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Tyrannosaurus Rex. | 0:00:02 | 0:00:03 | |
The most terrifying predator that ever stalked the planet. | 0:00:04 | 0:00:08 | |
What an animal. | 0:00:08 | 0:00:09 | |
How powerful this predator must have been. | 0:00:09 | 0:00:13 | |
It's a cultural icon. | 0:00:15 | 0:00:17 | |
The poster boy of the dinosaurs. | 0:00:17 | 0:00:19 | |
But for years, we got it completely wrong. | 0:00:19 | 0:00:23 | |
I fell in love with the dinosaur, | 0:00:23 | 0:00:24 | |
but it didn't look anything like this. | 0:00:24 | 0:00:28 | |
I'm Chris Packham, and it's been my lifelong dream | 0:00:28 | 0:00:32 | |
to meet the real T-Rex. | 0:00:32 | 0:00:33 | |
And now in the golden age of dinosaur science, | 0:00:33 | 0:00:37 | |
I've got my chance. | 0:00:37 | 0:00:38 | |
This is the first time I've been able to | 0:00:38 | 0:00:41 | |
walk in the footsteps of dinosaurs. | 0:00:41 | 0:00:42 | |
With the living world as my guide, | 0:00:44 | 0:00:46 | |
and the latest technological tools, | 0:00:46 | 0:00:48 | |
I'm going to create the most authentic T-Rex ever. | 0:00:48 | 0:00:52 | |
On my journey, I'll test its bone-crushing bite... | 0:00:54 | 0:00:58 | |
When you said pulverised, you weren't joking. | 0:00:59 | 0:01:02 | |
..its top speed... | 0:01:03 | 0:01:05 | |
I'm going to get inside its mind. | 0:01:06 | 0:01:09 | |
..and I'll ask, what did it really look like? | 0:01:09 | 0:01:13 | |
Really, they were bristled. | 0:01:13 | 0:01:14 | |
I'm going to reimagine and rebuild T-Rex. | 0:01:16 | 0:01:20 | |
Oh, love that. | 0:01:20 | 0:01:22 | |
And finally, bring it back to life. | 0:01:22 | 0:01:25 | |
HE GROWLS | 0:01:33 | 0:01:35 | |
As a boy, I was obsessed with dinosaurs. | 0:01:40 | 0:01:43 | |
I'd take them out into the woods around my house to create these | 0:01:45 | 0:01:48 | |
little cameos, these little sort of views into the Cretaceous period in | 0:01:48 | 0:01:52 | |
Cleveland Road in Midanbury. | 0:01:52 | 0:01:57 | |
And there was absolutely no doubt which one was my favourite. | 0:01:57 | 0:02:00 | |
Tyrannosaurus Rex. | 0:02:00 | 0:02:03 | |
The fact that it was big, fierce and most essentially extinct. | 0:02:03 | 0:02:07 | |
And therefore, I couldn't see it and I would never see it, | 0:02:07 | 0:02:11 | |
made it my favourite animal. | 0:02:11 | 0:02:13 | |
And I would wander around the woods around my house, | 0:02:13 | 0:02:15 | |
wondering if that was the sort of place that Tyrannosaurus would live. | 0:02:15 | 0:02:19 | |
You see, to me, this animal was as real | 0:02:21 | 0:02:24 | |
as the grass and the trees. | 0:02:24 | 0:02:26 | |
And some days I'd even convince myself | 0:02:26 | 0:02:29 | |
that Rexie was watching me. | 0:02:29 | 0:02:32 | |
GROWLING | 0:02:32 | 0:02:36 | |
ROARING | 0:02:36 | 0:02:37 | |
But how authentic was the creature that lived in my imagination? | 0:02:42 | 0:02:46 | |
My T-Rex was a product of the imagery | 0:02:46 | 0:02:49 | |
that I absorbed from the movies and books of the age. | 0:02:49 | 0:02:52 | |
But since then, | 0:02:57 | 0:02:58 | |
there's been a radical revolution in our understanding of its appearance | 0:02:58 | 0:03:02 | |
and its behaviour. | 0:03:02 | 0:03:03 | |
As it turns out, early scientists | 0:03:05 | 0:03:08 | |
and popular culture had it all wrong. | 0:03:08 | 0:03:11 | |
As a child, I'd fallen in love with a fantasy. | 0:03:12 | 0:03:16 | |
So now, I'm going to put that right. | 0:03:22 | 0:03:26 | |
I'm on a mission to find the real T-Rex. | 0:03:26 | 0:03:30 | |
MUSIC: T-Rex, 20th Century Boy | 0:03:30 | 0:03:34 | |
In the badlands of north eastern Montana, | 0:03:37 | 0:03:40 | |
the exposed rocks harbour a treasure trove of fossils. | 0:03:40 | 0:03:44 | |
# Everybody says it's just like rock 'n' roll. # | 0:03:44 | 0:03:49 | |
They were laid down 65 million years ago, | 0:03:49 | 0:03:52 | |
when giant dinosaurs roamed the Earth. | 0:03:52 | 0:03:56 | |
Back when a passing meteorite smashed into our planet, | 0:03:57 | 0:04:00 | |
wiping them out for good. | 0:04:00 | 0:04:02 | |
But now these ancient rocks are revealing | 0:04:06 | 0:04:09 | |
the secrets of that lost world, | 0:04:09 | 0:04:12 | |
giving me the chance to realise my childhood ambition. | 0:04:12 | 0:04:15 | |
I've crossed an ocean, come to another continent to see an animal. | 0:04:18 | 0:04:22 | |
I've done that loads of times before, of course. | 0:04:22 | 0:04:26 | |
But this one is going to be really special. | 0:04:26 | 0:04:28 | |
My guide is palaeontologist Doctor Greg Wilson. | 0:04:34 | 0:04:39 | |
-Chris. -Greg. | 0:04:39 | 0:04:40 | |
-Good to see you. -Good to see you. | 0:04:40 | 0:04:41 | |
He's meeting me in the infamous Hell Creek... | 0:04:41 | 0:04:45 | |
..the Mecca for T-Rex hunters. | 0:04:49 | 0:04:52 | |
These rocks are filled with fossilised bones | 0:04:55 | 0:04:57 | |
from the period of the Earth's history known as the Cretaceous. | 0:04:57 | 0:05:00 | |
Back then, this was a subtropical flood plain teeming with herds of | 0:05:07 | 0:05:12 | |
majestic plant-eaters. | 0:05:12 | 0:05:14 | |
And like the wildebeest of the African Savannah, | 0:05:22 | 0:05:25 | |
where there is prey, | 0:05:25 | 0:05:27 | |
there are predators who stalk them, | 0:05:27 | 0:05:29 | |
the king of the dinosaurs. | 0:05:29 | 0:05:32 | |
Tyrannosaurus Rex. | 0:05:34 | 0:05:35 | |
We're here in front of a block of this T-Rex specimen | 0:05:39 | 0:05:43 | |
that has parts of the back of the lower right jaw. | 0:05:43 | 0:05:48 | |
So this is the articulating surface with the skull. | 0:05:48 | 0:05:51 | |
-OK. -And so this, from here to here, | 0:05:51 | 0:05:54 | |
is about the back third of that lower jaw. | 0:05:54 | 0:05:57 | |
Do you have the material with the teeth? | 0:05:57 | 0:05:59 | |
We do. We've collected that already. | 0:05:59 | 0:06:01 | |
That appeared right over here in this space | 0:06:01 | 0:06:04 | |
and we collected that last year. | 0:06:04 | 0:06:06 | |
This is a big day. | 0:06:08 | 0:06:10 | |
Actually it's a very, very big day. | 0:06:10 | 0:06:13 | |
It's taken me 50 years to get from Southampton to Montana | 0:06:13 | 0:06:17 | |
to finally meet a T-Rex. | 0:06:17 | 0:06:20 | |
Not only meet it, but actually reach out and touch it. | 0:06:20 | 0:06:23 | |
Oh, I can't tell you. | 0:06:28 | 0:06:30 | |
Now I know it's a fossil, I know it's not a real bone, | 0:06:32 | 0:06:35 | |
it's the mineralised remains, | 0:06:35 | 0:06:37 | |
but you've got to allow for | 0:06:37 | 0:06:38 | |
a little bit of romance in science occasionally. | 0:06:38 | 0:06:40 | |
And that's our mission here. | 0:06:40 | 0:06:42 | |
We've got to try and make T-Rex real. | 0:06:42 | 0:06:44 | |
And I can reach out and use my finger | 0:06:46 | 0:06:48 | |
to bridge more than 60 million years. | 0:06:48 | 0:06:51 | |
What we've got to do is to use the very best science | 0:06:53 | 0:06:57 | |
to bridge that period of time, too. | 0:06:57 | 0:06:59 | |
To finally produce the real T-Rex. | 0:06:59 | 0:07:03 | |
It's only when you piece these fossilised bones together | 0:07:06 | 0:07:10 | |
that you start to get the full picture. | 0:07:10 | 0:07:12 | |
Here in the Natural History Museum in Berlin, | 0:07:17 | 0:07:20 | |
a new specimen is on display. | 0:07:20 | 0:07:23 | |
Complete skeletons are extraordinarily rare. | 0:07:25 | 0:07:29 | |
Only about 25 good T-Rexes have ever been discovered. | 0:07:30 | 0:07:34 | |
And this one is an absolute beauty. | 0:07:36 | 0:07:40 | |
Four metres high at the hip, over 12 metres head to tail, | 0:07:45 | 0:07:50 | |
and an enormous skull, filled with some of the largest teeth ever seen. | 0:07:50 | 0:07:55 | |
