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In the beginning, the universe was a bit of a let down, really. | 0:00:03 | 0:00:08 | |
For millions of years after the Big Bang, | 0:00:09 | 0:00:11 | |
things were actually rather boring. | 0:00:11 | 0:00:14 | |
It's just this...soup. | 0:00:15 | 0:00:18 | |
The Big Bang was not the moment of creation. | 0:00:21 | 0:00:23 | |
The real moment of creation came 100 million years later. | 0:00:25 | 0:00:30 | |
There was this magical, if you like, metaphysical moment. | 0:00:30 | 0:00:33 | |
The cosmic dawn. | 0:00:35 | 0:00:36 | |
The moment of first light. | 0:00:38 | 0:00:40 | |
It's the moment the first stars were born... | 0:00:40 | 0:00:43 | |
The first stars are fundamental to how the universe evolved. | 0:00:45 | 0:00:49 | |
They're like the rock stars in the universe. | 0:00:51 | 0:00:53 | |
They live fast and die young. | 0:00:53 | 0:00:55 | |
..the moment that lit up the universe... | 0:00:55 | 0:00:59 | |
For the first time in cosmic history, | 0:00:59 | 0:01:01 | |
the universe really is getting interesting. | 0:01:01 | 0:01:04 | |
..and began forging the ingredients that made you, me | 0:01:04 | 0:01:09 | |
and everything around us. | 0:01:09 | 0:01:11 | |
It was the starting point that led to the appearance of life. | 0:01:11 | 0:01:16 | |
Astronomers are now trying to witness | 0:01:17 | 0:01:20 | |
and understand this moment of creation. | 0:01:20 | 0:01:22 | |
I guess what we're trying to achieve is to see the beginning of things. | 0:01:23 | 0:01:27 | |
THUNDERCLAP | 0:01:27 | 0:01:29 | |
We are dealing with a scientific version of the story of Genesis. | 0:01:33 | 0:01:37 | |
Let there be light! | 0:01:40 | 0:01:41 | |
This is the Murchison country, Mid West, Western Australia. | 0:02:03 | 0:02:07 | |
It's the ancestral home of our people, the Yamaji. | 0:02:08 | 0:02:12 | |
It's very remote and the night skies are something special. | 0:02:12 | 0:02:17 | |
I like how it's flickering there. | 0:02:27 | 0:02:29 | |
It's like, if you come... | 0:02:29 | 0:02:31 | |
Our people like to tell stories and paint pictures - | 0:02:32 | 0:02:36 | |
stories about the land, about the stars, | 0:02:36 | 0:02:39 | |
about how things got here. | 0:02:39 | 0:02:41 | |
And there's Venus, beautiful and bright too. Look at that. | 0:02:41 | 0:02:45 | |
Sometimes it's the morning star, sometimes it's the evening star. | 0:02:45 | 0:02:49 | |
That's in a story from the Kouri people, over in the east, | 0:02:49 | 0:02:52 | |
that when Venus comes this way, they say hello to us | 0:02:52 | 0:02:57 | |
and then, we say hello to them. | 0:02:57 | 0:02:59 | |
-When it goes back? -Yes. | 0:02:59 | 0:03:00 | |
Oh, nice, that's a nice thought. | 0:03:00 | 0:03:02 | |
Many people tell stories about creation and how we got here. | 0:03:02 | 0:03:06 | |
This is Steven Tingay. He's an astronomer. | 0:03:08 | 0:03:12 | |
-That's Orion. -That's Orion's Belt. | 0:03:12 | 0:03:14 | |
It's just dark enough to see the saucepan, the three stars. | 0:03:14 | 0:03:17 | |
That's that one over there. | 0:03:17 | 0:03:19 | |
He knows a lot about the stars, | 0:03:19 | 0:03:22 | |
but he didn't know about the emu in the sky. | 0:03:22 | 0:03:24 | |
The emu in the sky tells a story about our ancestors, | 0:03:28 | 0:03:34 | |
how they used to gather food | 0:03:34 | 0:03:38 | |
and that emu in the sky | 0:03:38 | 0:03:42 | |
would tell them the right time to go out hunting. | 0:03:42 | 0:03:47 | |
It's all about collecting our bush tucker. | 0:03:47 | 0:03:49 | |
When you see the emu's laying, that's the time - | 0:03:49 | 0:03:54 | |
and then, when the emu is standing, that's the season over. | 0:03:54 | 0:03:57 | |
I've been looking at the night sky since I was six years old | 0:04:00 | 0:04:03 | |
and looking at the Milky Way for decades, | 0:04:03 | 0:04:07 | |
and never, ever saw it. | 0:04:07 | 0:04:09 | |
I forget who it was that pointed it out and said well, you know, | 0:04:09 | 0:04:12 | |
there's the emu's head, neck, body and I've just gone... | 0:04:12 | 0:04:16 | |
whoa! | 0:04:16 | 0:04:18 | |
That's been there all the time that I've been looking at it | 0:04:18 | 0:04:20 | |
and I've never seen it. | 0:04:20 | 0:04:22 | |
It was mind-blowing. | 0:04:22 | 0:04:25 | |
Steven's looking for more discoveries in the sky. | 0:04:25 | 0:04:28 | |
He's trying to put together his own story about how we got here, | 0:04:28 | 0:04:33 | |
the scientific story of our creation. | 0:04:33 | 0:04:37 | |
He's built himself a giant radio telescope out here on our land, | 0:04:37 | 0:04:42 | |
to tune into something no human has ever seen - | 0:04:42 | 0:04:45 | |
the moment the first stars were born, | 0:04:45 | 0:04:48 | |
the first light was made, | 0:04:48 | 0:04:51 | |
and the first stuff that made all of us. | 0:04:51 | 0:04:53 | |
Some people call it the moment of creation. | 0:04:55 | 0:04:58 | |
This may be our land, | 0:05:00 | 0:05:02 | |
but it's a story about every single one of us. | 0:05:02 | 0:05:05 | |
THUNDERCLAP | 0:05:05 | 0:05:07 | |
Steven Tingay is not alone. | 0:05:09 | 0:05:12 | |
Here at Harvard, Avi Loeb is also hoping to build up | 0:05:12 | 0:05:16 | |
a complete picture of the life story of the universe... | 0:05:16 | 0:05:21 | |
..to assemble a cosmic photo album | 0:05:26 | 0:05:29 | |
that traces our story right back to the beginning of time. | 0:05:29 | 0:05:33 | |
Our cosmic family book. | 0:05:36 | 0:05:39 | |
That's an image of the earth from the moon, a quite beautiful image. | 0:05:44 | 0:05:48 | |
This is our home and, of course, | 0:05:48 | 0:05:51 | |
we would like to trace our cosmic roots | 0:05:51 | 0:05:53 | |
all the way back to where we started. | 0:05:53 | 0:05:57 | |
We have some brilliant pictures of our universe | 0:06:01 | 0:06:04 | |
as it is today - as an adult. | 0:06:04 | 0:06:08 | |
Our solar system, | 0:06:08 | 0:06:11 | |
our Milky Way galaxy | 0:06:11 | 0:06:14 | |
and our galactic neighbours. | 0:06:14 | 0:06:16 | |
And if we go to the very beginning of the album, | 0:06:20 | 0:06:24 | |
we also have one picture of the universe as a newborn baby. | 0:06:24 | 0:06:30 | |
Where it all began. | 0:06:32 | 0:06:33 | |
It's called the cosmic microwave background. | 0:06:37 | 0:06:41 | |
This is an image of the infant universe, | 0:06:42 | 0:06:46 | |
and that image shows us the conditions | 0:06:46 | 0:06:49 | |
in the very early universe. | 0:06:49 | 0:06:51 | |
The picture tells us without doubt | 0:06:52 | 0:06:55 | |
that our story started with a hot, dense and bright beginning. | 0:06:55 | 0:06:59 | |
The Big Bang, | 0:07:04 | 0:07:06 | |
often credited as being the moment of creation. | 0:07:06 | 0:07:11 | |
The Big Bang arranged the initial conditions of the universe. | 0:07:11 | 0:07:17 | |
Early on, the universe was very bright. | 0:07:17 | 0:07:19 | |
