
To the fox, who can catch food it can't even see. | 0:00:54 | 0:00:59 | |
And a seasonal specialist, the reindeer, | 0:01:01 | 0:01:05 | |
and a surprising secret behind that red nose. | 0:01:05 | 0:01:10 | |
Just how these animals make these places their own | 0:01:10 | 0:01:13 | |
are amongst the most incredible stories in the natural world. | 0:01:13 | 0:01:17 | |
I hope you've snuggled up nice and warm, | 0:01:17 | 0:01:19 | |
because it's time to meet the amazing animals | 0:01:19 | 0:01:21 | |
that spend their life in the snow. | 0:01:21 | 0:01:24 | |
Each year, up to one third of our planet is transformed by snow | 0:01:39 | 0:01:43 | |
into a sparkling world of wonder and white. | 0:01:43 | 0:01:48 | |
The animals who live here must adapt to this dazzling change. | 0:01:52 | 0:01:57 | |
How they rise to the challenge of living in the snow | 0:02:03 | 0:02:07 | |
is what sets each of them apart. | 0:02:07 | 0:02:09 | |
Our first animal is the world's largest land carnivore. | 0:02:18 | 0:02:22 | |
They face the coldest temperatures the Arctic has to offer. | 0:02:22 | 0:02:26 | |
But they seem to take it all in their stride. | 0:02:29 | 0:02:32 | |
The polar bear. | 0:02:34 | 0:02:35 | |
Most animals couldn't live this close to the North Pole. | 0:02:36 | 0:02:40 | |
But he appears to be revelling in it. | 0:02:41 | 0:02:44 | |
In fact, the bears roll in the snow when they want to cool down. | 0:02:49 | 0:02:53 | |
But how is it possible to get too hot in the Arctic? | 0:02:55 | 0:02:59 | |
The polar bear has the thickest fur of any bear. | 0:03:04 | 0:03:09 | |
But, it's the 11 centimetre fat layer beneath the skin | 0:03:09 | 0:03:13 | |
that makes all the difference. | 0:03:13 | 0:03:15 | |
It keeps in the heat like nothing else. | 0:03:16 | 0:03:20 | |
It works so well, | 0:03:22 | 0:03:24 | |
polar bears can swim for mile after mile in the freezing Arctic Sea. | 0:03:24 | 0:03:30 | |
To maintain this vital layer, | 0:03:46 | 0:03:48 | |
they need to eat as much fatty food as they can find. | 0:03:48 | 0:03:53 | |
The polar bears' staple diet is seal. | 0:03:59 | 0:04:03 | |
But they spend most of their time under the ice. | 0:04:03 | 0:04:07 | |
The bear can't afford a drawn-out game of hide and seek. | 0:04:10 | 0:04:13 | |
His sense of smell is 100 times better than ours. | 0:04:17 | 0:04:21 | |
Able to track a scent from 20 miles away. | 0:04:25 | 0:04:28 | |
A bear can smell a seal through a metre of snow. | 0:04:39 | 0:04:43 | |
A seal can be nearly 50% blubber. | 0:04:49 | 0:04:54 | |
He'll catch nearly one a week, | 0:05:03 | 0:05:04 | |
enough to keep his insulation in top condition. | 0:05:04 | 0:05:08 | |
At this time of year, female polar bears have a very different problem. | 0:05:13 | 0:05:18 | |
They have their cubs in the depths of the Arctic winter. | 0:05:18 | 0:05:22 | |
A polar bear simply can't give birth out on the Arctic ice - | 0:05:27 | 0:05:30 | |
with such small, vulnerable babies, it is way too cold. | 0:05:30 | 0:05:34 | |
Down to minus 50 Celsius. | 0:05:34 | 0:05:36 | |
So, for a pregnant mother living in such a cold and exposed place, | 0:05:36 | 0:05:40 | |
there's really only one place to be. | 0:05:40 | 0:05:44 | |
And that is underneath the snow. | 0:05:44 | 0:05:46 | |
It might sound counterintuitive, | 0:05:52 | 0:05:54 | |
but we can actually use snow to keep us warm. | 0:05:54 | 0:05:57 | |
Within this lump of snow is trapped air, | 0:05:57 | 0:06:00 | |
and trapped air makes a fantastic insulator. | 0:06:00 | 0:06:04 | |
So, when you're in a snow hole, or a snow den, | 0:06:04 | 0:06:08 | |
you could even get cosy. | 0:06:08 | 0:06:10 | |
And, when a polar bear is underneath the snow like this, | 0:06:14 | 0:06:19 | |
the temperature inside can be an incredible 30 degrees warmer | 0:06:19 | 0:06:24 | |
than the temperature outside. | 0:06:24 | 0:06:28 | |
And when she's hidden in a den like this, | 0:06:28 | 0:06:31 | |
that's when something truly remarkable happens. | 0:06:31 | 0:06:34 | |
Around the turn of the New Year, across the Arctic, | 0:06:37 | 0:06:41 | |
under three feet of snow and ice... | 0:06:41 | 0:06:44 | |
..female polar bears give birth. | 0:06:45 | 0:06:48 | |
Then in early spring, they emerge for the first time. | 0:06:57 | 0:07:02 | |
April in Svalbard. | 0:07:06 | 0:07:08 | |
Just the right moment to see this happen. | 0:07:08 | 0:07:11 | |
Aw! | 0:07:15 | 0:07:16 | |
Oh, very, very cute! | 0:07:16 | 0:07:19 | |
Both cubs combined aren't even as big as the mother's head. | 0:07:24 | 0:07:28 | |
At three months old, | 0:07:35 | 0:07:36 | |
this is their very first experience of the outside world. | 0:07:36 | 0:07:40 | |
During her time in the den, she loses half her body weight. | 0:07:46 | 0:07:50 | |
