Browse content similar to Destination Titan. Check below for episodes and series from the same categories and more!
Line | From | To | |
---|---|---|---|
January 14, 2005, the day had finally arrived - | 0:00:13 | 0:00:18 | |
the day that I'd thought about every day for 17 years. | 0:00:18 | 0:00:22 | |
1.5 billion miles away, out there near Saturn, there was something | 0:00:26 | 0:00:32 | |
that we'd built and it was hurtling through space at 20,000 mph. | 0:00:32 | 0:00:38 | |
Would it do just what we'd designed it to do or would it all be wasted? | 0:00:38 | 0:00:45 | |
We went into the science room that morning | 0:00:58 | 0:01:01 | |
knowing that whatever was going to happen | 0:01:01 | 0:01:02 | |
was going to happen, and this was the day. | 0:01:02 | 0:01:04 | |
There was an enormous air of expectation. | 0:01:04 | 0:01:08 | |
Basically anyone I met | 0:01:08 | 0:01:09 | |
was as excited but also as nervous as I was about the whole mission. | 0:01:09 | 0:01:13 | |
Frankly I think we were all petrified. | 0:01:13 | 0:01:16 | |
But the very worst thing that shouldn't have happened happened. | 0:01:21 | 0:01:25 | |
And it turned out it was a major problem. | 0:01:25 | 0:01:27 | |
I just wanted to go away and cry in a corner. | 0:01:27 | 0:01:30 | |
That really ramped up the nerves and there's a missing command, what else is wrong? | 0:01:30 | 0:01:37 | |
I really had visions now of the last 17 years having been wasted. | 0:01:37 | 0:01:43 | |
# MUSIC: "Red Planet Rock" by Don Lang & His Frantic Five | 0:01:53 | 0:01:57 | |
# Everybody, watch the sky | 0:01:57 | 0:01:59 | |
# The weather's all jumping and I'll tell you why... # | 0:01:59 | 0:02:01 | |
Growing up in the late 50s, all I knew about space travel was | 0:02:01 | 0:02:07 | |
probably from reading about Dan Dare, | 0:02:07 | 0:02:09 | |
for example, in the Eagle comic. | 0:02:09 | 0:02:13 | |
I knew very little about the planets, probably from schoolbooks. | 0:02:13 | 0:02:17 | |
All we knew was from often rather blurry, indistinct images from telescopes on the ground. | 0:02:17 | 0:02:25 | |
I think I knew that Saturn was a large ball of gas. | 0:02:25 | 0:02:30 | |
We call it a gas giant, and it was about 1 billion miles away from us | 0:02:30 | 0:02:35 | |
here on the Earth, but I certainly didn't know anything about Titan. | 0:02:35 | 0:02:39 | |
I didn't know that it was one of Saturn's moons orbiting around it. | 0:02:39 | 0:02:43 | |
I mean you have to remember we didn't have any spacecraft images of course, | 0:02:43 | 0:02:49 | |
and then something happened to change all of that. | 0:02:49 | 0:02:52 | |
-NEWSREADER: -'Half an hour ago, the Russians announced | 0:02:56 | 0:02:59 | |
'that they had put the first man into space. | 0:02:59 | 0:03:01 | |
'It's the voice in space of Major Yuri Gagarin.' | 0:03:01 | 0:03:03 | |
'It must be one of the greatest scientific | 0:03:03 | 0:03:06 | |
'events for one of the greatest occasions in the history of man.' | 0:03:06 | 0:03:08 | |
It was absolutely mind-boggling. | 0:03:08 | 0:03:12 | |
It's impossible now really to | 0:03:12 | 0:03:14 | |
imagine the impact that it made. | 0:03:14 | 0:03:18 | |
Man in space. | 0:03:18 | 0:03:19 | |
-Excuse me, what do you think of the news? -I think it's fantastic. | 0:03:19 | 0:03:23 | |
-Well, I can tell you he's now back, safe and sound. -Really? | 0:03:23 | 0:03:27 | |
I didn't think he would get back. | 0:03:27 | 0:03:29 | |
Well, I say, very best of British good luck to the chap myself. | 0:03:29 | 0:03:32 | |
Within months of Gagarin's flight, he embarked on a world tour | 0:03:32 | 0:03:37 | |
and I think it's true that the first port of call was the United Kingdom and London. | 0:03:37 | 0:03:42 | |
Major Gagarin, could you tell us what you think of the reception of the British public? | 0:03:44 | 0:03:49 | |
TRANSLATOR SPEAKS RUSSIAN | 0:03:49 | 0:03:51 | |
GAGARIN SPEAKS RUSSIAN | 0:03:51 | 0:03:54 | |
The welcome I have been given by the British public has been overwhelming. | 0:03:58 | 0:04:02 | |
It has been most friendly and kind. | 0:04:02 | 0:04:04 | |
TRANSLATOR CONTINUES: 'I see smiling faces everywhere...' | 0:04:06 | 0:04:09 | |
What about you, would you like to be a spaceman? | 0:04:11 | 0:04:13 | |
Oh, well, it all depends. | 0:04:13 | 0:04:15 | |
If it comes up, like everybody in a kind of craze, | 0:04:15 | 0:04:20 | |
I think I might have a go. | 0:04:20 | 0:04:22 | |
-You might have a go, might you? -Yes. -What did you think of the Major? | 0:04:22 | 0:04:25 | |
I liked his uniform and I like the company all around us. | 0:04:25 | 0:04:30 | |
The school that I was at, Highgate, was very close to Highgate Cemetery. | 0:04:31 | 0:04:36 | |
Of course, every visiting Russian dignitary had to visit the tomb of Karl Marx. | 0:04:36 | 0:04:41 | |
I remember school was cancelled for the afternoon. | 0:04:41 | 0:04:46 | |
It was such a big event, you know, Gagarin coming to London, coming to Highgate. | 0:04:46 | 0:04:52 | |
I think I only decided to come along here at the last minute. | 0:04:52 | 0:04:58 | |
I'm not sure why. I don't know if I'm a believer in fate but it must have been fate, mustn't it? | 0:04:58 | 0:05:03 | |
And it was my eureka moment - seeing that man standing here - | 0:05:03 | 0:05:08 | |
asmall man, but the thought he had been in space for what was it, 96 minutes? | 0:05:08 | 0:05:15 | |
The first astronaut, and I was hooked from that moment on. | 0:05:15 | 0:05:19 | |
The Gagarin flight was really what kickstarted it all. | 0:05:36 | 0:05:39 | |
It really took us out of that science fiction era | 0:05:39 | 0:05:43 | |
into the era of practicality, | 0:05:43 | 0:05:45 | |
and one can see it as the first step on our exploration | 0:05:45 | 0:05:49 | |
of the solar system with humans and also with robotic spacecraft. | 0:05:49 | 0:05:55 | |
It's one of those things, if you grew up in the late 60s, early 70s, | 0:06:01 | 0:06:04 | |
you know, space was everywhere. | 0:06:04 | 0:06:06 | |
It was the most exciting thing, you just wanted to be involved in it, | 0:06:06 | 0:06:09 | |
probably couldn't even imagine that you would be. | 0:06:09 | 0:06:12 | |
There was a little bit of affluence | 0:06:12 | 0:06:14 | |
and some of the social boundaries and barriers were breaking down. | 0:06:14 | 0:06:18 | |
There was the so-called Youth Revolution and I was caught up | 0:06:18 | 0:06:21 | |
in many of the demonstrations that were going on against the Vietnam War. | 0:06:21 | 0:06:27 | |
It was a fascinating time. | 0:06:27 | 0:06:31 | |
-NEIL ARMSTRONG: -That's one small step for man, | 0:06:31 | 0:06:34 | |
one giant leap for mankind. | 0:06:37 | 0:06:39 | |
I was always interested in space. | 0:06:43 | 0:06:45 | |
I was interested in unmanned space exploration, | 0:06:45 | 0:06:49 | |
seeing other planets up close. | 0:06:49 | 0:06:52 | |
All of this helped us cement, I think, this hope, | 0:06:52 | 0:06:57 | |
this dream that I had that I could actually take this further. | 0:06:57 | 0:07:01 | |
I could get my physics degree. | 0:07:01 | 0:07:03 | |
I could then perhaps do a PhD, | 0:07:03 | 0:07:06 | |
and really move to be a part of this whole worldwide space activity. | 0:07:06 | 0:07:12 | |
I stir it up with my feet. | 0:07:12 | 0:07:15 | |
There it is, I can see it from here. It's orange. | 0:07:15 | 0:07:19 | |
-AMERICAN NEWSREEL: -Only once every 175 years are the major planets - | 0:07:27 | 0:07:31 | |
Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune - | 0:07:31 | 0:07:34 | |
so aligned that a spacecraft can visit all four on a single flight. | 0:07:34 | 0:07:40 | |
The rare opportunity to probe these planets occurs in this decade, | 0:07:40 | 0:07:44 | |
the 1970s, and will not recur until the middle of the 22nd century. | 0:07:44 | 0:07:50 | |
Most of what we knew about Titan, at least at this time, | 0:08:19 | 0:08:23 | |
was from the Voyager spacecraft. | 0:08:23 | 0:08:26 | |
We knew that Titan was about 5,000 km in diameter, so bigger than the planet Mercury. | 0:08:26 | 0:08:32 | |
It had a thick atmosphere. | 0:08:32 | 0:08:34 | |
This is what really made it stand out | 0:08:34 | 0:08:36 | |
amongst all of the planetary satellites in the solar system. | 0:08:36 | 0:08:39 | |
It's the only one that does. | 0:08:39 | 0:08:41 | |
But we knew essentially nothing about the surface | 0:08:41 | 0:08:45 | |
because Titan is permanently shrouded in orange haze or smog, | 0:08:45 | 0:08:50 | |
which meant that none of the images showed anything of the surface. | 0:08:50 | 0:08:56 | |
We know it's very cold. | 0:08:56 | 0:08:58 | |
Saturn and its satellites are so far from the sun. | 0:08:58 | 0:09:01 | |
The atmosphere is very complex, | 0:09:01 | 0:09:02 | |
it was known to have at least 12 different gases and probably having | 0:09:02 | 0:09:06 | |
some similarity to Earth's very primitive atmosphere, | 0:09:06 | 0:09:10 | |
one that we lost probably billions of years ago. | 0:09:10 | 0:09:13 | |
There was organic chemistry on Titan which was interesting but that Titan wasn't warm enough | 0:09:13 | 0:09:18 | |
to have a liquid water which of course is one of the prerequisites for life as we know it. | 0:09:18 | 0:09:24 | |
And I think Titan sort of faded into the background in a sense | 0:09:24 | 0:09:27 | |
for much of the following decade. | 0:09:27 | 0:09:30 | |
Well, towards the end of the 1970s, | 0:09:37 | 0:09:40 | |
jobs in British universities were very difficult to come by | 0:09:40 | 0:09:45 | |
and I saw an advertisement, | 0:09:45 | 0:09:47 | |
which was very hard to resist, to go and work on a project called Giotto. | 0:09:47 | 0:09:52 | |
Now Giotto was Europe's Halley's Comet mission and the job was at the | 0:09:52 | 0:09:57 | |
University of Kent to be project manager for the dust instrument. | 0:09:57 | 0:10:02 | |
I applied and I got it so, at the end of 1981, we moved to Canterbury | 0:10:02 | 0:10:08 | |
on a two-year contract and I ended up staying there 18 years. | 0:10:08 | 0:10:15 | |
Giotto flew 594 km from the nucleus of Halley's Comet. | 0:10:27 | 0:10:33 | |
I mean, it was remarkably close. | 0:10:33 | 0:10:35 | |
And we detected about 30,000 dust particles. | 0:10:35 | 0:10:39 | |
These are the particles that make up the tail of a comet. | 0:10:39 | 0:10:43 | |
I think it was a mission that gave Europe confidence that it could really do ambitious things in space. | 0:10:43 | 0:10:50 | |
After the success of Giotto, the European Space Agency | 0:10:53 | 0:10:57 | |
were very democratic about selecting the next scientific mission. | 0:10:57 | 0:11:01 | |
They had five candidate missions | 0:11:01 | 0:11:04 | |
and we got involved in a team on a mission called Vesta. | 0:11:04 | 0:11:09 | |
Now Vesta was going to fly past an asteroid | 0:11:09 | 0:11:13 | |
and we were part of the group that was looking at the possibility of firing some penetrators. | 0:11:13 | 0:11:19 | |
They would be fired into the surface of the asteroid and make measurements of the physical properties, | 0:11:19 | 0:11:25 | |
and we came to the day of selection and, to our horror, it wasn't Vesta that they chose. | 0:11:25 | 0:11:32 | |
They selected a mission called Cassini, going to a place called Titan - | 0:11:32 | 0:11:37 | |
a place that I'd hardly heard of and we were completely deflated and ejected by this. | 0:11:37 | 0:11:43 | |
I remember still the journey back to Canterbury from Bruges. | 0:11:46 | 0:11:49 | |
We went on the train and the ferry, and it was a pretty depressing, glum journey. | 0:11:49 | 0:11:54 | |
We got back to the lab and I said, | 0:11:54 | 0:11:58 | |
"Look, have we really wasted the last year? | 0:11:58 | 0:12:01 | |
"Is it possible that some of the work that we've done on the Vesta mission, | 0:12:01 | 0:12:05 | |
"which they didn't choose, we could actually adapt | 0:12:05 | 0:12:08 | |
"to this strange place Titan that they were proposing to go to?" | 0:12:08 | 0:12:12 | |
We sat down with a cup of coffee and had a look at what it was that the European Space Agency had chosen. | 0:12:12 | 0:12:20 | |
Cassini, as proposed, was going to be the most ambitious space mission ever sent to the outer solar system. | 0:12:28 | 0:12:35 | |
It was planned to carry the first dedicated set of instruments for Saturn and its system, | 0:12:35 | 0:12:42 | |
and it was to carry a probe that would detach and land on the surface of Titan. | 0:12:42 | 0:12:49 | |
Now, pretty soon, we realised that the part of it that really interested | 0:12:51 | 0:12:56 | |
us was the probe, which was going to descend through Titan's atmosphere. | 0:12:56 | 0:13:01 | |
It was going to make the bulk of its measurements during the descent. | 0:13:01 | 0:13:06 | |
And we realised how embarrassing it would be if the thing landed | 0:13:08 | 0:13:12 | |
and it didn't have anything with which to make measurements on the surface. | 0:13:12 | 0:13:16 | |
So we literally listed all of the physical properties | 0:13:17 | 0:13:22 | |
that you might want to measure on the surface of Titan. | 0:13:22 | 0:13:26 | |
We then wrote a proposal in response to the call for proposals to produce | 0:13:26 | 0:13:32 | |
a quite ambitious, though small, little instrument called the Surface Science Package. | 0:13:32 | 0:13:37 | |
We beat the deadline by about a day. | 0:13:37 | 0:13:40 | |
We sat and waited for the decision. | 0:13:40 | 0:13:42 | |
And, to our amazement, we were selected. | 0:13:42 | 0:13:45 | |
A new and very exciting space probe is being planned for the 1990s. | 0:13:56 | 0:14:00 | |
Dr John Zarnecki is closely associated with this probe, | 0:14:00 | 0:14:03 | |
and we are delighted to welcome him now to the Sky at Night | 0:14:03 | 0:14:06 | |
for the first time but I certainly hope not the last. | 0:14:06 | 0:14:08 | |
-Welcome, John. -Thank you. | 0:14:08 | 0:14:10 | |
I do my Sky at Night programme. | 0:14:10 | 0:14:12 | |
I did do a programme about Titan, who to invite on it? | 0:14:12 | 0:14:15 | |
Obviously, John. I didn't know then what a good broadcaster he was, | 0:14:15 | 0:14:20 | |
and he came and we discussed Titan. | 0:14:20 | 0:14:22 | |
'But, of course, so far,' | 0:14:22 | 0:14:24 | |
we've only been able to study the top part of it. | 0:14:24 | 0:14:26 | |
We still don't know what the surface is like and that's the reason for sending up this Titan lander. | 0:14:26 | 0:14:31 | |
Will you tell us about that, John? | 0:14:31 | 0:14:32 | |
I should tell you that it's already been christened in fact. | 0:14:32 | 0:14:35 | |
It's called the Huygens probe, named after the Dutch physicist, | 0:14:35 | 0:14:39 | |
Christiaan Huygens, who discovered Titan. | 0:14:39 | 0:14:41 | |
'I was billed as a Titan expert.' | 0:14:41 | 0:14:46 | |
I hadn't written a single scientific paper about Titan and this was a very bizarre situation. | 0:14:46 | 0:14:51 | |