The temperature of radiation was very high, | 0:07:19 | 0:07:22 | |
much higher than we find at the centres of stars nowadays, | 0:07:22 | 0:07:26 | |
but as the universe expanded, it cooled off. | 0:07:26 | 0:07:29 | |
And as it cooled, the universe became darker and darker. | 0:07:30 | 0:07:36 | |
The lights went out | 0:07:36 | 0:07:38 | |
and our universe was nothing more than a vast black fog of hydrogen. | 0:07:38 | 0:07:44 | |
Welcome to the dark ages. | 0:07:46 | 0:07:48 | |
Several million years after the Big Bang, | 0:07:51 | 0:07:53 | |
the universe was dark and boring, | 0:07:53 | 0:07:57 | |
filled with cold hydrogen atoms floating through space. | 0:07:57 | 0:08:03 | |
All the things we treasure did not exist. | 0:08:03 | 0:08:06 | |
The Big Bang was not the moment of creation. | 0:08:08 | 0:08:10 | |
The Big Bang gets all the credit, | 0:08:11 | 0:08:14 | |
but in reality, it merely set the stage. | 0:08:14 | 0:08:18 | |
It created space and time, a brief flash of light and some fog, | 0:08:18 | 0:08:23 | |
but nothing that you and I would recognise | 0:08:23 | 0:08:26 | |
as our present day universe... | 0:08:26 | 0:08:28 | |
..and it left us with the longest interval in history - | 0:08:29 | 0:08:33 | |
the dark ages. | 0:08:33 | 0:08:35 | |
Then, we get to the dark ages. | 0:08:37 | 0:08:40 | |
We don't have photos of those. | 0:08:40 | 0:08:42 | |
These are the missing pages in our photo album. | 0:08:42 | 0:08:46 | |
The dark ages are the last great frontier in our cosmic history. | 0:08:49 | 0:08:54 | |
The universe, the cosmic photo album. | 0:08:55 | 0:08:59 | |
Yeah, that's worth a blow-up. | 0:09:01 | 0:09:03 | |
I guess this is the famous cosmic dark ages. | 0:09:07 | 0:09:10 | |
Astronomers are desperate to fill in the missing pages, | 0:09:12 | 0:09:17 | |
the childhood years of our universe... | 0:09:17 | 0:09:19 | |
It's still blank. | 0:09:20 | 0:09:22 | |
..to see the moment of transformation, | 0:09:22 | 0:09:25 | |
when the dark fog gave way to a universe of light... | 0:09:25 | 0:09:29 | |
These are the bits that we want to fill in. | 0:09:29 | 0:09:32 | |
How dark is it? | 0:09:32 | 0:09:33 | |
..to see the first stars in the cosmic dawn, | 0:09:35 | 0:09:38 | |
the real moment of creation. | 0:09:38 | 0:09:41 | |
The first star probably formed about here. | 0:09:42 | 0:09:45 | |
Somewhere in these pages. | 0:09:45 | 0:09:48 | |
To reach this moment in our cosmic history, | 0:09:52 | 0:09:56 | |
astronomers have devised some extraordinary techniques. | 0:09:56 | 0:10:00 | |
At the Edinburgh Royal Observatory, | 0:10:08 | 0:10:11 | |
Jim Dunlop and Ross McClure | 0:10:11 | 0:10:14 | |
are trying to see the cosmic dawn by tunnelling deep into space. | 0:10:14 | 0:10:18 | |
What we're trying to achieve is see the beginning of things, | 0:10:22 | 0:10:25 | |
see when the first structures in the universe formed - | 0:10:25 | 0:10:29 | |
first stars, first galaxies. | 0:10:29 | 0:10:31 | |
And to do that, they have been using the Hubble space telescope | 0:10:32 | 0:10:37 | |
to take one of the most important pictures ever. | 0:10:37 | 0:10:41 | |
We're looking at an ordinary patch of sky, | 0:10:41 | 0:10:43 | |
in this case, a little bit to the right of Orion, | 0:10:43 | 0:10:46 | |
but it's a tiny, tiny area, smaller than my fingernail. | 0:10:46 | 0:10:50 | |
It looks blank to the human eye. | 0:10:50 | 0:10:53 | |
It may look blank with the naked eye, | 0:10:53 | 0:10:55 | |
but Hubble is allowing Jim and Ross | 0:10:55 | 0:10:58 | |
to tunnel deeper into the distant universe than ever before, | 0:10:58 | 0:11:02 | |
in their search for ancient light from the cosmic dawn. | 0:11:02 | 0:11:06 | |
We're trying to look back as far as we can, | 0:11:14 | 0:11:18 | |
to the beginning of time, | 0:11:18 | 0:11:20 | |
as close to the Big Bang as we can manage. | 0:11:20 | 0:11:22 | |
Here we have Orion, a constellation that many people will recognise, | 0:11:23 | 0:11:28 | |
and we're zooming in, tunnelling in. | 0:11:28 | 0:11:30 | |
To collect the faint light | 0:11:31 | 0:11:33 | |
from the most distant objects in the universe, | 0:11:33 | 0:11:36 | |
they use what may be the longest exposure in cosmic history. | 0:11:36 | 0:11:40 | |
During the course of 650 orbits, | 0:11:42 | 0:11:45 | |
they pointed Hubble at the same tiny thumbnail patch of dark sky | 0:11:45 | 0:11:50 | |
for 100 hours. | 0:11:50 | 0:11:52 | |
So we go deeper, tunnelling into deep space | 0:11:52 | 0:11:56 | |
and then we start to see very faint galaxies appear. | 0:11:56 | 0:11:58 | |
As they tunnel, | 0:12:00 | 0:12:02 | |
they are reaching further back in time, | 0:12:02 | 0:12:05 | |
because the further away something is, | 0:12:05 | 0:12:07 | |
the longer its light has taken to reach us. | 0:12:07 | 0:12:11 | |
And what we see of a distant object | 0:12:11 | 0:12:14 | |
is how it looked in the distant past. | 0:12:14 | 0:12:17 | |
One of the simplest ways to look at it is to realise | 0:12:20 | 0:12:23 | |
that even the sun is seen as it was eight minutes ago. | 0:12:23 | 0:12:27 | |
So, if the sun disappeared, | 0:12:28 | 0:12:30 | |
we wouldn't know for eight minutes and if Jupiter disappeared, | 0:12:30 | 0:12:35 | |
we wouldn't know for about an hour, or something like that. | 0:12:35 | 0:12:38 | |
What's really staggering is that once you get to the nearest galaxy, | 0:12:38 | 0:12:42 | |
that delay is already several million years. | 0:12:42 | 0:12:44 | |
Which means that we're seeing these galaxies as they were | 0:12:46 | 0:12:51 | |
millions of years in the past. | 0:12:51 | 0:12:54 | |
Deeper down the tunnel, | 0:12:54 | 0:12:57 | |
there are galaxies that we see as they were | 0:12:57 | 0:12:59 | |
many billions of years ago. | 0:12:59 | 0:13:02 | |
And here, we start to come into this image of what's called | 0:13:02 | 0:13:05 | |
the Hubble ultra deep field and these galaxies now, | 0:13:05 | 0:13:09 | |
we're seeing back to within a billion years or so of the Big Bang. | 0:13:09 | 0:13:13 | |
This here is the deepest ever image of the night sky ever taken. | 0:13:22 | 0:13:27 | |
The deepest image shows the oldest things - | 0:13:29 | 0:13:33 | |
galaxies that formed less than a billion years after the Big Bang. | 0:13:33 | 0:13:37 | |
That tiny - if you like - borehole that we've made into the sky, | 0:13:40 | 0:13:44 | |
it is a window into a very different time. | 0:13:44 | 0:13:47 | |
For three months, Jim and Ross had exclusive first access, | 0:13:49 | 0:13:54 | |
looking through this window in time... | 0:13:54 | 0:13:56 | |
We were the first people to look at this data. | 0:13:56 | 0:13:59 | |
..and they set about analysing the ancient light | 0:13:59 | 0:14:02 | |
for signs of the earliest stars and galaxies. | 0:14:02 | 0:14:05 | |