Her milk is 30% fat, | 0:07:52 | 0:07:55 | |
so her cubs grow fast. | 0:07:55 | 0:07:57 | |
Oh... | 0:08:01 | 0:08:03 | |
Wow. | 0:08:03 | 0:08:05 | |
Look at that! | 0:08:05 | 0:08:07 | |
They're already 20 times heavier than when they were born. | 0:08:11 | 0:08:16 | |
Just about big enough to take on their frozen world. | 0:08:19 | 0:08:23 | |
And it's all down to their mother's winter hidden beneath the snow. | 0:08:23 | 0:08:27 | |
Polar bears aren't the only animals to use this strategy. | 0:08:35 | 0:08:38 | |
Our very own common dormouse spends more than half of its life asleep. | 0:08:40 | 0:08:45 | |
Avoiding the winter altogether. | 0:08:47 | 0:08:49 | |
And the Arctic ground squirrel can let its body temperature drop | 0:08:53 | 0:08:58 | |
to 2.9 degrees below freezing. | 0:08:58 | 0:09:00 | |
It's the coldest any mammal can get. | 0:09:04 | 0:09:07 | |
Remarkably, it appears to change the chemistry of its body | 0:09:07 | 0:09:11 | |
to stop ice crystals forming. | 0:09:11 | 0:09:13 | |
Every few weeks, it has to feed, | 0:09:16 | 0:09:18 | |
so it shivers and shakes in its sleep | 0:09:18 | 0:09:21 | |
to raise its temperature just enough to wake up. | 0:09:21 | 0:09:24 | |
But bears are the most impressive hibernators of all. | 0:09:29 | 0:09:32 | |
Able to survive up to seven months without food or water. | 0:09:35 | 0:09:39 | |
There is no doubt about it. | 0:09:44 | 0:09:46 | |
Taking shelter beneath the snow is a really good strategy. | 0:09:46 | 0:09:50 | |
For a baby bear, for the first few months of its life, | 0:09:50 | 0:09:53 | |
the den is its world. | 0:09:53 | 0:09:55 | |
But sooner or later, mother bears and the cubs do need to emerge. | 0:09:55 | 0:09:59 | |
And getting the timing right is absolutely critical. | 0:09:59 | 0:10:03 | |
It's spring in North America. | 0:10:07 | 0:10:09 | |
And this young female black bear has just come out of her den. | 0:10:12 | 0:10:16 | |
In a normal year, she'd emerge to greet a brand-new spring. | 0:10:17 | 0:10:22 | |
But an unexpected cold front has blown in from the Arctic. | 0:10:24 | 0:10:29 | |
What's worse, she has three-month-old twin cubs with her. | 0:10:35 | 0:10:39 | |
This is her first ever litter. | 0:10:43 | 0:10:46 | |
She should be keeping them warm. | 0:10:48 | 0:10:51 | |
Instead, she gets up and leaves. | 0:10:51 | 0:10:54 | |
After half a year in hibernation, she's desperate for food. | 0:10:57 | 0:11:01 | |
Her cubs don't have the three layers of waterproof fur | 0:11:03 | 0:11:08 | |
all adults bears grow - they're defenceless in this weather. | 0:11:08 | 0:11:11 | |
Their instinctive survival strategy is to climb a tree. | 0:11:16 | 0:11:20 | |
But this only works for avoiding predators. | 0:11:29 | 0:11:32 | |
Up here, they're even more exposed to the cold. | 0:11:32 | 0:11:36 | |
At last, their mum returns. | 0:11:48 | 0:11:51 | |
But straightaway, she sets off again. | 0:12:02 | 0:12:06 | |
Walking in thick snow is almost impossible on little legs. | 0:12:14 | 0:12:19 | |
They struggle to keep up. | 0:12:27 | 0:12:29 | |
Hopefully, Mum has a plan to keep them warm and safe. | 0:12:30 | 0:12:33 | |
Overnight, temperatures drop to minus 12 degrees. | 0:12:57 | 0:13:01 | |
Dawn. The storm has passed. | 0:13:13 | 0:13:16 | |
But, what about the cubs? | 0:13:16 | 0:13:18 | |
Their mother led them to a sheltered spot | 0:13:30 | 0:13:34 | |
and kept them warm through the chill of the night with her own body heat. | 0:13:34 | 0:13:39 | |
Experience can make all the difference to living in the snow. | 0:13:57 | 0:14:01 | |
It's been a steep learning curve for this family, but they've made it. | 0:14:02 | 0:14:07 | |
Being ready and equipped for the cold is critical. | 0:14:17 | 0:14:20 | |
As I can show you. | 0:14:21 | 0:14:22 | |
This is a thermal camera. | 0:14:25 | 0:14:27 | |
It sees temperature as different colours. | 0:14:27 | 0:14:30 | |
Right now, I'm just wearing a thin top, | 0:14:30 | 0:14:32 | |
and it should show me losing body heat in red and white. | 0:14:32 | 0:14:35 | |
Now, as I stand here, | 0:14:37 | 0:14:39 | |
I can actually feel the cold nipping at my exposed skin. | 0:14:39 | 0:14:43 | |
On the thermal camera that will show as white hot. | 0:14:43 | 0:14:46 | |
So it's all about layering up. | 0:14:46 | 0:14:49 | |
It's about keeping that heat in, and we do that with insulation. | 0:14:49 | 0:14:54 | |
For any animal that lives in a snowy wilderness, | 0:14:55 | 0:14:58 | |
they've got to be able to take the cold in their stride. | 0:14:58 | 0:15:02 | |
And there is one very special animal that does that better than most. | 0:15:03 | 0:15:07 | |
The Arctic fox. | 0:15:12 | 0:15:14 | |
They live further north than any other member of the dog family. | 0:15:18 | 0:15:23 | |
