Is Your Brain Male or Female? Horizon


Is Your Brain Male or Female?

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Men!

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And women.

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For centuries, people have argued ferociously about

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whether or not we are born with different brains.

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We have different roles in life

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and I think that's why our brains are wired differently.

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Men are definitely better at navigation and map reading.

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-Women panic a little bit more.

-From experience? No.

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Now it seems we're getting close to an answer.

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I thought there must be a mistake.

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I'm not used to results of studies coming out as clean as this one.

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With new technology, scientists have recently identified

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subtle differences in the brains of men and women.

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It's more there.

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Differences that could help explain perceived strengths and weaknesses.

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I was surprised that they were so significantly different.

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Come on, Barbaries!

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But the research is controversial and raises difficult questions.

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Funny, but he's completely uninterested in the dolls.

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Are brain differences innate?

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Or are they shaped by the world around us?

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If somebody says the word "scientist" to you, what comes into your head?

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-Man.

-A man.

-Usually a man.

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Yeah, I get the image as well of a man.

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We're searching for the truth behind the myths.

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DIY doesn't tend to be one of their strong points.

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Men just act like they know everything

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and they don't necessarily.

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We'll be testing the science...

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Oh, no! Oh, God!

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..and challenging old stereotypes.

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No way! It's crazy, no way.

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We can go beyond the usual arguments about who's better at parking

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or who is better at reading emotions

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and have a look at some of the real science.

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We're going to look at research which has thrown up

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surprising sex differences, which may have important

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implications for science and our health.

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We live in an age of increased gender equality.

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But it often seems the division between the sexes has never been greater.

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As soon as we're born,

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boys and girls are encouraged to play in different ways.

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And all too often the justification is biology.

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Well, of course, we've all heard that men are from Mars

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and women are from Venus, but it seems that recently

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we've been inundated with popular science books and newspaper articles,

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all purporting to present us with the latest scientific evidence showing

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that there really are differences in male and female brains.

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Men are meant to be better at maths,

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women are meant to be better at reading

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and just about anything emotional, but for me, the really crucial claim

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is that these differences are hard wired in our brains.

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You might think it's all a bit of fun

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but in a country where fewer than three out of ten physics A-levels

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are taken by girls, where just 7% of engineers are women,

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and where men still earn on average nearly 20% more than their female colleagues,

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these scientific claims are powerful and potentially damaging.

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I don't think girls are the only losers in this debate.

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Boys face pressures too.

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In the modern world, so-called soft skills like communication

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and emotional intelligence, understanding what other people

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are thinking and feeling, are increasingly valued.

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So are boys missing out because they simply haven't had

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that side of themselves encouraged,

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or is something more fundamental going on?

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It's the age-old question -

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are the differences between the sexes the results of nature?

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Or is it nurture?

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I'll be looking at these possible differences

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in the brains of men and women and exploring to what extent

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they might be affected by environmental influences.

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And I'll be investigating the role that genes and hormones play

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in shaping our brains and our behaviour.

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But are men and women really all that different?

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Are men better at some things and women better at others?

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We're going to run some tests to find out.

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We've brought together six men and six women of different ages

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and backgrounds, different interests and professions.

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I think definitely men's brains are wired differently,

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typically from women's brains.

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Driving, I think men are a lot better at.

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Quite a lot of things, I think men are better at than women, actually.

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I think men don't seem to be particularly organised.

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I think women are good at, like, housing skills,

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like, obviously, washing up,

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but much more than that,

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like making sure the house is clean and stuff.

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First up, we're going to test a set of skills

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which many men believe they're naturally gifted at.

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Now, what the tests they're doing are measuring

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are visual spatial ability,

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the skill you need, for example, to navigate your way

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round an unknown city, also useful if you want to be an engineer.

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I think I'm pretty good at spatial awareness.

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I'm quite good at reading a map, quite a good sense of direction.

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Spatial awareness, I like to think I'm quite good.

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All men think they can map read and don't want to ask directions

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but I do think I'm very good.

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They just act like they know everything

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and they don't necessarily.

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Yeah, well, I'd go straight and find a map of the city,

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tourist information, and then you can find your way around.

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It's pretty simple.

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In this test,

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our volunteers must rotate a geometric shape in their heads.

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We've presented them with a master shape.

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When this shape is rotated,

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which two of the other four shapes does it match?

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The matching shapes were B and C.

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I thought I had it nailed,

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the first couple, but then I started to doubt myself

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so I found myself getting slower and slower.

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You try to turn them in your head and it's quite difficult

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and I was sort of like, "Ah!"

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Next, the line angle test.

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Our volunteers are presented with fan-shaped diagrams

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made up of lines placed at different angles.

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At the top of the page is a single line which they must then

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pick out from the main diagram.

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The answer was E.

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That angle one, it was quite difficult

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because there wasn't that much different in the angle.

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Not as obvious as you might expect, you know.

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Well, foolishly I was thinking, "Oh, it's different lengths,"

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so I'll guess which one is the length,

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so I got it completely wrong in my head.

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Although there were exceptions,

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on average, the men did slightly better than the women.

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Similar tests were recently completed online

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by over 200,000 people.

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Across 53 countries, men significantly outperformed women.

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But while men seemed to have the edge when it comes

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to some spatial skills,

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there are other fields where women are said to have an advantage.

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Women are better at reading people's emotions.

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Guys can be a bit less sensitive

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to people's needs or discomforts emotionally.

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You know, they just see the outside

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and they don't really understand sometimes.

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Of course, women are stereotypically meant to be better at emotions

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and empathy, but I think we really need

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to put that stereotype to the test.

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We're asking our volunteers to complete

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the Geneva Emotion Recognition Test.

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They're presented with a series of video clips of actors expressing

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a range of different emotions...

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..which they must then identify.

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The actors are speaking in a made-up language

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so our volunteers must rely on other means to gauge the correct emotion.

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The men and women who did our test seemed to have

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quite different experiences.

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I really enjoyed it, really enjoyed that test.

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The tone in their voice and the way they're moving,

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the whole body language, you have to take all that on board.

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That test for me was much easier than the spatial test.

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I found this one easier.

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I think I did OK but some parts made me feel quite sad

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when people were displaying the more sad or angry emotions.

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Couldn't understand what the people were saying, so to actually

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pick up people's emotions was a little bit more tricky.

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Well, I obviously didn't do very well.

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I think that may indicate perhaps that I pay more attention

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to the actual words and what people say, than other things

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like tone of voice, facial expression, gestures, etc.

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When the University of Geneva gave their emotion recognition test

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to nearly 300 men and women,

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the women scored slightly higher than the men,

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a result that's been closely replicated

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in similar tests around the world.

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Now, I think these behavioural differences

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are something we're born with.

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I don't think it's that simple.

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I think most differences are learned rather than hard-wired.

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Right, OK.

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Where do we go from here?