There was this one object in there, | 0:14:05 | 0:14:07 | |
from the thousands that were in that image, | 0:14:07 | 0:14:08 | |
that we identified as being potentially the most... | 0:14:08 | 0:14:12 | |
the most distant object that ever had been seen by anyone. | 0:14:12 | 0:14:15 | |
This one here is the most distant of all. | 0:14:16 | 0:14:19 | |
This is zoomed in. It's just literally a faint blob | 0:14:20 | 0:14:24 | |
and there's only a few photons of light | 0:14:24 | 0:14:26 | |
being collected to see this object, which we're seeing | 0:14:26 | 0:14:29 | |
only 500 million years after the Big Bang. | 0:14:29 | 0:14:32 | |
This faint blob turned out to be an entire galaxy. | 0:14:35 | 0:14:40 | |
You see, it's not a star, it's not point-like. | 0:14:43 | 0:14:45 | |
You can see it's slightly extended, which proves it's a galaxy - | 0:14:45 | 0:14:49 | |
I think about 20 times smaller than our Milky Way. | 0:14:49 | 0:14:52 | |
But that's about all we have on this galaxy. | 0:14:52 | 0:14:55 | |
We can't even measure its colour very well. | 0:14:55 | 0:14:58 | |
It's only just detected by Hubble in its very reddest wavelength. | 0:14:58 | 0:15:02 | |
It's an excitement, to be the first person to ever look at that image | 0:15:03 | 0:15:06 | |
and from that image, | 0:15:06 | 0:15:08 | |
to see this object that nobody's ever seen before. | 0:15:08 | 0:15:11 | |
And until the next generation of telescopes come online, | 0:15:14 | 0:15:18 | |
it's as far away as we can possibly see. | 0:15:18 | 0:15:22 | |
This was, interestingly, | 0:15:25 | 0:15:27 | |
the most distant object you could see with Hubble. | 0:15:27 | 0:15:30 | |
Hubble's incapable of seeing any further than this object. | 0:15:30 | 0:15:34 | |
I guess it also means no-one's going to pip you for the next few years? | 0:15:34 | 0:15:38 | |
Correct. | 0:15:38 | 0:15:39 | |
-We are the record holders for a few more years. -Yeah. | 0:15:41 | 0:15:44 | |
Ross and Jim have identified the earliest galaxy ever found. | 0:15:49 | 0:15:55 | |
It was born more than 13 billion years ago. | 0:15:55 | 0:15:59 | |
You can do the sticking, since you've got young kids, | 0:15:59 | 0:16:01 | |
so you're used to this stuff. | 0:16:01 | 0:16:03 | |
It's a picture that takes us right to the edge of the dark ages. | 0:16:03 | 0:16:06 | |
Which way up is it? | 0:16:06 | 0:16:08 | |
We've filled one more page in the cosmic album, | 0:16:08 | 0:16:11 | |
taken one step closer to creation, | 0:16:11 | 0:16:15 | |
but for now, that's the limit. | 0:16:15 | 0:16:16 | |
Using this method, | 0:16:20 | 0:16:22 | |
the cosmic dawn and the very first stars | 0:16:22 | 0:16:26 | |
still remain tantalisingly out of reach. | 0:16:26 | 0:16:29 | |
But it is only one method. | 0:16:38 | 0:16:41 | |
What if even older objects could be found elsewhere in the universe? | 0:16:41 | 0:16:45 | |
At Siding Spring Observatory, in Australia, | 0:16:48 | 0:16:51 | |
Stefan Keller is also searching for the first stars and the cosmic dawn, | 0:16:51 | 0:16:57 | |
but not by staring across the entire universe. | 0:16:57 | 0:17:01 | |
He's looking much closer to home for some very unusual stars. | 0:17:01 | 0:17:06 | |
The star we are most familiar with is, of course, our own sun. | 0:17:08 | 0:17:13 | |
Here we are on top of a mountain, | 0:17:16 | 0:17:18 | |
catching the last rays of the sun, | 0:17:18 | 0:17:21 | |
and the sun is very special for us, | 0:17:21 | 0:17:24 | |
but it's a very average sort of star. | 0:17:24 | 0:17:28 | |
It's been around for about 4.6 billion years, | 0:17:28 | 0:17:33 | |
a third of the lifetime of the universe. | 0:17:33 | 0:17:36 | |
That may sound a long time, | 0:17:37 | 0:17:40 | |
but it's pretty typical for stars in our galaxy. | 0:17:40 | 0:17:44 | |
And among the 200 billion stars of the Milky Way, | 0:17:49 | 0:17:53 | |
Stefan is searching to see if any truly ancient stars | 0:17:53 | 0:17:57 | |
may have survived since the very beginning. | 0:17:57 | 0:18:01 | |
What we are looking for are those very rare stars | 0:18:02 | 0:18:07 | |
that are amongst the oldest stars that are out there. | 0:18:07 | 0:18:10 | |
But spotting a truly ancient star is no easy task, | 0:18:10 | 0:18:15 | |
when all you have to go on is a pinprick of light. | 0:18:15 | 0:18:18 | |
The light is all that we have to work with. | 0:18:19 | 0:18:23 | |
We need special ways of dissecting the starlight that is coming to us, | 0:18:23 | 0:18:28 | |
so that we can understand where they've come from, how old they are. | 0:18:28 | 0:18:33 | |
When we decode that, we can uniquely identify | 0:18:33 | 0:18:37 | |
some of the older stars that remain with us today. | 0:18:37 | 0:18:41 | |
The secret to spotting an extremely old star | 0:18:41 | 0:18:45 | |
is to see what it's made of. | 0:18:45 | 0:18:47 | |
It's all down to a process of cosmic recycling. | 0:18:53 | 0:18:57 | |
Stars are fundamental to life, | 0:19:00 | 0:19:03 | |
because they're the furnaces | 0:19:03 | 0:19:05 | |
that have created everything that we need on earth. | 0:19:05 | 0:19:11 | |
The rocks that we see have been formed inside a stellar interior | 0:19:11 | 0:19:15 | |
and then thrown back out into the universe. | 0:19:15 | 0:19:18 | |
The gold and the silver in the rings on my finger, | 0:19:18 | 0:19:21 | |
they've all been made in a supernova. | 0:19:21 | 0:19:23 | |
There's no other place in the universe | 0:19:23 | 0:19:25 | |
that you can create elements like that. | 0:19:25 | 0:19:27 | |
After a lifetime forging elements as heavy as iron, | 0:19:29 | 0:19:33 | |
a star will eventually run out of fuel. | 0:19:33 | 0:19:36 | |
Many then explode in a massive supernova, | 0:19:43 | 0:19:47 | |
spewing out a cloud of debris into interstellar space. | 0:19:47 | 0:19:51 | |
This rich cloud is then recycled into the next generation of stars. | 0:19:57 | 0:20:03 | |
Again and again and again, this cosmic recycling is taking place. | 0:20:06 | 0:20:12 | |
In a star like the sun, | 0:20:12 | 0:20:14 | |
there have been about a thousand generations of stars before it. | 0:20:14 | 0:20:19 | |
Each generation has a richer and richer composition | 0:20:20 | 0:20:24 | |
of heavier and heavier elements, | 0:20:24 | 0:20:27 | |
and particularly noticeable is the build-up of iron. | 0:20:27 | 0:20:32 | |
So, the amount of iron is an arrow of time. | 0:20:32 | 0:20:36 | |
It shows us how old the star is. | 0:20:36 | 0:20:39 | |
If you want to find a very old star | 0:20:45 | 0:20:49 | |
from the beginning of the recycling process, | 0:20:49 | 0:20:52 | |
you need to find one with very little iron. | 0:20:52 | 0:20:55 | |
The way to do that is to look for a specific | 0:20:56 | 0:21:00 | |
but minute variation in colour, | 0:21:00 | 0:21:03 | |
something that Stefan's robotic Skymapper telescope | 0:21:03 | 0:21:07 | |
is carefully designed to spot. | 0:21:07 | 0:21:09 | |