He didn't know much about the surface of Titan, but neither did anybody else, me as much as anybody. | 0:14:51 | 0:14:58 | |
All in all, this is one of the most ambitious vehicles ever planned, | 0:15:00 | 0:15:04 | |
what do you think are the chances of success? | 0:15:04 | 0:15:06 | |
We must be optimistic, you would never embark on a mission like this if one wasn't optimistic. | 0:15:06 | 0:15:11 | |
And I expect that we might be sitting here in 13 years' time discussing the results from the Cassini mission. | 0:15:11 | 0:15:18 | |
'I think it began to dawn on us, just in the weeks after we were selected. | 0:15:21 | 0:15:26 | |
'We had to produce an instrument, one of a set of six | 0:15:26 | 0:15:30 | |
'scientific instruments, a bit bigger than a shoebox. | 0:15:30 | 0:15:34 | |
'It had to travel in a probe in deep space for over seven years, | 0:15:34 | 0:15:39 | |
'descend through this thick, rather mysterious atmosphere | 0:15:39 | 0:15:43 | |
'and then make measurements on this very alien and unknown surface. | 0:15:43 | 0:15:49 | |
'And it had to give us answers, it had to make sense of this alien world.' | 0:15:49 | 0:15:54 | |
I mean that was a daunting prospect. | 0:15:54 | 0:15:56 | |
I had to start building up the team. | 0:15:58 | 0:16:01 | |
There were several critical positions. | 0:16:01 | 0:16:04 | |
Arguably the most important position is the project manager. | 0:16:04 | 0:16:07 | |
That's the person who really runs the show day to day and brings the whole thing together. | 0:16:07 | 0:16:12 | |
'OK, one thing we've got to decide is exactly who to send to the meeting with Peter.' | 0:16:12 | 0:16:17 | |
One of my colleagues knew John Zarnecki from maybe 10, 15 years earlier | 0:16:17 | 0:16:22 | |
and they said, "I saw John the other day and he's looking for a project manager, | 0:16:22 | 0:16:26 | |
"why don't you give him a ring?" | 0:16:26 | 0:16:27 | |
And, amazingly, because of him, I had this new space science career. | 0:16:27 | 0:16:31 | |
The instrument had originally been selected in 1990 but the team were just getting going in 1992. | 0:16:31 | 0:16:37 | |
When I arrived they'd just really had a few prototypes on the bench, some of them were very Blue Peter. | 0:16:37 | 0:16:42 | |
I remember a washing-up bottle with a steel ruler attached that was the | 0:16:42 | 0:16:46 | |
density sensor and the thing was huge and we had to turn this into an 8g sensor to fly to Titan. | 0:16:46 | 0:16:52 | |
When Mark came on board, there were two big issues that we had to face. | 0:16:52 | 0:16:58 | |
One was to put the final team together and, more importantly, was to get the funding. | 0:16:58 | 0:17:04 | |
Because being selected was only half of the battle. | 0:17:04 | 0:17:07 | |
We then had to get funding from our national agencies. | 0:17:07 | 0:17:10 | |
'Our funding situation is stable,' | 0:17:10 | 0:17:14 | |
if you call underfunding a good thing to report. | 0:17:14 | 0:17:17 | |
We were underfunded two years ago and we're underfunded to the same extent now. | 0:17:17 | 0:17:21 | |
We were cut back to about two-thirds of what we actually needed to do the job, | 0:17:21 | 0:17:25 | |
so we had to look at clever ways of getting round the funding shortfall. | 0:17:25 | 0:17:30 | |
This was around the time of perestroika, when the Iron Curtain was coming down. | 0:17:30 | 0:17:35 | |
-NEWSREADER: -Bulldozers tonight began to open new holes in the Berlin Wall. | 0:17:37 | 0:17:41 | |
Throughout the day, thousands of people have been crossing freely | 0:17:41 | 0:17:44 | |
from East to West Berlin and back again. | 0:17:44 | 0:17:48 | |
I saw an opportunity here to use some of the professional connections that I had with Poland | 0:17:48 | 0:17:54 | |
to see whether we could go there and use their desire to work with the West in scientific research, | 0:17:54 | 0:18:02 | |
and we found out that they were quite experienced at building space instruments, | 0:18:02 | 0:18:08 | |
so basically we cut a deal. | 0:18:08 | 0:18:10 | |
They would build a part of the instrument | 0:18:10 | 0:18:14 | |
in exchange for coming on board and seeing essentially how space research was done in Western Europe. | 0:18:14 | 0:18:21 | |
Now that was one thing that we did, the other was to take advantage | 0:18:21 | 0:18:26 | |
of the fact that we were a university | 0:18:26 | 0:18:28 | |
and one thing that universities have generally in profusion is students, | 0:18:28 | 0:18:34 | |
and, generally, students are fairly cheap. | 0:18:34 | 0:18:36 | |
I won't quite say slave labour but nearly. | 0:18:36 | 0:18:39 | |
MUSIC: "Mirrorball" by Elbow | 0:18:46 | 0:18:48 | |
The whole project seemed a lot like science fiction in the sense that somehow we were going to | 0:18:53 | 0:18:58 | |
build this thing that was going to travel a billion miles through space | 0:18:58 | 0:19:02 | |
and then parachute down through this atmosphere at minus 200 Celsius | 0:19:02 | 0:19:06 | |
and touch the surface of one of the moons of Saturn. | 0:19:06 | 0:19:09 | |
It just boggles the mind that you can contemplate doing that. | 0:19:09 | 0:19:13 | |
Ralph is enthusiastic about everything he turns his attention to, | 0:19:13 | 0:19:18 | |
and he became very quickly embroiled in all aspects of Titan. | 0:19:18 | 0:19:25 | |
And one of the tasks that we assigned to him was to develop the penetrometer. | 0:19:25 | 0:19:31 | |
One the things we really want to answer with the Surface Science | 0:19:31 | 0:19:35 | |
Package is what is the actual nature of the surface of Titan? | 0:19:35 | 0:19:38 | |
What's it made of? Is it solid like ice or is it slushy or is it liquid? | 0:19:38 | 0:19:43 | |
This part of the package, called a penetrometer, aims to do that by measuring how hard we land in it. | 0:19:43 | 0:19:48 | |
As the probe comes down, we measure the impact forces. | 0:19:48 | 0:19:50 | |
It's very strange, you sort of come into this from the outside thinking | 0:19:50 | 0:19:53 | |
that there's some massive team of top notch engineers and scientists | 0:19:53 | 0:19:58 | |
who've done this all before and that you will be allocated some little part of it. | 0:19:58 | 0:20:02 | |
And the reality is, there's never enough people | 0:20:02 | 0:20:05 | |
and everyone is improvising because nobody's built anything that went to Titan before. | 0:20:05 | 0:20:09 | |
So it was at first a little strange and surprising that | 0:20:09 | 0:20:12 | |
I'd get to do this but it was an incredible opportunity. | 0:20:12 | 0:20:15 | |
In the early days of the project, | 0:20:25 | 0:20:27 | |
we were being followed by a BBC crew who were filming | 0:20:27 | 0:20:31 | |
some aspects of the project for an Open University programme. | 0:20:31 | 0:20:36 | |
It was an eye opener - the first time I'd been involved in that kind of thing. | 0:20:36 | 0:20:40 | |
They actually set up a little video diary for us, | 0:20:40 | 0:20:43 | |
a little passport photo, where you just sit in front of this video camera and say what had happened. | 0:20:43 | 0:20:47 | |
It's April 13th, last week we donned these crazy suits and went in | 0:20:47 | 0:20:51 | |
the clean room to assemble the engineering model penetrator. | 0:20:51 | 0:20:55 | |
This instrument will perform thermal properties measurements | 0:20:55 | 0:20:59 | |
