Cosmic Dawn: The Real Moment of Creation Horizon


Cosmic Dawn: The Real Moment of Creation

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In the beginning, the universe was a bit of a let down, really.

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For millions of years after the Big Bang,

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things were actually rather boring.

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It's just this...soup.

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The Big Bang was not the moment of creation.

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The real moment of creation came 100 million years later.

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There was this magical, if you like, metaphysical moment.

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The cosmic dawn.

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The moment of first light.

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It's the moment the first stars were born...

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The first stars are fundamental to how the universe evolved.

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They're like the rock stars in the universe.

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They live fast and die young.

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..the moment that lit up the universe...

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For the first time in cosmic history,

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the universe really is getting interesting.

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..and began forging the ingredients that made you, me

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and everything around us.

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It was the starting point that led to the appearance of life.

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Astronomers are now trying to witness

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and understand this moment of creation.

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I guess what we're trying to achieve is to see the beginning of things.

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THUNDERCLAP

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We are dealing with a scientific version of the story of Genesis.

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Let there be light!

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This is the Murchison country, Mid West, Western Australia.

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It's the ancestral home of our people, the Yamaji.

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It's very remote and the night skies are something special.

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I like how it's flickering there.

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It's like, if you come...

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Our people like to tell stories and paint pictures -

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stories about the land, about the stars,

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about how things got here.

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And there's Venus, beautiful and bright too. Look at that.

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Sometimes it's the morning star, sometimes it's the evening star.

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That's in a story from the Kouri people, over in the east,

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that when Venus comes this way, they say hello to us

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and then, we say hello to them.

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-When it goes back?

-Yes.

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Oh, nice, that's a nice thought.

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Many people tell stories about creation and how we got here.

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This is Steven Tingay. He's an astronomer.

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-That's Orion.

-That's Orion's Belt.

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It's just dark enough to see the saucepan, the three stars.

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That's that one over there.

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He knows a lot about the stars,

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but he didn't know about the emu in the sky.

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The emu in the sky tells a story about our ancestors,

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how they used to gather food

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and that emu in the sky

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would tell them the right time to go out hunting.

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It's all about collecting our bush tucker.

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When you see the emu's laying, that's the time -

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and then, when the emu is standing, that's the season over.

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I've been looking at the night sky since I was six years old

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and looking at the Milky Way for decades,

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and never, ever saw it.

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I forget who it was that pointed it out and said well, you know,

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there's the emu's head, neck, body and I've just gone...

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whoa!

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That's been there all the time that I've been looking at it

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and I've never seen it.

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It was mind-blowing.

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Steven's looking for more discoveries in the sky.

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He's trying to put together his own story about how we got here,

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the scientific story of our creation.

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He's built himself a giant radio telescope out here on our land,

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to tune into something no human has ever seen -

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the moment the first stars were born,

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the first light was made,

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and the first stuff that made all of us.

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Some people call it the moment of creation.

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This may be our land,

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but it's a story about every single one of us.

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THUNDERCLAP

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Steven Tingay is not alone.

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Here at Harvard, Avi Loeb is also hoping to build up

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a complete picture of the life story of the universe...

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..to assemble a cosmic photo album

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that traces our story right back to the beginning of time.

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Our cosmic family book.

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That's an image of the earth from the moon, a quite beautiful image.

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This is our home and, of course,

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we would like to trace our cosmic roots

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all the way back to where we started.

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We have some brilliant pictures of our universe

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as it is today - as an adult.

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Our solar system,

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our Milky Way galaxy

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and our galactic neighbours.

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And if we go to the very beginning of the album,

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we also have one picture of the universe as a newborn baby.

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Where it all began.

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It's called the cosmic microwave background.

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This is an image of the infant universe,

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and that image shows us the conditions

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in the very early universe.

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The picture tells us without doubt

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that our story started with a hot, dense and bright beginning.

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The Big Bang,

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often credited as being the moment of creation.

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The Big Bang arranged the initial conditions of the universe.

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Early on, the universe was very bright.

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The temperature of radiation was very high,

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much higher than we find at the centres of stars nowadays,

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but as the universe expanded, it cooled off.

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And as it cooled, the universe became darker and darker.

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The lights went out

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and our universe was nothing more than a vast black fog of hydrogen.

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Welcome to the dark ages.

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Several million years after the Big Bang,

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the universe was dark and boring,

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filled with cold hydrogen atoms floating through space.

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All the things we treasure did not exist.

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The Big Bang was not the moment of creation.

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The Big Bang gets all the credit,

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but in reality, it merely set the stage.

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It created space and time, a brief flash of light and some fog,

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but nothing that you and I would recognise

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as our present day universe...

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..and it left us with the longest interval in history -

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the dark ages.

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Then, we get to the dark ages.

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We don't have photos of those.

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These are the missing pages in our photo album.

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The dark ages are the last great frontier in our cosmic history.

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The universe, the cosmic photo album.

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Yeah, that's worth a blow-up.

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I guess this is the famous cosmic dark ages.

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Astronomers are desperate to fill in the missing pages,

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the childhood years of our universe...

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It's still blank.

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..to see the moment of transformation,

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when the dark fog gave way to a universe of light...