And something extraordinary makes this possible. | 0:15:24 | 0:15:27 | |
In the warm days of summer, they look very different. | 0:15:30 | 0:15:33 | |
Then, every year, as the winter approaches, | 0:15:37 | 0:15:40 | |
they undergo a spellbinding transformation. | 0:15:40 | 0:15:44 | |
They grow a thick, snow-white winter coat. | 0:15:51 | 0:15:56 | |
I'm lucky to be able to see this up close, | 0:16:04 | 0:16:07 | |
with a fox that's been brought up by people. | 0:16:07 | 0:16:09 | |
Hello, you handsome, handsome boy. | 0:16:15 | 0:16:17 | |
My word. | 0:16:20 | 0:16:21 | |
That is the most sumptuous coat I have ever seen on any animal. | 0:16:23 | 0:16:29 | |
In fact, Arctic foxes have the warmest coat of all Arctic mammals. | 0:16:29 | 0:16:34 | |
In winter, their fur becomes 200% thicker. | 0:16:40 | 0:16:44 | |
There's a longer, outer layer, | 0:16:48 | 0:16:50 | |
with hollow hairs that trap air to increase insulation. | 0:16:50 | 0:16:54 | |
And a dense undercoat provides even more warmth. | 0:16:54 | 0:16:57 | |
An Arctic fox won't even start feeling the cold | 0:17:00 | 0:17:04 | |
until it's minus 40 degrees. | 0:17:04 | 0:17:07 | |
And, they have other clever features that help them get through winter. | 0:17:12 | 0:17:16 | |
Their ears are round and tucked into their deep fur to reduce heat loss. | 0:17:18 | 0:17:22 | |
And, to prevent frostbite, their nose is short and stubby. | 0:17:24 | 0:17:29 | |
And a magnificent tail | 0:17:32 | 0:17:34 | |
means that when the Arctic weather is at its worst, | 0:17:34 | 0:17:37 | |
they can hunker down and use it as a blanket. | 0:17:37 | 0:17:40 | |
Being well-dressed for winter is an obvious advantage. | 0:17:48 | 0:17:53 | |
But to survive in a snowy landscape like this, | 0:17:53 | 0:17:56 | |
you have to be able to exploit every single opportunity to get food. | 0:17:56 | 0:18:01 | |
And foxes are experts at that. | 0:18:01 | 0:18:03 | |
They have incredible senses. | 0:18:06 | 0:18:08 | |
Particularly their hearing. | 0:18:09 | 0:18:11 | |
And, despite having these fairly small ears, | 0:18:13 | 0:18:16 | |
this fox will be able to detect its prey with pinpoint accuracy, | 0:18:16 | 0:18:21 | |
even when it's hidden underneath the snow. | 0:18:21 | 0:18:23 | |
But learning how to use this skill takes time. | 0:18:28 | 0:18:32 | |
Their preferred food are lemmings, small, Arctic rodents. | 0:18:34 | 0:18:39 | |
Many foxes won't make it through their first year | 0:18:41 | 0:18:44 | |
and that's mostly down to a lack of food. | 0:18:44 | 0:18:47 | |
Their sensitive hearing means they can detect | 0:18:49 | 0:18:52 | |
lemmings scurrying through tunnels in the snow. | 0:18:52 | 0:18:54 | |
But the fox also has to judge the depth of the snow. | 0:18:56 | 0:19:00 | |
And then... | 0:19:02 | 0:19:03 | |
..with this dramatic pounce, | 0:19:11 | 0:19:13 | |
he's trying to punch right through the snow | 0:19:13 | 0:19:16 | |
and catch the lemming underneath. | 0:19:16 | 0:19:19 | |
It isn't easy. | 0:19:22 | 0:19:24 | |
But practice makes perfect. | 0:19:30 | 0:19:33 | |
The fox's ability to track down prey using its hearing alone | 0:19:46 | 0:19:50 | |
is truly amazing. | 0:19:50 | 0:19:52 | |
Relying on your hearing in the snow can be a real challenge. | 0:19:55 | 0:19:58 | |
Have you ever noticed that when there's a blanket of snow, | 0:19:58 | 0:20:01 | |
the world seems a very silent place? | 0:20:01 | 0:20:03 | |
That is because the snow literally deadens the sound waves. | 0:20:03 | 0:20:08 | |
The snow stops the sound from bouncing and reflecting off things. | 0:20:08 | 0:20:12 | |
In my pocket I have a speaker, | 0:20:12 | 0:20:14 | |
and on this speaker, I have the sound of a vole. | 0:20:14 | 0:20:17 | |
To many creatures, voles means food. | 0:20:18 | 0:20:22 | |
SCRABBLING NOISE | 0:20:22 | 0:20:26 | |
See, if your dinner relies on you being able to detect these little | 0:20:26 | 0:20:31 | |
creatures that are scurrying about, beneath the grass, beneath the snow, | 0:20:31 | 0:20:35 | |
you'll see what the challenge is. | 0:20:35 | 0:20:37 | |
Pretty loud. | 0:20:37 | 0:20:38 | |
There's the vole. | 0:20:38 | 0:20:40 | |
I can barely hear it. | 0:20:49 | 0:20:51 | |
It's almost completely gone. | 0:20:52 | 0:20:55 | |
OK. | 0:20:56 | 0:20:57 | |
So I'm about a foot and a half above the speaker, | 0:20:58 | 0:21:00 | |
and I can just about hear it. | 0:21:00 | 0:21:04 | |
Thankfully, I don't rely on voles for food. | 0:21:04 | 0:21:07 | |
But, what if you had to listen out for this sound | 0:21:09 | 0:21:12 | |
from high above the snow? | 0:21:12 | 0:21:15 | |
That's the challenge faced by the great grey owl. | 0:21:17 | 0:21:20 | |
But this magnificent bird pinpoints sound so accurately, | 0:21:23 | 0:21:27 | |