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So, Alice, do you accept the idea that, on average,

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men tend to do better at mental rotation tests

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and that women tend to perform better with emotional tests?

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Yeah, I think we have to accept that fact.

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What I would question is whether those differences

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are there right from the beginning.

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You know, are they somehow innate? Is it a learned aptitude?

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But I find it almost impossible to believe that the hormones

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you're exposed to in the womb don't also somehow influence

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how your brain architecture forms,

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and so that's what I want to find out.

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Yeah, we'll discuss it further.

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Yeah, maybe a bit of arm wrestling.

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There do seem to be some behavioural differences between men and women

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but we can't agree on what causes them.

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If Michael's right and these differences are hard-wired,

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then could there be some physical evidence inside our brains

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to support this?

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I'm an anatomist, and from what I know about the brain,

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it's surprisingly hard to link behavioural differences to anatomy.

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Right, this is a female brain and a male brain,

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and there's an enormous amount of debate about the differences

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between male and female brains,

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but there's one thing that everybody agrees on,

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and that is that men's brains tend to be larger than women's brains.

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But we have to remember that there is an enormous amount of variation

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within each sex as well, so in fact, there are some men

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with very small brains, and there are some women with very large brains,

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and here's an example.

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So this is also a male brain,

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and in fact it's, as you can see, it's a lot smaller than this brain.

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It's also a lot smaller than the female brain

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that we've got on the table.

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Although male brains are on average around 10% larger than female ones,

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scientists have found no difference in levels of intelligence.

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In IQ tests, men and women score more or less the same.

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As well as differences in the sizes of men and women's brains,

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it's been suggested that there are structures inside the brains

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that exhibit sex differences as well.

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One of them is the larger hypothalamus in a male

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compared with a female, so this is the connection

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between the brain and the system of hormones

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that communicate with the testes in a man, the ovaries in a woman.

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So I would expect there to be differences here that relate

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to differences in reproductive physiology,

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and nobody can deny that those differences exist,

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but we don't yet know actually what the differences

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in the hypothalamus relate to.

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They're not necessarily to do with differences

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in the way that men and women think and behave.

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This is another area which has been picked up on as being different

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in the brains of men and women, and this is called the hippocampus,

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and this is involved in memory, and part of this area here

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has been shown to be larger in women compared with men.

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Unfortunately, when the researchers looked at the differences

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in size of the hippocampus that they'd found amongst their subjects,

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male and female, and then looked at the performances of those people

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in memory tests, they found no link at all.

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So I think it's clear that even if we can pick up on differences

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in the detailed structure of the brains of men and women,

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that doesn't necessarily translate

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into obvious differences in behaviour.

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The relationship between structure and function in the brain

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is incredibly complex,

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and we're a long way from understanding the fine detail.

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But more important is searching for the reasons for sex differences

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and I think it's obvious.

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From the earliest age,

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there's a clear divide in what's expected of boys and girls.

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Children must make stark choices.

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Between a world of pink...

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..and a world of blue.

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Should they play with the digger?

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Or with the doll?

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Should they be a pirate?

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Or a princess?

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Well, I've got a one-year-old boy and a four-year-old little girl,

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and I think until I became a mum,

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I didn't realise just how rigid this gender division was.

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It didn't seem to have been as pronounced

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when I was growing up, and it does make me worry

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because I don't want either of them to be limited in their choices

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just because they don't conform

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to either the blue or the pink stereotypes.

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I'm not sure that cultural forces are as powerful as Alice thinks.

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Maybe the stereotypes have their roots in nature.

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I have three sons and a daughter.

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Now, my sons do have their sensitive side,

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and my daughter really likes maths,

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but when they were growing up, the toys they chose to play with,

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well, they absolutely conformed to the stereotype.

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Across the world, on average, little boys and little girls

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are remarkably similar in what they choose to play with.

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This is Jasper.

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He loves his trucks, sirens, fire engines, ambulances, diggers.

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Any wheels of any sort.

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This is Hadrian, he's fascinated by cars.

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Like, when we go along the street, he's always pointing at them.

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This is Eric.

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He likes to play with, obviously, cars and anything with wheels.

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The bigger, the better.

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Anything noisy like double deckers, he loves them.

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By 18 months, most boys show a consistent preference

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for cars and trucks.

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For girls, it's a different story.

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Joanna, she loves her dolls and teddies, especially.

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She's got a little elephant teddy that she puts her dummy on.

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This is Payton and she sort of naturally gravitates towards, like,

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she likes her dolls and she likes Teddy.

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Joanna's little boy friends, you know,

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they are definitely more into the diggers and bashing things.

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So are parents responsible for these toy choices?

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I never showed him how to use a stick as a sword.

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He did it instinctively.

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I never said she has to play with dolls.

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Automatically, she goes for those toys.

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I think it's something that's instinctive.

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But are they right?

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In 2002, psychologists dreamt up a very clever experiment

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to discover answers.

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If you want to find out if toy preferences

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are in any sense innate, well, you have a big problem,

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because children from the earliest age are exposed to all sorts

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of pressures, but the scientists did find one group where they could

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guarantee they had not been exposed to any gender stereotypes.

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Monkeys!

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We've come to Woburn Safari Park in Bedfordshire

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to try out our own experiment.

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The monkeys here are Barbary macaques.

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OK, lots of lovely toys.

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So we've got a mixture of dolls and trucks in here.

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Tom Robson is one of their keepers.

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I have a couple of dolls for you.

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Marvellous, thank you very much.

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In the original experiment,

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the psychologists presented the monkeys

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with typical boy-type toys, trucks and cars,

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and girl-type toys, mostly dolls.

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Very hard to believe that monkeys have a sort of,

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a toy preference, but we shall see.

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The psychologists then observed which toys the monkeys

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preferred to play with and for what length of time.

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Barbary! Come on!

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Barbaries!

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Come on, Barbaries!

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-Shall I join in?

-Yeah.

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Come on, Barbaries!

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Oh, somebody can hear.

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We've got someone coming over.

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Male, female?

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This is one of the males coming over.

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Oh, so we've got a male picking up a truck.

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That is quite interesting.

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You can see, he's gone for the trucks.

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But, yeah, we'll see if he comes...

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He's started moving the wheels a bit, which is surprising.

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A few more coming over now.

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Who's picking up the car over there?

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That's another male. Yes, they're spinning the wheels.

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Any girls in on the action yet?

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Yeah, this is a girl there, so Zoe, going for the doll.

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She's quite interested, isn't she?

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And then this is also a female here, she's called Blondie.

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The way they'll investigate is they'll kind of hold it up,

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sniff it, chew on it.

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That's a little boy, just there.

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Kind of running off with the truck.

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Yeah, he's going like, "This is mine now."

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Yeah, looks like he might go to the top of the tree.

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So is he going to defend his truck?

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Yeah, looks like those little males going up.

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They all want your truck.

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And so far the boys have really only displayed interest in the trucks.