So, our sun has a particular yellow colour. | 0:21:16 | 0:21:20 | |
If we then looked at a star of similar temperature, | 0:21:20 | 0:21:23 | |
but which was much older, | 0:21:23 | 0:21:25 | |
it would have an ever so slightly different colour. | 0:21:25 | 0:21:28 | |
It's slightly bluer and so, by looking for stars | 0:21:28 | 0:21:33 | |
that are ever so slightly bluer, | 0:21:33 | 0:21:35 | |
we can zero in on the needle in the haystack | 0:21:35 | 0:21:39 | |
and we can do that at a rate of about 100,000 stars per hour. | 0:21:39 | 0:21:44 | |
Each night, Skymapper captures the light from nearly a million stars. | 0:21:46 | 0:21:51 | |
It automatically analyses the colour of each one | 0:21:51 | 0:21:55 | |
and arranges them for Stefan according to iron content. | 0:21:55 | 0:21:58 | |
So, we see in most stars, like the sun, have quite a lot of iron, | 0:22:03 | 0:22:08 | |
but then there's this tail of objects | 0:22:08 | 0:22:10 | |
that don't have much iron in them at all, | 0:22:10 | 0:22:14 | |
and they're the potential needles in the haystack. | 0:22:14 | 0:22:17 | |
And in 2013, Skymapper presented Stefan with one particular star | 0:22:20 | 0:22:26 | |
that looked quite unlike any other. | 0:22:26 | 0:22:28 | |
Here you see 100 or so ordinary stars scattered around the field | 0:22:29 | 0:22:36 | |
and in the centre is the star that we discovered. | 0:22:36 | 0:22:41 | |
The initial reading from Skymapper | 0:22:41 | 0:22:44 | |
suggested that this star had an incredibly low iron content. | 0:22:44 | 0:22:49 | |
At first, we thought we must have done something wrong here, | 0:22:49 | 0:22:53 | |
but we confirmed it the next night | 0:22:53 | 0:22:56 | |
and that's when things really got exciting. | 0:22:56 | 0:22:59 | |
The next step was to take a much closer look | 0:23:01 | 0:23:05 | |
with a much bigger telescope. | 0:23:05 | 0:23:06 | |
We were lucky enough to find some telescope time over in Chile | 0:23:11 | 0:23:16 | |
and we stared at this one star the entire night, | 0:23:16 | 0:23:20 | |
building up a very detailed spectrum of the star. | 0:23:20 | 0:23:23 | |
There were a number of things that we saw | 0:23:24 | 0:23:26 | |
that we just hadn't ever seen before. | 0:23:26 | 0:23:29 | |
With enough light, it's possible to make a detailed spectrum | 0:23:30 | 0:23:35 | |
that can reveal the precise ingredients of a star. | 0:23:35 | 0:23:38 | |
What we see here is the spectrum of light | 0:23:40 | 0:23:43 | |
from a star that's similar to the sun. | 0:23:43 | 0:23:45 | |
This is like a fingerprint from the star | 0:23:45 | 0:23:48 | |
and it tells us how much iron, magnesium and calcium | 0:23:48 | 0:23:53 | |
is inside that star. | 0:23:53 | 0:23:55 | |
And you can see that there's quite a lot of lines here. | 0:23:55 | 0:23:59 | |
In the case of our star, which is up the top here, all we see | 0:23:59 | 0:24:04 | |
are the lines of hydrogen | 0:24:04 | 0:24:08 | |
and a little bit here, which is carbon. | 0:24:08 | 0:24:11 | |
And so, it's quite a different recipe and indeed, | 0:24:11 | 0:24:15 | |
we just don't see any iron detectable in this star | 0:24:15 | 0:24:19 | |
and we knew that we were onto something very exciting, | 0:24:19 | 0:24:22 | |
because we had never seen a star like this before. | 0:24:22 | 0:24:25 | |
A star with no detectable iron | 0:24:27 | 0:24:30 | |
must have been made very early in the process of cosmic recycling. | 0:24:30 | 0:24:35 | |
It's been around for 13.6 billion years. | 0:24:38 | 0:24:42 | |
It's a very pristine star. | 0:24:43 | 0:24:46 | |
It formed very early on in the history of the universe, | 0:24:46 | 0:24:48 | |
before much stellar recycling had taken place. | 0:24:48 | 0:24:52 | |
Stefan had discovered the oldest star ever seen. | 0:24:52 | 0:24:56 | |
It's been burning for 13.6 billion years. | 0:24:56 | 0:25:01 | |
Could it be a remnant from the cosmic dawn? | 0:25:01 | 0:25:04 | |
In fact, what we're able to do with this star is, | 0:25:06 | 0:25:10 | |
for the first time, | 0:25:10 | 0:25:12 | |
say that there was only one star that preceded it. | 0:25:12 | 0:25:16 | |
Stefan's star had to have been formed from the exploding debris | 0:25:23 | 0:25:27 | |
of one of the very first stars of the cosmic dawn. | 0:25:27 | 0:25:32 | |
Remarkably, | 0:25:32 | 0:25:33 | |
it is from only the second generation of stars ever made. | 0:25:33 | 0:25:38 | |
Stefan's discovery takes us | 0:25:46 | 0:25:48 | |
further back towards the dark ages than ever before. | 0:25:48 | 0:25:52 | |
His star is even older than Jim and Ross's blobby galaxy | 0:25:52 | 0:25:57 | |
and amazingly, it's right here in our own galaxy. | 0:25:57 | 0:26:02 | |
Ah, here we are! | 0:26:03 | 0:26:05 | |
That looks like the right spot. | 0:26:05 | 0:26:08 | |
This is a star that predates the Milky Way galaxy itself. | 0:26:08 | 0:26:13 | |
But we must go even further, | 0:26:13 | 0:26:16 | |
because even before this | 0:26:16 | 0:26:18 | |
came the very first stars of the cosmic dawn - | 0:26:18 | 0:26:22 | |
stars that lie beyond the reach of any telescope, | 0:26:22 | 0:26:26 | |
that we may never see directly. | 0:26:26 | 0:26:28 | |
So, how can we know what ended the dark ages - | 0:26:41 | 0:26:45 | |
how light and structure emerged in the very first stars? | 0:26:45 | 0:26:50 | |
What if we could visualise building them from scratch, | 0:26:50 | 0:26:54 | |
by going right back to | 0:26:54 | 0:26:55 | |
the individual atoms of that hydrogen fog? | 0:26:55 | 0:26:59 | |
If you go back to the this time of the dark ages, | 0:27:02 | 0:27:05 | |
the universe looked completely different. | 0:27:05 | 0:27:07 | |
If you had a human observer translated back in time, | 0:27:09 | 0:27:13 | |
you would see a completely dark, boring, featureless universe - | 0:27:13 | 0:27:17 | |
an utterly alien place, it would appear to us. | 0:27:17 | 0:27:20 | |
It was a universe without any light. | 0:27:26 | 0:27:29 | |
There were no stars, no galaxies. | 0:27:29 | 0:27:31 | |
Just a collection of lone hydrogen atoms | 0:27:32 | 0:27:35 | |
and the odd bit of helium, | 0:27:35 | 0:27:37 | |
spread out in a diffuse fog. | 0:27:37 | 0:27:41 | |
Hydrogen would be in its most primitive state - | 0:27:43 | 0:27:46 | |
single hydrogen atoms. | 0:27:46 | 0:27:48 | |
Basically, we would have, say, | 0:27:48 | 0:27:51 | |
a volume of the size of my stretched-out arms | 0:27:51 | 0:27:55 | |
and in this volume, you would basically have one hydrogen atom. | 0:27:55 | 0:28:00 | |
So diffuse, that if a hydrogen atom was the size of a ping-pong ball, | 0:28:00 | 0:28:06 | |
the next closest one would be almost halfway to the moon. | 0:28:06 | 0:28:10 | |
So, we have this very diffuse universe. | 0:28:12 | 0:28:14 | |
How do we get stars out of this? | 0:28:14 | 0:28:16 | |