it can launch a strike from the air. | 0:21:27 | 0:21:29 | |
So, how does it achieve this incredible feat? | 0:21:41 | 0:21:44 | |
The disc shaped feathers on its face collect the sound waves | 0:21:51 | 0:21:56 | |
and directs them to the ears on the side of its head. | 0:21:56 | 0:22:00 | |
It can work out exactly where the sound is coming from. | 0:22:02 | 0:22:06 | |
These skills come into their own when the owl takes to the wing. | 0:22:09 | 0:22:12 | |
Special edging on its feathers | 0:22:19 | 0:22:21 | |
mean that its flight is completely silent. | 0:22:21 | 0:22:25 | |
Nothing can hear it coming. | 0:22:36 | 0:22:38 | |
In the final moments, | 0:22:47 | 0:22:49 | |
it brings its talons into exact alignment | 0:22:49 | 0:22:52 | |
with the sound of the prey. | 0:22:52 | 0:22:54 | |
Catching a meal without ever seeing it. | 0:23:14 | 0:23:18 | |
Phenomenal. | 0:23:18 | 0:23:19 | |
But there is another way to find a vole under the snow, | 0:23:20 | 0:23:23 | |
and that's to go in after it. | 0:23:23 | 0:23:26 | |
Although the least weasel is several times larger than a vole, | 0:23:29 | 0:23:33 | |
its body is exactly the same width. | 0:23:33 | 0:23:36 | |
Once the weasel finds a hole, | 0:23:42 | 0:23:44 | |
it's an old-fashioned game of cat and mouse. | 0:23:44 | 0:23:48 | |
Although it doesn't always end in getting dinner. | 0:24:05 | 0:24:08 | |
Whatever the outcome, | 0:24:11 | 0:24:12 | |
at least the weasel is small enough to take shelter beneath the snow, | 0:24:12 | 0:24:16 | |
away from the worst of the weather. | 0:24:16 | 0:24:18 | |
But, what if you aren't able to get out of the cold? | 0:24:23 | 0:24:27 | |
Well, one animal has some surprising ways to cope. | 0:24:28 | 0:24:31 | |
Reindeer. There could not be another animal more closely associated | 0:24:43 | 0:24:47 | |
with snow and Christmas. | 0:24:47 | 0:24:49 | |
And, there could even be some truth in that famous red nose. | 0:24:54 | 0:24:58 | |
Reindeer live in the forests and tundra of the far north. | 0:25:02 | 0:25:06 | |
In winter, they dig through the snow to find food. | 0:25:06 | 0:25:10 | |
Out here, they're breathing in air | 0:25:12 | 0:25:15 | |
at temperatures down to minus 40 Celsius. | 0:25:15 | 0:25:18 | |
To stop it chilling their lungs, | 0:25:21 | 0:25:23 | |
they pass the air through chambers in their nose... | 0:25:23 | 0:25:26 | |
..where a network of blood vessels heat it up. | 0:25:28 | 0:25:31 | |
We can see this on the thermal camera. | 0:25:35 | 0:25:37 | |
Where they warm the air up, their noses really are red. | 0:25:39 | 0:25:44 | |
And, when they breathe out, | 0:25:46 | 0:25:49 | |
their noses take the precious body heat from their breath, | 0:25:49 | 0:25:52 | |
so it isn't lost to the atmosphere. | 0:25:52 | 0:25:54 | |
And it isn't the only thing | 0:26:00 | 0:26:03 | |
that makes reindeer so well-equipped for snow. | 0:26:03 | 0:26:06 | |
I am a perfect example of an animal that is not adapted | 0:26:07 | 0:26:13 | |
for walking about a snowy environment like this. | 0:26:13 | 0:26:17 | |
I'm 12 stone, 12 and a half stone, | 0:26:19 | 0:26:21 | |
and all of my weight is distributed onto my feet. | 0:26:21 | 0:26:26 | |
Size 12. Big feet for a human, | 0:26:26 | 0:26:28 | |
but not big enough to stop me from sinking down into the snow. | 0:26:28 | 0:26:32 | |
So, why don't reindeer have the same issue? | 0:26:36 | 0:26:40 | |
The answer lies in their specially adapted feet. | 0:26:40 | 0:26:44 | |
Their four toes splay out to increase their surface area, | 0:26:44 | 0:26:49 | |
stopping them from sinking, and giving them traction. | 0:26:49 | 0:26:53 | |
This ability is one reason we domesticated the reindeer. | 0:26:56 | 0:27:00 | |
The Dolgan people of Siberia | 0:27:02 | 0:27:04 | |
use reindeer for their nomadic lifestyle, | 0:27:04 | 0:27:07 | |
literally moving house every week or so, with their help. | 0:27:07 | 0:27:11 | |
So clearly, I need to increase the surface area of my feet. | 0:27:18 | 0:27:21 | |
There we go. Adapted for walking in the snow. | 0:27:24 | 0:27:28 | |
Big surface area to stop me sinking through, | 0:27:28 | 0:27:30 | |
spikes to stop me slipping on the ice. | 0:27:30 | 0:27:33 | |
That is so much better. | 0:27:40 | 0:27:43 | |
It's easy. I can walk through the forests, | 0:27:43 | 0:27:45 | |
I'm not sinking down into my waist, I can go fast, | 0:27:45 | 0:27:48 | |
I can almost go silently. | 0:27:48 | 0:27:50 | |
Like I belong here. | 0:27:52 | 0:27:53 | |
Other animals also use this approach. | 0:27:58 | 0:28:01 | |
Polar bears have huge paws, 30 centimetres across. | 0:28:04 | 0:28:09 | |
And their pads are covered with tiny bumps to give extra grip. | 0:28:11 | 0:28:15 | |
And the snowshoe hare has long, fur-covered feet | 0:28:19 | 0:28:23 | |
