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-Sion Williams,

-the Buccleuch Estate, Scotland.

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-What a splendid view.

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-I'm in the Selkirk area of Scotland.

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-This is

-the Duke of Buccleuch's estate.

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-The Duke is one of Europe's

-biggest landowners.

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-A Welshman from Y Foel, Llangadfan,

-is a manager on the estate...

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-..Sion Williams.

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-I'm really looking forward

-to seeing the animals here...

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-..and enjoying

-the wonderful countryside.

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-Selkirk is a town

-in the northern Scottish Borders.

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-It lies between England

-and Edinburgh.

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-We're visiting

-the renowned Buccleuch Estate.

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-We're quite high up, Sion.

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-Yes. I'd say we're about...

-1,100 feet up.

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-October 2007

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-Let's take a look.

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-Good gracious!

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-Just look at those views.

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-Yes, some great views.

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-Does all this land

-belong to the estate?

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-It owns roughly 1,000 acres

-in this area.

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-Really?

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-We're quite high up.

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-You won't see many cattle up here

-in winter.

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-No, cattle and sheep

-are kept in sheds over winter.

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-We bring sheep back up here

-for lambing.

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-Is that the mansion

-where the Duke and his family live?

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-Yes, that's Bowhill House,

-the Duke of Buccleuch's family seat.

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-It's one of four mansions

-owned by the Duke.

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-It's a lovely landscape.

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-Obviously, those trees

-have been planted.

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-They provide shelter.

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-We're quite fortunate.

-There are lots of trees.

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-They provide shelter for the fields.

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-Do you employ people to fill in

-your IACS forms, and so on?

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-I wouldn't know where to start!

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-I do all the IACS forms myself.

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-I used to work for Scotland's

-equivalent of Defra.

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-It's called SEERAD.

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-So I fill in all the IACS forms.

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-So I fill in all the IACS forms.

-

-How many pages is that?

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-How many pages is that?

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-It was 19 pages this year.

-It varies from year to year.

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-19 pages!

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-How many acres do you farm?

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-At the moment,

-we farm about 6,000 acres.

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-This block of 1,000 acres...

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-..and another block

-behind those trees...

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-..which covers about 5,000 acres.

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-Most of it is mountain.

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-Most of it is mountain.

-

-Isn't there a farm in Langholm too?

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-Yes. Across the whole estate,

-we farm about 38,000 acres.

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-The Duke owns 270,000 acres.

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-Really?

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-Most of land is similar to this -

-mountain land.

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-It's still a lot of acres though.

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-It's still a lot of acres though.

-

-At one time, mountain land...

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-At one time, mountain land...

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-..was worth more than land

-in the valleys.

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-Things have changed.

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-A large estate like the Buccleuch

-Estate has many farms of course.

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-There's plenty of work to be done.

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-Today, the older cows

-have been taken away...

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-..and their calves

-are calling after them.

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-They're kept in over winter.

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-Sion is carrying out

-essential preparations.

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-As every farmer knows...

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-..controlling intestinal worms

-and lice is a constant battle.

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-This applies to sheep

-as well as cattle.

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-Sion shaves the calves' backs

-before dosing them against worms...

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-..and treating them for lice.

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-Shaving also prevents

-the calves from sweating too much.

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-These calves have been separated

-from their mothers at a young age...

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-..because the old cows

-must be taken away.

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-Nevertheless,

-these calves have done quite well.

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-Such drama!

-These crushes are useful things.

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-Charolais are the worst.

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-Do you think so?

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-Lims are better.

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-What are you doing today?

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-These calves are younger than usual.

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-Yes.

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-Are you weighing them?

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-Have the mothers been taken away?

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-Have the mothers been taken away?

-

-That's right, under the OCDS.

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-That's right, under the OCDS.

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-We have to get rid of them...

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-We have to get rid of them...

-

-LOUD CRASH

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-LOUD CRASH

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-..before November or December.

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-We have to get rid of them.

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-Are you keeping these inside?

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-Are you keeping these inside?

-

-Yes, we're keeping them in.

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-Yes, we're keeping them in.

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-We're vaccinating them

-against pneumonia...

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-..treating them for lice and shaving

-them so they don't sweat so much.

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-Do you weigh every calf?

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-That's right.

-That's what we're doing here.

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-We weigh them after taking them

-from their mothers.

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-We get an idea of how they're doing.

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-You note the tag number.

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-Is that electronic?

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-Is that electronic?

-

-Yes.

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-Yes.

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-It records all

-the veterinary information.

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-That's useful, especially

-with large herds likes yours.

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-Yes, it saves a lot of time.

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-Yes, it saves a lot of time.

-

-And a lot of office work.

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-And a lot of office work.

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-I couldn't do without it.

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-It spares me a lot of paperwork.

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-You can tell they're young calves

-from the way they're lowing.

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-That's right.

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-Some of them

-are just four months old.

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-They're a bit young.

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-They're a bit young.

-

-What else can you do?

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-What else can you do?

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-You have to get rid of the mothers

-before a certain date.

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-It's the law these days.

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-You've got a good helper.

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-Do you find staff fairly easily?

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-Do you find staff fairly easily?

-

-It's quite difficult.

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-It's quite difficult.

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-It's fine once we've got them,

-but finding staff can be difficult.

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-One cow rears one calf -

-that's the system here.

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-Many of the cattle

-are Continental breeds.

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-They need more concentrated feeding.

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-This is large-scale farming.

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-But there's plenty of land

-to grow food.

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-There's nothing quite like milling

-and mixing your own feed.

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-You know what's in it.

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-You know what's in it.

-

-We know where it comes from.

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-We know where it comes from.

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-It's expensive to buy nowadays.

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-How much barley and wheat

-do you grow?

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-We usually grow 100 acres.

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-100 acres.

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-Well, we harvested

-only 55 acres this year.

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-We'll do more next year

-because prices are increasing.

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-Prices have doubled.