Volker Bromm decided the only way to get a picture of the first star | 0:28:17 | 0:28:22 | |
was to build one from scratch, | 0:28:22 | 0:28:25 | |
one hydrogen atom at a time. | 0:28:25 | 0:28:27 | |
It was time to forget the telescopes | 0:28:28 | 0:28:31 | |
and bring on the supercomputer. | 0:28:31 | 0:28:34 | |
We can input into the supercomputers all the laws of physics - | 0:28:34 | 0:28:38 | |
from, as we say, first principle. | 0:28:38 | 0:28:40 | |
We can put in the initial conditions, | 0:28:40 | 0:28:42 | |
because initial conditions is what we see here. | 0:28:42 | 0:28:45 | |
There are no missing pieces. | 0:28:45 | 0:28:46 | |
We have all the laws of physics | 0:28:46 | 0:28:48 | |
that describe the behaviour of these basic ingredients | 0:28:48 | 0:28:51 | |
and at that point, we set up the computer and then we let it go. | 0:28:51 | 0:28:55 | |
The scale of the calculation seems impossible - | 0:29:45 | 0:29:49 | |
to model the behaviour of vast clouds of primordial hydrogen gas, | 0:29:49 | 0:29:55 | |
trillions of hydrogen atoms, | 0:29:55 | 0:29:58 | |
one interaction at a time, | 0:29:58 | 0:30:00 | |
and to ask the question... | 0:30:00 | 0:30:02 | |
..will they form a star? | 0:30:03 | 0:30:04 | |
At first, you might think this is hopeless. | 0:30:06 | 0:30:08 | |
How do we get things like stars out of this? | 0:30:08 | 0:30:10 | |
But what really then kicks in is the force of gravity | 0:30:10 | 0:30:14 | |
and the force of gravity has an infinite reach. | 0:30:14 | 0:30:17 | |
It reaches over vast stretches of the universe - | 0:30:17 | 0:30:20 | |
millions of light years, so the force of gravity is a very patient force. | 0:30:20 | 0:30:24 | |
Crucially, the distribution of matter wasn't completely even. | 0:30:25 | 0:30:30 | |
Tiny fluctuations left over from the Big Bang | 0:30:30 | 0:30:34 | |
meant some regions were slightly more dense than others... | 0:30:34 | 0:30:38 | |
..allowing gravity to work its magic. | 0:30:39 | 0:30:42 | |
Gravity would very, very slowly act | 0:30:47 | 0:30:50 | |
to clump matter together. | 0:30:50 | 0:30:53 | |
Certain regions of space, where the density of primordial stuff | 0:30:56 | 0:31:01 | |
is larger than the rest. | 0:31:01 | 0:31:03 | |
And then, what would happen is millions of years, | 0:31:06 | 0:31:08 | |
millions of years would create and attract more and more material. | 0:31:08 | 0:31:11 | |
Eventually, gravity could pull such a vast collection of atoms | 0:31:14 | 0:31:19 | |
so incredibly close together, | 0:31:19 | 0:31:22 | |
under such extreme pressure | 0:31:22 | 0:31:24 | |
that it would trigger nuclear fusion | 0:31:24 | 0:31:28 | |
and a star could be born. | 0:31:28 | 0:31:30 | |
But Volker's supercomputer simulations revealed a problem. | 0:31:36 | 0:31:40 | |
Something was stopping the first stars from sparking into life. | 0:31:41 | 0:31:45 | |
Gravity may be pulling the gas atoms closer together, | 0:31:46 | 0:31:50 | |
but there's another force trying to push them apart. | 0:31:50 | 0:31:53 | |
This comes together and you compress gas, | 0:31:56 | 0:31:59 | |
then it also is heated up and at some point, | 0:31:59 | 0:32:02 | |
the heat will basically have random motion - | 0:32:02 | 0:32:04 | |
and the random motion will basically prevent gravity | 0:32:04 | 0:32:08 | |
from condensing the gas any further. | 0:32:08 | 0:32:11 | |
The more the gravity squeezes inwards, | 0:32:13 | 0:32:16 | |
the more the gas heats up and pushes outwards. | 0:32:16 | 0:32:19 | |
It's a stalemate. | 0:32:20 | 0:32:21 | |
Later stars overcome this problem | 0:32:23 | 0:32:26 | |
because they come from a cloud enriched by heavier elements | 0:32:26 | 0:32:30 | |
that can readily absorb some of the heat, | 0:32:30 | 0:32:33 | |
letting gravity win the fight | 0:32:33 | 0:32:35 | |
and squeeze the gas beyond the point of no return. | 0:32:35 | 0:32:38 | |
But with no heavy elements, | 0:32:40 | 0:32:42 | |
how could the primordial gas get past the stalemate? | 0:32:42 | 0:32:46 | |
And then, the important question is, can this gas, | 0:32:47 | 0:32:50 | |
this primordial gas, can this get rid of the heat? | 0:32:50 | 0:32:53 | |
Volker realised there had to be | 0:32:58 | 0:33:01 | |
something else in the primordial gas, | 0:33:01 | 0:33:04 | |
or the universe would have got stuck. | 0:33:04 | 0:33:06 | |
What tipped the balance in favour of gravity | 0:33:07 | 0:33:10 | |
were a few chance encounters between the hydrogen atoms. | 0:33:10 | 0:33:14 | |
Very rarely, something very dramatic happened. | 0:33:17 | 0:33:19 | |
You have the two hydrogen atoms and they meet | 0:33:19 | 0:33:23 | |
and they form hydrogen molecules. | 0:33:23 | 0:33:26 | |
And crucially, a pair like this are able to absorb | 0:33:27 | 0:33:31 | |
a tiny bit of heat in a way that a lone atom can't. | 0:33:31 | 0:33:35 | |
This is the key process for the entire end of the cosmic dark ages. | 0:33:37 | 0:33:42 | |
The gas can cool, gravity can take over | 0:33:42 | 0:33:45 | |
and eventually create conditions | 0:33:45 | 0:33:47 | |
that are so extreme, in terms of temperature and density, | 0:33:47 | 0:33:50 | |
that you can trigger nuclear fusion | 0:33:50 | 0:33:53 | |
and can eventually form, out of this material, stars. | 0:33:53 | 0:33:56 | |
MUSIC: Lacrimosa by Zbigniew Preisner | 0:33:59 | 0:34:03 | |
The first star is born. | 0:34:13 | 0:34:16 | |
The first light of the universe is created. | 0:34:17 | 0:34:21 | |
The gas has collapsed for millions of years | 0:34:26 | 0:34:29 | |
into the centre of the system | 0:34:29 | 0:34:30 | |
and now, for the first time in cosmic history, | 0:34:30 | 0:34:33 | |
we see the moment of first light - | 0:34:33 | 0:34:36 | |
the moment that the first star formed. | 0:34:36 | 0:34:38 | |
What Volker discovered about these first stars was a revelation. | 0:34:42 | 0:34:47 | |
Big surprise was that the first stars that formed | 0:34:48 | 0:34:51 | |
were very different from stars that form in the present-day universe. | 0:34:51 | 0:34:55 | |
Because these stars were made purely from the primordial gas | 0:34:55 | 0:35:00 | |
with no heavier elements, | 0:35:00 | 0:35:02 | |
they must have been huge. | 0:35:02 | 0:35:04 | |
What we found is that in the early universe, | 0:35:06 | 0:35:09 | |
stars are much more massive - | 0:35:09 | 0:35:11 | |
maybe even 100 times more massive than the sun. | 0:35:11 | 0:35:13 | |
After 100 million years, | 0:35:39 | 0:35:42 | |
this was how the dark ages finally came to an end. | 0:35:42 | 0:35:46 | |
The first stars were giants, | 0:35:55 | 0:35:58 | |
100 times or more the mass of the sun. | 0:35:58 | 0:36:01 | |
That has dramatic consequences, | 0:36:02 | 0:36:04 | |
because massive stars have a very different life - | 0:36:04 | 0:36:07 | |
a much more violent life | 0:36:07 | 0:36:09 | |