to help it move effortlessly across the snow. | 0:28:23 | 0:28:26 | |
Yet, despite their special equipment, | 0:28:30 | 0:28:33 | |
even reindeer find sheet ice a little tricky. | 0:28:33 | 0:28:37 | |
But reindeer have something else that really sets them apart. | 0:28:47 | 0:28:51 | |
Their eyesight. | 0:28:53 | 0:28:55 | |
When it's bright and sunny like this, | 0:28:57 | 0:29:00 | |
my eyes struggle to cope | 0:29:00 | 0:29:01 | |
with the amount of UV light that's coming from the sun, | 0:29:01 | 0:29:06 | |
is bouncing back up off the snow. | 0:29:06 | 0:29:08 | |
But reindeer, they see things differently. | 0:29:08 | 0:29:12 | |
Not only can they see in colour like I can, | 0:29:12 | 0:29:15 | |
they can also see in ultraviolet. | 0:29:15 | 0:29:17 | |
And that's vital. | 0:29:19 | 0:29:21 | |
Because some very important things show up in ultraviolet. | 0:29:21 | 0:29:25 | |
Tracks in the snow show up clearly, | 0:29:31 | 0:29:34 | |
helping reindeer find a path. | 0:29:34 | 0:29:37 | |
They can see the telltale scent marks of predators in the snow. | 0:29:43 | 0:29:46 | |
And most important of all, a staple part of their winter diet, lichen, | 0:29:49 | 0:29:55 | |
stands out like a beacon. | 0:29:55 | 0:29:57 | |
So, when deep snow covers the other plants they eat, | 0:30:05 | 0:30:08 | |
they can hone in on this extra food source. | 0:30:08 | 0:30:11 | |
No wonder reindeer are so closely associated with this time of year. | 0:30:14 | 0:30:19 | |
With these specialist skills, they can get through the deepest winter. | 0:30:19 | 0:30:24 | |
When temperatures plummet, | 0:30:43 | 0:30:45 | |
we start burning more calories, just to keep warm. | 0:30:45 | 0:30:50 | |
So, finding extra food can make all the difference. | 0:30:50 | 0:30:53 | |
In fact, it's vital. | 0:30:53 | 0:30:55 | |
But when your larder is frozen solid, you have to be resourceful. | 0:30:55 | 0:30:59 | |
The robin. | 0:31:02 | 0:31:03 | |
The gardener's colourful companion | 0:31:04 | 0:31:07 | |
relies on soft earth to pick out worms and grubs. | 0:31:07 | 0:31:10 | |
But a deep frost means the ground is frozen solid. | 0:31:12 | 0:31:16 | |
If only there were someone to dig it up. | 0:31:18 | 0:31:21 | |
Deep underground, in total darkness, where the frost can't reach, | 0:31:24 | 0:31:29 | |
moles are digging their tunnels. | 0:31:29 | 0:31:31 | |
And pushing up fresh, soft piles of earth. | 0:31:32 | 0:31:36 | |
For the robin redbreast, this is an opportunity. | 0:31:38 | 0:31:41 | |
It's a real lifeline. | 0:31:55 | 0:31:57 | |
And one that could continue for the whole winter. | 0:31:59 | 0:32:03 | |
When food is hard to find, | 0:32:08 | 0:32:10 | |
joining forces can help. | 0:32:10 | 0:32:13 | |
And one resourceful animal has worked out just how to do this. | 0:32:19 | 0:32:24 | |
Wolverines are the largest member of the weasel family. | 0:32:27 | 0:32:31 | |
In winter, most of their diet | 0:32:39 | 0:32:41 | |
is made up of the animals that haven't made it through | 0:32:41 | 0:32:44 | |
these testing times. | 0:32:44 | 0:32:46 | |
But, with the world covered by snow, | 0:32:49 | 0:32:52 | |
it could take hours to find this meal. | 0:32:52 | 0:32:55 | |
This is where the wolverine's resourcefulness comes in. | 0:32:55 | 0:32:59 | |
It has an airborne spotter. | 0:32:59 | 0:33:02 | |
Ravens. | 0:33:07 | 0:33:08 | |
One of the most intelligent birds in the world. | 0:33:08 | 0:33:12 | |
Although it's found a moose, | 0:33:12 | 0:33:13 | |
a raven isn't strong enough to dig it out of the snow. | 0:33:13 | 0:33:17 | |
So it calls out, attracting the wolverine's attention. | 0:33:19 | 0:33:22 | |
It will even lead its ally towards the food. | 0:33:24 | 0:33:28 | |
Wolverines are renowned for their strength. | 0:33:38 | 0:33:42 | |
But the meat is frozen solid. | 0:33:43 | 0:33:46 | |
Fortunately, there's an answer for that. | 0:33:51 | 0:33:55 | |
The wolverine is one of the only animals on the planet | 0:33:59 | 0:34:03 | |
whose teeth and jaws are specifically adapted | 0:34:03 | 0:34:06 | |
for eating frozen food. | 0:34:06 | 0:34:08 | |
They can cut through meat and bone as hard as concrete. | 0:34:09 | 0:34:12 | |
This is what the raven's been waiting for. | 0:34:22 | 0:34:25 | |
Newly revealed leftovers are their reward for finding food. | 0:34:25 | 0:34:29 | |
And there's one final clever strategy | 0:34:43 | 0:34:46 | |
in case times get really tough. | 0:34:46 | 0:34:48 | |
The wolverine will bury part of the meal, | 0:34:48 | 0:34:51 | |
storing it away in the freezer for later. | 0:34:51 | 0:34:54 | |
Two different species working together like this | 0:34:56 | 0:34:59 | |
is rare in the natural world. | 0:34:59 | 0:35:02 | |