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These are the bits that we want to fill in.

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How dark is it?

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..to see the first stars in the cosmic dawn,

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the real moment of creation.

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The first star probably formed about here.

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Somewhere in these pages.

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To reach this moment in our cosmic history,

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astronomers have devised some extraordinary techniques.

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At the Edinburgh Royal Observatory,

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Jim Dunlop and Ross McClure

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are trying to see the cosmic dawn by tunnelling deep into space.

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What we're trying to achieve is see the beginning of things,

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see when the first structures in the universe formed -

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first stars, first galaxies.

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And to do that, they have been using the Hubble space telescope

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to take one of the most important pictures ever.

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We're looking at an ordinary patch of sky,

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in this case, a little bit to the right of Orion,

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but it's a tiny, tiny area, smaller than my fingernail.

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It looks blank to the human eye.

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It may look blank with the naked eye,

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but Hubble is allowing Jim and Ross

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to tunnel deeper into the distant universe than ever before,

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in their search for ancient light from the cosmic dawn.

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We're trying to look back as far as we can,

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to the beginning of time,

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as close to the Big Bang as we can manage.

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Here we have Orion, a constellation that many people will recognise,

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and we're zooming in, tunnelling in.

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To collect the faint light

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from the most distant objects in the universe,

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they use what may be the longest exposure in cosmic history.

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During the course of 650 orbits,

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they pointed Hubble at the same tiny thumbnail patch of dark sky

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for 100 hours.

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So we go deeper, tunnelling into deep space

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and then we start to see very faint galaxies appear.

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As they tunnel,

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they are reaching further back in time,

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because the further away something is,

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the longer its light has taken to reach us.

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And what we see of a distant object

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is how it looked in the distant past.

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One of the simplest ways to look at it is to realise

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that even the sun is seen as it was eight minutes ago.

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So, if the sun disappeared,

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we wouldn't know for eight minutes and if Jupiter disappeared,

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we wouldn't know for about an hour, or something like that.

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What's really staggering is that once you get to the nearest galaxy,

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that delay is already several million years.

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Which means that we're seeing these galaxies as they were

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millions of years in the past.

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Deeper down the tunnel,

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there are galaxies that we see as they were

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many billions of years ago.

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And here, we start to come into this image of what's called

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the Hubble ultra deep field and these galaxies now,

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we're seeing back to within a billion years or so of the Big Bang.

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This here is the deepest ever image of the night sky ever taken.

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The deepest image shows the oldest things -

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galaxies that formed less than a billion years after the Big Bang.

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That tiny - if you like - borehole that we've made into the sky,

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it is a window into a very different time.

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For three months, Jim and Ross had exclusive first access,

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looking through this window in time...

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We were the first people to look at this data.

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..and they set about analysing the ancient light

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for signs of the earliest stars and galaxies.

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There was this one object in there,

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from the thousands that were in that image,

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that we identified as being potentially the most...

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the most distant object that ever had been seen by anyone.

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This one here is the most distant of all.

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This is zoomed in. It's just literally a faint blob

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and there's only a few photons of light

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being collected to see this object, which we're seeing

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only 500 million years after the Big Bang.

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This faint blob turned out to be an entire galaxy.

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You see, it's not a star, it's not point-like.

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You can see it's slightly extended, which proves it's a galaxy -

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I think about 20 times smaller than our Milky Way.

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But that's about all we have on this galaxy.

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We can't even measure its colour very well.

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It's only just detected by Hubble in its very reddest wavelength.

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It's an excitement, to be the first person to ever look at that image

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and from that image,

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to see this object that nobody's ever seen before.

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And until the next generation of telescopes come online,

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it's as far away as we can possibly see.

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This was, interestingly,

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the most distant object you could see with Hubble.

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Hubble's incapable of seeing any further than this object.

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I guess it also means no-one's going to pip you for the next few years?

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Correct.

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-We are the record holders for a few more years.

-Yeah.

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Ross and Jim have identified the earliest galaxy ever found.

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It was born more than 13 billion years ago.

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You can do the sticking, since you've got young kids,

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so you're used to this stuff.

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It's a picture that takes us right to the edge of the dark ages.

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Which way up is it?

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We've filled one more page in the cosmic album,

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taken one step closer to creation,

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but for now, that's the limit.

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Using this method,

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the cosmic dawn and the very first stars

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still remain tantalisingly out of reach.

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But it is only one method.

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What if even older objects could be found elsewhere in the universe?

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At Siding Spring Observatory, in Australia,

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Stefan Keller is also searching for the first stars and the cosmic dawn,

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but not by staring across the entire universe.

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He's looking much closer to home for some very unusual stars.

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The star we are most familiar with is, of course, our own sun.

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Here we are on top of a mountain,

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catching the last rays of the sun,

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and the sun is very special for us,

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but it's a very average sort of star.

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It's been around for about 4.6 billion years,

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a third of the lifetime of the universe.

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That may sound a long time,

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but it's pretty typical for stars in our galaxy.

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And among the 200 billion stars of the Milky Way,

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Stefan is searching to see if any truly ancient stars

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may have survived since the very beginning.

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What we are looking for are those very rare stars

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that are amongst the oldest stars that are out there.