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Yeah, they've kind of just picked up the trucks.

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-He's climbed on the truck.

-Yeah, he's sat on the truck.

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He obviously thinks that's kind of a bit like a car, isn't it?

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In the original experiment, the male monkeys played with

0:20:220:20:26

the male-type toys for twice as long

0:20:260:20:29

as they did with the female-type toys.

0:20:290:20:31

So that's a little boy that's having a look at that doll there.

0:20:310:20:34

-He's not sure, is he?

-No.

0:20:340:20:36

Our results were even more clear-cut.

0:20:360:20:40

The males barely touched the dolls

0:20:400:20:43

while the females showed hardly any interest in the trucks.

0:20:430:20:48

Trucks don't seem to turn these girls on very much.

0:20:480:20:50

No, they're not really interested, are they?

0:20:500:20:53

The monkey toy preference experiment was controversial

0:20:540:20:58

but it has been repeated twice elsewhere with similar results.

0:20:580:21:02

That was really charming but also quite surprising

0:21:050:21:08

because those monkeys have not been socialised at all.

0:21:080:21:11

They have not been exposed to adverts, they haven't been told

0:21:110:21:14

what sort of toys they should play with, and yet the male monkeys

0:21:140:21:17

went out there and the only toys they were interested in

0:21:170:21:20

were the trucks.

0:21:200:21:21

The girls were the only ones who displayed any interest at all

0:21:210:21:24

in the dolls, so I think that was certainly very convincing.

0:21:240:21:29

The results were also surprising for one of the leaders

0:21:300:21:33

of the original experiment.

0:21:330:21:35

The results changed the way

0:21:360:21:39

I thought about these toys

0:21:390:21:41

and, I think, to some extent the way

0:21:410:21:43

other people are thinking about these toys.

0:21:430:21:46

Previously people had thought that we encouraged children

0:21:460:21:50

to play with different toys based on their gender

0:21:500:21:53

to prepare them for different gender roles in adulthood.

0:21:530:21:56

So, for instance, men usually drive the family car, so people thought,

0:21:560:22:00

well, boys are given cars as a kind of rehearsal for that.

0:22:000:22:04

Women do most of the child care.

0:22:040:22:06

Girls are given dolls as a rehearsal for that.

0:22:060:22:10

And this did seem a plausible explanation

0:22:100:22:12

for the female monkeys' toy choices.

0:22:120:22:15

Of course, in most primates, females do most of the child care

0:22:150:22:20

so these animals will have observed females interacting with babies

0:22:200:22:24

more than males interacting with babies, and so that could be

0:22:240:22:28

part of the explanation why they spend more time with the dolls.

0:22:280:22:32

But the male monkeys' toy choices were baffling.

0:22:330:22:37

What is it about a car that a male monkey is interested in?

0:22:370:22:42

And we thought it might be the shape.

0:22:420:22:45

We thought it might be the colour, but we tested those possibilities

0:22:450:22:49

and we don't think that either of those are the explanation.

0:22:490:22:53

We think it's probably something about how it can be moved in space,

0:22:530:22:58

and we're looking at the possibility that a male brain is more likely

0:22:580:23:04

to enjoy watching things move in space.

0:23:040:23:07

So what is going on?

0:23:150:23:17

What is it that makes males - monkeys, boys or men -

0:23:170:23:22

behave in this way?

0:23:220:23:25

I've come to Cambridge University to meet Professor Simon Baron-Cohen.

0:23:250:23:31

For over 25 years, he's been studying autism, which affects

0:23:310:23:35

nearly five times as many boys as girls.

0:23:350:23:38

He believes autism represents the extreme male brain

0:23:380:23:42

and that hormones help shape brain sex differences.

0:23:420:23:47

What's the idea here?

0:23:470:23:48

We've got a test which, I guess,

0:23:480:23:50

really measures one aspect

0:23:500:23:52

of spatial ability.

0:23:520:23:54

It's about the number of seconds it takes you to find the target shape

0:23:540:23:57

in the overall design.

0:23:570:23:58

-That's actually surprisingly difficult, looking at it.

-It is.

0:23:580:24:01

Now, I'm looking at a square there and it's not there.

0:24:140:24:19

I think it's there.

0:24:190:24:20

That's very good. We can show you, actually.

0:24:200:24:22

-OK, yeah.

-Which is exactly where you pinpointed it

0:24:220:24:25

and you were pretty quick, and research shows that on average

0:24:250:24:29

males are faster than females at finding the target shape.

0:24:290:24:33

We've also given this test to people with autism

0:24:330:24:36

and people with autism are even faster than typical males.

0:24:360:24:40

So they seem to be drawn to detail and they love patterns,

0:24:400:24:45

and they love to break things down into components,

0:24:450:24:47

and this test was one of the starting points for the idea

0:24:470:24:51

that there are sex differences, and that people with autism

0:24:510:24:54

may simply show an extreme of the typical male profile.

0:24:540:24:59

Simon has been gathering compelling evidence

0:25:020:25:04

that these behavioural differences could be shaped by what happens

0:25:040:25:09

to babies as they develop in the womb.

0:25:090:25:11

Well, we've been looking at hormones and particularly testosterone,

0:25:130:25:17

the so-called male hormone, although both sexes of course produce it.

0:25:170:25:21

But males produce more of this hormone than females

0:25:210:25:25

and we're measuring the hormone in the amniotic fluid in women

0:25:250:25:29

who are pregnant, and then we wait for the baby to be born

0:25:290:25:33

and look at whether there's any relationship between

0:25:330:25:37

pre-natal testosterone and the child's behaviour.

0:25:370:25:41

And we've been calling in the children pretty much every year

0:25:420:25:45

since the late '90s, and it's been a fascinating journey, really.

0:25:450:25:50

Simon has discovered the levels of testosterone babies are exposed to

0:25:500:25:55

in the womb may affect how they behave many years later.

0:25:550:25:59

We found that testosterone shows a positive correlation

0:25:590:26:03

-with systemising.

-So what is systemising?

0:26:030:26:07

So systemising is all about the drive to analyse a system.

0:26:080:26:12

And systems come in many varieties.

0:26:140:26:16

You know, we've got a computer here as an example of that.

0:26:160:26:19

It could be a truck. So you're kind of taking it apart

0:26:190:26:21

and putting it together and playing around,

0:26:210:26:23

-because that's the sort of thing you associate with men, isn't it?

-Exactly.

0:26:230:26:27

So train spotting, is that systemising?

0:26:290:26:32

Well, that's a sort of another kind of system.

0:26:320:26:34

You can find that males as a group score higher on the systemising.

0:26:340:26:38

Simon's study has also been looking into the impact

0:26:390:26:43

of testosterone on social development.

0:26:430:26:45

The higher the child's pre-natal testosterone,

0:26:470:26:50

the slower they are to develop socially.