But, when you live in one of the toughest places on Earth, | 0:35:03 | 0:35:06 | |
it can make sense to work as a team. | 0:35:06 | 0:35:08 | |
Musk ox are Arctic giants. | 0:35:11 | 0:35:14 | |
They live in family groups of around 20 in the northern tundra, | 0:35:14 | 0:35:18 | |
where they face some of the planet's most extreme weather. | 0:35:18 | 0:35:22 | |
When it comes to being prepared for the coldest part of winter, | 0:35:30 | 0:35:34 | |
these musk ox certainly look ready. | 0:35:34 | 0:35:37 | |
That long, thick, shaggy coat is so efficient, | 0:35:37 | 0:35:42 | |
a musk ox only uses a small amount of energy to keep warm. | 0:35:42 | 0:35:46 | |
They can even slow down their metabolism | 0:35:47 | 0:35:50 | |
so that in the winter time they require less food. | 0:35:50 | 0:35:54 | |
Because finding that food can be a challenge. | 0:35:54 | 0:35:57 | |
In winter, the snow is covered with a thick layer of ice, | 0:36:07 | 0:36:12 | |
making it hard to get to the plants beneath. | 0:36:12 | 0:36:14 | |
So musk ox use their large front hooves like snow shovels. | 0:36:17 | 0:36:22 | |
And the neighbours are quick to spot an opportunity. | 0:36:26 | 0:36:29 | |
Ptarmigan, hardy Arctic birds that also feed on plants, | 0:36:32 | 0:36:37 | |
but can't break through the ice on their own. | 0:36:37 | 0:36:40 | |
Arctic hares join the winter feast too. | 0:36:45 | 0:36:48 | |
Soon, the musk ox have quite an entourage. | 0:36:49 | 0:36:52 | |
But finding food is just one of their problems. | 0:36:59 | 0:37:03 | |
Protecting their calves is perhaps the most important. | 0:37:05 | 0:37:09 | |
They're born just before the spring. | 0:37:09 | 0:37:12 | |
Everything is new to this calf. | 0:37:14 | 0:37:17 | |
But the snow is a particular challenge. | 0:37:17 | 0:37:20 | |
It'll need to get to grips with it soon. | 0:37:26 | 0:37:29 | |
There are predators here. | 0:37:31 | 0:37:32 | |
Arctic wolves. | 0:37:35 | 0:37:37 | |
They are big, strong, and live in packs. | 0:37:37 | 0:37:41 | |
The calves are vulnerable. | 0:37:46 | 0:37:48 | |
They must try to keep up. | 0:37:50 | 0:37:52 | |
The musk ox form a defensive ring, with the calves in the middle. | 0:38:05 | 0:38:10 | |
A wolf would be foolish to mess with this impenetrable wall of musk ox. | 0:38:14 | 0:38:19 | |
When it comes to living in the Arctic, | 0:38:27 | 0:38:30 | |
these animals are hard to beat. | 0:38:30 | 0:38:33 | |
LONE WOLF HOWLS | 0:38:33 | 0:38:36 | |
PACK HOWLS | 0:38:36 | 0:38:38 | |
Relying on hunting to get a meal is always a challenge. | 0:38:41 | 0:38:44 | |
So how do predators like wolves get through the toughest time of year? | 0:38:46 | 0:38:50 | |
Here in northern Norway, these wolves are habituated to people. | 0:38:50 | 0:38:55 | |
It's a rare opportunity | 0:39:02 | 0:39:04 | |
to get closer than would ever be possible with a fully wild pack. | 0:39:04 | 0:39:08 | |
Hello. | 0:39:17 | 0:39:19 | |
Look at the size of the paws. | 0:39:26 | 0:39:28 | |
You are a beaut. | 0:39:29 | 0:39:31 | |
Just stroking this wolf, | 0:39:31 | 0:39:34 | |
you could lose your hand in its coat. | 0:39:34 | 0:39:38 | |
And when I part the hair you can see that underneath there's these fine, | 0:39:40 | 0:39:46 | |
very soft hairs that gives insulation. | 0:39:46 | 0:39:51 | |
And these longer outer hairs repel the snow and water. | 0:39:51 | 0:39:56 | |
His coat is perfect for these conditions. | 0:39:58 | 0:40:01 | |
Look how narrow the wolf is, | 0:40:03 | 0:40:05 | |
you look at the wolf face on, it's got this big head. | 0:40:05 | 0:40:09 | |
But its shoulders are quite narrow, and that's a physical adaptation | 0:40:09 | 0:40:12 | |
that helps him move around through deep snow. | 0:40:12 | 0:40:15 | |
So, no matter what physical characteristics you have, | 0:40:18 | 0:40:21 | |
clever hunting strategy is essential. | 0:40:21 | 0:40:24 | |
And in these bitterly cold conditions, | 0:40:24 | 0:40:27 | |
it helps to have friends. | 0:40:27 | 0:40:29 | |
Wolves live in tight-knit family groups. | 0:40:35 | 0:40:38 | |
There's a strict hierarchy. | 0:40:40 | 0:40:41 | |
Alpha males and females are in charge. | 0:40:43 | 0:40:45 | |
Every pack member knows their place. | 0:40:45 | 0:40:48 | |
The strong relationships between the wolves are critical | 0:40:57 | 0:41:00 | |
for getting through hard times. | 0:41:00 | 0:41:02 | |
It's February in Yellowstone National Park. | 0:41:05 | 0:41:09 | |
At this stage of winter, the elk are weak. | 0:41:18 | 0:41:21 | |
But elk are several times the size of a wolf. | 0:41:27 | 0:41:31 | |
They need to work together. | 0:41:35 | 0:41:37 | |
One wolf charges, making the elk run. | 0:41:40 | 0:41:44 | |
They can identify the weakest animal by the way it acts and moves. | 0:41:55 | 0:42:00 | |