to show the thermal conductivity and the temperature of the Titan ocean. | 0:20:59 | 0:21:04 | |
This will be sent to a way to be shaken, baked, | 0:21:04 | 0:21:07 | |
and electrically tested in what is called the top hat, | 0:21:07 | 0:21:11 | |
that is the thing that holds all the experiments. | 0:21:11 | 0:21:13 | |
As you can see, it's quite small and fiddly, | 0:21:13 | 0:21:16 | |
but I'm rather pleased with it. | 0:21:16 | 0:21:17 | |
Science students tend to be nerdy, | 0:21:19 | 0:21:21 | |
and, I think, as a group we conformed to that stereotype, | 0:21:21 | 0:21:26 | |
so that it means you're really utterly focused on what you're doing | 0:21:26 | 0:21:29 | |
when you have three years where you have no other commitments other than to do your research, | 0:21:29 | 0:21:34 | |
and because building a space experiment going to Titan is such a motivating thing, | 0:21:34 | 0:21:40 | |
it was really wonderful actually to have that focus. | 0:21:40 | 0:21:43 | |
The penetrometer was a fairly simple sensor in concept, | 0:21:45 | 0:21:49 | |
but actually doing it well took a lot of work and a lot of effort. | 0:21:49 | 0:21:54 | |
Ralph was involved with running a load of prototype tests and dropping things into bucket of sand | 0:21:54 | 0:21:59 | |
and seeing how different tip shapes responded, etc. | 0:21:59 | 0:22:03 | |
I remember one of the first things we did was got some sand from Whitstable Beach | 0:22:03 | 0:22:07 | |
and that was a huge mistake because it was real sand at the sea and so it was all wet and salty. | 0:22:07 | 0:22:13 | |
And, of course, salty water is an electrical conductor and of course | 0:22:13 | 0:22:16 | |
the signals we got from that were just terrible. | 0:22:16 | 0:22:19 | |
It was building an instrument to go somewhere that we didn't know what | 0:22:19 | 0:22:23 | |
we were going to land on, and that was a real part of the fascination. | 0:22:23 | 0:22:26 | |
It's one thing to make a measurement in a laboratory, it's another to make an experiment that is going | 0:22:26 | 0:22:31 | |
to work, for sure, seven years later after travelling through space for a billion miles, | 0:22:31 | 0:22:36 | |
that's going to work at 200 degrees below zero | 0:22:36 | 0:22:40 | |
and that isn't going to suffer any kind of problem. | 0:22:40 | 0:22:44 | |
The biggest fears we had were landing on absolutely sharp, exposed ice, which meant the runners of the | 0:22:44 | 0:22:49 | |
probe might die pretty quickly, and our challenge was to get the data back before the probe died. | 0:22:49 | 0:22:55 | |
At the time, one of the main speculations about Titan's surface | 0:22:55 | 0:22:59 | |
was that it was covered by a global ocean of liquid methane | 0:22:59 | 0:23:04 | |
and so I spent quite a lot of time doing my PhD | 0:23:04 | 0:23:07 | |
modelling the splashdown dynamics, looking at all the old | 0:23:07 | 0:23:11 | |
Apollo literature of how a capsule decelerates when it hits the water, | 0:23:11 | 0:23:15 | |
and trying to figure out how much the Huygens probe | 0:23:15 | 0:23:18 | |
would decelerate if it landed in liquid methane. | 0:23:18 | 0:23:21 | |
A lot of it was theoretical stuff. | 0:23:27 | 0:23:29 | |
Do we have global oceans, do we have seas, do we have lakes, anywhere in between? | 0:23:29 | 0:23:35 | |
The natural speculation was, Well, it'll be like landing | 0:23:37 | 0:23:41 | |
on Mars or landing on the moon but we had no idea what the materials really are, if it's ice | 0:23:41 | 0:23:48 | |
or if it's ground-up ice like sand, or if it's some sort of organic dust that's very fluffy. | 0:23:48 | 0:23:54 | |
So we had to consider all these possibilities. | 0:23:54 | 0:23:57 | |
We certainly didn't know anything | 0:23:57 | 0:23:59 | |
that would let us exclude any of them. | 0:23:59 | 0:24:01 | |
This is the final engineering model of the Huygens Surface | 0:24:06 | 0:24:11 | |
Science Package, containing its nine different sensors. | 0:24:11 | 0:24:15 | |
We've got here the speed of sound instrument | 0:24:15 | 0:24:18 | |
to measure the speed of sound in the atmosphere and on the surface. | 0:24:18 | 0:24:23 | |
Here we have the sonar, designed to send a signal down to the | 0:24:23 | 0:24:28 | |
surface of Titan or to the bottom of the lake to measure its depth. | 0:24:28 | 0:24:33 | |
Inside this enclosure here, we've got six further instruments to measure | 0:24:33 | 0:24:38 | |
various properties of the liquid or the solid surface, | 0:24:38 | 0:24:44 | |
and finally we have here the penetrometer. | 0:24:44 | 0:24:48 | |
MUSIC: "Future Proof" by Massive Attack | 0:24:48 | 0:24:52 | |
Yeah, output lines are clear and we're running at about 6 PSI over ambience. | 0:24:54 | 0:24:59 | |
Once you get into the hardware phase of the project, | 0:25:00 | 0:25:03 | |
there's testing, testing, testing, | 0:25:03 | 0:25:06 | |
and some of these tests run for tens of hours at a time. | 0:25:06 | 0:25:11 | |
There were times when I felt that I knew my milkman better than | 0:25:14 | 0:25:19 | |
my family because I was arriving home at 5 o'clock in the morning. | 0:25:19 | 0:25:24 | |
Can we have temperatures please, James? | 0:25:24 | 0:25:26 | |
Top cavity 111, bottom cavity 114. | 0:25:26 | 0:25:30 | |
For this particular mission, one of the really unusual things was when we got there, we were going into | 0:25:30 | 0:25:36 | |
a very, very cold environment, so many of the sensors we needed to test in liquid methane. | 0:25:36 | 0:25:41 | |
It is a little bit hazardous, so we were doing this on the roof of the physics building, | 0:25:41 | 0:25:46 | |
I guess the logic being that if we blew up, we only blew ourselves up and no-one else. | 0:25:46 | 0:25:50 | |
A project like this inevitably put strains | 0:25:52 | 0:25:57 | |
on all the individuals involved, and that's challenging enough. | 0:25:57 | 0:26:00 | |
I'm not sure that my family really understood quite what I was doing, | 0:26:00 | 0:26:06 | |
they sort of supported me, but probably thought that I was the crazy scientist | 0:26:06 | 0:26:11 | |
and maybe every family had to have one crazy scientist. | 0:26:11 | 0:26:15 | |
I was very lucky in the sense that I'm quite a self-motivated, | 0:26:15 | 0:26:19 | |
self-driven kind of guy so I didn't need a lot of handholding. | 0:26:19 | 0:26:23 | |
And that was just as well because John was a busy man. | 0:26:23 | 0:26:28 | |
The job he was doing as a university lecturer and building a space experiment was quite demanding, | 0:26:28 | 0:26:33 | |
and he was going through some personal difficulties at the time too. | 0:26:33 | 0:26:37 | |
The early days of the project coincided with the breakdown of my marriage, | 0:26:37 | 0:26:41 | |
so I have to say there was about a year in the project | 0:26:41 | 0:26:46 | |
that was very, very difficult. | 0:26:46 | 0:26:49 | |
I find it difficult even to think back to those times. | 0:26:49 | 0:26:53 | |
It was difficult to keep everything going, frankly, | 0:26:53 | 0:27:01 | |
and I was very lucky I had a really good team who, when things got very difficult for me, | 0:27:01 | 0:27:06 | |
they were more than able to keep the show on the road. | 0:27:06 | 0:27:10 | |
There were some very, very long working hours involved, particularly when you get to the flight model | 0:27:10 | 0:27:16 | |
and you're trying to get everything to meet the deadline. | 0:27:16 | 0:27:19 | |
If you miss the delivery, you're not going to Titan. | 0:27:19 | 0:27:21 | |