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But spotting a truly ancient star is no easy task,

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when all you have to go on is a pinprick of light.

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The light is all that we have to work with.

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We need special ways of dissecting the starlight that is coming to us,

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so that we can understand where they've come from, how old they are.

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When we decode that, we can uniquely identify

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some of the older stars that remain with us today.

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The secret to spotting an extremely old star

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is to see what it's made of.

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It's all down to a process of cosmic recycling.

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Stars are fundamental to life,

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because they're the furnaces

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that have created everything that we need on earth.

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The rocks that we see have been formed inside a stellar interior

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and then thrown back out into the universe.

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The gold and the silver in the rings on my finger,

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they've all been made in a supernova.

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There's no other place in the universe

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that you can create elements like that.

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After a lifetime forging elements as heavy as iron,

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a star will eventually run out of fuel.

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Many then explode in a massive supernova,

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spewing out a cloud of debris into interstellar space.

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This rich cloud is then recycled into the next generation of stars.

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Again and again and again, this cosmic recycling is taking place.

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In a star like the sun,

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there have been about a thousand generations of stars before it.

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Each generation has a richer and richer composition

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of heavier and heavier elements,

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and particularly noticeable is the build-up of iron.

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So, the amount of iron is an arrow of time.

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It shows us how old the star is.

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If you want to find a very old star

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from the beginning of the recycling process,

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you need to find one with very little iron.

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The way to do that is to look for a specific

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but minute variation in colour,

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something that Stefan's robotic Skymapper telescope

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is carefully designed to spot.

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So, our sun has a particular yellow colour.

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If we then looked at a star of similar temperature,

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but which was much older,

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it would have an ever so slightly different colour.

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It's slightly bluer and so, by looking for stars

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that are ever so slightly bluer,

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we can zero in on the needle in the haystack

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and we can do that at a rate of about 100,000 stars per hour.

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Each night, Skymapper captures the light from nearly a million stars.

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It automatically analyses the colour of each one

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and arranges them for Stefan according to iron content.

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So, we see in most stars, like the sun, have quite a lot of iron,

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but then there's this tail of objects

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that don't have much iron in them at all,

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and they're the potential needles in the haystack.

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And in 2013, Skymapper presented Stefan with one particular star

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that looked quite unlike any other.

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Here you see 100 or so ordinary stars scattered around the field

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and in the centre is the star that we discovered.

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The initial reading from Skymapper

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suggested that this star had an incredibly low iron content.

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At first, we thought we must have done something wrong here,

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but we confirmed it the next night

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and that's when things really got exciting.

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The next step was to take a much closer look

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with a much bigger telescope.

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We were lucky enough to find some telescope time over in Chile

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and we stared at this one star the entire night,

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building up a very detailed spectrum of the star.

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There were a number of things that we saw

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that we just hadn't ever seen before.

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With enough light, it's possible to make a detailed spectrum

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that can reveal the precise ingredients of a star.

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What we see here is the spectrum of light

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from a star that's similar to the sun.

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This is like a fingerprint from the star

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and it tells us how much iron, magnesium and calcium

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is inside that star.

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And you can see that there's quite a lot of lines here.

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In the case of our star, which is up the top here, all we see

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are the lines of hydrogen

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and a little bit here, which is carbon.

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And so, it's quite a different recipe and indeed,

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we just don't see any iron detectable in this star

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and we knew that we were onto something very exciting,

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because we had never seen a star like this before.

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A star with no detectable iron

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must have been made very early in the process of cosmic recycling.

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It's been around for 13.6 billion years.

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It's a very pristine star.

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It formed very early on in the history of the universe,

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before much stellar recycling had taken place.

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Stefan had discovered the oldest star ever seen.

0:24:520:24:56

It's been burning for 13.6 billion years.

0:24:560:25:01

Could it be a remnant from the cosmic dawn?

0:25:010:25:04

In fact, what we're able to do with this star is,

0:25:060:25:10

for the first time,

0:25:100:25:12

say that there was only one star that preceded it.

0:25:120:25:16

Stefan's star had to have been formed from the exploding debris

0:25:230:25:27

of one of the very first stars of the cosmic dawn.

0:25:270:25:32

Remarkably,

0:25:320:25:33

it is from only the second generation of stars ever made.

0:25:330:25:38

Stefan's discovery takes us

0:25:460:25:48

further back towards the dark ages than ever before.

0:25:480:25:52

His star is even older than Jim and Ross's blobby galaxy

0:25:520:25:57

and amazingly, it's right here in our own galaxy.

0:25:570:26:02

Ah, here we are!

0:26:030:26:05

That looks like the right spot.

0:26:050:26:08

This is a star that predates the Milky Way galaxy itself.

0:26:080:26:13

But we must go even further,

0:26:130:26:16

because even before this

0:26:160:26:18

came the very first stars of the cosmic dawn -

0:26:180:26:22

stars that lie beyond the reach of any telescope,

0:26:220:26:26

that we may never see directly.

0:26:260:26:28

So, how can we know what ended the dark ages -

0:26:410:26:45

how light and structure emerged in the very first stars?