One wolf cuts the elk away from the herd. | 0:42:03 | 0:42:06 | |
While two more come in from the sides. | 0:42:07 | 0:42:11 | |
A tactical manoeuvre that means the whole family will feed. | 0:42:11 | 0:42:16 | |
HOWLING | 0:42:18 | 0:42:22 | |
A wolf's ability to hunt as a team, as a pack, | 0:42:26 | 0:42:31 | |
that's really what helps guarantee its survival. | 0:42:31 | 0:42:34 | |
In Yellowstone, | 0:42:41 | 0:42:42 | |
the wolves have found a way to get through the harsh winter. | 0:42:42 | 0:42:45 | |
But, for other animals that live here, | 0:42:49 | 0:42:52 | |
there's another way to survive. | 0:42:52 | 0:42:55 | |
These bison are caught in the grip | 0:43:05 | 0:43:08 | |
of the worst winter for a generation. | 0:43:08 | 0:43:11 | |
The snow is too deep to break through. | 0:43:18 | 0:43:21 | |
And they need to eat. | 0:43:21 | 0:43:23 | |
But Yellowstone holds a secret. | 0:43:30 | 0:43:32 | |
This winter wonderland has a burning heart. | 0:43:36 | 0:43:39 | |
Formed on a giant volcano, | 0:43:43 | 0:43:45 | |
Yellowstone is peppered with thousands of hot springs | 0:43:45 | 0:43:48 | |
and spectacular spouting geysers. | 0:43:48 | 0:43:50 | |
The bison can take advantage of this, | 0:43:54 | 0:43:57 | |
but they need to move. | 0:43:57 | 0:43:59 | |
They're taking a big risk. | 0:44:17 | 0:44:20 | |
This journey could use all their remaining strength. | 0:44:20 | 0:44:24 | |
Some won't make it. | 0:44:28 | 0:44:31 | |
But even as night falls, | 0:44:34 | 0:44:36 | |
the bison push on. | 0:44:36 | 0:44:38 | |
The herd have reached an oasis. | 0:45:08 | 0:45:11 | |
The hot springs warm the air, | 0:45:16 | 0:45:19 | |
and melt the snow. | 0:45:19 | 0:45:22 | |
And there's grass here. | 0:45:25 | 0:45:26 | |
But this paradise is too good to be true. | 0:45:43 | 0:45:46 | |
Volcanic springs can contain toxic chemicals like arsenic. | 0:45:50 | 0:45:55 | |
Over time, this could make the bison ill. | 0:45:56 | 0:45:59 | |
But, right now, this is the lifeline they need. | 0:46:02 | 0:46:06 | |
Knowing every secret in the landscape | 0:46:10 | 0:46:13 | |
can make all the difference to surviving in the snow. | 0:46:13 | 0:46:16 | |
And some animals take using thermal springs to a whole new level. | 0:46:22 | 0:46:27 | |
In these heated pools, | 0:46:34 | 0:46:36 | |
Japanese macaques take refuge from the freezing winter temperatures. | 0:46:36 | 0:46:40 | |
The water is a steamy 41 degrees Celsius. | 0:46:44 | 0:46:48 | |
It's not just a chance to keep warm, though, | 0:46:54 | 0:46:57 | |
it's also an opportunity for the group to socialise. | 0:46:57 | 0:47:00 | |
But this spa is exclusive. | 0:47:04 | 0:47:07 | |
Only the elite of macaque society are permitted entry. | 0:47:08 | 0:47:11 | |
The rest are left on the sidelines to look for other distractions. | 0:47:18 | 0:47:23 | |
Even the less privileged monkeys are lucky, | 0:47:34 | 0:47:36 | |
compared to those animals that live in the coldest | 0:47:36 | 0:47:39 | |
and most extreme place on the planet. | 0:47:39 | 0:47:41 | |
On the day like this in the mountains, | 0:47:45 | 0:47:48 | |
the temperature is about minus 1, minus 2. | 0:47:48 | 0:47:50 | |
On a different day with a bit of wind chill, | 0:47:50 | 0:47:52 | |
you're talking about minus 20, minus 30. | 0:47:52 | 0:47:56 | |
But, if you want it colder than that, | 0:47:56 | 0:47:58 | |
if you want the coldest ever recorded temperature, | 0:47:58 | 0:48:01 | |
you have to go to Antarctica. | 0:48:01 | 0:48:03 | |
Recorded by satellite in 2010, | 0:48:05 | 0:48:08 | |
the temperature hit a mind-blowing minus 94.7 degrees Celsius. | 0:48:08 | 0:48:14 | |
The average temperature at the South Pole is minus 50 degrees. | 0:48:20 | 0:48:24 | |
Winds have been known to reach nearly 200mph. | 0:48:33 | 0:48:37 | |
Much of the land is surrounded by permanent sea ice. | 0:48:42 | 0:48:45 | |
Which means the animals that live here have developed some of the most | 0:48:47 | 0:48:51 | |
amazing survival strategies in the natural world. | 0:48:51 | 0:48:54 | |
Harsh as it is up top, in the water, | 0:49:01 | 0:49:04 | |
temperatures remain about minus 2 degrees all year round. | 0:49:04 | 0:49:08 | |
This eerily beautiful world | 0:49:14 | 0:49:17 | |
is where Weddell seals spend much of their lives. | 0:49:17 | 0:49:20 | |
They live closer to the South Pole than any other mammal. | 0:49:34 | 0:49:38 | |
Feeding on fish underneath the ice. | 0:49:40 | 0:49:42 | |
Surely this is a potential problem for an air breathing mammal? | 0:49:50 | 0:49:53 | |
Well, there are some natural holes, | 0:50:01 | 0:50:03 | |
cracks and openings in the constantly moving sea ice. | 0:50:03 | 0:50:07 | |
And that's where the seals' remarkable adaptations come in. | 0:50:12 | 0:50:16 | |