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-Is this for the bulls?

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-Is this for the bulls?

-

-Yes, for the bulls.

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-I'll follow you

-otherwise I'll get lost!

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-Look - the sun's coming out!

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-Yes.

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-Let's hope it stays this way.

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-Let's feed the cattle.

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-Come on, then!

-Come on, come on, come on!

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-They not in any hurry - that shows

-they're getting enough food.

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-You have good hay.

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-We've been lucky with the hay

-this year.

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-We didn't harvest it until August.

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-We didn't harvest it until August.

-

-What will you do with these?

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-What will you do with these?

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-We sold one last year in Carlisle,

-but most are sold privately.

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-It's very convenient for us.

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-Most of our buyers

-come back for more.

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-They're nice bulls.

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-They haven't been overdone,

-like some bulls are.

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-We've only just started

-feeding them.

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-They'll be kept inside this winter.

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-You've been breeding cattle

-for years...

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-..and you're proud of your cattle.

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-You know it's a mistake

-to bring them on too quickly.

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-It spoils them.

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-It spoils them.

-

-Rams are the same.

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-Rams are the same.

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-Some rams are so unfit.

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-They're pushed too fast.

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-We find it's the case

-with Charolais too.

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-They can grow too quickly

-when they're young.

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-These Aberdeens are very fine

-cattle and the perfect colour.

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-But there's one shade of black

-that's even better!

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-Would that be the Welsh Black?!

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-Would that be the Welsh Black?!

-

-Let's go! I'll close the gate.

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-Let's go! I'll close the gate.

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-These fields are big.

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-Good places for working dogs.

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-We hold sheepdog trials here.

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-This is a huge field, Sion.

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-This is a huge field, Sion.

-

-Yes, it's quite big.

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-Yes, it's quite big.

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-It's one of our best fields.

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-It's one of our best fields.

-

-How big would you say?

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-About 35 acres.

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-What did you grow here?

-Barley or wheat?

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-Barley.

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-There's also a strip of grass

-around the edges.

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-It's one of these

-environmental schemes.

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-They call it a beetle bank

-or grass margin.

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-It helps beetles.

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-There are cattle on the hillside...

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-..Aberdeen cattle

-and Charolais calves.

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-That's right.

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-They're all commercial cattle apart

-from the Aberdeen Angus heifers.

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-They calve easily.

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-Do you sell the calves as stores?

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-No, we take them to another

-estate - Thornhill in Dumfries.

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-It has a fattening unit.

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-Most of the cattle are produced

-for our own meat company...

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-..Buccleuch Scotch Beef.

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-I've noticed Buccleuch Beef

-in hotels.

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-Yes. Cattle are slaughtered

-in an abattoir...

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-..and we process it ourselves.

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-Most of the meat is sent to

-big hotels in London...

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-..like The Ritz and The Carlton.

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-..like The Ritz and The Carlton.

-

-And this is where it comes from!

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-What place could be healthier?

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-We're trying to focus

-on conventional farming...

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-..rather than intensive farming.

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-It's good to have plenty of space.

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-What do you give an elephant

-with diarrhoea?

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-Plenty of space!

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-.

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-888

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-888

-

-888

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-The estate is experimenting

-with Continental sheep breeds.

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-Some of them, such as the

-Australian Suffolks, are very new.

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-One of Sion's first customers

-is his father...

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-..who has come all the way

-from Y Foel.

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-The bill is the same though.

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-Look after your father.

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-Do a proper job of it.

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-Do a proper job of it.

-

-He drives a hard bargain!

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-He drives a hard bargain!

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-These rams certainly

-don't come cheap.

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-We have better rams up here!

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-These rams haven't been overdone

-which is good.

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-They'll get to work straight away.

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-Rams at sales are too fat to move.

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-Rams at sales are too fat to move.

-

-We keep ram lambs...

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-We keep ram lambs...

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-..and sell them when they're older.

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-Don't you have a small flock

-of Texels?

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-We have 50 of each type - Texel,

-Charollais and Suffolk.

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-We bought just one ram.

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-We bred the rest ourselves

-rather than buy more rams.

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-It works out very cheap.

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-They adapt to the location too.

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-They adapt to the location too.

-

-Yes, they adapt to the environment.

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-Yes, they adapt to the environment.

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-Do you make this trip once a year?

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-Do you make this trip once a year?

-

-This is his first trip.

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-This is his first trip.

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-I hope it won't be the last.

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-There isn't much traffic

-around here.

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-No, though it's usually busiest

-in the morning.

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-There are thousands of sheep

-on the Buccleuch Estate.

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-The specialize

-in breeding new breeds...

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-..breeds that survive

-without concentrates.

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-They're raised

-here in the mountains.

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-There are several breeds.

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-But despite the wonders

-of progress...

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-..the boys must still drive the

-sheep into a corner of a field...

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-..to catch them!

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-They may use modern machinery,

-but they still need sheepdogs.

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-They want to pick out

-one or two of these sheep.

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-These sheepdogs aren't a very common

-breed in Wales - they're Beardies.

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-They're very intelligent dogs.

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-They're a decent size, Sion.

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-Yes. They're a mixed lot.

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-The dark-headed sheep are Primeras.

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-The white-headed sheep

-are Highlanders.

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-All of these Highlanders

-are under 45 kilos.

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-When were they born? In April?

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-When were they born? In April?

-

-That's right.

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-They're all April lambs.

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-The dark-headed sheep are

-terminal sires, as they're called.

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-The Highlanders are maternal sires.

-They're used for further breeding.

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-We produce them in order to breed

-more ewes.

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-They're fine-looking lambs.

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-I was studying those sheep

-you caught earlier.

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-They have good broad backs.

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-They have broad backs

-but they don't carry so much fat.

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-The idea is to produce leaner meat

-for the customer.

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-The estate is experimenting

-with many different breeds...

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-..from other countries.

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-The aim is to produce better lambs

-from hardy mountain ewes.