0:26:450:26:50

What if we could visualise building them from scratch,

0:26:500:26:54

by going right back to

0:26:540:26:55

the individual atoms of that hydrogen fog?

0:26:550:26:59

If you go back to the this time of the dark ages,

0:27:020:27:05

the universe looked completely different.

0:27:050:27:07

If you had a human observer translated back in time,

0:27:090:27:13

you would see a completely dark, boring, featureless universe -

0:27:130:27:17

an utterly alien place, it would appear to us.

0:27:170:27:20

It was a universe without any light.

0:27:260:27:29

There were no stars, no galaxies.

0:27:290:27:31

Just a collection of lone hydrogen atoms

0:27:320:27:35

and the odd bit of helium,

0:27:350:27:37

spread out in a diffuse fog.

0:27:370:27:41

Hydrogen would be in its most primitive state -

0:27:430:27:46

single hydrogen atoms.

0:27:460:27:48

Basically, we would have, say,

0:27:480:27:51

a volume of the size of my stretched-out arms

0:27:510:27:55

and in this volume, you would basically have one hydrogen atom.

0:27:550:28:00

So diffuse, that if a hydrogen atom was the size of a ping-pong ball,

0:28:000:28:06

the next closest one would be almost halfway to the moon.

0:28:060:28:10

So, we have this very diffuse universe.

0:28:120:28:14

How do we get stars out of this?

0:28:140:28:16

Volker Bromm decided the only way to get a picture of the first star

0:28:170:28:22

was to build one from scratch,

0:28:220:28:25

one hydrogen atom at a time.

0:28:250:28:27

It was time to forget the telescopes

0:28:280:28:31

and bring on the supercomputer.

0:28:310:28:34

We can input into the supercomputers all the laws of physics -

0:28:340:28:38

from, as we say, first principle.

0:28:380:28:40

We can put in the initial conditions,

0:28:400:28:42

because initial conditions is what we see here.

0:28:420:28:45

There are no missing pieces.

0:28:450:28:46

We have all the laws of physics

0:28:460:28:48

that describe the behaviour of these basic ingredients

0:28:480:28:51

and at that point, we set up the computer and then we let it go.

0:28:510:28:55

The scale of the calculation seems impossible -

0:29:450:29:49

to model the behaviour of vast clouds of primordial hydrogen gas,

0:29:490:29:55

trillions of hydrogen atoms,

0:29:550:29:58

one interaction at a time,

0:29:580:30:00

and to ask the question...

0:30:000:30:02

..will they form a star?

0:30:030:30:04

At first, you might think this is hopeless.

0:30:060:30:08

How do we get things like stars out of this?

0:30:080:30:10

But what really then kicks in is the force of gravity

0:30:100:30:14

and the force of gravity has an infinite reach.

0:30:140:30:17

It reaches over vast stretches of the universe -

0:30:170:30:20

millions of light years, so the force of gravity is a very patient force.

0:30:200:30:24

Crucially, the distribution of matter wasn't completely even.

0:30:250:30:30

Tiny fluctuations left over from the Big Bang

0:30:300:30:34

meant some regions were slightly more dense than others...

0:30:340:30:38

..allowing gravity to work its magic.

0:30:390:30:42

Gravity would very, very slowly act

0:30:470:30:50

to clump matter together.

0:30:500:30:53

Certain regions of space, where the density of primordial stuff

0:30:560:31:01

is larger than the rest.

0:31:010:31:03

And then, what would happen is millions of years,

0:31:060:31:08

millions of years would create and attract more and more material.

0:31:080:31:11

Eventually, gravity could pull such a vast collection of atoms

0:31:140:31:19

so incredibly close together,

0:31:190:31:22

under such extreme pressure

0:31:220:31:24

that it would trigger nuclear fusion

0:31:240:31:28

and a star could be born.

0:31:280:31:30

But Volker's supercomputer simulations revealed a problem.

0:31:360:31:40

Something was stopping the first stars from sparking into life.

0:31:410:31:45

Gravity may be pulling the gas atoms closer together,

0:31:460:31:50

but there's another force trying to push them apart.

0:31:500:31:53

This comes together and you compress gas,

0:31:560:31:59

then it also is heated up and at some point,

0:31:590:32:02

the heat will basically have random motion -

0:32:020:32:04

and the random motion will basically prevent gravity

0:32:040:32:08

from condensing the gas any further.

0:32:080:32:11

The more the gravity squeezes inwards,

0:32:130:32:16

the more the gas heats up and pushes outwards.

0:32:160:32:19

It's a stalemate.

0:32:200:32:21

Later stars overcome this problem

0:32:230:32:26

because they come from a cloud enriched by heavier elements

0:32:260:32:30

that can readily absorb some of the heat,

0:32:300:32:33

letting gravity win the fight

0:32:330:32:35

and squeeze the gas beyond the point of no return.

0:32:350:32:38

But with no heavy elements,

0:32:400:32:42

how could the primordial gas get past the stalemate?

0:32:420:32:46

And then, the important question is, can this gas,

0:32:470:32:50

this primordial gas, can this get rid of the heat?

0:32:500:32:53

Volker realised there had to be

0:32:580:33:01

something else in the primordial gas,

0:33:010:33:04

or the universe would have got stuck.