than the kind of low mass star that the sun is. | 0:36:09 | 0:36:12 | |
They would be 20 times hotter... | 0:36:13 | 0:36:15 | |
..shining ultraviolet blue... | 0:36:19 | 0:36:21 | |
..10 million times more luminous than the sun. | 0:36:24 | 0:36:27 | |
Although we may never see them for real, | 0:36:46 | 0:36:49 | |
Volker's model has given us an image of these first stars. | 0:36:49 | 0:36:53 | |
The one picture that really captures | 0:36:53 | 0:36:55 | |
this metaphysical moment of first light, it would be like this - | 0:36:55 | 0:36:59 | |
a supercomputer frame that shows the very first star. | 0:36:59 | 0:37:03 | |
It's an image from the childhood of the universe. | 0:37:03 | 0:37:06 | |
An image of the first light from the first ever star. | 0:37:06 | 0:37:11 | |
Let's patch it in just at the end of the cosmic dark ages, | 0:37:11 | 0:37:15 | |
because this is when it happened. | 0:37:15 | 0:37:17 | |
It shows the moment when, | 0:37:17 | 0:37:19 | |
from the impenetrable fog of the dark ages, | 0:37:19 | 0:37:22 | |
light finally dawned on the universe | 0:37:22 | 0:37:26 | |
and of course, it wasn't just one star. | 0:37:26 | 0:37:29 | |
ORCHESTRA TUNES UP | 0:37:32 | 0:37:34 | |
It had been a long time coming, | 0:37:36 | 0:37:39 | |
but after 100 million years of nothing, | 0:37:39 | 0:37:42 | |
the show had finally started. | 0:37:42 | 0:37:45 | |
CONDUCTOR TAPS BATON | 0:37:48 | 0:37:49 | |
ORCHESTRA PLAYS | 0:37:50 | 0:37:53 | |
The dark ages of the universe ended almost abruptly. | 0:38:01 | 0:38:04 | |
It was the same pattern across the universe. | 0:38:07 | 0:38:11 | |
Soon after the first star formed, a few million years later, | 0:38:12 | 0:38:16 | |
another star formed somewhere else and then the process accelerated. | 0:38:16 | 0:38:20 | |
After 100 million years of darkness, | 0:38:23 | 0:38:26 | |
lights were coming on across the universe. | 0:38:26 | 0:38:29 | |
It grew up exponentially. | 0:38:31 | 0:38:34 | |
Very quickly, within tens of millions of years, | 0:38:34 | 0:38:37 | |
there were plenty of stars filling up the universe. | 0:38:37 | 0:38:40 | |
That was the era that so many astronomers had searched for... | 0:38:40 | 0:38:44 | |
..the cosmic dawn. | 0:38:45 | 0:38:47 | |
The cosmic dawn would have been spectacular. | 0:39:04 | 0:39:07 | |
New galaxies were forming out of darkness. | 0:39:13 | 0:39:17 | |
This age of enlightenment was a very dynamic period of time. | 0:39:19 | 0:39:24 | |
And it wasn't just light that was created during the cosmic dawn. | 0:39:30 | 0:39:34 | |
The cosmic dawn is the beginning of complexity in the universe | 0:39:36 | 0:39:42 | |
that led to our existence. | 0:39:42 | 0:39:44 | |
The birth of these great furnaces also triggered | 0:39:48 | 0:39:51 | |
the forging of the more useful ingredients of the universe. | 0:39:51 | 0:39:55 | |
Obviously, I think it's interesting. | 0:39:58 | 0:40:00 | |
For the first time, new elements are being made. | 0:40:00 | 0:40:03 | |
They take hydrogen, turn it into helium. | 0:40:04 | 0:40:07 | |
Helium gets combined to make carbon | 0:40:07 | 0:40:11 | |
and we go to oxygen and silicon. | 0:40:11 | 0:40:14 | |
Deep in their hearts, | 0:40:14 | 0:40:16 | |
the first giant stars began a transformation of matter, | 0:40:16 | 0:40:20 | |
producing the heavy elements necessary for life. | 0:40:20 | 0:40:24 | |
And their huge size had another important consequence. | 0:40:25 | 0:40:30 | |
They burnt through their fuel incredibly quickly. | 0:40:30 | 0:40:33 | |
They can only live for a very short time, only a few million years. | 0:40:38 | 0:40:41 | |
That's really nothing. | 0:40:41 | 0:40:43 | |
You might say they're like the rock stars in the universe. | 0:40:43 | 0:40:46 | |
They live fast and die young. | 0:40:46 | 0:40:48 | |
And so, by the time you make another one over here, | 0:40:48 | 0:40:52 | |
this one may already be ready to die. | 0:40:52 | 0:40:55 | |
When they died, they died in a unique type of supernova - | 0:41:07 | 0:41:12 | |
a hypernova... | 0:41:12 | 0:41:14 | |
..the biggest explosion ever in the universe. | 0:41:16 | 0:41:20 | |
Stars were appearing and disappearing. | 0:41:28 | 0:41:30 | |
It's like fireworks, it's very dynamic. | 0:41:32 | 0:41:36 | |
These were the very first events that spewed out the heavy elements | 0:41:37 | 0:41:43 | |
and led to the formation of the second generation of stars. | 0:41:43 | 0:41:47 | |
And so began the process of stellar recycling, | 0:41:49 | 0:41:54 | |
that after about a thousand generations of birth and death, | 0:41:54 | 0:41:59 | |
led eventually to our own sun being formed. | 0:41:59 | 0:42:02 | |
It had been a long time coming, | 0:42:06 | 0:42:09 | |
but the birth of the first stars | 0:42:09 | 0:42:12 | |
was the catalyst that triggered the transformation of the universe. | 0:42:12 | 0:42:16 | |
For the first time, stars were made, | 0:42:20 | 0:42:24 | |
light was produced | 0:42:24 | 0:42:26 | |
and heavy elements were forged. | 0:42:26 | 0:42:28 | |
And yet, it would still appear an utterly alien universe, | 0:42:30 | 0:42:35 | |
because the dramatic events of the cosmic dawn | 0:42:35 | 0:42:39 | |
were still shrouded behind a veil of fog | 0:42:39 | 0:42:43 | |
and for hundreds of millions of years, | 0:42:43 | 0:42:46 | |
the universe was opaque. | 0:42:46 | 0:42:48 | |
How, then, did our universe go from something so alien and opaque | 0:42:52 | 0:42:57 | |
to what we see today? | 0:42:57 | 0:42:59 | |
It's a transformation that wouldn't be complete while the fog survived. | 0:42:59 | 0:43:04 | |
Those first stars? Very bright. | 0:43:12 | 0:43:15 | |
You know, they could be a million times as bright as our own sun, | 0:43:15 | 0:43:18 | |
giving off tons and tons of light. | 0:43:18 | 0:43:21 | |
But the light's not getting very far yet. | 0:43:21 | 0:43:23 | |
Actually, most of it gets sort of stopped by all this fog of hydrogen. | 0:43:23 | 0:43:27 | |
Atoms of neutral hydrogen still fill the space | 0:43:29 | 0:43:32 | |
between the giant first stars, | 0:43:32 | 0:43:35 | |
so even if we could see that far away, | 0:43:35 | 0:43:38 | |
we might never be able to see them through the fog. | 0:43:38 | 0:43:42 | |
As the light leaves the surface of the star and travels outward, | 0:43:43 | 0:43:47 | |
it gets stopped and so, it couldn't get to us yet, | 0:43:47 | 0:43:50 | |
so the universe at this point is still opaque. | 0:43:50 | 0:43:53 | |
But somehow, | 0:43:57 | 0:43:58 | |
the universe transformed from opaque to transparent. | 0:43:58 | 0:44:03 | |
Tom Abel is trying to work out what happened to the fog. | 0:44:06 | 0:44:10 | |
Like Volker, he uses supercomputer simulation | 0:44:16 | 0:44:19 | |
to try and model these first stars and the fog, | 0:44:19 | 0:44:23 | |
and to work out how the universe became transparent. | 0:44:23 | 0:44:27 | |