0:26:500:26:52

For example, they're showing less eye contact at their first birthday,

0:26:520:26:56

and it now turns out that if you have higher testosterone,

0:26:560:27:01

your brain is said to be masculinised.

0:27:010:27:04

That's to say it resembles more a typical male brain.

0:27:040:27:08

We've also found that when we've called in the children

0:27:080:27:12

to give them tests like this,

0:27:120:27:13

that the children with higher levels of pre-natal testosterone

0:27:130:27:17

are faster to find the target shape hidden within the overall design.

0:27:170:27:22

I thought that was absolutely fascinating.

0:27:270:27:30

Simon's research clearly suggests that from the earliest age,

0:27:300:27:34

hormones help to shape our behaviour.

0:27:340:27:36

But what's going on up here?

0:27:360:27:38

Is there any real evidence that men and women are wired differently?

0:27:380:27:42

It's certainly a commonly held belief.

0:27:450:27:47

I just think men and women were created to be different.

0:27:470:27:51

We have different roles in life

0:27:510:27:52

and I think that's why our brains are wired differently.

0:27:520:27:55

Men are very focused and, you know, they, they are very decisive.

0:27:550:28:01

Men are definitely better decision-makers.

0:28:010:28:04

I think women can sometimes flip between different options more.

0:28:040:28:07

Using my wife as an example, it's a bit more sort of talking,

0:28:070:28:11

planning, talking about it, planning, planning some more.

0:28:110:28:15

Men are good at one thing at a time.

0:28:170:28:19

I think girls are better at multi-tasking.

0:28:190:28:22

Whereas women have to do the one thing

0:28:220:28:24

and do everything else around it.

0:28:240:28:26

She is better at multi-tasking than I am. That is true.

0:28:260:28:28

I'm not saying that men can't multi-task

0:28:280:28:31

but I think it's something that women are naturally able to do.

0:28:310:28:35

I consider myself good at multi-tasking

0:28:350:28:38

because I am a drummer and lead singer,

0:28:380:28:40

so I'm good at doing different things at the same time, so...

0:28:400:28:44

The stereotypes are certainly strong and it often seems

0:28:510:28:55

like our brains must be wired differently from birth,

0:28:550:28:59

but what's the real evidence?

0:28:590:29:01

Well, a team of scientists in Philadelphia has matched

0:29:010:29:04

the microscopic connections within male and female brains

0:29:040:29:08

and what they've found is astonishing.

0:29:080:29:11

I am fascinated by gender differences

0:29:110:29:13

because I see gender differences in my day-to-day life, you know.

0:29:130:29:16

My guy friends are completely different from my girl friends.

0:29:160:29:20

So the idea was to try and find out

0:29:200:29:22

whether there is a difference

0:29:220:29:24

overall between men and women

0:29:240:29:26

in how each part of the brain talks to another part of the brain.

0:29:260:29:30

Right, I want to do pretty much the same scan again.

0:29:300:29:34

Dr Verma and her colleagues scanned the brains

0:29:340:29:37

of over 900 males and females from the ages of eight to 22.

0:29:370:29:41

It's more granular on this side than on that side.

0:29:420:29:45

They used an established brain imaging technique to create

0:29:450:29:49

a detailed map of the connections

0:29:490:29:51

between the two hemispheres of the brain,

0:29:510:29:54

hemispheres which they believe have quite different functions.

0:29:540:29:59

The left hemisphere is the part of the brain that talks,

0:30:000:30:06

understands language and processes the world in an analytic

0:30:060:30:11

sequential manner, whereas the right hemisphere is more intuitive,

0:30:110:30:16

deals with spatial information, deals with emotional information.

0:30:160:30:22

The team's research showed different patterns of connection

0:30:220:30:25

between the brain hemispheres of men and women.

0:30:250:30:29

The study indicates that those connections

0:30:300:30:33

between the two hemispheres are much stronger

0:30:330:30:35

and more prevalent in women than in men,

0:30:350:30:38

and from here we can conclude that the ability to use both the

0:30:380:30:42

verbal analytic and the emotional information is enhanced in women.

0:30:420:30:48

So could more connections between the hemispheres explain some

0:30:480:30:52

types of typical female behaviour?

0:30:520:30:55

The fact that you can connect from different regions of the brain, you

0:30:550:30:59

ought to be good at multi-tasking

0:30:590:31:02

and if you have multiple regions connected together,

0:31:020:31:05

you should be better at an emotional task.

0:31:050:31:07

And do they fit certain stereotypes? Perhaps, yes.

0:31:070:31:12

The neural pathways in male brains follow a strikingly different pattern.

0:31:120:31:18

What we see in males is stronger connections

0:31:180:31:20

between the back and the front of the brain.

0:31:200:31:23

The back of the brain processes the information

0:31:230:31:27

and sends it forward to the brain

0:31:270:31:28

and the front of the brain decides what, puts it all together

0:31:280:31:32

and decides what to do about it.

0:31:320:31:33

So it indicates males have stronger ability to

0:31:330:31:38

connect between what they see and what they do

0:31:380:31:40

which is essentially what you need to do if you are a hunter.

0:31:400:31:44

You see something, you need to respond right away.

0:31:440:31:47

The team detected differences in neurological pathways

0:31:510:31:55

in male and female brains on a remarkable scale.

0:31:550:31:58

I was surprised that they were so significantly different.

0:32:000:32:03

When I first saw the figure that came out, I thought

0:32:030:32:10

there must be a mistake.

0:32:100:32:11

I'm not used to results of studies coming out as clean as this one.

0:32:110:32:16

That was quite startling.

0:32:160:32:17

But that's not the end of the story.

0:32:190:32:21

Although the scientists identified stark differences

0:32:210:32:25

in men and women's neural pathways,

0:32:250:32:27

they didn't find those differences in children.

0:32:270:32:30

The differences only seem to develop in the teenage years which

0:32:310:32:35

means they could be the result of social pressure rather than innate.

0:32:350:32:40

Most of these differences happened between the age range of 13 to 18

0:32:410:32:46

and you could see them very prominently at that time

0:32:460:32:50

so there is a whole nature versus nurture issue.

0:32:500:32:54

It's very difficult to figure out why the structural

0:32:540:32:57

connections happen.

0:32:570:32:59

Whether it's due to hormones or stereotyping, you would never know.

0:32:590:33:03

You would have to take 600 boys and make them grow up as girls

0:33:030:33:07

and girls grow up as boys and then say, "Aha, this is the reason".

0:33:070:33:11

So I don't know how to answer that question.

0:33:110:33:13

The research in Philadelphia has been heavily criticised

0:33:160:33:19

but it does prompt us to ask

0:33:190:33:21

when and why do differences between men and women arise.

0:33:210:33:26

For me, this is the really critical question.

0:33:260:33:29

If we are finding behaviour differences between men and women

0:33:290:33:34

that may or may not be reflected in the structure of their brains,

0:33:340:33:37

how much are those behavioural differences coming from

0:33:370:33:41

basic biology, how much are they a product of the society we live in?