0:33:040:33:06

What tipped the balance in favour of gravity

0:33:070:33:10

were a few chance encounters between the hydrogen atoms.

0:33:100:33:14

Very rarely, something very dramatic happened.

0:33:170:33:19

You have the two hydrogen atoms and they meet

0:33:190:33:23

and they form hydrogen molecules.

0:33:230:33:26

And crucially, a pair like this are able to absorb

0:33:270:33:31

a tiny bit of heat in a way that a lone atom can't.

0:33:310:33:35

This is the key process for the entire end of the cosmic dark ages.

0:33:370:33:42

The gas can cool, gravity can take over

0:33:420:33:45

and eventually create conditions

0:33:450:33:47

that are so extreme, in terms of temperature and density,

0:33:470:33:50

that you can trigger nuclear fusion

0:33:500:33:53

and can eventually form, out of this material, stars.

0:33:530:33:56

MUSIC: Lacrimosa by Zbigniew Preisner

0:33:590:34:03

The first star is born.

0:34:130:34:16

The first light of the universe is created.

0:34:170:34:21

The gas has collapsed for millions of years

0:34:260:34:29

into the centre of the system

0:34:290:34:30

and now, for the first time in cosmic history,

0:34:300:34:33

we see the moment of first light -

0:34:330:34:36

the moment that the first star formed.

0:34:360:34:38

What Volker discovered about these first stars was a revelation.

0:34:420:34:47

Big surprise was that the first stars that formed

0:34:480:34:51

were very different from stars that form in the present-day universe.

0:34:510:34:55

Because these stars were made purely from the primordial gas

0:34:550:35:00

with no heavier elements,

0:35:000:35:02

they must have been huge.

0:35:020:35:04

What we found is that in the early universe,

0:35:060:35:09

stars are much more massive -

0:35:090:35:11

maybe even 100 times more massive than the sun.

0:35:110:35:13

After 100 million years,

0:35:390:35:42

this was how the dark ages finally came to an end.

0:35:420:35:46

The first stars were giants,

0:35:550:35:58

100 times or more the mass of the sun.

0:35:580:36:01

That has dramatic consequences,

0:36:020:36:04

because massive stars have a very different life -

0:36:040:36:07

a much more violent life

0:36:070:36:09

than the kind of low mass star that the sun is.

0:36:090:36:12

They would be 20 times hotter...

0:36:130:36:15

..shining ultraviolet blue...

0:36:190:36:21

..10 million times more luminous than the sun.

0:36:240:36:27

Although we may never see them for real,

0:36:460:36:49

Volker's model has given us an image of these first stars.

0:36:490:36:53

The one picture that really captures

0:36:530:36:55

this metaphysical moment of first light, it would be like this -

0:36:550:36:59

a supercomputer frame that shows the very first star.

0:36:590:37:03

It's an image from the childhood of the universe.

0:37:030:37:06

An image of the first light from the first ever star.

0:37:060:37:11

Let's patch it in just at the end of the cosmic dark ages,

0:37:110:37:15

because this is when it happened.

0:37:150:37:17

It shows the moment when,

0:37:170:37:19

from the impenetrable fog of the dark ages,

0:37:190:37:22

light finally dawned on the universe

0:37:220:37:26

and of course, it wasn't just one star.

0:37:260:37:29

ORCHESTRA TUNES UP

0:37:320:37:34

It had been a long time coming,

0:37:360:37:39

but after 100 million years of nothing,

0:37:390:37:42

the show had finally started.

0:37:420:37:45

CONDUCTOR TAPS BATON

0:37:480:37:49

ORCHESTRA PLAYS

0:37:500:37:53

The dark ages of the universe ended almost abruptly.

0:38:010:38:04

It was the same pattern across the universe.

0:38:070:38:11

Soon after the first star formed, a few million years later,

0:38:120:38:16

another star formed somewhere else and then the process accelerated.

0:38:160:38:20

After 100 million years of darkness,

0:38:230:38:26

lights were coming on across the universe.

0:38:260:38:29

It grew up exponentially.

0:38:310:38:34

Very quickly, within tens of millions of years,

0:38:340:38:37

there were plenty of stars filling up the universe.

0:38:370:38:40

That was the era that so many astronomers had searched for...

0:38:400:38:44

..the cosmic dawn.

0:38:450:38:47

The cosmic dawn would have been spectacular.

0:39:040:39:07

New galaxies were forming out of darkness.

0:39:130:39:17

This age of enlightenment was a very dynamic period of time.

0:39:190:39:24

And it wasn't just light that was created during the cosmic dawn.

0:39:300:39:34

The cosmic dawn is the beginning of complexity in the universe

0:39:360:39:42

that led to our existence.

0:39:420:39:44

The birth of these great furnaces also triggered

0:39:480:39:51

the forging of the more useful ingredients of the universe.

0:39:510:39:55

Obviously, I think it's interesting.

0:39:580:40:00

For the first time, new elements are being made.

0:40:000:40:03

They take hydrogen, turn it into helium.

0:40:040:40:07

Helium gets combined to make carbon

0:40:070:40:11

and we go to oxygen and silicon.