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-Autumn is an important season,

-of course.

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-Sheep have to be in the best

-of health and they must conceive...

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-..so that they produce lambs

-the following year.

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-Sion and the shepherds are busy.

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-You have many different breeds here.

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-There's a real mixture.

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-These are Charollais.

-But most of them are Suffolks.

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-These are the mothers

-of our pedigree stock.

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-We're sorting through them.

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-We're reducing numbers...

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-..because we're going for the

-New Zealand Highlander type.

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-We're reducing the number

-of terminal sires.

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-It's becoming a common system

-in Wales...

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-..using the Glamorgan

-or Wiltshire breeds.

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-Wool has no value these days.

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-Wool has no value these days.

-

-No, none at all.

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-No, none at all.

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-We know from experience that

-what we receive for the wool...

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-..doesn't cover the cost

-of shearing.

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-They're fine Suffolks. Nice heads.

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-They're a good length.

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-Yes. We've been working on these

-for years.

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-We'll be crossing these

-with New Zealand rams.

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-What about Charollais?

-Do you have many?

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-They're good for fat lambs.

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-We keep Charollais

-because the lambs mature quickly.

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-We can sell Charollais lambs

-earlier.

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-They're fine as long as

-they survive the first month.

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-They have short coats.

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-But Charollais lambs

-are actually better than Suffolks.

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-You couldn't wish for smarter sheep,

-could you?

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-When winds blow and storms rage

-during the lambing season...

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-..there's no such thing

-as too many sheds.

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-They have plenty at Buccleuch.

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-Do you like these polytunnels?

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-We got these by default really.

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-Our sheep shed caught fire

-in the middle of February...

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-..so these had to be built quickly

-ready for lambing in March.

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-This polytunnel seems sturdier

-than any I've seen before.

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-It's nearly five years old.

-It's still in good condition.

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-There's plenty of light in here.

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-It's nice to work in.

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-It's fresher than a shed.

0:17:400:17:42

-Pneumonia becomes a problem

-when sheds are too confined.

0:17:430:17:46

-It's like a greenhouse though.

0:17:470:17:49

-When the weather's hot, it's hot

-inside. When it's cold, it's cold.

0:17:490:17:55

-Do you keep Suffolks and Charollais

-in here and mountain sheep outside?

0:17:550:18:00

-Yes. They lamb outside in mid April.

0:18:010:18:03

-Yes. They lamb outside in mid April.

-

-When does lambing start?

0:18:030:18:04

-When does lambing start?

0:18:040:18:04

-The larger sheep

-start lambing around March 18.

0:18:050:18:08

-Is that when they start?

0:18:090:18:11

-Then, it's early April

-for the embryos.

0:18:120:18:15

-A lot of the larger sheep

-lamb outdoors in mid April.

0:18:160:18:20

-Easy care, as they call it.

0:18:210:18:22

-Easy care, as they call it.

-

-That's the idea.

0:18:220:18:23

-That's the idea.

0:18:230:18:24

-We're trying to do this

-in order to cut costs.

0:18:240:18:28

-We use these tunnels

-to house sheep in mid winter.

0:18:290:18:33

-It saves the grass for later.

0:18:330:18:36

-It costs less to keep them in here

-on silage in winter...

0:18:360:18:41

-..instead of giving them

-cake and silage.

0:18:410:18:44

-I suppose this can accommodate

-about 250 sheep.

0:18:440:18:48

-120 on each side - maybe more

-when they're not lambing.

0:18:480:18:52

-We can house 12,000 sheep in all -

-with barriers, of course.

0:18:520:18:57

-What about the pens?

0:18:580:19:00

-They're all in pens.

0:19:000:19:02

-It works out quite cheap.

0:19:020:19:05

-Though sheds are better

-for storing straw.

0:19:050:19:08

-I'm thinking about the prices

-for lambs and sheep.

0:19:090:19:13

-You need space for 12,000,

-just for lambing.

0:19:130:19:17

-The costs mount up.

0:19:170:19:19

-Lambing indoors

-isn't as cost-effective.

0:19:190:19:22

-Things are about to change.

0:19:220:19:25

-But you need good dogs outside -

-and they're not cheap.

0:19:250:19:29

-Can you hold the other side, Dai?

0:19:520:19:55

-Hold his other horn.

0:19:590:20:01

-I'll twist his head up.

0:20:010:20:03

-It's stuck fast.

0:20:050:20:06

-Now then, it's coming.

0:20:070:20:09

-Blimey, look at those horns!

0:20:130:20:16

-Very big horns.

0:20:160:20:18

-That's a strong ram.

0:20:190:20:21

-This is Bowhill House,

-the family's ancestral home.

0:20:250:20:28

-The family has now diversified...

0:20:290:20:32

-..and the house is open to visitors.

0:20:320:20:35

-Fishing is another line

-of business...

0:20:360:20:39

-..carried out on a grand scale.

0:20:390:20:41

-There are several good rivers

-on the estate.

0:20:420:20:46

-Anglers come here from far and wide.

0:20:460:20:49

-Pheasants are also bred

-on the estate.

0:20:490:20:53

-They're feeding.

0:21:080:21:10

-That's a lot of pheasants.

0:21:110:21:12

-That's a lot of pheasants.

-

-Yes, quite a lot.

0:21:120:21:13

-Yes, quite a lot.

0:21:130:21:14

-Are they fed twice a day?

0:21:160:21:17

-Are they fed twice a day?

-

-Yes, they're fed twice a day.

0:21:170:21:19

-Yes, they're fed twice a day.

0:21:190:21:20

-They're nearly ready

-for the shooting season.

0:21:200:21:23

-Shooting is a popular pastime here

-of course.

0:21:240:21:27

-Yes.

0:21:280:21:29

-Yes.

-

-Part of the farm's income?

0:21:290:21:29

-Part of the farm's income?

0:21:290:21:31

-No, this is a different business.