0:33:410:33:47

Hello, this is Abi.

0:33:490:33:50

Hi, Abi, how are you doing?

0:33:500:33:52

'We're staging an experiment.

0:33:520:33:54

'We're introducing Ali to baby Abi.

0:33:540:33:56

'We want to find out if there's more than just instinct at play

0:33:580:34:01

'when it comes to children's toy choices.

0:34:010:34:03

'Abi's mum is joining me to see how they get on but there's a twist.

0:34:050:34:10

'What Ali doesn't know is that baby Abi is really a little boy.'

0:34:100:34:15

So this is really interesting because Ali has just chosen

0:34:160:34:21

this little pink girl doll as the first toy to give to Abi.

0:34:210:34:27

She's wearing the same colour as you.

0:34:270:34:29

It's really cute. Look, he's going to pick the other one up now as well

0:34:290:34:32

so he's off to the rag doll.

0:34:320:34:34

But he hasn't reached for the ball or the van.

0:34:350:34:38

No, he hasn't, has he?

0:34:380:34:40

And that little truck that is just there within reach.

0:34:400:34:43

It hasn't been touched, has it?

0:34:430:34:45

No, I mean, you know he's definitely gone for the dolls first.

0:34:450:34:48

"Oh, you're a little girl, you'll probably want to play with dolls."

0:34:480:34:52

Hi. Here we go, this is Freddie.

0:34:540:34:57

'Next, baby Freddie is being introduced to Hayley.'

0:34:570:35:01

Do you want to play with the car?

0:35:030:35:04

'What Hayley doesn't know

0:35:060:35:08

'is that Freddie is actually a little girl named Freya.'

0:35:080:35:12

The fire truck?

0:35:120:35:13

-Hello!

-What's she doing?

0:35:160:35:20

It's been quite interesting so far, actually.

0:35:200:35:22

There was a car and so she picked that up

0:35:220:35:23

and started playing with it first and then the next toy was

0:35:230:35:26

a purple truck and the next one was a cement mixer.

0:35:260:35:28

Definitely for the boys, the boys classically.

0:35:280:35:31

She really wants her to play with the ball.

0:35:330:35:36

She pushed it away!

0:35:380:35:40

-That's really weird.

-"I'm not playing with that.

0:35:400:35:43

"What are you talking about?"

0:35:430:35:44

It seems most children have much less choice than you might

0:35:460:35:50

think in the kinds of toys they get to play with

0:35:500:35:52

and their gender identities are being powerfully shaped

0:35:520:35:56

from the earliest age.

0:35:560:35:57

What toys was the baby interested in?

0:35:590:36:02

I think Abi was interested in the doll at first.

0:36:020:36:05

I thought she might be cos I thought it was a model of her a little bit.

0:36:050:36:08

So balls and trucks and things, what did she think of those?

0:36:080:36:11

I don't really think she was that into them, not so much.

0:36:110:36:14

I think most of the girlie toys, I guess.

0:36:140:36:17

Yeah. So Abi is actually Alfie.

0:36:170:36:20

-This is actually a little boy that you were playing with.

-No way!

-Yes.

0:36:200:36:25

-THEY LAUGH

-That's crazy, no way!

0:36:250:36:27

I have to reveal something to you here.

0:36:270:36:28

-That was actually a little girl.

-Oh! Interesting experiment.

0:36:280:36:31

It is interesting. I'm so sorry to be so sneaky.

0:36:310:36:35

So does that make you think differently about the toys maybe?

0:36:350:36:37

-I would have never thought it. It looked like a little girl.

-Yeah.

0:36:370:36:41

The toy experiment reveals just how differently

0:36:420:36:45

girls and boys are treated.

0:36:450:36:47

But what about more subtle forms of gender stereotyping,

0:36:490:36:52

stereotyping that perhaps even adults who are very

0:36:520:36:55

conscious of trying to avoid gender bias are still prone to?

0:36:550:36:59

We're recreating an experiment that explored the degree to which

0:37:030:37:07

parents push their children and what they expect of them.

0:37:070:37:11

In infancy, boys and girls' average crawling ability is the same

0:37:110:37:15

despite small differences in size.

0:37:150:37:19

But do we treat boys and girls differently?

0:37:190:37:21

So, Chloe, this is our experiment,

0:37:240:37:27

a bizarre looking contraption,

0:37:270:37:29

and the whole point of it is that you can raise this end

0:37:290:37:32

so you can make the slope steeper

0:37:320:37:34

and what we're interested in is how steep a slope Alice will crawl down.

0:37:340:37:39

I'd like you to raise it to what you think

0:37:390:37:41

she can actually successfully crawl down.

0:37:410:37:44

'Baby Alice is 14 months old.

0:37:460:37:48

'Her mum reckons she can crawl from a height of 52 centimetres.'

0:37:480:37:53

Let's have a go then.

0:37:530:37:54

Look, there's a bunny. Look, look, look.

0:37:550:37:58

And she did! You were right.

0:38:000:38:01

Next up is baby Josh, who's about the same age and weight as baby Alice.

0:38:030:38:07

So I think he'd actually be able to manage quite a high ramp.

0:38:070:38:11

Yeah - a bit more.

0:38:210:38:24

'It looks like Josh's mum thinks he can crawl from a considerably

0:38:250:38:29

'higher height than baby Alice, 12 centimetres higher.'

0:38:290:38:33

He's quite a fearless boy as well.

0:38:330:38:35

That's quite ambitious.

0:38:350:38:36

That's 67 centimetres high at this end of the ramp.

0:38:360:38:39

Yeah, I definitely think he'd be able to manage that. Come on!

0:38:390:38:43

-Yeah! Good boy.

-He can do it.

0:38:450:38:49

We tried the same test with two slighter younger children of similar ages.

0:38:510:38:56

Gracie's mum thought she could cope with a height of 36 centimetres.

0:38:560:39:00

Easy! She can do it.

0:39:030:39:05

I'm so impressed.

0:39:050:39:07

'But Alfie's mum thought

0:39:080:39:09

he could climb from a height of 43 centimetres.'

0:39:090:39:13

He's doing it, he's doing it really well.

0:39:130:39:15

'In fact, in the original experiment with over 100 babies

0:39:170:39:21

'who displayed the same average crawling ability,

0:39:210:39:23

'parents estimated boys' crawling ability was higher than girls.

0:39:230:39:28

'It seems that from a very young age, parents may be

0:39:280:39:32

'pushing their boys to achieve in a way they just don't do for girls.'

0:39:320:39:37

If this is true of wider society,

0:39:390:39:41

what's the effect of that on our children's development?

0:39:410:39:45

Could it be limiting their choices in some way?

0:39:450:39:48

Could it be affecting what they end up doing in adulthood even?