0:40:110:40:14

Deep in their hearts,

0:40:140:40:16

the first giant stars began a transformation of matter,

0:40:160:40:20

producing the heavy elements necessary for life.

0:40:200:40:24

And their huge size had another important consequence.

0:40:250:40:30

They burnt through their fuel incredibly quickly.

0:40:300:40:33

They can only live for a very short time, only a few million years.

0:40:380:40:41

That's really nothing.

0:40:410:40:43

You might say they're like the rock stars in the universe.

0:40:430:40:46

They live fast and die young.

0:40:460:40:48

And so, by the time you make another one over here,

0:40:480:40:52

this one may already be ready to die.

0:40:520:40:55

When they died, they died in a unique type of supernova -

0:41:070:41:12

a hypernova...

0:41:120:41:14

..the biggest explosion ever in the universe.

0:41:160:41:20

Stars were appearing and disappearing.

0:41:280:41:30

It's like fireworks, it's very dynamic.

0:41:320:41:36

These were the very first events that spewed out the heavy elements

0:41:370:41:43

and led to the formation of the second generation of stars.

0:41:430:41:47

And so began the process of stellar recycling,

0:41:490:41:54

that after about a thousand generations of birth and death,

0:41:540:41:59

led eventually to our own sun being formed.

0:41:590:42:02

It had been a long time coming,

0:42:060:42:09

but the birth of the first stars

0:42:090:42:12

was the catalyst that triggered the transformation of the universe.

0:42:120:42:16

For the first time, stars were made,

0:42:200:42:24

light was produced

0:42:240:42:26

and heavy elements were forged.

0:42:260:42:28

And yet, it would still appear an utterly alien universe,

0:42:300:42:35

because the dramatic events of the cosmic dawn

0:42:350:42:39

were still shrouded behind a veil of fog

0:42:390:42:43

and for hundreds of millions of years,

0:42:430:42:46

the universe was opaque.

0:42:460:42:48

How, then, did our universe go from something so alien and opaque

0:42:520:42:57

to what we see today?

0:42:570:42:59

It's a transformation that wouldn't be complete while the fog survived.

0:42:590:43:04

Those first stars? Very bright.

0:43:120:43:15

You know, they could be a million times as bright as our own sun,

0:43:150:43:18

giving off tons and tons of light.

0:43:180:43:21

But the light's not getting very far yet.

0:43:210:43:23

Actually, most of it gets sort of stopped by all this fog of hydrogen.

0:43:230:43:27

Atoms of neutral hydrogen still fill the space

0:43:290:43:32

between the giant first stars,

0:43:320:43:35

so even if we could see that far away,

0:43:350:43:38

we might never be able to see them through the fog.

0:43:380:43:42

As the light leaves the surface of the star and travels outward,

0:43:430:43:47

it gets stopped and so, it couldn't get to us yet,

0:43:470:43:50

so the universe at this point is still opaque.

0:43:500:43:53

But somehow,

0:43:570:43:58

the universe transformed from opaque to transparent.

0:43:580:44:03

Tom Abel is trying to work out what happened to the fog.

0:44:060:44:10

Like Volker, he uses supercomputer simulation

0:44:160:44:19

to try and model these first stars and the fog,

0:44:190:44:23

and to work out how the universe became transparent.

0:44:230:44:27

What we'd like to do is try and predict the past.

0:44:300:44:33

What we have here is one of the first stars forming.

0:44:350:44:39

There's a whole filament of gas, that was all that hydrogen gas.

0:44:390:44:43

Now see, everything that gets blue here gets really hot.

0:44:430:44:47

That's the ultraviolet radiation from this star affecting

0:44:470:44:50

everything up to thousands of light years away from that star.

0:44:500:44:54

These giants were so hot

0:44:560:44:59

that most of the light they gave out was ultraviolet

0:44:590:45:02

and it would have had a drastic effect on thick fog.

0:45:020:45:07

It's so strong, it can blast the electrons out of the hydrogen atoms.

0:45:070:45:11

The radiation that they give off as it's trying to escape

0:45:140:45:18

ionises hydrogen gas,

0:45:180:45:20

but as a consequence, you actually make things transparent.

0:45:200:45:23

Radiation hits the fog,

0:45:250:45:28

fog gets transparent.

0:45:280:45:31

Now, my boundary to the fog is further away.

0:45:310:45:34

Radiation in the next little bit can go a little further,

0:45:340:45:38

so I make these bubbles.

0:45:380:45:39

Each star created a clearing in the fog around itself,

0:45:450:45:49

blowing a bubble of transparent space.

0:45:490:45:52

The simplest way to think about it is some Swiss cheese.

0:45:560:46:00

As their light travels out, it changes the cheese.

0:46:000:46:05

Our air bubbles are growing and we make ever larger ones.

0:46:050:46:09

In this way of thinking about it,

0:46:090:46:11

at the end, we end up with no cheese at all,

0:46:110:46:13

or the bubbles are so big

0:46:130:46:16

that the light from those objects really travels freely.

0:46:160:46:20

Tom has modelled an entire chunk of the universe,

0:46:240:46:28

revealing how it gradually became transparent

0:46:280:46:31

during this epoch of re-ionisation.