0:21:310:21:34

-Shooting is a separate business.

0:21:340:21:36

-There are four different businesses.

0:21:370:21:40

-Forestry and timber

-form one of the businesses.

0:21:400:21:43

-Then, there's the shooting -

-or sporting as they call it.

0:21:440:21:48

-There's farming - and there's also

-a building services business...

0:21:480:21:52

-..which maintains all the houses

-and farm buildings on the estate.

0:21:520:21:55

-How many birds

-do you rear each year?

0:21:560:21:59

-We usually plan for

-25,000 pheasants every year.

0:21:590:22:03

-We have grouse as well.

0:22:030:22:04

-We have grouse as well.

-

-That must cost a lot.

0:22:040:22:05

-That must cost a lot.

0:22:050:22:07

-It takes three full-time workers.

0:22:070:22:09

-Four full-time workers

-with the pheasants.

0:22:100:22:13

-It's become an important part

-of the estate.

0:22:130:22:16

-Yes. People come from everywhere

-to shoot.

0:22:170:22:20

-There are some adult cocks

-with long tails.

0:22:200:22:23

-Yes - last year's birds.

0:22:240:22:25

-That doesn't say much

-for the shots!

0:22:270:22:30

-They obviously missed!

0:22:300:22:32

-.

0:22:320:22:32

-888

0:22:360:22:36

-888

-

-888

0:22:360:22:38

-Modern life has caught up

-with the sheep at Buccleuch.

0:23:040:23:08

-It's autumn,

-and the sheep must be sponged.

0:23:090:23:12

-These are cross-bred sheep

-or mules.

0:23:120:23:15

-They're sponged so that they'll all

-give birth at roughly the same time.

0:23:150:23:21

-It means the shepherds

-can work more efficiently.

0:23:210:23:25

-The ewes are given a drug...

0:23:250:23:27

-..that makes them all ovulate

-at the same time.

0:23:280:23:32

-These Scottish mules

-are sturdy sheep.

0:23:440:23:47

-They will need feeding

-when the weather turns colder.

0:23:470:23:51

-They were bred from mountain sheep

-originally - Scottish Blackface.

0:23:520:23:56

-These ewes usually have twins

-or even triplets.

0:23:570:24:01

-What are you doing exactly today?

0:24:010:24:03

-You're sponging the ewes.

0:24:030:24:05

-Are they older ewes or fairly young?

0:24:060:24:09

-They're between 18 months

-and five years old.

0:24:090:24:12

-We've taken the older sheep out.

0:24:130:24:16

-We're sponging these ewes today...

0:24:170:24:19

-..then they'll be implanted with

-Rissington embryos from New Zealand.

0:24:190:24:23

-We're implanting 400 ewes

-with embryos this year.

0:24:240:24:27

-What will you do

-with the Rissingtons?

0:24:270:24:30

-We'll keep the ram lambs...

0:24:310:24:33

-..then sell the next generation of

-ram lambs and keep the ewe lambs.

0:24:330:24:38

-We're going for an easy-care system.

0:24:380:24:41

-We're hoping to supply

-Marks and Spencer.

0:24:420:24:45

-Having a market for your produce

-is half the battle.

0:24:460:24:50

-You have to think of the customer.

0:24:500:24:53

-When the market settles down...

0:24:540:24:56

-..lamb production should become

-more profitable.

0:24:560:25:00

-Things are improving already.

0:25:000:25:01

-There's a big demand for rams.

0:25:020:25:04

-We've sold 130 this year.

0:25:040:25:07

-How hardy are these sheep?

0:25:070:25:09

-The New Zealand crosses?

0:25:100:25:12

-They do fine on the mountain.

0:25:130:25:15

-These are male cross-bred lambs.

0:25:300:25:32

-Yes. They're going for slaughter

-tomorrow.

0:25:330:25:36

-They're for Marks and Spencer.

0:25:360:25:38

-Some have white heads

-and some have dark heads.

0:25:380:25:42

-The dark-headed ones

-are from Scottish Blackface sheep.

0:25:420:25:46

-The others are Cheviot crosses.

0:25:460:25:49

-We cross both breeds

-with New Zealand Highlanders.

0:25:490:25:54

-Is it your aim to produce

-a better-shaped lamb...

0:25:540:25:58

-..that can survive on the mountain?

0:25:590:26:00

-..that can survive on the mountain?

-

-A better-shaped lamb...

0:26:000:26:02

-..will bring us more money

-in the long term...

0:26:020:26:06

-..from the sale of rams...

0:26:060:26:08

-..and the ewes are easy-care.

0:26:080:26:11

-We'll also be producing lambs

-for the market...

0:26:110:26:15

-..instead of trying to find

-a market.

0:26:150:26:18

-These lambs are sold

-to companies like Marks and Spencer.

0:26:180:26:23

-Though you only get a few pence

-per kilo...

0:26:230:26:26

-..those few pence still count

-at the end of the day.

0:26:270:26:31

-They contribute a lot when you're

-dealing with large numbers.

0:26:320:26:36

-So these are going for slaughter

-tomorrow.

0:26:360:26:39

-They're certainly up to weight.

0:26:390:26:40

-They're certainly up to weight.

-

-They've been ready for a week.

0:26:400:26:41

-They've been ready for a week.

0:26:410:26:43

-They're on sparse grazing.

0:26:440:26:46

-We had to keep them back

-because of foot and mouth disease.

0:26:460:26:51

-It's interesting to see

-how farmers work.

0:26:510:26:55

-We have to do these things.

0:26:550:26:56

-We have to do these things.

-

-We have to - you're right.

0:26:560:26:58

-We have to - you're right.

0:26:580:26:58

-Scholars, accountants or lawyers...

0:26:590:27:00

-..say they can't change

-working practices...

0:27:010:27:04

-..but farmers have to adapt.

0:27:040:27:06

-I must say, quite honestly...

0:27:160:27:18

-..I love Montgomeryshire

-and Ceredigion...

