Pennod 1 ‹ Y Rhufeiniaid

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-The Romans.	0:00:05	0:00:06
-They came to Britain, conquered -the country and ruled for centuries.	0:00:06	0:00:11
-Why did they decide -to come here in the first place?	0:00:14	0:00:17
-How did they conquer the natives -despite their fierce opposition?	0:00:17	0:00:23
-# You don't remember Macsen...	0:00:23	0:00:26
-It's sometimes difficult -to understand ancient history.	0:00:26	0:00:29
-# Sixteen hundred years	0:00:30	0:00:33
-# Is too long to remember... #	0:00:33	0:00:37
-In this series, we'll travel -back across the centuries...	0:00:37	0:00:42
-..to get to know the Romans -who ruled Wales.	0:00:42	0:00:45
-From the first ruler, -ten years after Christ's death...	0:00:46	0:00:49
-..to the final ruler -who left centuries later.	0:00:49	0:00:52
-# Magnus Maximus left Wales -in the year 383... #	0:00:52	0:00:56
-Yes, Magnus Maximus, or -Macsen Wledig, left Wales in 383.	0:00:56	0:01:02
-He and his like had ruled -the country for the Romans...	0:01:02	0:01:06
-..for over 300 years.	0:01:06	0:01:08
-Who were they? Why was -this country so important to them?	0:01:08	0:01:11
-For us today, -what exactly is the Roman heritage?	0:01:11	0:01:16
-I'm Rhun ap Iorwerth.	0:01:18	0:01:20
-As a journalist -and political correspondent...	0:01:20	0:01:24
-..I've asked our modern-day rulers -many times about their work.	0:01:24	0:01:28
-On this journey, -our history is most important.	0:01:29	0:01:32
-To understand our own lives...	0:01:33	0:01:35
-..we have to understand -the lives of our forefathers.	0:01:35	0:01:39
-People who were trampled.	0:01:39	0:01:41
-I'll be journeying back to the -first centuries of our history...	0:01:41	0:01:45
-..when our country -was governed by Rome.	0:01:46	0:01:48
-I'll be visiting sites -in England and Wales.	0:01:49	0:01:52
-Some are well known...	0:01:52	0:01:54
-..whilst others are only known -by a handful of people.	0:01:54	0:01:57
-Using the latest -graphic techniques...	0:01:59	0:02:02
-..I'm hoping to see -the new Britain the Romans built.	0:02:02	0:02:06
-With the help of people who enjoy -recreating Roman battles...	0:02:06	0:02:12
-..we'll feel the excitement and -horror of their military strength.	0:02:13	0:02:17
-By combining this with -the latest work of archaeologists...	0:02:19	0:02:23
-..and articles -written centuries ago...	0:02:24	0:02:26
-..I hope to show you the Romans -in a way you've never seen before.	0:02:26	0:02:31
-This is a full account -of what happened before...	0:02:31	0:02:35
-..during...	0:02:36	0:02:37
-..and after the Roman invasion -of Britain.	0:02:37	0:02:41
-Invasion	0:02:48	0:02:51
-For centuries, Wales was -in the hands of foreigners.	0:02:51	0:02:56
-They brought their military might -with them...	0:02:57	0:03:00
-..to tax the people -and plunder the land.	0:03:00	0:03:03
-They stayed for centuries -and left their mark on the country.	0:03:04	0:03:09
-Evidence of the Roman Invasion -can be seen everywhere across Wales.	0:03:09	0:03:14
-Roman roads, -forts from Segontium to Caerleon...	0:03:14	0:03:18
-..and the towns they established -from Holyhead to Carmarthen.	0:03:18	0:03:22
-They even influenced our language.	0:03:22	0:03:24
-Pont - a Latin word -which is still used today.	0:03:24	0:03:27
-Without the Romans, -our past would be very different.	0:03:27	0:03:31
-The story begins ten years -after Christ's death...	0:03:33	0:03:38
-..in the year 43 AD.	0:03:38	0:03:40