0:39:480:39:51

I was very lucky.

0:39:570:39:59

Thinking back particularly to my teenage years, I don't

0:39:590:40:03

remember feeling that my choices were at all dictated by my gender.

0:40:030:40:07

I've come to Dunraven School in south London to speak to

0:40:080:40:12

students studying GCSE science.

0:40:120:40:14

I want to find out if they're going to continue with science for A level

0:40:150:40:19

and whether perceptions of gender might be affecting their choices.

0:40:190:40:23

You're completely segregating yourselves into male and female.

0:40:230:40:26

SHE LAUGHS

0:40:260:40:28

So do you think that boys are better at some subjects than others?

0:40:290:40:34

Who likes maths?

0:40:350:40:36

So definitely more of you boys.

0:40:380:40:41

Most girls that I know do art and dance and drama, that sort of thing.

0:40:410:40:45

I don't really know anybody who does maths or physics or science.

0:40:450:40:48

The more mathematical and challenging subjects is towards the boys.

0:40:480:40:52

Girls tend to choose other subjects instead of like physics and maths.

0:40:520:40:57

So what about physics then?

0:40:570:40:58

Is that more of a masculine subject then would you say?

0:40:580:41:00

I think so because most people think boys like maths more

0:41:000:41:04

and in physics there's a lot of maths involved.

0:41:040:41:07

I don't see myself doing it as A levels

0:41:070:41:09

because I've heard it's quite challenging.

0:41:090:41:12

I don't know, it's not my type of thing.

0:41:120:41:14

I'm more towards like creative stuff.

0:41:140:41:16

I'm not exactly sure what I want to do

0:41:160:41:18

but I know I want it to be something creative.

0:41:180:41:21

I think I'll probably just take like my interests

0:41:210:41:24

and what I like doing which is creative stuff.

0:41:240:41:26

Maybe something creative or like a vet because I like animals.

0:41:260:41:33

Thinking about careers then,

0:41:330:41:35

has anybody thought about science as a career?

0:41:350:41:38

My family want me to become a doctor of some sort.

0:41:380:41:42

I want to be a doctor as well but I don't really think I'd

0:41:440:41:47

do any of the creative stuff because that's not really my kind of thing.

0:41:470:41:50

I've wanted to be an architect for quite a while.

0:41:500:41:53

-Are you good at maths?

-Yeah.

0:41:530:41:54

I've always liked maths and computing

0:41:540:41:58

so I thought I could be like a finance director.

0:41:580:42:00

-I want to be a computer scientist.

-Right, OK.

0:42:000:42:03

There's a definite division going on here in the group.

0:42:030:42:06

Tell me what you think of,

0:42:060:42:08

if somebody says the word scientist to you, what comes into your head?

0:42:080:42:11

What do they look like?

0:42:110:42:12

-Lab coat.

-Lab coat.

-They're a man.

0:42:120:42:15

Yeah, I'd have that image as well of a man.

0:42:150:42:17

I think it's because, like, when you're growing up you watch

0:42:170:42:20

so much films and you get like a picture of every single job

0:42:200:42:23

role, so you get a picture of a scientist, a musician,

0:42:230:42:26

dancer, all these different job roles.

0:42:260:42:29

There's loads of TV and media like tells us

0:42:290:42:32

that a doctor or scientist is usually a man.

0:42:320:42:36

It's perceptions like these that are a cause for concern

0:42:460:42:50

for professor of cognitive neuro-imaging, Gina Rippon.

0:42:500:42:53

At her lab at Aston University in Birmingham,

0:42:540:42:57

she searches for links between behaviour and brain function.

0:42:570:43:01

She's found that when you interrogate the differences

0:43:010:43:04

between men and women, they're less striking than you might imagine.

0:43:040:43:08

Thank you!

0:43:100:43:11

I've noticed a claim that there are clear differences between male

0:43:120:43:15

and female brains and so given that that's the kind of work I do,

0:43:150:43:19

I have a look and see where these differences are

0:43:190:43:22

and I actually find them very hard to find.

0:43:220:43:24

You realise that actually the differences between males

0:43:240:43:28

and females are smaller than the differences within

0:43:280:43:30

groups of males and within groups of females,

0:43:300:43:33

and so searching for something which proves this is a male brain

0:43:330:43:38

or a female brain is... You're on a hiding to nothing, I think.

0:43:380:43:42

Hi, if you'd like to take a seat, please.

0:43:430:43:45

'Gina has set up an experiment where subjects are asked to imagine

0:43:470:43:51

'the point of view of another person.'

0:43:510:43:53

You will see this person sitting at various

0:43:530:43:55

positions around the table and your only task is to judge

0:43:550:43:59

whether the red target is on the left or on the right-hand side,

0:43:590:44:02

from the person, the other person's perspective.

0:44:020:44:05

'The task is made harder because the subject - in this case, me -

0:44:050:44:09

'is asked to change their body position throughout the experiment.

0:44:090:44:13

'It's testing similar mental rotation skills to our earlier test

0:44:160:44:20

'but the different way the task is presented has a significant effect.'

0:44:200:44:24

If you actually present a problem not as a mental rotation task

0:44:260:44:30

but as a perspective-taking task, so you could say to somebody imagine

0:44:300:44:34

you were on the other side of that object, what would it look like?

0:44:340:44:38

Females who've had trouble with the mental rotation actually find

0:44:380:44:41

it easier and sometimes all you need to do is say,

0:44:410:44:44

"Don't think of it as this, think of it as that,"

0:44:440:44:47

and there's a kind of "a-ha!" moment.

0:44:470:44:48

'Tests like these have been conducted in countries around the world

0:44:500:44:53

'and the results have been striking.'

0:44:530:44:56

That gender difference disappears in different cultures

0:44:560:45:00

so it's showing that any variances is due to different sort of factors.

0:45:000:45:05

That's absolutely fascinating

0:45:050:45:06

because that suggests that the differences that we see between

0:45:060:45:09

men and women approaching this task, they've learned those differences.

0:45:090:45:13

It depended on the way that they've been brought up

0:45:130:45:15

and the roles that they've adopted in society?

0:45:150:45:17

That's right, and it may be nothing to do with the task itself

0:45:170:45:21

but it's, there are different ways of solving that problem.

0:45:210:45:25

For Gina, the way our brain adapts to its environment is a bigger

0:45:260:45:30

factor in sex differences than any kind of biological programming.

0:45:300:45:35

We now know that the brain is plastic throughout life

0:45:350:45:38

so as time goes on, experiences will change structures in the brain

0:45:380:45:42

and what you do will change your brain

0:45:420:45:44

and what other people do to you will change your brain as well,

0:45:440:45:47

so I think being aware of that is key and recently they've been

0:45:470:45:50

talking about differences in pathways, but pathways in the brain

0:45:500:45:54

are determined by experience, by, you know,

0:45:540:45:57

where you grew up, how you grew

0:45:570:45:59

up, how long you were in school, what kind of occupation you've got

0:45:590:46:02

now, so all of those things

0:46:020:46:04

are going to change the pathways in the brain.