0:27:190:27:22

-..but this must be one of the

-loveliest areas I've ever seen.

0:27:220:27:26

-It's an interesting area

-where tradition is still strong.

0:27:270:27:30

-Tradition is still strong

-on the estate itself.

0:27:310:27:34

-It's a nice area.

0:27:350:27:37

-It's a pleasure to see such stock,

-the cattle and the sheep.

0:27:370:27:42

-They're from our second herd.

0:27:550:27:58

-These have been selected

-for selling.

0:27:580:28:01

-They'll all be sold apart from one.

0:28:010:28:04

-You also have a pure Aberdeen herd.

0:28:040:28:07

-You also have a pure Aberdeen herd.

-

-Yes.

0:28:070:28:07

-Yes.

0:28:070:28:08

-These are all pure Aberdeen Angus.

0:28:080:28:10

-These are all pure Aberdeen Angus.

-

-How old are they?

0:28:100:28:11

-How old are they?

0:28:110:28:12

-They'll be three years old

-and ready to calve in March.

0:28:120:28:17

-They're all in calf at the moment.

0:28:170:28:20

-Do you sell them locally?

0:28:210:28:23

-Yes. There's a special sale

-for Aberdeen Angus in St Boswells.

0:28:230:28:28

-That's where we sell them

-every year.

0:28:280:28:31

-How much do you get for them

-on average?

0:28:310:28:35

-Last year we got 1,400.

0:28:350:28:38

-Each?

0:28:380:28:39

-Each?

-

-Yes, on average.

0:28:390:28:40

-Yes, on average.

0:28:400:28:41

-That's a good price.

0:28:410:28:43

-Two cows sold for 2,500.

0:28:430:28:45

-Do you keep the best cattle?

0:28:450:28:48

-Yes, we keep the best.

0:28:480:28:49

-Yes, we keep the best.

-

-They're fine cattle.

0:28:490:28:50

-They're fine cattle.

0:28:500:28:51

-Yes, they're looking good.

0:28:510:28:53

-They usually calve

-when they're two years old...

0:28:540:28:57

-..but we calve in spring, so we

-prefer to let them grow a bit first.

0:28:570:29:04

-Is it John

-who looks after the cattle?

0:29:050:29:08

-John looks after the cattle -

-there are 200 cattle.

0:29:090:29:13

-100 of them are pedigree Angus.

0:29:130:29:15

-We're lucky to have people

-like John.

0:29:160:29:19

-John, you've been here a fair time.

0:29:190:29:20

-John, you've been here a fair time.

-

-33 years.

0:29:200:29:22

-33 years.

0:29:220:29:22

-33?

0:29:220:29:24

-And you've enjoyed every second?

0:29:240:29:26

-And you've enjoyed every second?

-

-Oh aye. It's a good life.

0:29:260:29:28

-It's changed though

-since you first came.

0:29:290:29:32

-A lot, yes.

0:29:320:29:33

-A lot, yes.

-

-How many cows were here...

0:29:330:29:33

-How many cows were here...

0:29:330:29:35

-..when you came here?

0:29:360:29:37

-1,000 cows.

0:29:380:29:39

-And not the facilities

-you have today.

0:29:390:29:42

-No, more manual work then.

0:29:420:29:45

-Did you sell all those calves

-in one sale?

0:29:450:29:49

-St Boswells, in one day.

0:29:490:29:51

-St Boswells, in one day.

-

-How many calves?

0:29:510:29:51

-How many calves?

0:29:510:29:52

-About 940 or 950 in one day.

0:29:520:29:55

-Two or three hours selling nothing

-but Buccleuch calves.

0:29:570:30:01

-Good God!

0:30:010:30:02

-It's great to shake the hand

-of a man that's been here 33 years.

0:30:020:30:08

-When you retire,

-you can tell us what to do!

0:30:090:30:13

-You're learning all the time

-in this job.

0:30:130:30:17

-There are pheasants everywhere.

0:30:270:30:29

-They're pretty.

0:30:290:30:31

-How many thousands of pheasants?

0:30:320:30:34

-About 48,000.

0:30:340:30:36

-48,000!

0:30:360:30:38

-Good gracious!

0:30:380:30:40

-These are the cows we use

-to keep the herd going.

0:30:430:30:50

-They're pure Angus.

0:30:500:30:53

-They have scope.

0:30:530:30:54

-The largest

-must weigh 800 or 900 kilos.

0:30:550:30:59

-Many of them weigh around 800 kilos

-and a few go up to 900 kilos.

0:30:590:31:06

-And there are the bulls

-of the future.

0:31:060:31:09

-Yes. We're keeping these entire.

0:31:090:31:11

-They have the potential to sell.

0:31:120:31:14

-We have to register them

-as pure Angus...

0:31:140:31:18

-..so we're choosing

-which ones to register.

0:31:180:31:21

-It's a nice environment for them.

0:31:210:31:24

-Yes, it's a lovely area.

-We're in the Etterick Valley.

0:31:240:31:28

-It must be one of the best areas

-for stock in Scotland...

0:31:290:31:34

-..from Selkirk down to Kelso.

0:31:340:31:35

-..from Selkirk down to Kelso.

-

-Kelso and the Borders...

0:31:350:31:36

-Kelso and the Borders...

0:31:360:31:37

-..is a very good area for stock.

0:31:370:31:40

-It grows a lot of barley and wheat.

0:31:410:31:44

-That's right, yes.

0:31:440:31:46

-The mountain dictates the breeds

-of animals you keep though.

0:31:470:31:51

-Yes. That's the reason

-behind our choices.

0:31:510:31:54

-The animals must be

-able to survive up here.

0:31:540:31:58

-How many cattle do you have in all?

0:31:590:32:02

-Johnny said there were 1,000 cattle

-when he started working here.

0:32:030:32:08

-We don't have as much space

-as we used to have...

0:32:080:32:13

-..though numbers are growing.