-As the cold winter ended, -eagle eyes from distant countries...	0:03:40	0:03:44
-..were focused -on the island of Britain.	0:03:45	0:03:47
-Across the sea, -on the northern shores of France...	0:03:49	0:03:52
-..a huge fleet had gathered - -more than 800 ships.	0:03:52	0:03:57
-About 40,000 soldiers -prepared for the invasion.	0:03:59	0:04:04
-They had come -from all parts of the Roman Empire.	0:04:04	0:04:08
-This huge army gathered in France...	0:04:09	0:04:11
-..on the instructions of the world's -most powerful man - Claudius I...	0:04:12	0:04:16
-..Rome's emperor.	0:04:17	0:04:18
-He hadn't been the emperor for long.	0:04:18	0:04:21
-His grip on power was rather weak.	0:04:21	0:04:24
-Invading Britain was part of his -strategy to strengthen his power...	0:04:24	0:04:30
-..and make sure -that he would not be killed.	0:04:31	0:04:34
-Claudius was a worried man.	0:04:36	0:04:38
-He was disabled. Some people thought -he was nothing more than a fool.	0:04:38	0:04:43
-He clung on to power because -he had Julius Caesar's blood...	0:04:43	0:04:48
-..coursing through his veins.	0:04:48	0:04:50
-There were plenty of people -after that blood.	0:04:50	0:04:53
-Conquering Britain, something -Julius Caesar had failed to do...	0:04:54	0:04:58
-..would strengthen his grip -on power...	0:04:58	0:05:01
-..and save him from his enemies...	0:05:01	0:05:03
-..who were already -sharpening their knives.	0:05:04	0:05:07
-Throughout the history -of the Roman Empire...	0:05:08	0:05:11
-..daring leaders -conquered new lands...	0:05:12	0:05:15
-..and earned the respect -of the citizens.	0:05:15	0:05:18
-Claudius knew that capturing Britain -would earn him plenty of praise.	0:05:18	0:05:24
-He would succeed where his -predecessor, Julius Caesar, failed.	0:05:24	0:05:28
-Rome would occupy a strip of land...	0:05:28	0:05:31
-..which could turn out to be -very valuable.	0:05:32	0:05:35
-The Romans wanted to conquer -more and more countries.	0:05:35	0:05:39
-Over the preceding 300 years...	0:05:39	0:05:42
-..their empire had grown and grown.	0:05:42	0:05:44
-It stretched all the way -from the coast of Northern Africa...	0:05:45	0:05:50
-..to the coast of Northern France.	0:05:50	0:05:52
-From Portugal in the west -to Palestine in the east.	0:05:53	0:05:56
-This was the largest empire -the world had ever seen.	0:05:57	0:06:01
-To make sure he remained -its powerful leader...	0:06:02	0:06:06
-..Claudius wanted to conquer -new lands.	0:06:06	0:06:09
-He wanted to conquer -this mysterious island...	0:06:11	0:06:15
-..on the northern boundary -of the empire.	0:06:15	0:06:18
-Britain had exported goods -to the continent for many years.	0:06:18	0:06:22
-The mines of the Great Orme -were an important source of copper.	0:06:23	0:06:28
-Many Brythonic tribes already -traded with the Roman Empire.	0:06:28	0:06:34
-The Romans knew the economic -benefits of conquering the country.	0:06:34	0:06:39
-The Romans knew that Britain had -an abundance of natural resources.	0:06:44	0:06:48
-Wood, lead and silver -could be found...	0:06:48	0:06:50
-..in these -Carmarthenshire mountains...	0:06:51	0:06:53
-..along with the most -valuable resource - gold.	0:06:53	0:06:56
-Britain also had an abundance of -another valuable resource - people.	0:06:58	0:07:03
-A fresh stock of slaves -for the empire.	0:07:04	0:07:07
-Another factor -attracted the Romans to this island.	0:07:08	0:07:11
-British people weren't united.	0:07:12	0:07:14