What we'd like to do is try and predict the past. | 0:44:30 | 0:44:33 | |
What we have here is one of the first stars forming. | 0:44:35 | 0:44:39 | |
There's a whole filament of gas, that was all that hydrogen gas. | 0:44:39 | 0:44:43 | |
Now see, everything that gets blue here gets really hot. | 0:44:43 | 0:44:47 | |
That's the ultraviolet radiation from this star affecting | 0:44:47 | 0:44:50 | |
everything up to thousands of light years away from that star. | 0:44:50 | 0:44:54 | |
These giants were so hot | 0:44:56 | 0:44:59 | |
that most of the light they gave out was ultraviolet | 0:44:59 | 0:45:02 | |
and it would have had a drastic effect on thick fog. | 0:45:02 | 0:45:07 | |
It's so strong, it can blast the electrons out of the hydrogen atoms. | 0:45:07 | 0:45:11 | |
The radiation that they give off as it's trying to escape | 0:45:14 | 0:45:18 | |
ionises hydrogen gas, | 0:45:18 | 0:45:20 | |
but as a consequence, you actually make things transparent. | 0:45:20 | 0:45:23 | |
Radiation hits the fog, | 0:45:25 | 0:45:28 | |
fog gets transparent. | 0:45:28 | 0:45:31 | |
Now, my boundary to the fog is further away. | 0:45:31 | 0:45:34 | |
Radiation in the next little bit can go a little further, | 0:45:34 | 0:45:38 | |
so I make these bubbles. | 0:45:38 | 0:45:39 | |
Each star created a clearing in the fog around itself, | 0:45:45 | 0:45:49 | |
blowing a bubble of transparent space. | 0:45:49 | 0:45:52 | |
The simplest way to think about it is some Swiss cheese. | 0:45:56 | 0:46:00 | |
As their light travels out, it changes the cheese. | 0:46:00 | 0:46:05 | |
Our air bubbles are growing and we make ever larger ones. | 0:46:05 | 0:46:09 | |
In this way of thinking about it, | 0:46:09 | 0:46:11 | |
at the end, we end up with no cheese at all, | 0:46:11 | 0:46:13 | |
or the bubbles are so big | 0:46:13 | 0:46:16 | |
that the light from those objects really travels freely. | 0:46:16 | 0:46:20 | |
Tom has modelled an entire chunk of the universe, | 0:46:24 | 0:46:28 | |
revealing how it gradually became transparent | 0:46:28 | 0:46:31 | |
during this epoch of re-ionisation. | 0:46:31 | 0:46:34 | |
What we have here is actually the large scale now, | 0:46:35 | 0:46:39 | |
and every little dot that you see in here represents a galaxy | 0:46:39 | 0:46:43 | |
and that galaxy has massive stars inside of it. | 0:46:43 | 0:46:46 | |
They put out ultraviolet radiation | 0:46:46 | 0:46:48 | |
and it makes progressively more of the universe | 0:46:48 | 0:46:52 | |
more and more transparent. | 0:46:52 | 0:46:54 | |
You just look, there are some regions | 0:46:54 | 0:46:56 | |
you can see further and further into the queue | 0:46:56 | 0:46:59 | |
and you see how all these individual bubbles coalesce, | 0:46:59 | 0:47:02 | |
and you get sort of long path lines, like you can see here, | 0:47:02 | 0:47:05 | |
where you can look deep down already and we're not even complete yet. | 0:47:05 | 0:47:09 | |
Some parts of the universe are still neutral and opaque. | 0:47:09 | 0:47:13 | |
But there it goes, and the whole fog lifts | 0:47:14 | 0:47:16 | |
and all the galaxies are revealed. | 0:47:16 | 0:47:19 | |
Re-ionisation would be completed somewhere in these pages. | 0:47:27 | 0:47:32 | |
Tom's models offer an explanation | 0:47:32 | 0:47:35 | |
for how our universe finally became transparent. | 0:47:35 | 0:47:39 | |
Shall we glue it in? Maybe with a light glue? | 0:47:39 | 0:47:42 | |
TOM LAUGHS | 0:47:42 | 0:47:43 | |
In case we have to correct it. | 0:47:43 | 0:47:46 | |
It's the last piece | 0:47:46 | 0:47:47 | |
in our theoretical jigsaw of the cosmic dawn. | 0:47:47 | 0:47:50 | |
After half a billion years, | 0:48:02 | 0:48:04 | |
the universe had gone through an astonishing transformation. | 0:48:04 | 0:48:08 | |
From a dark, featureless sea of fog, | 0:48:10 | 0:48:14 | |
the first stars were born. | 0:48:14 | 0:48:16 | |
They triggered a rollercoaster of creation. | 0:48:20 | 0:48:24 | |
Light was generated, | 0:48:26 | 0:48:28 | |
matter was transformed | 0:48:28 | 0:48:30 | |
and vast bubbles of fog were cleared. | 0:48:30 | 0:48:33 | |
And at the climax of the cosmic dawn, | 0:48:35 | 0:48:38 | |
the curtain was lifted | 0:48:38 | 0:48:40 | |
to reveal a universe that was now transparent. | 0:48:40 | 0:48:45 | |
Finally, here was a universe that we recognise... | 0:48:46 | 0:48:51 | |
..our universe. | 0:48:52 | 0:48:54 | |
At least, that's the theory. | 0:48:58 | 0:49:00 | |
But back in the real world, how can we check? | 0:49:00 | 0:49:04 | |
We can't see the first stars for real. | 0:49:06 | 0:49:08 | |
They're all dead. | 0:49:08 | 0:49:10 | |
And even if we could look back that far, | 0:49:10 | 0:49:13 | |
they'd be hidden in the fog. | 0:49:13 | 0:49:16 | |
However, all is not lost, | 0:49:16 | 0:49:19 | |
because the first stars left behind ghosts - | 0:49:19 | 0:49:23 | |
the bubbles in the fog. | 0:49:23 | 0:49:25 | |
RADIO RETUNES | 0:49:25 | 0:49:27 | |
MUSIC: First Light by Django Django | 0:49:27 | 0:49:30 | |
And these ghosts may offer one last chance | 0:49:30 | 0:49:33 | |
to make contact with the first stars of the cosmic dawn... | 0:49:33 | 0:49:36 | |
RADIO RETUNES | 0:49:38 | 0:49:39 | |
..because the hydrogen fog was transmitting a radio signal. | 0:49:41 | 0:49:46 | |
MUSIC: First Light by My Morning Jacket | 0:49:47 | 0:49:51 | |
# First light tonight | 0:49:51 | 0:49:54 | |
# First light tomorrow | 0:49:55 | 0:49:58 | |
# First light this morning First light this evening | 0:50:00 | 0:50:05 | |
# First light tonight... # | 0:50:05 | 0:50:06 | |
Steven Tingay is trying to tune in to Radio Hydrogen. | 0:50:06 | 0:50:11 | |
In the early universe, in the first billion years, | 0:50:12 | 0:50:15 | |
there were vast amounts of hydrogen | 0:50:15 | 0:50:18 | |
and each one of those hydrogen atoms can randomly give off a radio wave. | 0:50:18 | 0:50:23 | |
And so, we can tune our telescope to that radio frequency | 0:50:23 | 0:50:27 | |
and then, we're tuning in to the hydrogen gas. | 0:50:27 | 0:50:30 | |
# Been looking back | 0:50:30 | 0:50:33 | |
# Down through the ages | 0:50:34 | 0:50:37 | |
# First I was an ancient Then I was an infant | 0:50:39 | 0:50:44 | |
# Now I am alive. # | 0:50:44 | 0:50:46 | |
Trouble is, once the radio waves reach Planet Earth, | 0:50:47 | 0:50:51 | |
that particular band of radio is rather crowded. | 0:50:51 | 0:50:55 | |
Hydrogen gas produces the radio waves at a very specific frequency. | 0:50:57 | 0:51:02 | |
That's similar to sort of FM radio, by the time they get to us. | 0:51:02 | 0:51:07 | |
So it means that we've got to build our telescopes | 0:51:07 | 0:51:10 | |
in areas where there's no human interference, | 0:51:10 | 0:51:13 | |
so you can't have FM radio, you can't have TV. | 0:51:13 | 0:51:17 | |
You can't have mobile phones, | 0:51:17 | 0:51:19 | |