0:46:310:46:34

What we have here is actually the large scale now,

0:46:350:46:39

and every little dot that you see in here represents a galaxy

0:46:390:46:43

and that galaxy has massive stars inside of it.

0:46:430:46:46

They put out ultraviolet radiation

0:46:460:46:48

and it makes progressively more of the universe

0:46:480:46:52

more and more transparent.

0:46:520:46:54

You just look, there are some regions

0:46:540:46:56

you can see further and further into the queue

0:46:560:46:59

and you see how all these individual bubbles coalesce,

0:46:590:47:02

and you get sort of long path lines, like you can see here,

0:47:020:47:05

where you can look deep down already and we're not even complete yet.

0:47:050:47:09

Some parts of the universe are still neutral and opaque.

0:47:090:47:13

But there it goes, and the whole fog lifts

0:47:140:47:16

and all the galaxies are revealed.

0:47:160:47:19

Re-ionisation would be completed somewhere in these pages.

0:47:270:47:32

Tom's models offer an explanation

0:47:320:47:35

for how our universe finally became transparent.

0:47:350:47:39

Shall we glue it in? Maybe with a light glue?

0:47:390:47:42

TOM LAUGHS

0:47:420:47:43

In case we have to correct it.

0:47:430:47:46

It's the last piece

0:47:460:47:47

in our theoretical jigsaw of the cosmic dawn.

0:47:470:47:50

After half a billion years,

0:48:020:48:04

the universe had gone through an astonishing transformation.

0:48:040:48:08

From a dark, featureless sea of fog,

0:48:100:48:14

the first stars were born.

0:48:140:48:16

They triggered a rollercoaster of creation.

0:48:200:48:24

Light was generated,

0:48:260:48:28

matter was transformed

0:48:280:48:30

and vast bubbles of fog were cleared.

0:48:300:48:33

And at the climax of the cosmic dawn,

0:48:350:48:38

the curtain was lifted

0:48:380:48:40

to reveal a universe that was now transparent.

0:48:400:48:45

Finally, here was a universe that we recognise...

0:48:460:48:51

..our universe.

0:48:520:48:54

At least, that's the theory.

0:48:580:49:00

But back in the real world, how can we check?

0:49:000:49:04

We can't see the first stars for real.

0:49:060:49:08

They're all dead.

0:49:080:49:10

And even if we could look back that far,

0:49:100:49:13

they'd be hidden in the fog.

0:49:130:49:16

However, all is not lost,

0:49:160:49:19

because the first stars left behind ghosts -

0:49:190:49:23

the bubbles in the fog.

0:49:230:49:25

RADIO RETUNES

0:49:250:49:27

MUSIC: First Light by Django Django

0:49:270:49:30

And these ghosts may offer one last chance

0:49:300:49:33

to make contact with the first stars of the cosmic dawn...

0:49:330:49:36

RADIO RETUNES

0:49:380:49:39

..because the hydrogen fog was transmitting a radio signal.

0:49:410:49:46

MUSIC: First Light by My Morning Jacket

0:49:470:49:51

# First light tonight

0:49:510:49:54

# First light tomorrow

0:49:550:49:58

# First light this morning First light this evening

0:50:000:50:05

# First light tonight... #

0:50:050:50:06

Steven Tingay is trying to tune in to Radio Hydrogen.

0:50:060:50:11

In the early universe, in the first billion years,

0:50:120:50:15

there were vast amounts of hydrogen

0:50:150:50:18

and each one of those hydrogen atoms can randomly give off a radio wave.

0:50:180:50:23

And so, we can tune our telescope to that radio frequency

0:50:230:50:27

and then, we're tuning in to the hydrogen gas.

0:50:270:50:30

# Been looking back

0:50:300:50:33

# Down through the ages

0:50:340:50:37

# First I was an ancient Then I was an infant

0:50:390:50:44

# Now I am alive. #

0:50:440:50:46

Trouble is, once the radio waves reach Planet Earth,

0:50:470:50:51

that particular band of radio is rather crowded.

0:50:510:50:55

Hydrogen gas produces the radio waves at a very specific frequency.

0:50:570:51:02

That's similar to sort of FM radio, by the time they get to us.

0:51:020:51:07

So it means that we've got to build our telescopes

0:51:070:51:10

in areas where there's no human interference,

0:51:100:51:13

so you can't have FM radio, you can't have TV.

0:51:130:51:17

You can't have mobile phones,

0:51:170:51:19

traffic on the road, or anything like that.

0:51:190:51:22

# First light this evening First light this morning

0:51:220:51:26

# First light tonight. #

0:51:260:51:30

It's worth it, because hidden in this radio signal

0:51:310:51:35

could be the only message we'll ever get from the cosmic dawn.

0:51:350:51:41

Distance is the only cure,

0:51:410:51:42

so we need to be in the middle of nowhere, basically.

0:51:420:51:45

So, Steven's heading out to Murchison country,

0:51:450:51:48

in Western Australia.

0:51:480:51:50

It's about the size of the Netherlands,

0:51:500:51:53

but with less than 150 residents...

0:51:530:51:56

RADIO SIGNAL GOES FUZZY

0:51:560:51:59

..and amongst the worst radio, TV and phone reception

0:51:590:52:03

anywhere on the planet.