-On the eve of the Roman Invasion...	0:07:16	0:07:18
-..Britain wasn't a united state -in any shape or form.	0:07:19	0:07:23
-There was a collection of tribes...	0:07:23	0:07:25
-..some opposing others, some -working in harmony with others.	0:07:25	0:07:29
-The most developed -would have their own coinage...	0:07:30	0:07:33
-..and made their pottery -using wheels.	0:07:34	0:07:37
-These were people from the Iron Age.	0:07:40	0:07:42
-They also had a strong -military sense.	0:07:42	0:07:45
-They lived for fighting -and enjoyed fighting.	0:07:45	0:07:50
-Tribes had fought across the ages.	0:07:50	0:07:54
-They were a society of soldiers.	0:07:54	0:07:57
-The people were divided -in many ways...	0:07:57	0:08:00
-..but one common factor united them.	0:08:00	0:08:04
-The language which was spoken -in Wales, England...	0:08:04	0:08:09
-..and the south of Scotland -up to the River Clyde...	0:08:09	0:08:12
-..Brythonic was the language spoken -by all these people.	0:08:13	0:08:18
-When the Romans invaded...	0:08:20	0:08:23
-..this was the language they faced.	0:08:23	0:08:27
-It was a Celtic language...	0:08:29	0:08:31
-..but in the same way -as there are differences...	0:08:31	0:08:34
-..between north Wales Welsh -and south Wales Welsh...	0:08:35	0:08:39
-..there were significant -differences...	0:08:39	0:08:42
-..in the Celtic languages -of different tribes...	0:08:42	0:08:47
-..but it is thought that they -were able to understand each other.	0:08:47	0:08:52
-Whatever the language, the tribes -were constantly fighting...	0:08:53	0:08:58
-..and the head of every tribe -defended his land stoically.	0:08:58	0:09:02
-In Wales, we know about the Silures -and Demetae tribes in south Wales...	0:09:02	0:09:09
-..and the Deceangli and Ordovices -tribes in north Wales.	0:09:09	0:09:14
-They would exist -as independent tribes.	0:09:14	0:09:20
-As the invaders prepared -to set sail, hopes were high.	0:09:22	0:09:28
-Their plans -had been meticulously prepared.	0:09:31	0:09:34
-The campaign -was led by very talented men.	0:09:34	0:09:37
-Heading the campaign was a general -who'd had many successes in battle.	0:09:41	0:09:46
-His name was Aulus Plautius.	0:09:48	0:09:51
-He knew that Julius Caesar -had failed to conquer Britain...	0:09:52	0:09:57
-..during the previous century.	0:09:57	0:09:59
-The Britons were more than able -to defend their territory.	0:10:00	0:10:04
-For the Romans, they were just -a collection of barbarians...	0:10:04	0:10:08
-..in primitive -and disorganized tribes.	0:10:09	0:10:11
-Wild savages against cultured -citizens of the Roman Empire...	0:10:12	0:10:16
-..with their sophisticated -military machine.	0:10:16	0:10:19
-If that's how the situation appeared -to a confident man like Plautius...	0:10:27	0:10:32
-..there is a danger that we have -swallowed the Roman propaganda...	0:10:33	0:10:37
-..by peering into history -through Roman eyes.	0:10:37	0:10:40
-There was another side to the story.	0:10:41	0:10:43
-It is a cliche to say -that the history of empires...	0:10:45	0:10:49
-..is written from the viewpoint -of the conquerors.	0:10:50	0:10:53
-We have very little from -the viewpoint of the vanquished.	0:10:54	0:10:59
-And no history -was written by the vanquished...	0:11:00	0:11:04
-..but there is evidence...	0:11:04	0:11:07
-..which shows how skilful -the British people actually were.	0:11:07	0:11:11
-The Romans weren't the only ones -who possessed...	0:11:12	0:11:15