They can hold their breath for over an hour, | 0:50:19 | 0:50:22 | |
swimming far and wide in search of the next air hole. | 0:50:22 | 0:50:27 | |
They've also developed a kind of sonar. | 0:50:36 | 0:50:39 | |
Listening to the minute differences in the echoes | 0:50:42 | 0:50:45 | |
from this peculiar call, they can detect gaps in the ice. | 0:50:45 | 0:50:49 | |
But, most amazing of all is how they stop a hole from freezing over | 0:50:55 | 0:50:59 | |
in these sub-zero temperatures. | 0:50:59 | 0:51:01 | |
Weddell seals have large, strong, and protruding teeth. | 0:51:05 | 0:51:09 | |
They use them to rasp away at the ice. | 0:51:13 | 0:51:16 | |
It takes extraordinary effort, | 0:51:21 | 0:51:24 | |
but it keeps their precious breathing holes open. | 0:51:24 | 0:51:27 | |
Going to these lengths is the only way to survive | 0:51:29 | 0:51:33 | |
in extreme places like this. | 0:51:33 | 0:51:35 | |
Our final group of animals can face up to the elements | 0:51:44 | 0:51:48 | |
like no other - | 0:51:48 | 0:51:50 | |
the Antarctic penguins. | 0:51:50 | 0:51:52 | |
Under their skin, penguins have a thick layer of blubber | 0:52:06 | 0:52:09 | |
to keep them warm. | 0:52:09 | 0:52:10 | |
And it gives them that distinctive rotund shape. | 0:52:13 | 0:52:16 | |
To save time and energy, they take advantage of the ice to get about. | 0:52:19 | 0:52:23 | |
Even their waddle is energy efficient. | 0:52:26 | 0:52:29 | |
And, on top of all of this is their most fortifying of features - | 0:52:34 | 0:52:40 | |
feathers. | 0:52:40 | 0:52:41 | |
Penguins may not be able to fly, but they do have a lot of feathers, | 0:52:43 | 0:52:47 | |
and it's thought that penguins have more insulating feathers | 0:52:47 | 0:52:50 | |
than any other bird, and I've got some here. | 0:52:50 | 0:52:54 | |
Just look at them. | 0:52:54 | 0:52:55 | |
These are from an emperor penguin, | 0:52:55 | 0:52:58 | |
a species that has to endure bitterly cold Antarctic conditions, | 0:52:58 | 0:53:03 | |
and it is a masterpiece. | 0:53:03 | 0:53:05 | |
At the base, it's incredibly downy and fluffy. | 0:53:05 | 0:53:09 | |
The quill part is stiff, the end is slick. | 0:53:09 | 0:53:13 | |
This is the waterproof part. | 0:53:13 | 0:53:15 | |
And on the bird, these feathers interlock. | 0:53:15 | 0:53:19 | |
The outside is waterproof. | 0:53:19 | 0:53:22 | |
It creates a waterproof seal | 0:53:22 | 0:53:25 | |
and underneath is an air void, full of these downy feathers. | 0:53:25 | 0:53:29 | |
This is an incredibly sophisticated form of insulation. | 0:53:29 | 0:53:34 | |
When it comes to a life in the snow, | 0:53:37 | 0:53:39 | |
the emperor penguin really does deserve its name. | 0:53:39 | 0:53:43 | |
They're able to live further south than any other penguin. | 0:53:43 | 0:53:48 | |
For three months each year, | 0:53:49 | 0:53:51 | |
the males remain out on the ice whilst their partners go fishing. | 0:53:51 | 0:53:55 | |
They face temperatures of minus 50 | 0:53:58 | 0:54:01 | |
and winds that can exceed 100mph, | 0:54:01 | 0:54:05 | |
all to achieve one extraordinary thing. | 0:54:05 | 0:54:09 | |
In a place with no shelter, no materials to build a nest, | 0:54:14 | 0:54:18 | |
and where everything is frozen solid, | 0:54:18 | 0:54:21 | |
he is responsible for bringing up the next generation. | 0:54:21 | 0:54:25 | |
Balanced on his feet, the closest part of his body to the ice, | 0:54:27 | 0:54:32 | |
he's protecting his most precious possession, | 0:54:32 | 0:54:36 | |
an egg. | 0:54:36 | 0:54:38 | |
In a specially adapted pouch, | 0:54:41 | 0:54:44 | |
the egg is kept at 38 degrees above freezing. | 0:54:44 | 0:54:47 | |
But it's not just about keeping his egg warm and off the frozen ground. | 0:54:52 | 0:54:56 | |
To survive, the penguins must stick together. | 0:54:58 | 0:55:01 | |
They move in and out of formation | 0:55:05 | 0:55:07 | |
with the other expectant fathers to keep warm. | 0:55:07 | 0:55:10 | |
Then, one magical day, | 0:55:39 | 0:55:41 | |
the hard work pays off, and he receives the ultimate gift. | 0:55:41 | 0:55:47 | |
A brand-new baby penguin... | 0:55:53 | 0:55:55 | |
..to show off proudly when Mum returns home from fishing. | 0:55:59 | 0:56:03 | |
Whether a parent or a baby, | 0:56:17 | 0:56:20 | |
nature's winter wonderlands are demanding places to live. | 0:56:20 | 0:56:24 | |
Yet, as we've seen, | 0:56:30 | 0:56:33 | |
our animals are more than up to it. | 0:56:33 | 0:56:36 | |
They've come up with extraordinary ways to survive, | 0:56:43 | 0:56:48 | |
and even thrive. | 0:56:48 | 0:56:50 | |
For me, these animals are some of the most impressive on our planet. | 0:56:56 | 0:57:02 | |
They've overcome every challenge | 0:57:02 | 0:57:05 | |
to each lead a remarkable life in the snow. | 0:57:05 | 0:57:10 |