They call him Tristan. | 0:07:59 | 0:08:01 | |
Hello, Tristan. | 0:08:02 | 0:08:03 | |
What an animal. | 0:08:05 | 0:08:07 | |
How impressive, how powerful this predator must've been. | 0:08:07 | 0:08:11 | |
But it's just the bones. | 0:08:12 | 0:08:15 | |
What did it look like? | 0:08:15 | 0:08:16 | |
How fast could it move? | 0:08:16 | 0:08:18 | |
What did it do with those jaws? | 0:08:18 | 0:08:21 | |
I'm going to find the answers on my journey. | 0:08:21 | 0:08:23 | |
And bring the evidence back here to Tristan piece by piece. | 0:08:23 | 0:08:27 | |
Driven by the science, I'm going to put the flesh back on these bones. | 0:08:27 | 0:08:32 | |
And a great place to hunt for the first clues is in modern nature. | 0:08:32 | 0:08:37 | |
In recent years, | 0:08:43 | 0:08:44 | |
the study of living animals has revealed | 0:08:44 | 0:08:46 | |
an enormous amount about the biology, | 0:08:46 | 0:08:49 | |
biomechanics and the behaviour of the dinosaurs. | 0:08:49 | 0:08:52 | |
Modern animals really can hold the key to the past. | 0:08:53 | 0:08:56 | |
The answers are out there. | 0:09:01 | 0:09:03 | |
And I know exactly where to start. | 0:09:03 | 0:09:05 | |
These Alabama swamp lands are home to some real old-timers. | 0:09:21 | 0:09:25 | |
If we want to find out how T-Rex worked, | 0:09:29 | 0:09:31 | |
to find out how its skull functioned, its teeth functioned, | 0:09:31 | 0:09:34 | |
then we need to practise a bit of comparative anatomy. | 0:09:34 | 0:09:37 | |
And to do that there's only really one place to look. | 0:09:37 | 0:09:39 | |
And that's these guys, the crocodilians. | 0:09:39 | 0:09:42 | |
This is a North American alligator. | 0:09:42 | 0:09:44 | |
It's 13 feet long and it weighs a thousand pounds. | 0:09:44 | 0:09:47 | |
That's more than 450kg, that's half a metric tonne. | 0:09:47 | 0:09:51 | |
This is as close to a living dinosaur as we're going to get. | 0:09:51 | 0:09:55 | |
And it's very impressive. | 0:09:56 | 0:09:58 | |
It's beautiful. Absolutely beautiful. | 0:09:58 | 0:10:00 | |
Crocodilians have prospered for nearly 250 million years. | 0:10:03 | 0:10:09 | |
Their ancient ancestors somehow survived | 0:10:09 | 0:10:12 | |
that deadly meteorite strike. | 0:10:12 | 0:10:14 | |
And their intimate connection with the world of the dinosaurs | 0:10:16 | 0:10:20 | |
is helping palaeobiologist Doctor Greg Erickson answer many questions. | 0:10:20 | 0:10:25 | |
To understand dinosaur palaeobiology, | 0:10:25 | 0:10:27 | |
we need to understand the biology of living animals. | 0:10:27 | 0:10:29 | |
I use, basically, the data from these living animals | 0:10:29 | 0:10:32 | |
as sort of a time machine to go back and try to understand | 0:10:32 | 0:10:35 | |
what animals such as Tyrannosaurus Rex were doing. | 0:10:35 | 0:10:39 | |
Come on. | 0:10:39 | 0:10:41 | |
Greg has been studying the crocodilian jaw | 0:10:48 | 0:10:51 | |
to see what he can learn about the raw power of the T-Rex bite. | 0:10:51 | 0:10:55 | |
His team are past masters at | 0:10:58 | 0:11:00 | |
trapping alligators without harming them, | 0:11:00 | 0:11:03 | |
but this job is, um, not for the faint-hearted. | 0:11:03 | 0:11:06 | |
What have we got, Greg, in terms of equipment here? | 0:11:09 | 0:11:12 | |
Well, I call it dragon slayer. But it's a bite force metre. | 0:11:12 | 0:11:16 | |
So, I'll tell you what, I'm going to go ahead and test the bite. | 0:11:16 | 0:11:18 | |
And Wesley is going to help me. | 0:11:18 | 0:11:20 | |
-Yeah. -And do you want to do the readings for me? | 0:11:20 | 0:11:22 | |
-I'll do the readings. -Fantastic. -Set this down there. | 0:11:22 | 0:11:25 | |
-Ready? -Yeah. -Oh, yeah. | 0:11:30 | 0:11:33 | |
What did we get? | 0:11:34 | 0:11:36 | |
2,058 pounds. | 0:11:36 | 0:11:38 | |
Wow, over a tonne of bite force. | 0:11:38 | 0:11:39 | |
2,058 pounds! | 0:11:39 | 0:11:42 | |
My goodness me. | 0:11:42 | 0:11:44 | |
Greg, let's put that in perspective. | 0:11:44 | 0:11:46 | |
If we bite down hard, our molars are producing what in pounds? | 0:11:46 | 0:11:50 | |
About 200 pounds for a human. | 0:11:50 | 0:11:52 | |
And I read that a big domestic dog, a Rottweiler, about 320, 328. | 0:11:52 | 0:11:56 | |
And then a hyena, famed for its bone-crushing qualities, | 0:11:56 | 0:11:59 | |
-1,100. -Yes. | 0:11:59 | 0:12:02 | |
Nothing's coming close to the alligator. | 0:12:02 | 0:12:04 | |
Yeah, crocodilians are today's bite force kings. | 0:12:04 | 0:12:07 | |
But, you've used these animals to inform reconstructions | 0:12:07 | 0:12:12 | |
of the T-Rex jaw musculature. | 0:12:12 | 0:12:14 | |
And what did you come up with for the T-Rex? | 0:12:14 | 0:12:17 | |
Well, yeah, these are a great model for figuring out the bite forces | 0:12:17 | 0:12:20 | |
of animals like Tyrannosaurus Rex. | 0:12:20 | 0:12:22 | |
They have very similar musculature, and with T-Rex, | 0:12:22 | 0:12:24 | |
we estimate bite forces of 8,000 pounds. | 0:12:24 | 0:12:27 | |
-8,000? -Yeah. | 0:12:27 | 0:12:28 | |
8,000. | 0:12:28 | 0:12:30 | |
So that's a crushing bite of enormous magnitude. | 0:12:30 | 0:12:32 | |
It's mind-boggling to think about. | 0:12:32 | 0:12:34 | |
That's the equivalent of being sat on by an elephant. | 0:12:35 | 0:12:39 | |
So, let's see it in action. | 0:12:39 | 0:12:41 | |
This is the skull of a cow. | 0:12:44 | 0:12:46 | |
It's the closest we could get to a typical T-Rex prey, | 0:12:46 | 0:12:50 | |
a mighty herbivorous dinosaur. | 0:12:50 | 0:12:52 | |
Greg's using an impact generator to recreate the power of T-Rex's bite. | 0:12:54 | 0:12:59 | |
Greg, I normally like to keep my skulls | 0:13:00 | 0:13:02 | |
in perfect condition in my collection. | 0:13:02 | 0:13:04 | |
But, we're about to bust this one. | 0:13:04 | 0:13:06 | |
Yeah, well, what we have here is a 25 tonne press, | 0:13:06 | 0:13:09 | |
and we've got it set to generate four tonnes. | 0:13:09 | 0:13:12 | |
Just to demonstrate what that kind of force is capable of doing. | 0:13:12 | 0:13:15 | |
550, 600, 1,500. | 0:13:27 | 0:13:30 | |
Wow. Oh, Greg. Oh, dear, oh, dear. | 0:13:33 | 0:13:38 | |
That's T-Rex bite force right there. | 0:13:38 | 0:13:41 | |
-Remove these pieces. -Look at the carnage. | 0:13:41 | 0:13:44 | |
So, basically that's bone that's endured the bite force of T-Rex. | 0:13:46 | 0:13:51 | |
Basically, this is just dust, isn't it? | 0:13:52 | 0:13:54 | |
-Isn't it amazing? -Nothing survives the bite of T-Rex, does it? | 0:13:54 | 0:13:58 | |
T-Rex was the ultimate killing machine, in my opinion. | 0:13:58 | 0:14:01 | |
But how did all of this crushing power work with these massive teeth? | 0:14:02 | 0:14:06 | |
After all, T-Rex is famed for its colossal set of deadly daggers. | 0:14:10 | 0:14:16 | |
But Greg shows me that, amazingly, T-Rex's teeth weren't sharp at all. | 0:14:16 | 0:14:21 | |
There's more than meets the eye here, these are magnificent teeth. | 0:14:21 | 0:14:24 | |
These are the largest teeth of any dinosaur, | 0:14:24 | 0:14:26 | |
and they're actually quite blunt. | 0:14:26 | 0:14:28 | |
It's sort of like a railroad spike, | 0:14:28 | 0:14:29 | |
or as some of my colleagues call them, lethal bananas. | 0:14:29 | 0:14:32 | |
And it's kind of what it's shaped like, a banana. | 0:14:32 | 0:14:34 | |
They're very dull on the tip, | 0:14:34 | 0:14:36 | |
but one of the secrets is this animal | 0:14:36 | 0:14:38 | |
has a serration row called a carina | 0:14:38 | 0:14:40 | |
on the front and the back here. | 0:14:40 | 0:14:41 | |
This allowed this animal to basically crack bones, | 0:14:41 | 0:14:44 | |
tear away those pieces and swallow them. | 0:14:44 | 0:14:46 | |
And also to cut through flesh at the same time. | 0:14:46 | 0:14:49 | |