You ever have one of those weeks where nothing works? | 0:27:21 | 0:27:24 | |
Our fax machine is broken, the photocopier didn't work, | 0:27:24 | 0:27:27 | |
the coffee machine is broken down, | 0:27:27 | 0:27:30 | |
even the BBC's bloody light has stopped, so we have to improvise with this desk lamp. | 0:27:30 | 0:27:34 | |
I'm sitting in this dark old laboratory with an experiment that's not working and you sort of think, | 0:27:34 | 0:27:40 | |
is this really what I want to do? Have I made the right decision? | 0:27:40 | 0:27:43 | |
But then you remember the bigger picture. | 0:27:43 | 0:27:45 | |
The project developed, it was hard and painful at times, but finally we got to the very last test. | 0:27:45 | 0:27:53 | |
This was the vibration test. | 0:27:53 | 0:27:55 | |
And can you believe what happened? | 0:27:55 | 0:27:58 | |
The damned thing broke. | 0:27:58 | 0:27:59 | |
The structure which held our instrument together cracked. | 0:28:01 | 0:28:06 | |
I was personally devastated to hear the news. | 0:28:06 | 0:28:09 | |
I realised the impact of it straightaway, | 0:28:09 | 0:28:11 | |
that even just rebuilding the top hat was going to be a problem, | 0:28:11 | 0:28:14 | |
but the fact we had to rebuild the sensors too | 0:28:14 | 0:28:17 | |
meant that every aspect of the project had its hands full with a huge, huge workload. | 0:28:17 | 0:28:22 | |
It was really the possibility that the European Space Agency might say, "I'm sorry, guys, | 0:28:22 | 0:28:27 | |
"you're not going to make the delivery date, | 0:28:27 | 0:28:29 | |
"you're not going to be on the probe, you're not going to Titan." | 0:28:29 | 0:28:32 | |
And, at that point, it was at least four years of my life dedicated to that instrument. | 0:28:32 | 0:28:37 | |
We had to find a solution, we had to get out of this hole. | 0:28:37 | 0:28:40 | |
It had taken maybe six months to build this flight model, | 0:28:40 | 0:28:46 | |
and we were two weeks away from delivery and had to rebuild the whole thing. | 0:28:46 | 0:28:49 | |
For John, it was an even longer time on this project | 0:28:49 | 0:28:52 | |
and, again, he knew instantly that there was a chance | 0:28:52 | 0:28:55 | |
we were getting thrown off this mission. | 0:28:55 | 0:28:57 | |
We came up with a strategy, whereby we would deliver the engineering model to the spacecraft, | 0:28:57 | 0:29:04 | |
that would enable ESA to continue with their programme, | 0:29:04 | 0:29:07 | |
they couldn't hold it up. | 0:29:07 | 0:29:10 | |
This meant we had to dismantle the whole thing, remove all the harness, | 0:29:10 | 0:29:14 | |
fix the structure but also build flight spare instruments, | 0:29:14 | 0:29:17 | |
calibrate them, put the whole thing back together. | 0:29:17 | 0:29:21 | |
In the end, it took about three or four months to go through the whole thing again but it was touch and go. | 0:29:21 | 0:29:28 | |
We worked around it, | 0:29:28 | 0:29:31 | |
we came up with an alternative design, and we delivered that to the spacecraft. | 0:29:31 | 0:29:35 | |
Late, but it was working. | 0:29:35 | 0:29:39 | |
MUSIC: "Safe From Harm" by Massive Attack | 0:29:39 | 0:29:42 | |
-NEWS REPORTER: -Titan, the hazy moon around Saturn. | 0:29:51 | 0:29:54 | |
Today a huge rocket is being prepared to explore that distant world. | 0:29:54 | 0:30:00 | |
Europe and America have joined forces in a 3.5 billion mission called Cassini. | 0:30:00 | 0:30:04 | |
This was it. We flew out to Florida for the launch. | 0:30:07 | 0:30:11 | |
To our surprise, we were actually greeted there by protesters. | 0:30:11 | 0:30:16 | |
'With legions of protesters climbing the gates at the air station, | 0:30:16 | 0:30:20 | |
'opponents have maintained that | 0:30:20 | 0:30:21 | |
'NASA's plutonium powered satellite could kill the innocent should something go wrong.' | 0:30:21 | 0:30:26 | |
They blow up all the time here, you know and, | 0:30:26 | 0:30:29 | |
for some reason of insanity I can't imagine, | 0:30:29 | 0:30:31 | |
they're going to stick 72lbs of plutonium atop this thing. | 0:30:31 | 0:30:35 | |
What I want to see is a safe world. | 0:30:35 | 0:30:38 | |
I don't want nuclear in space. | 0:30:38 | 0:30:40 | |
If you go out to the distance of Saturn from the sun, | 0:30:40 | 0:30:45 | |
sunlight is very weak, | 0:30:45 | 0:30:47 | |
so you can't use the traditional way of generating electricity | 0:30:47 | 0:30:52 | |
on a spacecraft, which is to use solar cells. | 0:30:52 | 0:30:55 | |
So, you have to do something else and this is true | 0:30:55 | 0:30:58 | |
of all outer solar system missions. | 0:30:58 | 0:31:00 | |
And what is done is to use radioactive material. | 0:31:00 | 0:31:05 | |
This case plutonium. | 0:31:05 | 0:31:07 | |
And you use the radiation that it emits | 0:31:07 | 0:31:09 | |
essentially to generate electricity. | 0:31:09 | 0:31:12 | |
That's the only way you can do it. | 0:31:12 | 0:31:15 | |
There seemed to be a sort of knee-jerk reaction that | 0:31:20 | 0:31:24 | |
radioactivity is this terrible thing but, for me, it was just | 0:31:24 | 0:31:29 | |
a necessary part of the spacecraft. | 0:31:29 | 0:31:32 | |
But how would the protests affect the launch? | 0:31:32 | 0:31:34 | |
Would they get in the way, would we be getting tomatoes thrown at us? | 0:31:34 | 0:31:39 | |
It took me back to my time as a student in the 1960s | 0:31:39 | 0:31:44 | |
when I was doing the protesting, when I was carrying the banners. | 0:31:44 | 0:31:47 | |
Now there I was, I was having to cross the picket line. | 0:31:47 | 0:31:51 | |
The launch was in the middle of the night at about three o'clock | 0:32:08 | 0:32:10 | |
in the morning and I think, because of security and so on, | 0:32:10 | 0:32:13 | |
they had special buses arranged for us. | 0:32:13 | 0:32:15 | |
Are you nervous? | 0:32:16 | 0:32:17 | |
Yes, I am. | 0:32:18 | 0:32:19 | |
Yeah, I'm a little nervous, yes, just a bit. | 0:32:19 | 0:32:22 | |
Seven years' work and this is the make or break night. | 0:32:22 | 0:32:26 | |
There's a lot of work down the line from here but this is really | 0:32:26 | 0:32:31 | |
one place where it could fall down. | 0:32:31 | 0:32:33 | |
'It was always in the back of our minds that any rocket is only' | 0:32:33 | 0:32:36 | |
95, 97% reliable, so there's a good chance | 0:32:36 | 0:32:40 | |
that if the mission fails it was going to fail now. | 0:32:40 | 0:32:44 | |
'Launch command systems now enabled. | 0:32:46 | 0:32:48 | |
'T minus 1 minute 30 seconds.' | 0:32:48 | 0:32:51 | |
Sat there biting fingernails and trying not to get too nervous, | 0:32:51 | 0:32:54 | |
waiting for the OK that they are going to launch. | 0:32:54 | 0:32:59 | |
'T minus 10, | 0:32:59 | 0:33:01 | |
'9, 8, 7... | 0:33:01 | 0:33:04 | |
'6, 5, 4, | 0:33:04 | 0:33:07 | |
'3, 2, 1.' | 0:33:07 | 0:33:10 | |
I saw flames at the base of the rocket and the first thing | 0:33:19 | 0:33:22 | |
that went through my mind was that the rocket's caught fire | 0:33:22 | 0:33:25 | |
and it's about to blow up or something because the | 0:33:25 | 0:33:28 | |
ignition happens but it's several miles away, and so the sound of the | 0:33:28 | 0:33:32 | |
ignition hasn't reached you yet, | 0:33:32 | 0:33:34 | |
you just see the flames and then you see the rocket start to ascend. | 0:33:34 | 0:33:37 | |
Then the direct sound hits you and there's this wall of deep | 0:34:29 | 0:34:34 | |