traffic on the road, or anything like that. | 0:51:19 | 0:51:22 | |
# First light this evening First light this morning | 0:51:22 | 0:51:26 | |
# First light tonight. # | 0:51:26 | 0:51:30 | |
It's worth it, because hidden in this radio signal | 0:51:31 | 0:51:35 | |
could be the only message we'll ever get from the cosmic dawn. | 0:51:35 | 0:51:41 | |
Distance is the only cure, | 0:51:41 | 0:51:42 | |
so we need to be in the middle of nowhere, basically. | 0:51:42 | 0:51:45 | |
So, Steven's heading out to Murchison country, | 0:51:45 | 0:51:48 | |
in Western Australia. | 0:51:48 | 0:51:50 | |
It's about the size of the Netherlands, | 0:51:50 | 0:51:53 | |
but with less than 150 residents... | 0:51:53 | 0:51:56 | |
RADIO SIGNAL GOES FUZZY | 0:51:56 | 0:51:59 | |
..and amongst the worst radio, TV and phone reception | 0:51:59 | 0:52:03 | |
anywhere on the planet. | 0:52:03 | 0:52:05 | |
RADIO STATIC | 0:52:05 | 0:52:06 | |
The perfect place for | 0:52:09 | 0:52:10 | |
one of the strangest-looking telescopes you'll ever see. | 0:52:10 | 0:52:15 | |
This is Steven's telescope... | 0:52:29 | 0:52:32 | |
..hundreds of miles from the nearest town. | 0:52:33 | 0:52:36 | |
The Murchison Widefield Array, or MWA. | 0:52:36 | 0:52:41 | |
2,000 antennas spread over more than a square kilometre, | 0:52:42 | 0:52:47 | |
all tuned into the radio signal from the cosmic dawn. | 0:52:47 | 0:52:51 | |
So, what we've got here are the antennas. | 0:52:53 | 0:52:55 | |
We have a cluster of 16 of them here, | 0:52:55 | 0:52:59 | |
so you can build a lot of antennas and get a very sensitive telescope. | 0:52:59 | 0:53:03 | |
Sensitive enough to receive radio waves from the primordial fog | 0:53:09 | 0:53:14 | |
that had been travelling more than 13 billion light years. | 0:53:14 | 0:53:18 | |
And handily for Steven, | 0:53:24 | 0:53:26 | |
the radio waves are only transmitted by the opaque fog, | 0:53:26 | 0:53:30 | |
not by the transparent bubbles. | 0:53:30 | 0:53:32 | |
So, that gas outside the bubble produces the radio waves. | 0:53:36 | 0:53:40 | |
No radio waves from the bubble. | 0:53:40 | 0:53:42 | |
And so, for us, we're sort of looking for this Swiss cheese | 0:53:43 | 0:53:46 | |
pattern of bubbles and holes in the hydrogen gas distribution. | 0:53:46 | 0:53:51 | |
So, although it's not possible to see the first stars, | 0:54:03 | 0:54:07 | |
it should be possible, with this radio set, | 0:54:07 | 0:54:10 | |
to find clues about them | 0:54:10 | 0:54:12 | |
from the way they cleared the hydrogen fog. | 0:54:12 | 0:54:15 | |
We don't actually see the stars themselves. | 0:54:18 | 0:54:20 | |
We see the effect of the star on its environment. | 0:54:20 | 0:54:23 | |
Each atom only emits a tiny signal, | 0:54:25 | 0:54:29 | |
but there was a lot of gas, | 0:54:29 | 0:54:31 | |
and it all adds up to a signal that Steven is close to detecting. | 0:54:31 | 0:54:35 | |
This is an actual image made from the MWA data. | 0:54:44 | 0:54:48 | |
This is a patch of the sky that's around about 30 degrees across, | 0:54:48 | 0:54:52 | |
so it's quite a big chunk of sky. | 0:54:52 | 0:54:55 | |
So, we're looking through our atmosphere, | 0:54:55 | 0:54:58 | |
we're looking through our galaxy, | 0:54:58 | 0:55:00 | |
we're looking through most of the universe. | 0:55:00 | 0:55:03 | |
If you look carefully down here, you can see many, many specks | 0:55:03 | 0:55:07 | |
and these are all galaxies or quasars | 0:55:07 | 0:55:09 | |
millions, billions of light years away, | 0:55:09 | 0:55:12 | |
so we need to remove each of these signals, one by one, | 0:55:12 | 0:55:17 | |
in order to peel back those layers | 0:55:17 | 0:55:19 | |
and hopefully, what we're left with is just the signature of the gas | 0:55:19 | 0:55:24 | |
and the first stars forming, 13 billion years ago. | 0:55:24 | 0:55:27 | |
This signature will be our first direct contact | 0:55:34 | 0:55:39 | |
with the very first stars of the universe. | 0:55:39 | 0:55:42 | |
It will take us right back to the moment of creation | 0:55:42 | 0:55:46 | |
and provide our first glimpse of the cosmic dawn. | 0:55:46 | 0:55:50 | |
It's incredible to think that in this very image, | 0:55:57 | 0:55:59 | |
that I'm looking at right now, | 0:55:59 | 0:56:01 | |
that signal exists. | 0:56:01 | 0:56:03 | |
What's really special for me is being able to look at this | 0:56:03 | 0:56:09 | |
while sort of sitting in an ancient landscape, | 0:56:09 | 0:56:12 | |
where we've actually built the telescope | 0:56:12 | 0:56:14 | |
and collected the data from these signals | 0:56:14 | 0:56:17 | |
that have traversed billions of light years throughout the universe, | 0:56:17 | 0:56:20 | |
so it's just astonishing on a number of different levels for me. | 0:56:20 | 0:56:24 | |
But this is just the beginning. | 0:56:27 | 0:56:30 | |
Once Steven has tuned in to the first stars, | 0:56:30 | 0:56:34 | |
he's going to fill this entire landscape with antennas | 0:56:34 | 0:56:38 | |
to make a much bigger, more precise radio, | 0:56:38 | 0:56:42 | |
that will let him map the early universe as never before. | 0:56:42 | 0:56:47 | |
We want to build a much bigger telescope - | 0:56:49 | 0:56:51 | |
100 times bigger - | 0:56:51 | 0:56:53 | |
and this will dissect the first billion years of the universe, | 0:56:53 | 0:56:57 | |
step by step, | 0:56:57 | 0:56:59 | |
and watch the evolution of the first stars and galaxies | 0:56:59 | 0:57:02 | |
forming in a great deal of detail. | 0:57:02 | 0:57:04 | |
We are all curious where we came from. | 0:57:18 | 0:57:20 | |
If one opens the first chapter of Genesis, in the Bible, | 0:57:21 | 0:57:26 | |
the Old Testament, one finds a version of this story - | 0:57:26 | 0:57:30 | |
how the universe started and how we humans came to live in it. | 0:57:30 | 0:57:35 | |
Some bits of this story are right. | 0:57:37 | 0:57:39 | |
There was a beginning in time. | 0:57:40 | 0:57:42 | |
Light came into existence from darkness. | 0:57:43 | 0:57:46 | |
Life was created. | 0:57:47 | 0:57:49 | |
But other parts of the story are wrong. | 0:57:52 | 0:57:55 | |
Some things are out of context and mixed up | 0:57:55 | 0:57:59 | |
and there are some missing elements. | 0:57:59 | 0:58:02 | |
If I had to give a grade to this early version of the story, | 0:58:02 | 0:58:06 | |
I would give it a B+. | 0:58:06 | 0:58:08 | |
We are now at a special time | 0:58:11 | 0:58:13 | |
that allows us to explore this question scientifically. | 0:58:13 | 0:58:17 | |
We are able to peer deep into space | 0:58:19 | 0:58:21 | |
and see those very early sources of light | 0:58:21 | 0:58:25 | |
that tell us how we came into existence. | 0:58:25 | 0:58:28 | |
And of course, with modern technology, | 0:58:32 | 0:58:34 | |
we are hoping to get the story much more accurate - | 0:58:34 | 0:58:37 | |
to the level of an A+. | 0:58:37 | 0:58:39 |