The bones would literally explode when | 0:14:49 | 0:14:51 | |
T-Rex made a very forceful bite. | 0:14:51 | 0:14:53 | |
So, how do Rex's bananas combine with that awesome crushing power? | 0:14:54 | 0:14:59 | |
Greg has made a brass T-Rex tooth to find out. | 0:14:59 | 0:15:02 | |
-Go. -OK. | 0:15:06 | 0:15:07 | |
Wow. Wow. | 0:15:11 | 0:15:16 | |
T-Rex bites again. | 0:15:16 | 0:15:17 | |
Wow. | 0:15:18 | 0:15:20 | |
Look at that. | 0:15:20 | 0:15:22 | |
Destroyed. | 0:15:22 | 0:15:24 | |
You can see where it initially entered there, Greg. | 0:15:24 | 0:15:27 | |
Yeah. So, it made a hole, didn't it? | 0:15:27 | 0:15:29 | |
Yeah, it's like a hot knife going through butter at first. | 0:15:29 | 0:15:31 | |
But then it basically introduced a crack where this serration edge, | 0:15:31 | 0:15:35 | |
or carina is, and split the bone apart. | 0:15:35 | 0:15:37 | |
And that was those ridged edges, the carina. | 0:15:37 | 0:15:40 | |
Absolutely, that's how it worked. | 0:15:40 | 0:15:41 | |
-And that was, what, how much bite force? -2,405. | 0:15:41 | 0:15:44 | |
-Yeah. -That's like a quarter of what it could have been, | 0:15:44 | 0:15:47 | |
or capable of doing. | 0:15:47 | 0:15:49 | |
Yeah, you can imagine, | 0:15:49 | 0:15:50 | |
it could easily have done this to much larger bones. | 0:15:50 | 0:15:53 | |
-Yeah. -Maybe even bones from you know, a large duckbilled dinosaur, | 0:15:53 | 0:15:56 | |
even triceratops. | 0:15:56 | 0:15:58 | |
-It's amazing, isn't it? -It's amazing. | 0:15:58 | 0:16:00 | |
T-Rex clearly had a bite like a super crocodilian. | 0:16:02 | 0:16:05 | |
But, how reptilian was the rest of him? | 0:16:07 | 0:16:09 | |
I head back to Tristan in Berlin to find out. | 0:16:13 | 0:16:16 | |
If you inspect his bones, | 0:16:18 | 0:16:20 | |
there are telltale markings that show where his muscles attached. | 0:16:20 | 0:16:24 | |
These allow us to reconstruct his immense musculature. | 0:16:29 | 0:16:33 | |
And as we add the flesh to his bones, | 0:16:34 | 0:16:37 | |
the prominent muscles behind his head are a clue to his true nature. | 0:16:37 | 0:16:41 | |
Look at the way that this white-backed vulture is feeding. | 0:16:46 | 0:16:49 | |
It looks a bit manic, but it's under control. | 0:16:50 | 0:16:53 | |
And look at the way the bird is using its neck, | 0:16:53 | 0:16:56 | |
the powerful muscles on the back of its neck, to pull back. | 0:16:56 | 0:17:00 | |
There, look, you see it now. | 0:17:00 | 0:17:02 | |
It's found something that is quite tough to get at and it is using that | 0:17:02 | 0:17:05 | |
neck, bracing itself all the time with its strong feet, | 0:17:05 | 0:17:10 | |
effectively its hindlimbs. | 0:17:10 | 0:17:12 | |
We know from the fossil evidence | 0:17:16 | 0:17:18 | |
that T-Rex's muscles were constructed | 0:17:18 | 0:17:20 | |
just like those of a carnivorous bird. | 0:17:20 | 0:17:22 | |
So from what we understand from T Rex's physiology, | 0:17:27 | 0:17:30 | |
it's very likely that it would have fed | 0:17:30 | 0:17:33 | |
just like this vulture is feeding now, | 0:17:33 | 0:17:35 | |
so it was a lot more like a bird than crocodilian. | 0:17:35 | 0:17:38 | |
Evidence that dinosaurs are related to birds | 0:17:39 | 0:17:42 | |
has radically changed the study of T-Rex. | 0:17:42 | 0:17:45 | |
But when I was a kid, experts were still in the dark. | 0:17:45 | 0:17:49 | |
Tyrannosaurus, king of the tyrant lizards, 20 feet high, | 0:17:52 | 0:17:57 | |
fiercest creature that ever lived. | 0:17:57 | 0:17:59 | |
Yes, this was the T-Rex I knew as a boy. | 0:18:03 | 0:18:07 | |
Early palaeontologists had decided that it should stand erect. | 0:18:10 | 0:18:14 | |
You see, they'd noted that its skeleton with its large rear legs | 0:18:15 | 0:18:19 | |
and long, tapering tail was a bit like that of a... | 0:18:19 | 0:18:23 | |
kangaroo. | 0:18:23 | 0:18:25 | |
So naturally they decreed that it should stand like one, | 0:18:25 | 0:18:29 | |
and T-Rex stood tall for over half a century, | 0:18:29 | 0:18:32 | |
until they realised they'd got it completely wrong. | 0:18:32 | 0:18:36 | |
I fell in love with a dinosaur, | 0:18:37 | 0:18:39 | |
but I fell in love with the wrong dinosaur, | 0:18:39 | 0:18:41 | |
because it didn't look anything like this. | 0:18:41 | 0:18:44 | |
Today's palaeontologists have made great strides | 0:18:48 | 0:18:51 | |
correcting the errors of the past. | 0:18:51 | 0:18:53 | |
Helped by the fact that bones are not | 0:18:57 | 0:18:59 | |
the only trace left behind by the dinosaurs. | 0:18:59 | 0:19:03 | |
In Dino Valley State Park in Texas, | 0:19:13 | 0:19:15 | |
there lies an extraordinary set of | 0:19:15 | 0:19:17 | |
ancient footprints made by a dinosaur very similar to T-Rex. | 0:19:17 | 0:19:22 | |
Glenn Cooban has spent years tracing its tracks. | 0:19:24 | 0:19:28 | |
About 112 million years ago, this was not a riverbed, | 0:19:30 | 0:19:33 | |
this was an ancient, giant mud flat | 0:19:33 | 0:19:35 | |
and when the tide would go out, | 0:19:35 | 0:19:37 | |
it would expose many miles of moist mud. | 0:19:37 | 0:19:40 | |
When the surface is moist, like after a rain, | 0:19:40 | 0:19:43 | |
it looks like they walked through five minutes ago, | 0:19:43 | 0:19:46 | |
and to me it is the next best thing to being beside | 0:19:46 | 0:19:49 | |
a living, breathing dinosaur. | 0:19:49 | 0:19:50 | |
This trackway contains clues as to how T-Rex would have walked, | 0:19:51 | 0:19:56 | |
so I've joined Glenn for a prehistoric paddle. | 0:19:56 | 0:19:59 | |
That is fantastic. | 0:20:02 | 0:20:03 | |
I mean, look at that. | 0:20:05 | 0:20:06 | |
Do you know what? This is the first time | 0:20:12 | 0:20:14 | |
I've been able to walk in the first steps of dinosaurs, | 0:20:14 | 0:20:17 | |
quite literally in the footsteps. | 0:20:17 | 0:20:18 | |
This is a complete trackway, isn't it? | 0:20:25 | 0:20:27 | |
How many are there in this sequence here? | 0:20:27 | 0:20:30 | |
Well, if that gravel was removed, | 0:20:30 | 0:20:31 | |
130 in a row and then there is a scoured area, | 0:20:31 | 0:20:35 | |
and then 20 some additional tracks | 0:20:35 | 0:20:38 | |
before they disappear under the bank. | 0:20:38 | 0:20:40 | |
The prints are incredibly clear, | 0:20:43 | 0:20:45 | |
but it's the absence of something else that's even more compelling. | 0:20:45 | 0:20:50 | |
There is no tail swipe at all. | 0:20:52 | 0:20:54 | |
No. There is no sign of a tail drag here, | 0:20:54 | 0:20:56 | |
or on any of the other trackways in the park, | 0:20:56 | 0:20:58 | |
so we can be confident they did not drag their tails. | 0:20:58 | 0:21:00 | |
The implications of this are pretty fundamental. | 0:21:02 | 0:21:06 | |
Tyrannosaur-type dinosaurs lifted their tails off the ground. | 0:21:06 | 0:21:11 | |
That means T-Rex didn't stand tall like a kangaroo. | 0:21:16 | 0:21:21 | |
It bent forwards. | 0:21:21 | 0:21:23 | |
Its enormous tail was the counterbalance, | 0:21:23 | 0:21:26 | |
for its giant, heavy head. | 0:21:26 | 0:21:28 | |
It turns out that the king of the dinosaurs stooped to conquer. | 0:21:28 | 0:21:32 | |
But stance is not the only information | 0:21:36 | 0:21:39 | |
we can glean from these trackways. | 0:21:39 | 0:21:41 | |
Footprints reveal much more than dinosaur shoe size. | 0:21:43 | 0:21:46 | |
And using a combination of modern and traditional techniques, | 0:21:48 | 0:21:52 | |
Glenn gives me the full picture. | 0:21:52 | 0:21:54 | |
So, Glenn, here we have got one of the photographs and here it has been | 0:21:58 | 0:22:02 | |
treated with processes of photogrammetry. | 0:22:02 | 0:22:05 | |
What can this tell us when we have done all of the prints together? | 0:22:05 | 0:22:08 | |