rumbling bass and you get a sense, wow, now we're really on our way. | 0:34:34 | 0:34:38 | |
Cassini goes up and it was almost by design, there was a cloud about, | 0:35:06 | 0:35:11 | |
I think, 1,000 feet or so right | 0:35:11 | 0:35:14 | |
above the launcher and then after a few seconds it went into this cloud. | 0:35:14 | 0:35:19 | |
There was almost an explosion of light, it looked like the thing had blown up. | 0:35:20 | 0:35:24 | |
This cloud was just a huge ball of fire, it looked like. | 0:35:24 | 0:35:28 | |
For a fraction of a second it was horror, it's gone, we've lost it, | 0:35:28 | 0:35:33 | |
but then we saw Cassini appearing above the cloud. | 0:35:33 | 0:35:38 | |
It was coming through and then it went up into this clear | 0:35:38 | 0:35:42 | |
black sky, absolutely serene, a truly wonderful sight. | 0:35:42 | 0:35:47 | |
Once it was off and through that cloud, you knew it was going, | 0:35:51 | 0:35:54 | |
you knew it was going to be a good launch. | 0:35:54 | 0:35:55 | |
I guess I kept an eye on the rocket all the way up | 0:35:55 | 0:35:58 | |
till it was a tiny dot. | 0:35:58 | 0:35:59 | |
During the journey to Titan, | 0:36:13 | 0:36:15 | |
we actually moved our team to the Open University in Milton Keynes. | 0:36:15 | 0:36:22 | |
A lot of things do happen in some respects, I mean one is rather sad | 0:36:22 | 0:36:26 | |
because the team that we'd built up to design, build, and launch the SSP, | 0:36:26 | 0:36:31 | |
much of that team dissolves. | 0:36:31 | 0:36:33 | |
We don't have the funding to keep that team going all the way through. | 0:36:33 | 0:36:38 | |
But we kept a core team together because roughly every six months | 0:36:38 | 0:36:43 | |
we switched the instruments on and we ran through | 0:36:43 | 0:36:46 | |
what are called housekeeping tests. | 0:36:46 | 0:36:48 | |
How do you go into mode 4, on time or on altitude? | 0:36:48 | 0:36:51 | |
This time we went in using the 7 km as altitude. | 0:36:51 | 0:36:55 | |
We'd check out the instrument, | 0:36:55 | 0:36:57 | |
make sure the spacecraft was working fine, that our instrument was working fine. | 0:36:57 | 0:37:00 | |
There were a few minor things we monitored | 0:37:00 | 0:37:02 | |
and a few software bits we changed. Nothing too major from our side. | 0:37:02 | 0:37:05 | |
What you have do understand is that when Huygens | 0:37:31 | 0:37:34 | |
was planned to be descending onto the surface of Titan, | 0:37:34 | 0:37:38 | |
it would be relaying its data not directly back to Earth, | 0:37:38 | 0:37:41 | |
there just wasn't the power for that, | 0:37:41 | 0:37:43 | |
but sending the data up to Cassini, | 0:37:43 | 0:37:45 | |
which would be flying some thousands of kilometres overhead. | 0:37:45 | 0:37:49 | |
Cassini would then relay it a few hours later back to the Earth. | 0:37:49 | 0:37:53 | |
There was a major scare on the spacecraft. | 0:37:53 | 0:37:57 | |
They tried a particular test of the communication system and realised that there was a | 0:37:57 | 0:38:01 | |
problem and with the mission as it was designed, | 0:38:01 | 0:38:03 | |
we weren't going to get the science data back. | 0:38:03 | 0:38:05 | |
One thing that was tried was using a radio telescope on the ground | 0:38:05 | 0:38:10 | |
to pretend to be Huygens and transmit a signal as if it was Huygens, | 0:38:10 | 0:38:14 | |
to check that Cassini could receive that signal correctly. | 0:38:14 | 0:38:18 | |
When the results of the test were reported to us in a science meeting, | 0:38:18 | 0:38:23 | |
they said we did the test and we're not sure quite what happened | 0:38:23 | 0:38:27 | |
because we didn't get all of the data back. | 0:38:27 | 0:38:30 | |
To put it simply, it's as if Huygens was transmitting on Radio 1 | 0:38:30 | 0:38:36 | |
and Cassini was receiving on Radio 2. | 0:38:36 | 0:38:39 | |
In other words there was a very slight mismatch | 0:38:39 | 0:38:42 | |
in the frequencies but it was enough | 0:38:42 | 0:38:45 | |
to potentially scupper the whole of the Huygens project. | 0:38:45 | 0:38:49 | |
That was obviously a huge, huge problem, | 0:38:49 | 0:38:52 | |
very frightening from the scientists' point of view | 0:38:52 | 0:38:56 | |
but the system quickly got together and came up with some options for solutions. | 0:38:56 | 0:38:59 | |
There were 11 possible | 0:38:59 | 0:39:03 | |
options that were found that might be able to address this problem. | 0:39:03 | 0:39:07 | |
In the end we picked on one of them as being the potential saviour. | 0:39:07 | 0:39:13 | |
This involved Cassini, instead of releasing Huygens | 0:39:13 | 0:39:17 | |
on the first orbit around Saturn, releasing it on the third orbit. | 0:39:17 | 0:39:21 | |
That would change the geometry between Cassini and Huygens by just the right amount | 0:39:21 | 0:39:28 | |
to bring the two frequencies back into synchronism, quite remarkable. | 0:39:28 | 0:39:33 | |
'Now how long does it take a spacecraft to travel 2 billion miles | 0:39:40 | 0:39:44 | |
'between planet Earth and Saturn? | 0:39:44 | 0:39:47 | |
'Nearly seven years is the answer and tonight, | 0:39:47 | 0:39:50 | |
'for the spacecraft Cassini, the journey is nearly over.' | 0:39:50 | 0:39:53 | |
Well, today's the culmination of our seven-year trip through | 0:39:55 | 0:39:59 | |
space and we are arriving at Saturn and we're going to fire the engine to stop us into orbit around Saturn, | 0:39:59 | 0:40:03 | |
so it's the end of the trip but really the start of the tour. | 0:40:03 | 0:40:08 | |
The excitement for me is in the future when we get close to Titan | 0:40:08 | 0:40:12 | |
but this is a big moment so kind of a bit of a party atmosphere here in Pasadena to celebrate the arrival. | 0:40:12 | 0:40:19 | |
There have been one or two occasions in planetary exploration where spacecraft have blown up | 0:40:19 | 0:40:25 | |
on arrival when they've used their engines for the first time. | 0:40:25 | 0:40:28 | |
Current Cassini altitude 20,700 km, | 0:40:28 | 0:40:32 | |
12,900 miles, with a speed of 30.7 km per second, 68,600 mph. | 0:40:32 | 0:40:40 | |
We are slowing down. | 0:40:40 | 0:40:42 | |
Cassini would have to use its main engine for a very large burn | 0:40:42 | 0:40:46 | |
to break into orbit around Saturn so it was a tense moment. | 0:40:46 | 0:40:50 | |
We'd be crossing the ring plain as well which has some element of hazard to it. | 0:40:50 | 0:40:55 | |
Go ahead, Com. | 0:40:58 | 0:41:00 | |
The Doppler has blacked out. | 0:41:00 | 0:41:02 | |
OK, we have burn complete here for the FY orbit insertion burn. | 0:41:10 | 0:41:14 | |
That was a big moment, | 0:41:16 | 0:41:19 | |
and then once it was in orbit then everything was just quiet and | 0:41:19 | 0:41:25 | |
basically following the script just the way it was supposed to. | 0:41:25 | 0:41:29 | |
It would actually be a little over six months before Huygens was delivered to Titan. | 0:41:29 | 0:41:34 | |
# Oh, the weather outside is frightful | 0:41:51 | 0:41:55 | |
# But the fire is so delightful | 0:41:55 | 0:41:58 | |
# And since we've no place to go | 0:41:58 | 0:42:01 | |
# Let it snow, let it snow let it snow. # | 0:42:01 | 0:42:05 | |
Christmas Day 2004, it was the day | 0:42:05 | 0:42:09 | |
of the planned release of the Huygens probe from Cassini. | 0:42:09 | 0:42:13 | |
Basically there were a set of explosive bolts that released | 0:42:13 | 0:42:16 | |