0:46:040:46:07

And yet we do still hear that men on average are better at maths,

0:46:070:46:12

and that women are better at reading.

0:46:120:46:14

Does that make any sense at all?

0:46:140:46:17

It doesn't, again it doesn't stack up very well

0:46:170:46:19

and the idea that there's a maths brain, that your brain needs

0:46:190:46:22

to be configured in a particular way to do maths

0:46:220:46:25

flies in the face of all sorts of evidence

0:46:250:46:27

of how plastic our brains are.

0:46:270:46:29

So girls then get to believe that they're not good at maths

0:46:290:46:32

which means they aren't good at maths

0:46:320:46:34

and so you then get this self-fulfilling prophecy.

0:46:340:46:37

It's time to compare notes.

0:46:410:46:43

Now, we agree there are behavioural differences between the sexes.

0:46:430:46:48

But we don't agree on what causes them.

0:46:480:46:51

I still believe that some of those differences, we're born with.

0:46:510:46:54

Whereas I think more than ever that it's something we learn

0:46:540:46:58

and that actually the differences are tiny.

0:46:580:47:01

So, Michael, would you like to tell me

0:47:020:47:04

if this is a male or a female brain, just looking at it?

0:47:040:47:07

Well, I'm obviously looking to see the name first of all.

0:47:070:47:10

Going for male.

0:47:110:47:12

You're actually right but there's no way you could tell that

0:47:120:47:15

so you had a 50% chance of being right. I mean...

0:47:150:47:18

It's all the stuff I've learned,

0:47:180:47:20

I can tell immediately it was a male brain.

0:47:200:47:22

It had all the... You're right, it was a blind guess.

0:47:220:47:24

But on the other hand, I have been looking at some really

0:47:240:47:27

interesting stuff and that has convinced me that there is an

0:47:270:47:30

element, some exposure to hormones, that does structurally alter

0:47:300:47:34

things although you probably can't see it yet.

0:47:340:47:37

I accept that, but I honestly think that it's too much of a step

0:47:370:47:42

to say that somebody might have a male brain or a female brain,

0:47:420:47:46

that actually it's much more nuanced than that, that the

0:47:460:47:48

sex differences are just a tiny bit of the differences

0:47:480:47:51

between individuals, and there's a huge cultural, social influence

0:47:510:47:56

on the differences that we're perceiving between us as adults,

0:47:560:47:59

and I think these gender stereotypes are potentially quite destructive.

0:47:590:48:02

But maybe there's something that Michael and I can agree on.

0:48:090:48:13

Putting gender stereotypes and behaviour to one side,

0:48:140:48:18

there's another area of neuro-science

0:48:180:48:20

where sex differences could prove to be very important.

0:48:200:48:24

Around the globe, some of the world's leading

0:48:260:48:28

scientists are turning their attention, not to sex differences

0:48:280:48:32

in the way that men and women think and behave,

0:48:320:48:35

but the differences in the way they experience the world, differences

0:48:350:48:39

that could in the long term lead to real improvements in people's lives.

0:48:390:48:43

Throughout the world, doctors have observed a baffling phenomenon -

0:48:460:48:50

on average, women tend to experience pain more intensely than men.

0:48:500:48:55

Here in McGill University in Montreal, Professor Jeff Mogil

0:48:560:49:00

is trying to find out why.

0:49:000:49:03

As part of his research he conducts regular pain tests

0:49:030:49:07

and today I'm the competition.

0:49:070:49:10

Today we have a cooler of cold water.

0:49:100:49:12

I'm going to ask for you to submerge your hand up to the wrist

0:49:120:49:15

and so it will be painful but we're going to ask that you

0:49:150:49:18

leave your hand in for as long as possible and then when you can

0:49:180:49:21

no longer stand that sensation, to remove it from the water.

0:49:210:49:25

Yeah, how cold is it? 4.6?

0:49:250:49:28

4.6 and so it is going to be cold.

0:49:280:49:32

Right, so on the count of three - one, two, three, submerge please.

0:49:320:49:36

Oh, that's cold.

0:49:410:49:42

At the moment it is just cold.

0:49:460:49:48

'There are two parts of the test.

0:49:480:49:50

'First, Jeff and I must acknowledge

0:49:500:49:53

'when we first start to experience pain.'

0:49:530:49:55

OK, I'm in pain now, I think.

0:49:560:49:58

It feels like it's freezing. I can't believe that's 4.6.

0:49:590:50:02

Yeah, that's starting to hurt now, it's starting to hurt now.

0:50:020:50:05

Yeah, ooh!

0:50:070:50:09

It really does hurt, doesn't it?

0:50:090:50:11

Oh, it really does.

0:50:110:50:12

-It's surprising.

-Oh, no, right OK, I really want to take my hand out now.

0:50:120:50:16

'At various intervals during the test, we must also rate our pain.'

0:50:170:50:21

OK, I'm going to ask that you rate now the unpleasantness

0:50:230:50:26

and the intensity.

0:50:260:50:27

It's pretty cold.

0:50:350:50:37

It's really cold and it's an, it is an unpleasant pain, isn't it?

0:50:370:50:40

It really is an unpleasant...

0:50:400:50:42

Yeah, part of the problem is just the sheer coldness

0:50:420:50:45

but the other part of the problem is that the cold water is

0:50:450:50:48

cutting off the blood supply to your hand

0:50:480:50:50

so it's actually causing ischaemia which itself is painful, right?

0:50:500:50:54

Sort of a double whammy.

0:50:540:50:56

An ischaemia pain is the worst pain

0:50:560:50:58

that you can actually put someone in, ethically.

0:50:580:51:00

Thanks, thanks!

0:51:000:51:02

Now he tells us.

0:51:030:51:04

Oh, no! Oh, God.

0:51:080:51:10

So I'd be curious if you could actually,

0:51:100:51:12

if you could make an X on the line now for a second reading?

0:51:120:51:16

Let's see how your pain has changed.

0:51:160:51:18

-It's not nice.

-Wow!

0:51:220:51:23

OK, seven minutes.

0:51:250:51:26

'The test is stopped before Jeff and I can suffer any serious damage.'

0:51:260:51:31

Let's compare ratings. You OK?

0:51:310:51:34

Oh, it's hurting more now.

0:51:340:51:36

Yeah, it's going to hurt, it's going to hurt more for a minute or two.

0:51:360:51:39

-Oh, God!

-But then you'll be fine.

0:51:390:51:40

Well, you can see the colouration.

0:51:400:51:43

'We both last the distance

0:51:430:51:44

'but was there any difference in our experience of the pain?'