Well, it is visually stunning and you can immediately | 0:22:08 | 0:22:11 | |
get an appreciation for the depth of the track | 0:22:11 | 0:22:13 | |
and things like the pads on the foot. | 0:22:13 | 0:22:14 | |
If you try to do a conventional map, and even if you record the outlines | 0:22:14 | 0:22:18 | |
very carefully, you still don't get a good appreciation | 0:22:18 | 0:22:20 | |
for the depth and the contours that you can with a technique like this. | 0:22:20 | 0:22:23 | |
OK, so this is going to give us a lot more information | 0:22:23 | 0:22:26 | |
in terms of the way that this animal was moving. | 0:22:26 | 0:22:28 | |
The data collected helps to inform the construction | 0:22:28 | 0:22:32 | |
of precise 3-D models of the dinosaur's feet. | 0:22:32 | 0:22:34 | |
This is a latex rubber mould that I made, | 0:22:36 | 0:22:39 | |
and you see more detail often in the mould than the actual track. | 0:22:39 | 0:22:43 | |
What's interesting about this one | 0:22:43 | 0:22:44 | |
is that obviously it has put its foot into the mud, | 0:22:44 | 0:22:46 | |
and then rather than drag it along, | 0:22:46 | 0:22:48 | |
-it has pulled it out backwards. -Pulling it out backwards, yeah. | 0:22:48 | 0:22:51 | |
-That is similar to way birds walk, isn't it? -Right, right. | 0:22:51 | 0:22:53 | |
From muscles to footprints, | 0:22:55 | 0:22:57 | |
the evidence is stacking up. | 0:22:57 | 0:22:59 | |
Dinosaurs and birds are very closely related. | 0:23:02 | 0:23:05 | |
In fact, scientists have proved that modern birds | 0:23:06 | 0:23:09 | |
evolved directly from small dinosaurs, well, | 0:23:09 | 0:23:12 | |
the lucky few who made it through the mass extinction event. | 0:23:12 | 0:23:15 | |
So, if I want to get a sense of T-Rex's athletic prowess, | 0:23:17 | 0:23:21 | |
I am going to forget about sluggish reptiles. | 0:23:21 | 0:23:23 | |
I am going to turn to flightless birds. | 0:23:23 | 0:23:26 | |
An emu or an ostrich can top 30mph. | 0:23:30 | 0:23:34 | |
So could a sprinting T-Rex reach these kinds of speeds? | 0:23:35 | 0:23:39 | |
In recent decades, blockbuster movies have portrayed T-Rex | 0:23:43 | 0:23:46 | |
as a bit of a Roadrunner, | 0:23:46 | 0:23:48 | |
but there's a real problem with that idea. | 0:23:48 | 0:23:50 | |
Unlike those long-legged birds, | 0:23:52 | 0:23:56 | |
T-Rex is carrying a two tonne tail. | 0:23:56 | 0:23:59 | |
A team from the University of Chile | 0:23:59 | 0:24:02 | |
recently explored the effects of tails on birds. | 0:24:02 | 0:24:06 | |
By carefully strapping what looks like | 0:24:06 | 0:24:09 | |
a modified toilet plunger to a chicken's backside. | 0:24:09 | 0:24:12 | |
This experimental tail | 0:24:13 | 0:24:15 | |
totally transforms the bird's posture and gait. | 0:24:15 | 0:24:19 | |
It begins swinging its legs from the hip rather than the knee. | 0:24:20 | 0:24:24 | |
This shows us how the tailed T-Rex may have walked. | 0:24:25 | 0:24:30 | |
But, of course, the bigger question is, could it run? | 0:24:30 | 0:24:33 | |
One man is on the case. | 0:24:36 | 0:24:39 | |
Professor John Hutchinson combined trackway data with locomotion in | 0:24:39 | 0:24:43 | |
flightless birds to unlock the secrets of T-Rex's biomechanics. | 0:24:43 | 0:24:49 | |
The fossil footprints of a large dinosaur are really useful, | 0:24:49 | 0:24:52 | |
but they only tell us so much, | 0:24:52 | 0:24:54 | |
so we use experiments with living animals like an ostrich. | 0:24:54 | 0:24:57 | |
We can go look at an ostrich, see how an ostrich moves, | 0:25:00 | 0:25:03 | |
apply that information to the fossil record | 0:25:03 | 0:25:06 | |
using computer models to help inform us | 0:25:06 | 0:25:08 | |
about how T-Rex might have moved. | 0:25:08 | 0:25:10 | |
John has told me there's more to T-Rex's tail than meets the eye. | 0:25:13 | 0:25:17 | |
And Tristan's musculature can reveal its secret. | 0:25:18 | 0:25:22 | |
OK, John, so when I am looking at this skeleton, | 0:25:22 | 0:25:25 | |
and we are making those comparisons to contemporary birds, | 0:25:25 | 0:25:29 | |
the one thing that I see that is very different | 0:25:29 | 0:25:32 | |
is this enormous tail out of the back. | 0:25:32 | 0:25:35 | |
Yes, the tail's enormous, | 0:25:35 | 0:25:37 | |
more like a crocodile or a lizard's tail. | 0:25:37 | 0:25:39 | |
And the tail and the thigh are linked by a huge muscle. | 0:25:39 | 0:25:44 | |
That muscle ran from the tail to the thigh bone, to the femur. | 0:25:44 | 0:25:48 | |
So this is a tail-to-muscle, | 0:25:48 | 0:25:50 | |
that helped draw the leg backwards, | 0:25:50 | 0:25:53 | |
and push a T-Rex forward and upwards. | 0:25:53 | 0:25:56 | |
So the tail is intrinsically important | 0:25:56 | 0:25:59 | |
in the locomotion of this enormous animal? | 0:25:59 | 0:26:01 | |
Yes, and that's really cool. | 0:26:01 | 0:26:03 | |
John's work has determined that | 0:26:05 | 0:26:08 | |
T-Rex's tail-leg combo generated incredible thrust. | 0:26:08 | 0:26:12 | |
But with great power comes perilous instability. | 0:26:15 | 0:26:19 | |
Something best illustrated by dressing Tristan for a run. | 0:26:20 | 0:26:26 | |
Let's bring Tristan up to 10mph, | 0:26:43 | 0:26:46 | |
the speed of a jogging human. | 0:26:46 | 0:26:47 | |
No problem at all. | 0:26:52 | 0:26:54 | |
His flexing tail muscles help his legs power along at a steady pace. | 0:26:54 | 0:26:58 | |
But what happens if we push him up to ostrich speed, 30mph? | 0:27:00 | 0:27:05 | |
Well, he's powerfully built, he can just about get there. | 0:27:09 | 0:27:12 | |
But at this speed, he's putting his life into his tiny hands. | 0:27:13 | 0:27:18 | |
His pounding joints are stressed to the limits. | 0:27:20 | 0:27:23 | |
And for an animal of this size, the slightest stumble could prove fatal. | 0:27:24 | 0:27:28 | |
The bigger you are, the harder you fall. | 0:27:33 | 0:27:35 | |
So, a seven tonne T-Rex falling down would hurt itself. | 0:27:35 | 0:27:39 | |
And that would be maybe the end of it. | 0:27:39 | 0:27:41 | |
So, it would be something a T-Rex would try to avoid, actively. | 0:27:42 | 0:27:45 | |
So, forget ostrich speeds. | 0:27:46 | 0:27:49 | |
Tristan could barely have outrun a human. | 0:27:49 | 0:27:51 | |
And this does make sense. | 0:27:54 | 0:27:56 | |
He didn't need speed. | 0:27:56 | 0:27:58 | |
He just needed to be fast enough to catch his prey, | 0:27:59 | 0:28:03 | |
those lumbering herbivores of the Cretaceous flood plains. | 0:28:03 | 0:28:07 | |
So, now I'm getting much more of an understanding | 0:28:14 | 0:28:17 | |
of how this magnificent animal moved through his world. | 0:28:17 | 0:28:20 | |
And we know from living species, | 0:28:22 | 0:28:25 | |
that to be an effective hunter you need much more than just speed. | 0:28:25 | 0:28:28 | |
Predators must outsmart their prey. | 0:28:30 | 0:28:33 | |
They are planners, masters of stealth and killers of precision. | 0:28:34 | 0:28:39 | |
And none of this fits with my childhood Rex's | 0:28:41 | 0:28:43 | |
reputation as a lumbering dullard. | 0:28:43 | 0:28:45 | |
So, have we unfairly underestimated its brainpower? | 0:28:45 | 0:28:50 | |
To find out, one scientist has called in the medics. | 0:28:54 | 0:28:58 | |
Palaeontologist Dr Larry Witmer | 0:29:02 | 0:29:04 | |
has spent his career trying to get inside T-Rex's head. | 0:29:04 | 0:29:09 | |
The latest medical scanning technology enables him | 0:29:09 | 0:29:12 | |
to conduct a virtual dissection. | 0:29:12 | 0:29:14 | |
In the past when we tried to understand T-Rex, | 0:29:16 | 0:29:18 | |
and we were looking at the fossils, | 0:29:18 | 0:29:20 | |
we could learn only so much from the outside. | 0:29:20 | 0:29:22 | |
But with the advent of CT scanning, | 0:29:22 | 0:29:25 | |