0:52:030:52:05

RADIO STATIC

0:52:050:52:06

The perfect place for

0:52:090:52:10

one of the strangest-looking telescopes you'll ever see.

0:52:100:52:15

This is Steven's telescope...

0:52:290:52:32

..hundreds of miles from the nearest town.

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The Murchison Widefield Array, or MWA.

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2,000 antennas spread over more than a square kilometre,

0:52:420:52:47

all tuned into the radio signal from the cosmic dawn.

0:52:470:52:51

So, what we've got here are the antennas.

0:52:530:52:55

We have a cluster of 16 of them here,

0:52:550:52:59

so you can build a lot of antennas and get a very sensitive telescope.

0:52:590:53:03

Sensitive enough to receive radio waves from the primordial fog

0:53:090:53:14

that had been travelling more than 13 billion light years.

0:53:140:53:18

And handily for Steven,

0:53:240:53:26

the radio waves are only transmitted by the opaque fog,

0:53:260:53:30

not by the transparent bubbles.

0:53:300:53:32

So, that gas outside the bubble produces the radio waves.

0:53:360:53:40

No radio waves from the bubble.

0:53:400:53:42

And so, for us, we're sort of looking for this Swiss cheese

0:53:430:53:46

pattern of bubbles and holes in the hydrogen gas distribution.

0:53:460:53:51

So, although it's not possible to see the first stars,

0:54:030:54:07

it should be possible, with this radio set,

0:54:070:54:10

to find clues about them

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from the way they cleared the hydrogen fog.

0:54:120:54:15

We don't actually see the stars themselves.

0:54:180:54:20

We see the effect of the star on its environment.

0:54:200:54:23

Each atom only emits a tiny signal,

0:54:250:54:29

but there was a lot of gas,

0:54:290:54:31

and it all adds up to a signal that Steven is close to detecting.

0:54:310:54:35

This is an actual image made from the MWA data.

0:54:440:54:48

This is a patch of the sky that's around about 30 degrees across,

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so it's quite a big chunk of sky.

0:54:520:54:55

So, we're looking through our atmosphere,

0:54:550:54:58

we're looking through our galaxy,

0:54:580:55:00

we're looking through most of the universe.

0:55:000:55:03

If you look carefully down here, you can see many, many specks

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and these are all galaxies or quasars

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millions, billions of light years away,

0:55:090:55:12

so we need to remove each of these signals, one by one,

0:55:120:55:17

in order to peel back those layers

0:55:170:55:19

and hopefully, what we're left with is just the signature of the gas

0:55:190:55:24

and the first stars forming, 13 billion years ago.

0:55:240:55:27

This signature will be our first direct contact

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with the very first stars of the universe.

0:55:390:55:42

It will take us right back to the moment of creation

0:55:420:55:46

and provide our first glimpse of the cosmic dawn.

0:55:460:55:50

It's incredible to think that in this very image,

0:55:570:55:59

that I'm looking at right now,

0:55:590:56:01

that signal exists.

0:56:010:56:03

What's really special for me is being able to look at this

0:56:030:56:09

while sort of sitting in an ancient landscape,

0:56:090:56:12

where we've actually built the telescope

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and collected the data from these signals

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that have traversed billions of light years throughout the universe,

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so it's just astonishing on a number of different levels for me.

0:56:200:56:24

But this is just the beginning.

0:56:270:56:30

Once Steven has tuned in to the first stars,

0:56:300:56:34

he's going to fill this entire landscape with antennas

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to make a much bigger, more precise radio,

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that will let him map the early universe as never before.

0:56:420:56:47

We want to build a much bigger telescope -

0:56:490:56:51

100 times bigger -

0:56:510:56:53

and this will dissect the first billion years of the universe,

0:56:530:56:57

step by step,

0:56:570:56:59

and watch the evolution of the first stars and galaxies

0:56:590:57:02

forming in a great deal of detail.

0:57:020:57:04

We are all curious where we came from.

0:57:180:57:20

If one opens the first chapter of Genesis, in the Bible,

0:57:210:57:26

the Old Testament, one finds a version of this story -

0:57:260:57:30

how the universe started and how we humans came to live in it.

0:57:300:57:35

Some bits of this story are right.

0:57:370:57:39

There was a beginning in time.

0:57:400:57:42

Light came into existence from darkness.

0:57:430:57:46

Life was created.

0:57:470:57:49

But other parts of the story are wrong.

0:57:520:57:55

Some things are out of context and mixed up

0:57:550:57:59

and there are some missing elements.

0:57:590:58:02

If I had to give a grade to this early version of the story,

0:58:020:58:06

I would give it a B+.

0:58:060:58:08

We are now at a special time

0:58:110:58:13

that allows us to explore this question scientifically.

0:58:130:58:17

We are able to peer deep into space

0:58:190:58:21

and see those very early sources of light

0:58:210:58:25

that tell us how we came into existence.

0:58:250:58:28

And of course, with modern technology,

0:58:320:58:34

we are hoping to get the story much more accurate -

0:58:340:58:37

to the level of an A+.

0:58:370:58:39

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