Huygens, and a set of springs pushed it off on spiral rails | 0:42:16 | 0:42:20 | |
that gave it a spin to stabilise it. | 0:42:20 | 0:42:23 | |
Everything was pre-programmed on Cassini, | 0:42:23 | 0:42:26 | |
we were monitoring it and it went fantastically. | 0:42:26 | 0:42:30 | |
From that point on, Huygens was on its own, completely autonomous. | 0:42:33 | 0:42:39 | |
It didn't even carry a radio receiver, | 0:42:39 | 0:42:42 | |
so from then on if we'd wanted to change something we couldn't, | 0:42:42 | 0:42:46 | |
we were completely powerless. | 0:42:46 | 0:42:48 | |
The die was cast from that point. | 0:42:48 | 0:42:50 | |
When I got into the control centre, basically everyone I met was as | 0:43:09 | 0:43:12 | |
excited also as nervous as I was about the whole mission. | 0:43:12 | 0:43:18 | |
There was an enormous air of expectation, | 0:43:18 | 0:43:21 | |
it had been building up for the last few days. | 0:43:21 | 0:43:25 | |
We went into the science room that morning knowing that | 0:43:25 | 0:43:30 | |
whatever was going to happen was going to happen, this was the day. | 0:43:30 | 0:43:33 | |
Some people had said Oh, nobody will be interested in this, | 0:43:33 | 0:43:37 | |
but by this time we had something like 300 of the world's press there | 0:43:37 | 0:43:42 | |
waiting to see what would happen. | 0:43:42 | 0:43:45 | |
There was lots of vans and TV cameras parked outside | 0:43:45 | 0:43:48 | |
and anyone who could be grabbed by media guys were getting grabbed. | 0:43:48 | 0:43:52 | |
There was a little bit of a siege mentality, | 0:43:52 | 0:43:55 | |
a scientist was kind of walled away in our little room. | 0:43:55 | 0:43:58 | |
It was hard to concentrate on the important work | 0:43:58 | 0:44:02 | |
and not get distracted by all the calls for your time. | 0:44:02 | 0:44:05 | |
I couldn't stop thinking that about 1.5 billion miles away | 0:44:08 | 0:44:14 | |
out there, there was something that I had built about this size, | 0:44:14 | 0:44:20 | |
and it was hurtling through space at 20,000 mph | 0:44:20 | 0:44:24 | |
and it was about to get a rude awakening. | 0:44:24 | 0:44:28 | |
The plan was Huygens would hit the top of Titan's atmosphere | 0:44:31 | 0:44:36 | |
at a speed of 7 km a second. | 0:44:36 | 0:44:38 | |
Over the next two minutes it would slow down to about 400m a second. | 0:44:38 | 0:44:45 | |
At that point, Huygens would deploy the first of three parachutes and that | 0:44:45 | 0:44:50 | |
would enable it to float down to the surface at a relatively slow speed. | 0:44:50 | 0:44:55 | |
Then the six scientific instruments would be switched on | 0:44:55 | 0:44:58 | |
to really perform their job that they'd been waiting for | 0:44:58 | 0:45:02 | |
for about seven and a half years. | 0:45:02 | 0:45:05 | |
Around 10:30 in the morning, a rumour comes through | 0:45:15 | 0:45:20 | |
that one of the largest radio telescopes on the Earth | 0:45:20 | 0:45:24 | |
has picked up a signal directly from Huygens. | 0:45:24 | 0:45:28 | |
It looks like we've heard the baby crying. | 0:45:30 | 0:45:33 | |
We still can't understand what it tells us, | 0:45:33 | 0:45:35 | |
but clearly it tells us that the probe is alive, | 0:45:35 | 0:45:38 | |
the entry has been successful, we are on the parachute, | 0:45:38 | 0:45:42 | |
and the probe is transmitting. | 0:45:42 | 0:45:45 | |
The project scientist Jean-Pierre Lebreton announced that news and | 0:45:49 | 0:45:53 | |
there was a huge cheer, it really meant a lot to all of us. | 0:45:53 | 0:45:56 | |
We knew that the most critical part of the mission was successful. | 0:45:56 | 0:45:59 | |
It is absolutely fantastic news. | 0:45:59 | 0:46:01 | |
It's like hearing the ringing tone on the phone, | 0:46:01 | 0:46:04 | |
it tells us the phone is working. | 0:46:04 | 0:46:06 | |
There's no information on it yet but it's absolutely fantastic. | 0:46:06 | 0:46:10 | |
That was great news because it means that it wasn't gone | 0:46:11 | 0:46:15 | |
without trace, that even if we didn't get all the data back | 0:46:15 | 0:46:18 | |
or if the probe didn't make it down to the surface, at least there was something. | 0:46:18 | 0:46:23 | |
We have a signal meaning that we knew that Huygens is alive, | 0:46:23 | 0:46:29 | |
so the dream is alive. | 0:46:29 | 0:46:31 | |
Though it really encouraged us, we still had a long time to wait. | 0:46:31 | 0:46:36 | |
The real scientific data wasn't expected | 0:46:36 | 0:46:39 | |
till halfway through the afternoon. | 0:46:39 | 0:46:42 | |
We were expecting to get the data | 0:47:14 | 0:47:18 | |
at around 17:25 Central European Time, | 0:47:18 | 0:47:23 | |
so we were gathered in the main control room, | 0:47:23 | 0:47:26 | |
there was lots of banter, lots of discussion, | 0:47:26 | 0:47:29 | |
people were excited, people were talking. | 0:47:29 | 0:47:32 | |
As we got towards the time, we were watching the screens, | 0:47:32 | 0:47:37 | |
I noticed that things were starting to get a bit tense. | 0:47:37 | 0:47:41 | |
I was just listening to some of the discussions on the voice link and there was something | 0:47:47 | 0:47:52 | |
that concerned me, there was a missing command, | 0:47:52 | 0:47:54 | |
and I knew that for some instruments this was | 0:47:54 | 0:47:57 | |
going to be a technical problem, | 0:47:57 | 0:47:58 | |
we were maybe going to have some system problems and lose some data. | 0:47:58 | 0:48:02 | |
So that really ramped up the nerves after we've had the really good news | 0:48:02 | 0:48:06 | |
and we know the probe itself is worked, had we lost the data? | 0:48:06 | 0:48:10 | |
17:25 came and went, nothing, absolutely nothing on the screens. | 0:48:12 | 0:48:19 | |
I can remember my mouth going very dry | 0:48:19 | 0:48:23 | |
and it got very quiet in that room. | 0:48:23 | 0:48:27 | |
OK, maybe I've got the time slightly wrong, is my watch exactly right, | 0:48:28 | 0:48:32 | |
and for the first minute it | 0:48:32 | 0:48:34 | |
wasn't too much of a concern and then you could feel the tension in the room building. | 0:48:34 | 0:48:41 | |
I really had visions now of the last 17 years having been wasted. | 0:48:44 | 0:48:50 | |
Something had happened to our probe, | 0:48:50 | 0:48:53 | |
parachutes hadn't deployed, | 0:48:53 | 0:48:55 | |
the probe had burned up, the transmitter had malfunctioned. | 0:48:55 | 0:48:59 | |
I really imagined us staring at blank screens. | 0:48:59 | 0:49:04 | |
And then, and I think it was about six minutes later than we expected, | 0:49:06 | 0:49:11 | |
suddenly there was a shout and I looked up and I could | 0:49:11 | 0:49:15 | |
see on the screen in front of me one of the columns | 0:49:15 | 0:49:19 | |
where we were expecting data was full. | 0:49:19 | 0:49:22 | |
This was real data coming through from Huygens. | 0:49:22 | 0:49:25 | |
It was absolute huge relief to see the screens light up | 0:49:35 | 0:49:40 | |
with colour and display. | 0:49:40 | 0:49:42 | |
You could just feel the tension pop in the room. | 0:49:42 | 0:49:46 | |
People could start seeing from the data various | 0:49:55 | 0:50:00 | |
aspects of the descent, they could tell what speed we were falling at. | 0:50:00 | 0:50:05 | |
After a while, somebody said you know we've had two hours of descent, | 0:50:05 | 0:50:09 | |
I mean we must be getting close to the surface. | 0:50:09 | 0:50:12 | |
My instrument, the Surface Science Package, its main aim was | 0:50:20 | 0:50:24 | |