it allowed us to peer inside to see what was going on. | 0:29:25 | 0:29:29 | |
I've joined Larry to see what he's discovered. | 0:29:31 | 0:29:34 | |
The scan detects minute differences in the densities of the fossil. | 0:29:36 | 0:29:41 | |
And Larry uses this information | 0:29:41 | 0:29:43 | |
to create a 3-D model of the inside of the skull. | 0:29:43 | 0:29:47 | |
Larry, I love it when you can just rotate this skull like that. | 0:29:48 | 0:29:51 | |
It is an amazing piece of anatomy, but let's delve inside the skull. | 0:29:51 | 0:29:56 | |
Yeah, we can do that. | 0:29:56 | 0:29:58 | |
You can just sort of make the skull transparent, so we can peer inside. | 0:29:58 | 0:30:02 | |
What I've got lit up over here is actually the brain case. | 0:30:02 | 0:30:06 | |
We can see a lovely brain case here. | 0:30:06 | 0:30:09 | |
But the real advantage is when we start to run a slice through it. | 0:30:09 | 0:30:14 | |
The scan is so detailed, | 0:30:14 | 0:30:16 | |
it can register the volume of the skull's interior. | 0:30:16 | 0:30:20 | |
And this allows Larry to produce something utterly extraordinary. | 0:30:20 | 0:30:24 | |
The precise form of T-Rex's brain. | 0:30:24 | 0:30:28 | |
Larry, this is unquestionably brilliant. | 0:30:28 | 0:30:32 | |
Absolutely sensational. | 0:30:32 | 0:30:34 | |
-Honestly. -Well, trying to peer inside the mind of a dinosaur, | 0:30:34 | 0:30:37 | |
this is the closest we're going to get to it. | 0:30:37 | 0:30:39 | |
And Larry can make the virtual, physical | 0:30:39 | 0:30:42 | |
by using 3-D printing. | 0:30:42 | 0:30:44 | |
And that is the brain of an adult T-Rex. | 0:30:44 | 0:30:47 | |
Right, right. If you compare something like this | 0:30:47 | 0:30:50 | |
to the skull that it came from, | 0:30:50 | 0:30:52 | |
it just seems vanishingly small. | 0:30:52 | 0:30:55 | |
But really for a reptile, | 0:30:55 | 0:30:56 | |
this is maybe two or three times what we might expect | 0:30:56 | 0:31:00 | |
for a reptile that was the body size of T-Rex. | 0:31:00 | 0:31:03 | |
And that's because it's not a reptilian brain. | 0:31:03 | 0:31:06 | |
It's a bird brain. | 0:31:06 | 0:31:08 | |
Bird-brain used to be an insult, now it's actually a compliment. | 0:31:08 | 0:31:12 | |
In recent years we've discovered that the structure of bird brains is | 0:31:12 | 0:31:16 | |
entirely surprising. | 0:31:16 | 0:31:18 | |
Their neurons, their brain cells are actually much smaller and much more | 0:31:18 | 0:31:22 | |
highly densely packed. | 0:31:22 | 0:31:24 | |
So maybe when we look at something like T-Rex, | 0:31:24 | 0:31:26 | |
we have been misjudging its potential cognitive abilities. | 0:31:26 | 0:31:30 | |
The brain scans allow Larry to bring the behaviour of T-Rex to life. | 0:31:33 | 0:31:38 | |
When a lot of people look at T-Rex, what they see is a feeding machine. | 0:31:40 | 0:31:44 | |
When I look at the head of T-Rex, I see a gigantic sensory organ. | 0:31:44 | 0:31:48 | |
I see, really, the senses of a predator. | 0:31:48 | 0:31:51 | |
Larry has identified the brain centres responsible for smell, | 0:31:52 | 0:31:56 | |
sight and hearing. | 0:31:56 | 0:31:58 | |
And he's found that they are super-sized. | 0:31:58 | 0:32:01 | |
The olfactory bulbs are larger than what we see | 0:32:01 | 0:32:03 | |
in, really, other kinds of predatory dinosaurs. | 0:32:03 | 0:32:06 | |
That means it has a remarkably large sense of smell. | 0:32:06 | 0:32:10 | |
So with regards to vision, | 0:32:10 | 0:32:12 | |
we can look at the optic nerves that are bringing information in | 0:32:12 | 0:32:17 | |
from the retina of the eye. | 0:32:17 | 0:32:19 | |
And those optic nerves are really large, | 0:32:19 | 0:32:21 | |
and that suggests to us that there was a really highly developed | 0:32:21 | 0:32:24 | |
sense of vision, that was very important to these animals. | 0:32:24 | 0:32:29 | |
Perhaps the most astonishing discovery | 0:32:29 | 0:32:31 | |
is this tiny pink structure. | 0:32:31 | 0:32:34 | |
One of the things that can give us a view, potentially, | 0:32:34 | 0:32:38 | |
at the agility of an extinct animal like T-Rex, is the inner ear. | 0:32:38 | 0:32:41 | |
And we can see these structures right in here | 0:32:41 | 0:32:44 | |
that are the key to that. | 0:32:44 | 0:32:45 | |
These semi-circular canals actually sense | 0:32:45 | 0:32:48 | |
turning movements of the head in space. | 0:32:48 | 0:32:51 | |
And what that means is that they can coordinate the movement of | 0:32:51 | 0:32:54 | |
their eyes with the turning movements of their head and body. | 0:32:54 | 0:32:58 | |
And the purpose of that is to keep the prey firmly within their sight. | 0:32:58 | 0:33:02 | |
This is incredible. | 0:33:04 | 0:33:06 | |
You see, this gyroscopic stabilisation system | 0:33:06 | 0:33:09 | |
is a remarkable adaptation found in modern predators... | 0:33:09 | 0:33:13 | |
..from birds of prey to cheetahs. | 0:33:14 | 0:33:18 | |
And it's proof that T-Rex was built for the hunt. | 0:33:20 | 0:33:24 | |
It must have been one of the most advanced | 0:33:29 | 0:33:32 | |
and capable predators ever to walk the planet. | 0:33:32 | 0:33:35 | |
And its inner ear is also revealing the secrets. | 0:33:36 | 0:33:40 | |
You can learn what an animal sounds like from what it evolved to hear. | 0:33:41 | 0:33:45 | |
We can get some of that information by looking at the structure of the | 0:33:47 | 0:33:50 | |
inner ear. In particular the hearing organ, or the cochlear duct. | 0:33:50 | 0:33:54 | |
What that suggests in T-Rex is that it actually had a very sensitive | 0:33:54 | 0:33:58 | |
hearing organ, it was especially sensitive to low frequency sounds, | 0:33:58 | 0:34:03 | |
potentially frequencies lower than even most of us can hear. | 0:34:03 | 0:34:07 | |
What we might call infra-sound. | 0:34:07 | 0:34:08 | |
So what does this mean for T-Rex's iconic roar? | 0:34:14 | 0:34:18 | |
The most chilling noises in the natural world today | 0:34:23 | 0:34:26 | |
come from our top predators. | 0:34:26 | 0:34:28 | |
The howl of the wolf. | 0:34:28 | 0:34:30 | |
The roar of the tiger. | 0:34:32 | 0:34:33 | |
But Larry's findings add to the suspicion | 0:34:35 | 0:34:37 | |
amongst scientists that in reality, | 0:34:37 | 0:34:39 | |
T-Rex sounded nothing like them. | 0:34:39 | 0:34:42 | |
If we look at any of the classic dinosaur movies, T-Rex is roaring. | 0:34:45 | 0:34:50 | |
And the reason we probably thought of this as appropriate | 0:34:51 | 0:34:55 | |
is that large carnivores today, most of them are mammals, | 0:34:55 | 0:35:00 | |
and those are sounds that they produce. | 0:35:00 | 0:35:03 | |
But when we think about T-Rex, | 0:35:03 | 0:35:04 | |
this is an animal most closely related to birds and alligators, | 0:35:04 | 0:35:09 | |
and crocodiles. And those animals make very different kinds of sounds. | 0:35:09 | 0:35:14 | |
Professor Julia Clarke studies dinosaur vocalisation. | 0:35:17 | 0:35:21 | |
And at this recording studio in Berlin | 0:35:21 | 0:35:24 | |
she's agreed to help me try to recreate T-Rex's voice. | 0:35:24 | 0:35:27 | |
Julia, I rather perversely like the fact that T-Rex couldn't roar. | 0:35:29 | 0:35:34 | |
I know, it's really, you know, it grabs you and makes you think, | 0:35:34 | 0:35:38 | |
what was this animal really like? | 0:35:38 | 0:35:39 | |
A good place to start is with our old friends, | 0:35:42 | 0:35:45 | |
the birds and the crocodilians. | 0:35:45 | 0:35:47 | |
Many of them communicate with what's known as closed mouth vocalisation. | 0:35:49 | 0:35:53 | |
So we're going to kick off our experiment | 0:35:55 | 0:35:57 | |
with my personal favourite. | 0:35:57 | 0:35:59 | |