0:32:130:32:15

-At the moment,

-we have about 540 cattle.

0:32:150:32:18

-Farming is good

-when you have plenty of land.

0:32:230:32:27

-Old practices are still in use.

0:32:270:32:30

-Burning the old heather and grass

-on the mountains, for example...

0:32:300:32:35

-..so that sheep can graze

-fresh grass and produce food for us.

0:32:350:32:40

-And hunting, of course.

0:32:410:32:43

-Hunting is still a very important

-activity in Scotland.

0:32:430:32:47

-Hunting makes life safer

-for the lambs.

0:32:500:32:53

-It's a lovely day.

0:32:530:32:55

-But we move on to another subject.

0:32:550:32:58

-Chickens and eggs.

0:32:590:33:01

-There are 16,000 birds

-on either side.

0:33:030:33:06

-A total of 32,000.

0:33:060:33:08

-The hens go outside.

-Are they free range?

0:33:080:33:12

-Yes, they're free range.

0:33:120:33:14

-Free range sheds

-can't be bigger than this.

0:33:140:33:17

-The hens are free to go out

-into the paddock...

0:33:170:33:22

-..and they lay their eggs

-in the shed.

0:33:220:33:25

-There are four rows

-where they can lay.

0:33:250:33:29

-You can see the four conveyors

-that come out of the shed.

0:33:290:33:34

-The eggs come out automatically.

0:33:350:33:36

-The eggs come out automatically.

-

-The eggs are gathered at the centre.

0:33:360:33:37

-The eggs are gathered at the centre.

0:33:370:33:38

-That's right -

-the packer does that...

0:33:390:33:41

-..all the eggs from the two sheds.

0:33:420:33:44

-Does sorting and grading the eggs

-involve much work?

0:33:440:33:48

-Some of the eggs are very big.

0:33:480:33:51

-That's what they're doing here.

0:33:520:33:54

-Clive's removing broken eggs...

0:33:540:33:56

-..and eggs that are too big

-for normal trays.

0:33:560:34:00

-Those eggs tend to break

-on normal trays.

0:34:000:34:04

-He removes second class eggs too.

0:34:040:34:07

-Eggs are graded

-before being sent to the shops.

0:34:070:34:10

-How often does a lorry come

-to fetch the eggs?

0:34:110:34:15

-Two lorries.

0:34:150:34:17

-The eggs are collected twice a week,

-10 or 11 pallets each time.

0:34:170:34:22

-How many eggs are there

-on three pallets?

0:34:230:34:27

-One pallet holds 720 dozen eggs.

0:34:270:34:29

-One pallet holds 720 dozen eggs.

-

-Good gracious!

0:34:290:34:29

-Good gracious!

0:34:290:34:30

-Quite a lot.

0:34:310:34:32

-Lots of local farms

-have an egg business.

0:34:330:34:36

-There are a few.

-There's a big demand.

0:34:370:34:40

-Many are changing from battery

-production to free range production.

0:34:400:34:45

-That's because battery cages

-will be banned from 2012.

0:34:450:34:49

-Old battery sheds aren't suitable

-for free range production...

0:34:500:34:53

-..unless there's land around them.

0:34:530:34:56

-We've come into this business early

-so hopefully we'll make more money.

0:34:570:35:02

-Is it a profitable part

-of the business?

0:35:020:35:05

-Yes, it's our strongest enterprise

-at the moment.

0:35:060:35:09

-We're currently building

-another shed.

0:35:100:35:13

-How many people work on the eggs?

0:35:130:35:16

-In this shed, two full-time workers

-look after 32,000 hens.

0:35:160:35:21

-We've taken on another man

-to take over my role.

0:35:210:35:26

-He'll manage the two sheds

-when both are up and running.

0:35:260:35:31

-You no longer manage

-the chicken shed.

0:35:310:35:34

-Not since last August.

0:35:340:35:36

-I've handed that responsibility

-to him.

0:35:370:35:40

-There's plenty more work for you.

0:35:400:35:41

-There's plenty more work for you.

-

-Plenty to keep me going.

0:35:410:35:42

-Plenty to keep me going.

0:35:420:35:43

-.

0:35:430:35:43

-888

0:35:480:35:48

-888

-

-888

0:35:480:35:50

-Trees display lovely colours

-at this time of year.

0:35:540:35:58

-It's a wonderful time of year.

0:35:580:36:01

-You watch the seasons progress.

0:36:010:36:03

-At this time of year, you see

-the results of the year's work.

0:36:030:36:09

-That's right.

0:36:090:36:11

-Everyone's happy.

0:36:110:36:12

-These are lambs you've bred.

0:36:210:36:23

-Remind me again

-what breeds you've used.

0:36:240:36:27

-Romney?

0:36:270:36:28

-These are the Highlander breed.

0:36:280:36:31

-They're a combination of three

-breeds - Romney, Texel and Finn.

0:36:310:36:35

-They're a composite breed.

0:36:350:36:37

-The idea is to finish them

-solely on grass - no supplements.

0:36:380:36:42

-They're in very great demand

-at the moment.

0:36:430:36:46

-They're hardy lambs too.

0:36:460:36:48

-They're hardy lambs too.

-

-Yes. We're very happy with them.

0:36:480:36:50

-They're hardy lambs too.

0:36:500:36:50

-You can tell by looking at them.

0:36:500:36:52

-Anything that can live without

-concentrates or bought food...

0:36:530:36:57

-..deserves serious consideration.

0:36:570:36:59

-It makes a big difference

-to the figures.

0:36:590:37:02

-You deserve credit.

0:37:030:37:04

-You're using and developing breeds

-to suit your location.

0:37:040:37:08

-And to suit our market.

0:37:080:37:09

-And to suit our market.

-

-You'll never adapt a location...

0:37:090:37:11

-You'll never adapt a location...

0:37:110:37:11

-..to suit the animal.

0:37:110:37:13

-The animal must suit the location.