-..excellent construction skills.	0:11:15	0:11:17
-This is the entrance -to one of a number of buildings...	0:11:17	0:11:21
-..at Din Lligwy in Anglesey.	0:11:22	0:11:24
-It's as solid as any Roman fort -and is still here 2,000 years later.	0:11:24	0:11:28
-If Aulus Plautius believed -that ferocity...	0:11:28	0:11:31
-..was the only strength -of the Britons....	0:11:31	0:11:34
-..he was making a big mistake.	0:11:35	0:11:37
-He also made another mistake by -ignoring a problem closer to home.	0:11:37	0:11:43
-The soldiers gathering in France -weren't as sure as their leader...	0:11:44	0:11:49
-..about the wisdom of these plans.	0:11:49	0:11:52
-There were rumours that they would -refuse to set sail for Britain.	0:11:52	0:11:56
-They hadn't lost confidence -in their leaders...	0:11:56	0:12:00
-..and they weren't worried -about the war itself.	0:12:00	0:12:04
-They were superstitious.	0:12:04	0:12:06
-For Romans, Britain was a foreign -and rather frightening country.	0:12:06	0:12:11
-There were stories -of ghosts and devils...	0:12:11	0:12:15
-..in the 'ferox provincia' - -the untamable province.	0:12:15	0:12:19
-More than that, and forget about the -lovely blue sea you can see today...	0:12:19	0:12:24
-..Britain lay at the other end -of a stretch of water...	0:12:24	0:12:28
-..which frightened every Roman - -the Channel.	0:12:28	0:12:31
-It is very difficult for us -to understand how cataclysmically...	0:12:34	0:12:38
-..remote and terrifying Britain -seemed to the classical world.	0:12:38	0:12:43
-Imagine a civilization in which -the world was a vast rectangle...	0:12:43	0:12:47
-..with Rome and the Mediterranean -in the middle.	0:12:47	0:12:50
-Britain is one of those wild, windy -places right out on the edge...	0:12:50	0:12:54
-..a little bit like the map of -the world in the Lord of the Rings.	0:12:54	0:12:57
-This is a desolate, -barren, petrifying place.	0:12:58	0:13:02
-You've got a Roman army -made up of thousands of soldiers...	0:13:02	0:13:06
-..who essentially come -from the Mediterranean countries...	0:13:06	0:13:10
-..mostly Italy, Gaul and Spain.	0:13:10	0:13:13
-They're being asked to step off -the edge of the world...	0:13:13	0:13:17
-..to a place they were sure...	0:13:17	0:13:19
-..was inhabited -by raving, terrifying barbarians.	0:13:19	0:13:22
-They were going into the unknown.	0:13:23	0:13:26
-It was like going into the wilds -of the remotest parts of Africa.	0:13:26	0:13:30
-Would you go?	0:13:30	0:13:31
-As the big day approached...	0:13:32	0:13:35
-..more and more soldiers were -planning to disobey their masters.	0:13:35	0:13:40
-When the time finally came, a former -slave saved the day for Plautius.	0:13:41	0:13:48
-Claudius had a loyal servant named -Narcissus who he trusted completely.	0:13:48	0:13:53
-Narcissus was a former slave.	0:13:53	0:13:55
-Claudius sent Narcissus -to oversee the preparations for war.	0:13:56	0:14:01
-He discovered the imminent mutiny.	0:14:02	0:14:04
-Bravely, he called the thousands -of soldiers together...	0:14:05	0:14:09
-..and addressed them himself.	0:14:09	0:14:11
-The soldiers were shocked -and rather embarrassed...	0:14:11	0:14:15
-..to hear a former slave...	0:14:15	0:14:17
-..reminding them -of their responsibilities.	0:14:18	0:14:21
-With their fears dispelled...	0:14:21	0:14:23
-..they continued with their plans -for invasion.	0:14:23	0:14:26
-As spring turned into summer, -the Roman garrison...	0:14:28	0:14:32
-..prepared to set sail for Britain.	0:14:33	0:14:36