The Eurasian bittern. | 0:35:59 | 0:36:00 | |
We know these birds from reedbeds in the UK, | 0:36:03 | 0:36:06 | |
so they live in this dense environment. | 0:36:06 | 0:36:08 | |
They produce these very low sounds, | 0:36:08 | 0:36:11 | |
booming we call it. | 0:36:11 | 0:36:12 | |
Let's see how low frequency they really are. | 0:36:12 | 0:36:15 | |
Because they're not that large, | 0:36:15 | 0:36:16 | |
but they're making a low frequency sound. | 0:36:16 | 0:36:18 | |
So, Fabian, take it away. | 0:36:18 | 0:36:20 | |
Can we make it louder? | 0:36:20 | 0:36:22 | |
Yeah. | 0:36:22 | 0:36:23 | |
BOOMS | 0:36:23 | 0:36:26 | |
I can see that being eerie in an English countryside. | 0:36:26 | 0:36:30 | |
-Misty. -Misty. | 0:36:30 | 0:36:31 | |
Reeds, early-morning, or at night. | 0:36:31 | 0:36:34 | |
It's a little creepy. | 0:36:34 | 0:36:35 | |
Even though it sounds really low to us. | 0:36:37 | 0:36:39 | |
It's not that low, is it? | 0:36:39 | 0:36:40 | |
It's not that low. | 0:36:40 | 0:36:42 | |
And so what we're talking about when we talk about what T-Rex would have | 0:36:43 | 0:36:46 | |
produced, or could have produced. | 0:36:46 | 0:36:47 | |
-This is nothing, it's much lower than this. -Exactly. | 0:36:47 | 0:36:50 | |
Of all the living birds, the ostriches | 0:36:52 | 0:36:54 | |
make one of the deepest calls. | 0:36:54 | 0:36:56 | |
But they're still only a fraction of the size of a T-Rex. | 0:36:57 | 0:37:00 | |
So to create the sound of a much bigger bird, | 0:37:02 | 0:37:04 | |
we artificially drop our bittern call by two octaves. | 0:37:04 | 0:37:08 | |
-All right. -OK. -Crank it. | 0:37:11 | 0:37:12 | |
It seems subtle, but you know, it's deep. | 0:37:16 | 0:37:19 | |
-Yeah. -I can barely hear it. | 0:37:19 | 0:37:21 | |
But deep doesn't necessarily mean quiet. | 0:37:21 | 0:37:24 | |
No. | 0:37:24 | 0:37:25 | |
This is low. | 0:37:25 | 0:37:27 | |
But we haven't yet hit the infrasonic lows | 0:37:27 | 0:37:30 | |
that T-Rex's inner ear implies. | 0:37:30 | 0:37:32 | |
We're going to need to try something else. | 0:37:35 | 0:37:37 | |
We know that animals use infrasonic sounds | 0:37:38 | 0:37:41 | |
to communicate across vast distances. | 0:37:41 | 0:37:43 | |
Elephant rumbles travel miles. | 0:37:47 | 0:37:49 | |
Blue whale song can be heard across entire oceans. | 0:37:52 | 0:37:55 | |
But amongst T-Rex's living relatives, | 0:37:58 | 0:38:01 | |
only the crocodilians share this infrasonic vocal ability. | 0:38:01 | 0:38:04 | |
So, let's put an alligator call into a T-Rex voice box. | 0:38:07 | 0:38:11 | |
So, what does it sound like if we take the Chinese alligator, | 0:38:11 | 0:38:16 | |
and we now move it a couple of octaves lower? | 0:38:16 | 0:38:19 | |
If we move it three octave lower it sounds like this. | 0:38:19 | 0:38:23 | |
BOOMS | 0:38:23 | 0:38:26 | |
Can we get it a little louder? | 0:38:26 | 0:38:28 | |
-Just crank the fader, please. -OK. | 0:38:28 | 0:38:30 | |
That's ominous. | 0:38:32 | 0:38:34 | |
That is very ominous. | 0:38:36 | 0:38:37 | |
What I really like, Julia, | 0:38:39 | 0:38:41 | |
is that this could be the first time for 66 million years | 0:38:41 | 0:38:45 | |
that this sound has been heard on Earth. | 0:38:45 | 0:38:48 | |
It is pretty incredible. | 0:38:49 | 0:38:50 | |
I mean, it is a shot in the dark, | 0:38:50 | 0:38:53 | |
-but we're using the evidence that we've got. -Yeah. | 0:38:53 | 0:38:56 | |
If it sounds like this, I mean, I feel like this just induces fear. | 0:38:56 | 0:39:01 | |
You know, I think people think you need to have a roar | 0:39:01 | 0:39:04 | |
for something to be really scary. | 0:39:04 | 0:39:06 | |
But isn't that the scariest sound that you've heard? | 0:39:06 | 0:39:10 | |
Well, it's the scariest sound that I've felt. | 0:39:10 | 0:39:14 | |
-That's the thing, isn't it? -Yeah. | 0:39:14 | 0:39:16 | |
Tristan the T-Rex is really taking shape. | 0:39:21 | 0:39:25 | |
We've fleshed him out, road-tested him, and giving him a voice. | 0:39:25 | 0:39:30 | |
Now it's time for a little beauty treatment. | 0:39:30 | 0:39:32 | |
An animal's external appearance is a reflection of its biology, | 0:39:36 | 0:39:40 | |
its environment and its social world. | 0:39:40 | 0:39:43 | |
So, what should Tristan look like? | 0:39:43 | 0:39:45 | |
Well, his repto-birdlike nature | 0:39:45 | 0:39:48 | |
means we should coat his body in scaly skin. | 0:39:48 | 0:39:52 | |
But what about the colour? | 0:39:52 | 0:39:54 | |
We know that some contemporary reptiles are very brightly coloured. | 0:39:56 | 0:40:00 | |
Think of coral snakes, reds and yellows, blues even. | 0:40:00 | 0:40:04 | |
Maybe, T-Rex was like that. | 0:40:04 | 0:40:07 | |
Maybe, but T-Rex was a large predator. | 0:40:10 | 0:40:13 | |
So, it's fairly obvious that he would've needed camouflage. | 0:40:13 | 0:40:17 | |
Think of tigers, solitary hunters. | 0:40:17 | 0:40:20 | |
Hunting in forest. | 0:40:20 | 0:40:22 | |
Dappled sunlight, stripey. | 0:40:22 | 0:40:24 | |
So, maybe a stripey T-Rex. | 0:40:24 | 0:40:26 | |
There are other ways to hide, of course. | 0:40:31 | 0:40:33 | |
Spotted, like a leopard, perhaps. | 0:40:33 | 0:40:35 | |
Or maybe such a big, | 0:40:38 | 0:40:40 | |
obvious hunter would need to hide in the shadows of the night. | 0:40:40 | 0:40:43 | |
That would need a very different colour scheme. | 0:40:43 | 0:40:46 | |
Think of all those nocturnal mammals | 0:40:46 | 0:40:48 | |
that we've got these days that aren't related to one another, | 0:40:48 | 0:40:50 | |
but have come up with the same solution. | 0:40:50 | 0:40:52 | |
We've got badgers, you've got skunks, you got raccoons. | 0:40:52 | 0:40:56 | |
All with very prominent black and white patterning on the head. | 0:40:56 | 0:41:00 | |
Maybe T-Rex was like that. | 0:41:00 | 0:41:02 | |
I don't like maybes. | 0:41:05 | 0:41:07 | |
So, clearly I need to narrow down the possibilities. | 0:41:07 | 0:41:09 | |
In a lab in Austin, Texas, | 0:41:17 | 0:41:19 | |
Julia Clark analyses tiny samples of fossilised dinosaurs. | 0:41:19 | 0:41:24 | |
Like, that one is wet, it's about 1.5... | 0:41:26 | 0:41:28 | |
So, I've tracked her down again to help me in my quest. | 0:41:28 | 0:41:32 | |
This is a whole new field of palaeontology, isn't it? | 0:41:33 | 0:41:35 | |
You're looking at dinosaurs under an electron scanning microscope. | 0:41:35 | 0:41:38 | |
I know, is kind of ridiculous, right? | 0:41:38 | 0:41:39 | |
You have these huge animals that you're trying to make sense of, | 0:41:39 | 0:41:43 | |
but yet, to find some insight into how it would have lived, | 0:41:43 | 0:41:46 | |
or what it would have looked like, | 0:41:46 | 0:41:48 | |
we've got to look at its tiniest parts. | 0:41:48 | 0:41:50 | |
But they might bring out some of the most exciting secrets. | 0:41:50 | 0:41:53 | |
The colour of dinosaurs. | 0:41:53 | 0:41:55 | |
Yeah. I love that. | 0:41:55 | 0:41:56 | |
I absolutely love that. That's fantastic. | 0:41:56 | 0:41:59 | |
Under an electron microscope, the samples reveal hidden information. | 0:42:01 | 0:42:05 | |
Structures that contain pigments. | 0:42:05 | 0:42:08 | |
But it's not looking good for a brightly coloured T-Rex. | 0:42:11 | 0:42:14 | |
There are many pigments that are used in nature, | 0:42:15 | 0:42:18 | |
and some of these pigments create very bright colours. | 0:42:18 | 0:42:22 | |
But, we don't have any evidence, at present, | 0:42:22 | 0:42:26 | |
of them in the dinosaur fossil record. | 0:42:26 | 0:42:28 | |
But the structures they have found contained melanin, | 0:42:29 | 0:42:33 | |
the same biological pigment that gives us a tan. | 0:42:33 | 0:42:36 | |
And one group of T-Rex's living relatives | 0:42:39 | 0:42:42 | |