0:37:140:37:16

-This is a very good place

-for lambing, Sion.

0:37:190:37:22

-You bring the sheep

-down from the mountain.

0:37:230:37:26

-You've got good, dry fields.

0:37:260:37:28

-We keep the mountain sheep here

-for lambing.

0:37:290:37:32

-When we move them

-back up the mountain...

0:37:320:37:36

-..these fields are used

-for making silage or hay.

0:37:360:37:40

-These are Blackie lambs.

0:37:400:37:41

-The Blackface breed is the basis

-of the mountain flock.

0:37:420:37:46

-The basis of the whole flock really.

0:37:470:37:51

-Are they all male lambs?

0:37:520:37:54

-They're all male lambs.

-Most of them are Blackies.

0:37:540:37:58

-We keep most of our sheep

-on the mountain.

0:37:580:38:02

-It's nearly the end of October.

0:38:020:38:05

-How many lambs have you sold?

0:38:060:38:08

-How many lambs have you sold?

-

-We've sold nearly 3,000 lambs.

0:38:080:38:08

-We've sold nearly 3,000 lambs.

0:38:080:38:10

-Have you really?

0:38:110:38:12

-On the hook or in the mart?

0:38:130:38:14

-On the hook or in the mart?

-

-Mostly on the hook.

0:38:140:38:17

-We send the heaviest lambs

-to market.

0:38:170:38:20

-I see a huge building

-there in the background.

0:38:210:38:25

-Is it a castle?

0:38:250:38:26

-Is it a castle?

-

-It used to be a watchtower.

0:38:260:38:27

-It used to be a watchtower.

0:38:270:38:28

-Beacons were lit on towers

-on the hilltops in the old days.

0:38:290:38:34

-So it's a historical building.

0:38:350:38:37

-Yes. It dates back

-to the 16th century.

0:38:380:38:41

-It's still standing.

0:38:410:38:43

-The walls are being renovated

-to preserve it for the future.

0:38:430:38:48

-Will it be roofed over?

0:38:490:38:51

-Will it be roofed over?

-

-We wanted to roof it...

0:38:510:38:51

-We wanted to roof it...

0:38:510:38:53

-..to seal the walls.

0:38:530:38:55

-But we can't -

-we must leave it as it is.

0:38:550:39:00

-You do a lot of

-conservation work too.

0:39:030:39:06

-People don't realise the costs

-that are involved in conservation.

0:39:060:39:12

-It costs quite a lot.

0:39:130:39:15

-We're replacing many of our fences

-with hedges.

0:39:150:39:19

-We've planted about five miles

-of hedges in the last three years.

0:39:190:39:24

-We're doing as much as we can

-to improve the environment.

0:39:240:39:29

-Come on, then!

0:39:370:39:39

-What a noise

-that black bull is making!

0:39:540:39:57

-Yes.

0:39:570:39:58

-We bred him ourselves.

0:39:590:40:00

-He's a fine bull.

0:40:010:40:02

-He's a fine bull.

-

-He's alright.

0:40:020:40:02

-He's alright.

0:40:020:40:03

-Don't you keep these calves

-for some competition?

0:40:040:40:07

-We're entering them

-for a hoof and hook competition.

0:40:070:40:12

-We're feeding them up.

0:40:120:40:14

-The competition is in a year's time.

0:40:140:40:16

-There's always keen competition

-from Scotland.

0:40:170:40:20

-The competition's always strong

-at Winter Fair in Perth.

0:40:210:40:25

-It's the same in Wales.

0:40:250:40:27

-The Winter Fair is a showpiece

-for fat cattle.

0:40:270:40:31

-The public gets to see them.

0:40:320:40:33

-The public gets to see them.

-

-Yes...

0:40:330:40:34

-..and our workers get a chance

-to show their stock.

0:40:340:40:39

-Animals you've bred yourselves

-like that black bull.

0:40:400:40:44

-It means so much more.

0:40:440:40:46

-It means so much more.

-

-Yes, it does.

0:40:460:40:46

-Yes, it does.

0:40:460:40:47

-Right - let's head for the hills.

0:40:470:40:50

-I must say, I envy you being here.

0:40:500:40:54

-The estate has a lot of land

-down in the valley...

0:41:100:41:15

-..but it owns large tracts

-of mountain too.

0:41:150:41:19

-There's no mist on the mountains

-today, thank goodness!

0:41:190:41:23

-How many men do you have

-working under you?

0:41:310:41:35

-Under my management?

0:41:350:41:37

-I used to have eleven, but with a

-new manager in the chicken shed...

0:41:370:41:44

-..I'm down to nine.

0:41:440:41:46

-There's plenty of work

-for them to do.

0:41:460:41:50

-It must be a job keeping up.

0:41:500:41:53

-What a glorious spot!

0:42:000:42:01

-Yes, it's nice up here.

0:42:020:42:04

-Was the wall built specially

-to provide shelter?

0:42:090:42:12

-This was built as a 21st birthday

-gift for the current Duke's son.

0:42:130:42:18

-It was built by the tenants

-and the staff.

0:42:190:42:23

-He can see his home from here.

0:42:240:42:27

-You know where the road

-starts climbing down below...

0:42:280:42:31

-..there was a field full of bales.

0:42:320:42:35

-Is that farm under your management?

0:42:350:42:36

-Is that farm under your management?

-

-We're taking it over next year.

0:42:360:42:38

-We're taking it over next year.

0:42:380:42:38

-The main reason is because we're

-trying to enhance the grouse moors.

0:42:390:42:44

-The present farmer

-has been farming that land...

0:42:450:42:48

-..but we're keen to

-encourage heather to grow.

0:42:480:42:51

-We're talking about extending

-the grouse moor.

0:42:520:42:55

-That's the aim.

0:42:560:42:57

-We want it to look more like this.

0:42:570:43:00

-We want it to look more like this.

-

-It look like a nice farm.

0:43:000:43:01

-It look like a nice farm.