to make measurements for however long we lasted on the surface. | 0:50:24 | 0:50:29 | |
We were told initially anyway to plan for three minutes on | 0:50:29 | 0:50:33 | |
the surface only, so we designed it for all of our measurements to be done in that very narrow timeframe. | 0:50:33 | 0:50:41 | |
If we didn't reach the surface by 151 minutes then actually we'd time | 0:50:41 | 0:50:46 | |
out into surface mode, which would be disaster because we'd actually | 0:50:46 | 0:50:50 | |
lose some of our major data, | 0:50:50 | 0:50:51 | |
and the probe was descending way, way slower than anyone expected. | 0:50:51 | 0:50:55 | |
SSP, can I have a status report? | 0:50:55 | 0:51:00 | |
'OMSSP, status nominal on B. | 0:51:00 | 0:51:03 | |
'We think we've detected surface.' | 0:51:05 | 0:51:07 | |
In the end we had just over three minutes spare when we hit the surface. | 0:51:10 | 0:51:14 | |
I came back into the support area and heard that the data had been | 0:51:21 | 0:51:24 | |
delivered and so I went up to my colleagues and I wanted the data. | 0:51:24 | 0:51:28 | |
It was on a stick, so I was Who's got the stick, give me the stick! | 0:51:28 | 0:51:31 | |
I ran into the lab, | 0:51:31 | 0:51:34 | |
the guys were there clustered around one single PC screen and just as I | 0:51:34 | 0:51:38 | |
got there and I was about to ask the question, Do we have data yet? | 0:51:38 | 0:51:41 | |
the screen burst into life and we saw every single sensor had worked. | 0:51:41 | 0:51:45 | |
We'd got effectively a perfect data set, and the boys were ecstatic. | 0:51:45 | 0:51:51 | |
There was tremendous outpouring of emotion in that room | 0:51:51 | 0:51:55 | |
and I have to say that I did go off | 0:51:55 | 0:51:59 | |
at one point into the corner and I... | 0:51:59 | 0:52:03 | |
I was crying, frankly. It was I think the release of all that emotion | 0:52:03 | 0:52:07 | |
after all of those years. | 0:52:07 | 0:52:09 | |
We'd been through so much together. | 0:52:09 | 0:52:11 | |
'So we are the first visitors of Titan, and scientific | 0:52:15 | 0:52:21 | |
'data that we are collecting now shall unveil the secrets.' | 0:52:21 | 0:52:26 | |
A few of the guys were looking just at the impact data | 0:52:26 | 0:52:31 | |
and looking at the penetrative data, | 0:52:31 | 0:52:33 | |
and there was a distinct spike right at the start of the signal. | 0:52:33 | 0:52:37 | |
We've hit something hard, it's as if we've hit a crust on the top, | 0:52:39 | 0:52:45 | |
and then after that the material below is much softer and we've pushed into that without much resistance. | 0:52:45 | 0:52:53 | |
We had to make a chart for John to present to the media at the press conference later that evening | 0:52:53 | 0:53:00 | |
of what the possibilities were and we sort of wrote, | 0:53:00 | 0:53:03 | |
"Well it could be sort of like packed snow or maybe | 0:53:03 | 0:53:06 | |
"sort of wet clay but there's this extra spike at the beginning | 0:53:06 | 0:53:09 | |
"so maybe there's a crust." | 0:53:09 | 0:53:11 | |
And one of my team actually has suggested an alternative analogue and | 0:53:11 | 0:53:15 | |
this is because of the crust perhaps we see there, | 0:53:15 | 0:53:19 | |
and that is creme brulee, | 0:53:19 | 0:53:21 | |
but I don't suppose that will be appearing in our papers. | 0:53:21 | 0:53:25 | |
And the media just love that, it was a headline in Nature magazine | 0:53:25 | 0:53:31 | |
that week, "Titan Team Gets Its Just Desserts with Creme Brulee Surface" | 0:53:31 | 0:53:35 | |
or something so that was really good PR coming up with that analogy. | 0:53:35 | 0:53:39 | |
We can report that the Surface Science Package collected data | 0:53:39 | 0:53:45 | |
for 3 hours 37 minutes. | 0:53:45 | 0:53:47 | |
Apart from any scientific and engineering importance | 0:53:47 | 0:53:50 | |
of that figure, some of you might have heard | 0:53:50 | 0:53:53 | |
that we had a sweepstake in our team for the moment of impact | 0:53:53 | 0:53:57 | |
and I'm slightly embarrassed, I have to tell you, | 0:53:57 | 0:54:01 | |
that it was I who won the sweepstake | 0:54:01 | 0:54:04 | |
and the prize, which was a very old bottle of Scottish medicine... | 0:54:04 | 0:54:09 | |
..was consumed by the team at about 2:30 this morning. | 0:54:10 | 0:54:15 | |
John put in a good bet, | 0:54:15 | 0:54:16 | |
he was 10 seconds off on a two and a half hour descent time, that's | 0:54:16 | 0:54:20 | |
almost a magical touch I think. | 0:54:20 | 0:54:22 | |
Oh, no, it seemed actually entirely appropriate. | 0:54:26 | 0:54:28 | |
I mean he was the leader, he was the guy that made it all happen. | 0:54:28 | 0:54:32 | |
There was barely a single day since the project had started | 0:54:54 | 0:54:59 | |
when I hadn't tried to imagine what the surface of Titan looked like. | 0:54:59 | 0:55:05 | |
I remember the first few images that we saw were quite remarkable. | 0:55:18 | 0:55:23 | |
We saw this landscape carved with what look like river channels. | 0:55:23 | 0:55:29 | |
The theory there had been liquid | 0:55:29 | 0:55:31 | |
on the surface of Titan was true, | 0:55:31 | 0:55:34 | |
it was absolutely amazing to see it, the first people to see that image. | 0:55:34 | 0:55:39 | |
Also it struck me that it looks so much like Earth. | 0:55:39 | 0:55:42 | |
It looked like Arizona, it looked like the French Riviera, | 0:55:45 | 0:55:49 | |
it looked familiar and that wasn't something I think we were expecting. | 0:55:49 | 0:55:53 | |
And then we saw the landing image, | 0:55:58 | 0:56:01 | |
the area immediately around the probe. | 0:56:01 | 0:56:04 | |
It was an area that seemed to be strewn with boulders and I | 0:56:04 | 0:56:10 | |
just couldn't believe that our probe, that we of course knew so well, and | 0:56:10 | 0:56:16 | |
my beloved instruments on board, were actually sitting quietly, serenely, | 0:56:16 | 0:56:22 | |
on this surface environment. | 0:56:22 | 0:56:24 | |
What we've learned is that Titan's surface is incredibly varied. | 0:56:40 | 0:56:45 | |
It shows features which show some similarities, | 0:56:45 | 0:56:48 | |
at least superficially, with Earth. | 0:56:48 | 0:56:50 | |
We're now pretty certain that we see lakes and seas of liquid methane. | 0:56:50 | 0:56:56 | |
There's a whole range of geophysical processes going on that's shaping the surface of Titan. | 0:56:56 | 0:57:04 | |
We've learned an enormous amount about the atmosphere. | 0:57:04 | 0:57:07 | |
We have a stratosphere, we have a troposphere, | 0:57:07 | 0:57:11 | |
we have weather, we have weather on Titan. | 0:57:11 | 0:57:14 | |
I think it shows our sphere | 0:57:20 | 0:57:22 | |
of influence, if you like, our sphere of knowledge | 0:57:22 | 0:57:25 | |
expanding beyond the Earth. | 0:57:25 | 0:57:27 | |
Our machines have put their foot on the surface of Titan. | 0:57:29 | 0:57:34 | |
We've shown that we can do it. | 0:57:34 | 0:57:36 | |
It's part of that process of exploration | 0:57:36 | 0:57:39 | |
that I think we've always done. | 0:57:39 | 0:57:41 | |
It's part of what defines us as human beings. | 0:57:41 | 0:57:45 | |
To get closer to the Mission to Titan and explore the stars yourself | 0:58:05 | 0:58:09 | |
with the Open University's Virtual Planisphere, go to: | 0:58:09 | 0:58:12 | |
Follow the links to the Open University. | 0:58:15 | 0:58:17 | |
Subtitles by Red Bee Media Ltd | 0:58:44 | 0:58:47 | |
Email [email protected] | 0:58:47 | 0:58:50 |