could provide a perfect colour template. | 0:42:42 | 0:42:45 | |
The birds of prey. | 0:42:45 | 0:42:46 | |
What we can say is that living birds that are meat-eaters, | 0:42:47 | 0:42:52 | |
that are carnivores of some kind, | 0:42:52 | 0:42:54 | |
have an ecology that is somewhat similar, | 0:42:54 | 0:42:56 | |
at a very different scale from T-Rex, | 0:42:56 | 0:42:59 | |
and they do not tend to be brightly coloured. | 0:42:59 | 0:43:01 | |
According to Julia's research, | 0:43:08 | 0:43:10 | |
the evidence is that T-Rex's predatory lifestyle, | 0:43:10 | 0:43:14 | |
puts his colouration squarely in line with these contemporary birds. | 0:43:14 | 0:43:18 | |
I think that T-Rex would have been coloured in a palette of browns, | 0:43:22 | 0:43:27 | |
blacks, maybe lighter tones, greys even. | 0:43:27 | 0:43:31 | |
And, that these colours would have been distributed in patches over the | 0:43:31 | 0:43:34 | |
body, maybe breaking up the body outline. | 0:43:34 | 0:43:37 | |
Potentially serving in camouflage, | 0:43:37 | 0:43:39 | |
but also parts of the body that might be a little more dramatic. | 0:43:39 | 0:43:44 | |
Colour is often more intense around the eyes. | 0:43:46 | 0:43:49 | |
And this could help explain another fascinating feature | 0:43:49 | 0:43:53 | |
that Larry showed me in his analysis of T-Rex skulls. | 0:43:53 | 0:43:57 | |
So, we look at the skull and we see these area of roughening that is | 0:43:57 | 0:44:01 | |
almost certainly associated with fleshy display structures, | 0:44:01 | 0:44:04 | |
so they may have well have used those for colour. | 0:44:04 | 0:44:07 | |
But also what could be courtship signs. | 0:44:07 | 0:44:09 | |
They might have communicated information about age, | 0:44:09 | 0:44:12 | |
males versus females. | 0:44:12 | 0:44:13 | |
These were the kind of social cues that T-Rex would have used | 0:44:13 | 0:44:17 | |
to interact with other members of the same species. | 0:44:17 | 0:44:21 | |
So, with Julia and Larry's findings, let's colour up Tristan. | 0:44:22 | 0:44:27 | |
Melanin tones, and patterning for the body. | 0:44:31 | 0:44:34 | |
And a touch of melanic orange around the eyes. | 0:44:36 | 0:44:39 | |
He's looking good. | 0:44:40 | 0:44:41 | |
But, if we are using birds as a guide, | 0:44:44 | 0:44:47 | |
wouldn't Tristan have also had a coat? | 0:44:47 | 0:44:50 | |
And let's be clear, he wouldn't be the first feathered dinosaur. | 0:44:59 | 0:45:02 | |
Feathers evolved directly from reptilian scales. | 0:45:09 | 0:45:12 | |
In fact, we already know that some dinosaurs | 0:45:14 | 0:45:17 | |
were flying about 80 million years, before T-Rex even existed. | 0:45:17 | 0:45:22 | |
One of the first was Archaeopteryx, | 0:45:22 | 0:45:25 | |
and Julia has one of its feathers. | 0:45:25 | 0:45:27 | |
All right, so you have to look at this. | 0:45:27 | 0:45:31 | |
So, this is 149 million years old. | 0:45:33 | 0:45:36 | |
149 million. | 0:45:36 | 0:45:38 | |
It looks like it was pressed there yesterday. | 0:45:38 | 0:45:41 | |
Absolutely. So, you see that centre part where the rake is, | 0:45:41 | 0:45:44 | |
and then branches, which are the barbs. | 0:45:44 | 0:45:47 | |
And then what locks it together tightly are these barbules, | 0:45:47 | 0:45:51 | |
that have tiny hooklets that lock the feather into form. | 0:45:51 | 0:45:55 | |
Just like a modern bird, and yet this is 149 million years old. | 0:45:55 | 0:46:00 | |
And what colour, can you tell what colour that feather was? | 0:46:00 | 0:46:02 | |
Well, other groups looked at the | 0:46:02 | 0:46:04 | |
fossilised malanosomes in this feather, | 0:46:04 | 0:46:07 | |
and they are consistent with a pretty dark tone. | 0:46:07 | 0:46:09 | |
So, maybe like a black, or there | 0:46:09 | 0:46:12 | |
could be some gradations in black, | 0:46:12 | 0:46:15 | |
some subtle tonalities, | 0:46:15 | 0:46:16 | |
but overall quite dark in colour. | 0:46:16 | 0:46:18 | |
And these feathers clearly evolved millions of years before T-Rex. | 0:46:18 | 0:46:24 | |
-Absolutely. -So, could T-Rex have had feathers like this? | 0:46:24 | 0:46:27 | |
Well, the short answer is no. | 0:46:29 | 0:46:32 | |
Right. | 0:46:32 | 0:46:34 | |
No. T-Rex didn't evolve from these flying dinosaurs. | 0:46:34 | 0:46:39 | |
But recent discoveries in China have unearthed some of his relatives, | 0:46:39 | 0:46:44 | |
and they prove that Tyrannosaurs did | 0:46:44 | 0:46:47 | |
indeed have a simple form of feathering. | 0:46:47 | 0:46:51 | |
So, if we look at this cassowary that's been checking us out, | 0:46:52 | 0:46:56 | |
these are much more simple bristle structures. | 0:46:56 | 0:47:00 | |
They're like the centre part of the feather, | 0:47:00 | 0:47:03 | |
but without any branching structures to the side. | 0:47:03 | 0:47:05 | |
So here there are big, | 0:47:05 | 0:47:06 | |
stiff structures that are on the wing of this cassowary, | 0:47:06 | 0:47:10 | |
which is really tiny. | 0:47:10 | 0:47:11 | |
But even around the face, | 0:47:11 | 0:47:12 | |
we can see simple structures here under the beak, | 0:47:12 | 0:47:16 | |
and even kind of in the eyebrow zone above, | 0:47:16 | 0:47:19 | |
that are like single filaments. | 0:47:19 | 0:47:23 | |
And that's what we find in relatives of T-Rex from China. | 0:47:23 | 0:47:27 | |
So, what does this mean for Tristan's flamboyant feather coat? | 0:47:32 | 0:47:36 | |
Well, it certainly didn't look like this. | 0:47:36 | 0:47:38 | |
For one thing, with so much insulation, | 0:47:46 | 0:47:48 | |
such a large animal would simply overheat. | 0:47:48 | 0:47:52 | |
But the evidence suggests that he would have sported a sparse coating | 0:47:52 | 0:47:56 | |
of these feathery Tyrannosaur bristles. | 0:47:56 | 0:47:59 | |
Now that's an attractive chap! | 0:47:59 | 0:48:01 | |
So, we've got the measure of Tristan's hunting style, | 0:48:05 | 0:48:09 | |
his walking style, | 0:48:09 | 0:48:10 | |
and his appearance. | 0:48:10 | 0:48:12 | |
But what can we uncover about his family structure? | 0:48:12 | 0:48:15 | |
These are the Alberta Badlands, just across the border from Hell Creek. | 0:48:24 | 0:48:28 | |
There's startling evidence for T-Rex's social structure | 0:48:35 | 0:48:39 | |
hidden in this landscape. | 0:48:39 | 0:48:41 | |
Whilst exploring these hills, | 0:48:43 | 0:48:45 | |
Dr Phil Currie uncovered a game-changing set of bones. | 0:48:45 | 0:48:49 | |
You see, this spot was the scene of a terrible tyrannosaur tragedy. | 0:48:49 | 0:48:53 | |
The fossilised remains of 26 Albertosauruses, | 0:48:53 | 0:48:57 | |
close relatives of T-Rex, | 0:48:57 | 0:48:58 | |
were found lying in a group side by side. | 0:48:58 | 0:49:02 | |
They died together, possibly in a cataclysmic storm, | 0:49:02 | 0:49:06 | |
and never before had so many Tyrannosaurs | 0:49:06 | 0:49:09 | |
been found in one place. | 0:49:09 | 0:49:11 | |
Remarkably, they were a mix of young and old. | 0:49:11 | 0:49:15 | |
The smallest animal we have in here was about two years old, | 0:49:15 | 0:49:19 | |
and the largest animal was about 24 years old. | 0:49:19 | 0:49:22 | |
Until this find, Tyrannosaurs were thought to be lone rangers, | 0:49:22 | 0:49:27 | |
but this discovery gave strength to the idea that, instead, | 0:49:27 | 0:49:31 | |
they existed in family groups. | 0:49:31 | 0:49:35 | |
I'd never really thought about | 0:49:35 | 0:49:36 | |
parental care and tyrannosaurs before, | 0:49:36 | 0:49:38 | |
because we tend to think that these animals are quite self-sufficient. | 0:49:38 | 0:49:42 | |
But when you start finding juvenile animals that are living with a large | 0:49:42 | 0:49:47 | |
number of adults, then you have to start thinking | 0:49:47 | 0:49:49 | |