0:43:010:43:02

-Yes, it has good potential.

0:43:030:43:05

-You have a lot of land up here.

0:43:050:43:08

-That's our land -

-we're looking down on it now.

0:43:090:43:13

-I should think you need very good

-hounds to hunt in these mountains.

0:43:130:43:19

-It's a very open space -

-there aren't many rocks.

0:43:190:43:23

-Most of it is devoid of rocks.

0:43:230:43:25

-Most of it is devoid of rocks.

-

-Like everywhere else...

0:43:250:43:25

-Like everywhere else...

0:43:250:43:26

-..there are set seasons

-for grazing sheep up here.

0:43:260:43:30

-Yes, we restrict grazing

-in order to preserve the heather.

0:43:310:43:35

-We remove the stock

-from this mountain in winter.

0:43:360:43:39

-Grouse and other wildlife are

-regarded as important in Scotland.

0:43:400:43:44

-Very important.

0:43:440:43:46

-The family think it's important too.

0:43:460:43:48

-We're trying to put things back

-the way the used to be.

0:43:490:43:53

-We're burning heather at the moment

-to encourage fresh growth.

0:43:540:43:58

-Sion, I've been thinking -

-you're a Montgomeryshire lad...

0:43:580:44:02

-..how long have you lived here?

0:44:020:44:04

-I've been working on this estate

-for nearly four years.

0:44:050:44:09

-I've lived in Scotland

-for about eight years.

0:44:100:44:14

-It's quite a change.

0:44:140:44:16

-The landscape may be similar,

-but it's a lot bigger than Wales.

0:44:170:44:22

-Yes, and the farms are bigger too,

-I suppose.

0:44:220:44:26

-There's more of a challenge.

0:44:260:44:28

-Did you come to Scotland

-straight from college?

0:44:280:44:32

-Yes. I spent my first two years

-in Inverness.

0:44:320:44:36

-How often do you go home?

0:44:360:44:38

-It's a four-hour journey.

0:44:380:44:40

-It's a four-hour journey.

-

-About four hours.

0:44:400:44:41

-About four hours.

0:44:410:44:41

-I usually visit

-four to six times a year...

0:44:410:44:45

-..maybe a little more often.

0:44:450:44:48

-Your parents are farmers.

0:44:480:44:49

-You can compare experiences.

0:44:500:44:51

-You can compare experiences.

-

-We're always comparing things.

0:44:510:44:51

-We're always comparing things.

0:44:510:44:54

-Do you have any interests

-apart from farming and work?

0:44:560:45:00

-I have plenty of interests.

0:45:000:45:03

-I play hockey every Monday evening

-during the season.

0:45:030:45:07

-I train and I also play

-a game occasionally.

0:45:070:45:11

-I like watching rugby and football.

0:45:110:45:14

-I also enjoy skiing holidays.

0:45:140:45:16

-I like to go away on holiday

-instead of staying here.

0:45:160:45:21

-There's heather burning everywhere.

0:45:540:45:55

-They're trying to sort out

-the heather.

0:45:550:45:58

-Do gamekeepers manage that?

0:45:590:46:01

-Yes, three of them.

0:46:010:46:02

-This is your mountain land.

0:46:030:46:06

-Yes, our mountain land.

0:46:060:46:08

-How many acres?

0:46:090:46:10

-About 3,000 acres in this area.

0:46:100:46:13

-Gathering the sheep

-must be a difficult job.

0:46:130:46:17

-We usually do one lot at a time

-when we're marking or shearing.

0:46:170:46:23

-One mountain at a time.

0:46:230:46:25

-In Wales, you can't graze sheep on

-mountains between October and May.

0:46:250:46:30

-That doesn't apply to Scotland,

-does it?

0:46:310:46:34

-No.

0:46:340:46:35

-We have lower stocking rates.

0:46:360:46:38

-Our aim is to encourage

-heather to grow.

0:46:390:46:43

-The sheep are moved

-for lambing in spring.

0:46:440:46:48

-Farmers in Wales complain about

-moving sheep in early October.

0:46:480:46:52

-Lambing means twice the numbers...

0:46:520:46:55

-..and there's no food for them all

-in spring.

0:46:550:46:59

-It's a problem.

0:46:590:47:00

-We like to take them back

-to the mountain.

0:47:010:47:04

-Sheep with single lambs

-go back to the mountain.

0:47:050:47:09

-If a sheep can't cope with one lamb,

-she's not worth keeping.

0:47:090:47:14

-Everything revolves

-around the mountain.

0:47:150:47:18

-Sheep must produce one lamb

-on the mountain...

0:47:180:47:22

-..and cross-bred sheep

-must be the same as their mothers.

0:47:220:47:27

-They produce the numbers, the type

-of lamb we want for the market.

0:47:270:47:32

-This is where the flock

-is established.

0:47:330:47:36

-Ideally, every farm

-should have mountain land.

0:47:370:47:41

-Ideally, yes.

0:47:430:47:44

-But that's not possible.

0:47:440:47:46

-But what a place! What views!

0:47:460:47:49

-It's magnificent.

0:47:490:47:50

-It's magnificent.

-

-That's why I like this area.

0:47:500:47:50

-That's why I like this area.

0:47:500:47:53

-How many gamekeepers are there?

0:47:530:47:55

-Three keepers look after the grouse

-on the mountain...

0:47:550:47:59

-..and four other keepers

-look after the pheasants.

0:47:590:48:03

-They're in charge

-of burning the heather.

0:48:030:48:06

-It's good weather for it.

0:48:060:48:08

-I've read a lot about the Buccleuch

-Estate in the Scottish Farmer.

0:48:100:48:15

-It's a privilege

-and an unforgettable experience...

0:48:160:48:19

-..to actually be here.

0:48:190:48:21

-Now you know where we are.

0:48:210:48:23

-S4C subtitles by TROSOL Cyf.

0:48:520:48:55

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0:48:550:48:57

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