0:51:440:51:48

So for you, your unpleasantness score was about a 7.5 on 10, so it

0:51:480:51:54

was very unpleasant, very unpleasant for you whereas Jeff gave a

0:51:540:51:57

rating of about, it looks about a 4, a 4 on 10 so it was less unpleasant

0:51:570:52:03

for you so the psychological component for you was more intense.

0:52:030:52:06

It was more unpleasant, I should say,

0:52:060:52:08

so it's interesting that there's a difference there.

0:52:080:52:10

In tests around the world, women report higher scores than

0:52:120:52:16

men for both pain intensity and pain unpleasantness.

0:52:160:52:20

Why do you think that is?

0:52:200:52:21

There are a lot of people that have studied sex differences in pain

0:52:210:52:25

that think it's due to the fact that it

0:52:250:52:26

is important for men to be macho and to be stoic in the face of pain.

0:52:260:52:31

And women, although they might want to,

0:52:320:52:34

they're certainly forgiven by society for not being stoic.

0:52:340:52:38

When little boys injure themselves in the playground,

0:52:380:52:41

mothers and fathers tell them to suck it up

0:52:410:52:43

but they don't do that to their little girls, right?

0:52:430:52:46

So some people think that that's all that sex differences

0:52:460:52:49

-in pain comes down to.

-Do you think it's more than that?

0:52:490:52:51

Yeah, we think, we think it's more than that.

0:52:510:52:53

There's all kinds of reasons to believe now that there's

0:52:530:52:56

different neural systems in the brain in males and females.

0:52:560:53:01

Jeff has discovered that in some mice, the neural pathways

0:53:080:53:12

used to process pain are different in males and females.

0:53:120:53:17

He thinks the same could be true in humans.

0:53:170:53:19

I actually think that the pathways are probably right in the same

0:53:250:53:31

place but that the male system and the female system are different

0:53:310:53:36

and they're running parallel to each other,

0:53:360:53:38

and we have evidence that certain genes are involved in pain or pain

0:53:380:53:42

inhibition in one sex and simply not involved in the other sex.

0:53:420:53:46

-Not at all?

-Not at all.

0:53:460:53:48

You can take them out and nothing changes in the other sex.

0:53:480:53:50

I think there's five or six or seven genes where people think

0:53:500:53:55

the involvement in the one sex is different than

0:53:550:53:57

the involvement in the other sex.

0:53:570:53:59

So the fact that there are these real physiological differences

0:53:590:54:02

in the way that men and women are experiencing pain, that

0:54:020:54:06

must have quite big implications for the way that drugs are developed.

0:54:060:54:09

Yeah, I think that's the key.

0:54:090:54:11

There's lots of drug development going on and if any of those

0:54:110:54:14

drugs ever make it to the market and get approved, my expectation

0:54:140:54:19

will be that they will work in one sex and simply not work in the

0:54:190:54:24

other sex, and if that ever happens that'll be a first in medicine.

0:54:240:54:27

I don't think there's an example of that yet.

0:54:270:54:29

I think we've only barely scratched the surface here

0:54:300:54:33

and that there's a big iceberg hiding under the water that we

0:54:330:54:37

and others are going to mine for some time to come.

0:54:370:54:39

Back in the UK, we're already seeing the first signs of that.

0:54:510:54:55

Scientists are doing research that could revolutionise medical

0:54:550:54:59

treatment for Britain's third biggest killer, stroke.

0:54:590:55:03

When I was a medical student,

0:55:030:55:05

I worked on a ward where a lot of people had had strokes.

0:55:050:55:09

Most of them were women.

0:55:090:55:11

We know that particularly after the menopause women are much more

0:55:110:55:15

likely to have a stroke than men and the outcomes tend to be worse.

0:55:150:55:19

Why?

0:55:190:55:20

Hormonal factors may play a part but Dr Claire Gibson

0:55:230:55:27

of the University of Leicester thinks there may be another cause.

0:55:270:55:31

She's been studying how brain cells die when strokes occur.

0:55:310:55:36

We have discovered that there are differences in the mechanism

0:55:360:55:39

of cell death that occur in the brains of males and females,

0:55:390:55:44

in disorders such as stroke.

0:55:440:55:45

Strokes happen when a clot or haemorrhage cuts off blood

0:55:470:55:51

to parts of the brain.

0:55:510:55:52

Cells die and some bodily functions are lost

0:55:520:55:56

but Claire has discovered that the pattern in which these cells die

0:55:560:56:00

is different in men and women

0:56:000:56:02

and may have important implications for future treatment.

0:56:020:56:06

Currently, the only treatment which is available

0:56:060:56:08

is for both men and women,

0:56:080:56:10

and it may be that some treatments may be more effective in men than

0:56:100:56:13

women, and it may be a possibility that we will be able to identify

0:56:130:56:18

treatments that only work in one gender and don't work in the other.

0:56:180:56:21

This research could have wider implications.

0:56:210:56:25

I think this notion that one size is going to fit all probably

0:56:250:56:28

isn't true and this would be the same for a lot of complex

0:56:280:56:31

brain disorders such as Huntington's disease,

0:56:310:56:33

Alzheimer's disease as well.

0:56:330:56:35

These diseases are very complex and therefore it's unlikely that

0:56:350:56:39

we're going to find one single drug that acts to benefit all patients

0:56:390:56:43

that experience that disorder so I think it's very likely that it

0:56:430:56:47

could result in gender-specific treatments down the line.

0:56:470:56:52

For me, this is why sex difference research really matters,

0:56:520:56:56

helping us find more accurate and effective ways to tackle disease.

0:56:560:57:00

Claims about the differences between male and female brains

0:57:030:57:06

may always be controversial

0:57:060:57:09

but at the end of our investigation, are our views any closer?

0:57:090:57:14

So what do you think then?

0:57:140:57:15

Well, I must admit I thought it really, really interesting.

0:57:150:57:18

I think probably the biggest surprise for me

0:57:180:57:21

was the stuff around pain and around stroke,

0:57:210:57:23

and certainly the most sort of fertile area going forward.

0:57:230:57:26

I thought that was really fantastic and really quite extraordinary.

0:57:260:57:29

I think the really important thing that's come out of this

0:57:290:57:31

though is the malleability, the plasticity of the brain.

0:57:310:57:34

The brain is responding to the environment it's in

0:57:340:57:37

so we're getting gender differences appearing

0:57:370:57:40

because of gender stereotypes which will affect our children's brains.

0:57:400:57:44

I still think there is some influence of hormones

0:57:440:57:48

on behaviour and I find that quite compelling.

0:57:480:57:50

I'm not saying there aren't any innate differences

0:57:500:57:53

but they are small

0:57:530:57:55

and they only explain a tiny bit of the variation between individuals.

0:57:550:57:58

Yeah, absolutely, I must admit I agree

0:57:580:58:01

so I have a confession to make.

0:58:010:58:02

I am really not from Mars!

0:58:020:58:04

I'm definitely not from Venus!

0:58:040:58:05

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