about family structure and these things. | 0:49:49 | 0:49:52 | |
So these animals were definitely together for a reason. | 0:49:54 | 0:49:58 | |
That reason could not have been mating, | 0:49:58 | 0:50:00 | |
because that wouldn't make sense to have the juveniles around at that | 0:50:00 | 0:50:03 | |
-point in time. -Quite, quite. | 0:50:03 | 0:50:04 | |
And I just think it makes perfect sense that, | 0:50:04 | 0:50:07 | |
if these animals were moving together, | 0:50:07 | 0:50:09 | |
that, in fact, they were hunting co-operatively. | 0:50:09 | 0:50:11 | |
And of course, pack predators aren't unusual. | 0:50:13 | 0:50:16 | |
Africa's apex predator, the lion, | 0:50:16 | 0:50:19 | |
lives and hunts in a family unit, the pride. | 0:50:19 | 0:50:22 | |
And there are plenty of advantages. | 0:50:23 | 0:50:25 | |
They can protect one another, help raise the young, | 0:50:25 | 0:50:28 | |
and there's plenty of opportunity for mating. | 0:50:28 | 0:50:30 | |
But males also fight for dominance, | 0:50:35 | 0:50:38 | |
often causing deep facial wounds. | 0:50:38 | 0:50:40 | |
Tantalisingly, adult T-Rex skulls are also scarred. | 0:50:45 | 0:50:50 | |
These animals were actually biting each other in the face. | 0:50:53 | 0:50:56 | |
And we know that it must have been T-Rex, | 0:50:56 | 0:50:58 | |
because no-one else is biting T-Rex in the face | 0:50:58 | 0:51:00 | |
other than another T-Rex. | 0:51:00 | 0:51:01 | |
These face biting behaviours may have been part of the mating rituals | 0:51:04 | 0:51:08 | |
for these animals, we don't really know for sure. | 0:51:08 | 0:51:10 | |
One thing we do know is that features like these scars | 0:51:10 | 0:51:13 | |
on their faces show that these animals | 0:51:13 | 0:51:16 | |
were interacting with each other in routine and regular ways, | 0:51:16 | 0:51:19 | |
because we see lots of them. | 0:51:19 | 0:51:21 | |
But the real advantage of living in groups comes with the hunt. | 0:51:23 | 0:51:27 | |
And Phil believes that lions offer some real clues | 0:51:30 | 0:51:34 | |
about the social life of Tyrannosaurs. | 0:51:34 | 0:51:36 | |
Very often what happens, | 0:51:37 | 0:51:38 | |
it's the young lions and lionesses | 0:51:38 | 0:51:40 | |
that are the ones that do most of the hunting. They do the running. | 0:51:40 | 0:51:44 | |
Very often, what they'll do is they'll chase a herbivore | 0:51:44 | 0:51:47 | |
back towards the jaws of the adults, the ones that have the real power. | 0:51:47 | 0:51:51 | |
T-Rex packs may have had an extra weapon in their hunting arsenal, | 0:51:53 | 0:51:58 | |
their fast-moving young. | 0:51:58 | 0:52:01 | |
We know this because the bones of juveniles show them to be markedly | 0:52:01 | 0:52:05 | |
different to the adults. | 0:52:05 | 0:52:07 | |
Tyrannosaurus Rex is an animal that just went through incredible changes | 0:52:09 | 0:52:14 | |
in its lifetime, and juvenile animals would have had | 0:52:14 | 0:52:17 | |
very long legs, it would have been very lightly built, | 0:52:17 | 0:52:21 | |
it would have been fast and agile. | 0:52:21 | 0:52:23 | |
Even its jaws are very slender, | 0:52:23 | 0:52:26 | |
and its teeth are quite small compared to the size of the animal. | 0:52:26 | 0:52:29 | |
Young T-Rex was so different to the adult version, | 0:52:31 | 0:52:35 | |
that until recently scientists thought they were separate species. | 0:52:35 | 0:52:38 | |
In his lab in Florida, | 0:52:44 | 0:52:46 | |
Greg Erickson has been investigating the secrets of this transformation. | 0:52:46 | 0:52:50 | |
By slicing through fossilised T-Rex bones, | 0:52:53 | 0:52:56 | |
he's revealed their annular growth rings. | 0:52:56 | 0:52:59 | |
Ageing a dinosaur like Tyrannosaurus Rex is very much like ageing a tree. | 0:53:00 | 0:53:04 | |
Dinosaurs put down annual growth lines, | 0:53:04 | 0:53:06 | |
you can see some of them here. | 0:53:06 | 0:53:08 | |
And simply by counting up the total, | 0:53:08 | 0:53:10 | |
we can figure out how old an animal was at the time of death. | 0:53:10 | 0:53:14 | |
The rings reveal that at about 12 years of age, | 0:53:14 | 0:53:18 | |
T-Rex began the mother of all adolescent growth spurts. | 0:53:18 | 0:53:22 | |
The increasing gaps between rings indicates that, in just a few years, | 0:53:25 | 0:53:30 | |
T-Rex grew three times in height and six times in weight. | 0:53:30 | 0:53:34 | |
In its teenage years here, | 0:53:36 | 0:53:38 | |
this animal was putting on about five pounds of weight per day. | 0:53:38 | 0:53:41 | |
It's mind-boggling. | 0:53:42 | 0:53:43 | |
This extreme growth gave T-Rex the ability | 0:53:45 | 0:53:48 | |
to develop its secret weapon in adulthood, | 0:53:48 | 0:53:51 | |
that almighty head and its massive bite power. | 0:53:51 | 0:53:55 | |
But it also defined it in another way. | 0:53:56 | 0:53:58 | |
As its enormous body grew, its forearms were left behind. | 0:54:00 | 0:54:05 | |
They were effectively the arms of a child. | 0:54:05 | 0:54:08 | |
Tristan the T-Rex is almost complete. | 0:54:16 | 0:54:19 | |
Now, we can only speculate on the true extent of his social world, | 0:54:20 | 0:54:25 | |
but we know this ultimate hunter | 0:54:25 | 0:54:28 | |
would have borne the marks of a violent life. | 0:54:28 | 0:54:30 | |
And for me, the idea that he lived and hunted | 0:54:32 | 0:54:35 | |
in a pride like a modern-day lion, is fascinating. | 0:54:35 | 0:54:39 | |
And it's this that's encouraged me to add one final, | 0:54:42 | 0:54:46 | |
yet plausible touch to my dinosaur. | 0:54:46 | 0:54:48 | |
What about... I like this idea. | 0:54:55 | 0:54:57 | |
What about if T-Rex had a mane like a lion? | 0:54:57 | 0:55:01 | |
We know that male lions use those manes | 0:55:01 | 0:55:03 | |
to communicate to other male lions, and to females. | 0:55:03 | 0:55:07 | |
So, T-Rex with a mane? | 0:55:07 | 0:55:09 | |
A spiky crown for the king of the dinosaurs. | 0:55:13 | 0:55:17 | |
After 65 million years, Tristan is whole again. | 0:55:24 | 0:55:29 | |
Time to set him free. | 0:55:31 | 0:55:32 | |
You know, this journey has been a revelation. | 0:55:49 | 0:55:52 | |
Even as a child I suspected we'd got T-Rex wrong, | 0:55:53 | 0:55:57 | |
but I'd have been amazed at the progress | 0:55:57 | 0:56:00 | |
we've made in the last few years. | 0:56:00 | 0:56:01 | |
What we've discovered about his brain, his appearance, | 0:56:05 | 0:56:09 | |
his behaviour and his voice | 0:56:09 | 0:56:11 | |
have enabled me to strip away the myth and put | 0:56:11 | 0:56:14 | |
real life into that 50-year-old monster at the bottom of my garden. | 0:56:14 | 0:56:19 | |
Now, where are you, Tristan? | 0:56:21 | 0:56:23 | |
T-Rex was no tail-dragging dullard. | 0:56:34 | 0:56:37 | |
He was as real as any animal alive today. | 0:56:39 | 0:56:42 | |
A clever, agile predator, | 0:56:46 | 0:56:49 | |
with senses keen enough to track me down. | 0:56:49 | 0:56:51 | |
He bore the scars of a violent life, | 0:56:59 | 0:57:03 | |
and the colours and plumes of a social creature... | 0:57:03 | 0:57:06 | |
..capable of summoning his kind with a stomach-churning rumble. | 0:57:09 | 0:57:14 | |
When I was a boy, he was the product of my misled imagination. | 0:57:40 | 0:57:45 | |
But now, he's so much more real. | 0:57:45 | 0:57:48 | |
He has such clarity, I can almost... | 0:57:51 | 0:57:56 | |
Well, maybe not. | 0:57:59 | 0:58:01 | |
We've successfully chipped away at his mystery. | 0:58:10 | 0:58:13 | |
This wondrous animal is far better understood | 0:58:13 | 0:58:17 | |
shorn of the errors of the past. | 0:58:17 | 0:58:19 | |
And I, for one, think he'd be pleased | 0:58:21 | 0:58:24 | |
that we're finally much closer to the truth about T-Rex. | 0:58:24 | 0:58:30 |