-.	0:14:36	0:14:37
-888	0:14:41	0:14:41
-888 - -888	0:14:41	0:14:43
-The Roman Invasion of Britain -began in May 43 AD...	0:14:44	0:14:51
-..somewhat later than expected.	0:14:52	0:14:54
-Aulus Plautius was expecting -fierce opposition at the outset...	0:14:54	0:15:01
-..but things worked out -in the Romans' favour.	0:15:01	0:15:04
-In southern Britain...	0:15:05	0:15:07
-..the country's most powerful tribe, -the Catuvellauni...	0:15:07	0:15:11
-..had prepared for war for months.	0:15:12	0:15:14
-They were led by Togodumnus, the -king, and his brother, Caratacus...	0:15:14	0:15:19
-..or Caradog -as he is known to the Welsh.	0:15:19	0:15:22
-Before the Roman fleet set sail...	0:15:22	0:15:24
-..a messenger arrived with news -of disputes amongst the Romans...	0:15:25	0:15:30
-..which could lead to mutiny.	0:15:30	0:15:33
-Togodumnus and Caratacus -thought an invasion was unlikely.	0:15:33	0:15:38
-They sent their soldiers home.	0:15:39	0:15:41
-This error would prove costly -to them.	0:15:41	0:15:44
-It was an unexpected gift -for the invaders.	0:15:47	0:15:50
-They could reach land -without any obstacle in their way.	0:15:51	0:15:55
-The precise spot where the Romans -landed is a topic of debate...	0:15:56	0:16:00
-..but many experts suggest that -they landed in the small town...	0:16:00	0:16:06
-..which I'm heading towards now.	0:16:06	0:16:08
-My destination -is a historic town in Kent.	0:16:09	0:16:12
-To the Romans, it was Rutupiae...	0:16:13	0:16:15
-..near the small town -of Richborough.	0:16:16	0:16:18
-The site is now -a few hundred metres from the sea...	0:16:19	0:16:23
-..but it was on the coastline -in Roman times.	0:16:23	0:16:28
-These are the ruins -of a large fort...	0:16:30	0:16:33
-..built two centuries -after the invasion.	0:16:33	0:16:37
-It is very possible that this -was Aulus Plautius's landing point.	0:16:38	0:16:43
-We can't be sure -where the ships landed...	0:16:45	0:16:47
-..but because the Romans -built a port and this fort...	0:16:47	0:16:52
-..which included -a decorative arch in the middle...	0:16:52	0:16:56
-..there is a strong suggestion -that this is the place.	0:16:56	0:17:01
-The English call this place -Richborough today.	0:17:01	0:17:04
-We're in north-east Kent.	0:17:04	0:17:06
-This was 300 years before -the English first settled here.	0:17:06	0:17:10
-The Britons lived here at the time.	0:17:10	0:17:13
-We can safely say -that this is where the Romans...	0:17:13	0:17:16
-..started their campaign -against our forefathers.	0:17:16	0:17:19
-It appears that they met -no opposition when they arrived.	0:17:19	0:17:23
-Why was there no opposition?	0:17:27	0:17:29
-Plautius wasn't sure, -but without wasting any time...	0:17:29	0:17:32
-..he started manoeuvring his army -of experienced soldiers...	0:17:33	0:17:38
-..further into the country.	0:17:38	0:17:41
-The Romans have a vast army, -an army of full-time soldiers.	0:17:41	0:17:46
-They weren't amateurs.	0:17:46	0:17:48
-They were a well-disciplined army.	0:17:48	0:17:53
-They practised their skill, -if we can call war a skill...	0:17:53	0:17:57
-..but to the Romans, it was a skill.	0:17:58	0:18:00
-There were different sections -within the army.	0:18:00	0:18:04
-The soldiers were in legions...	0:18:04	0:18:06
-..large units -of around 5,000 soldiers.	0:18:07	0:18:10
-These were large units.	0:18:10	0:18:12
-The soldiers were Roman citizens...	0:18:14	0:18:17
-..but they were boosted -by soldiers from conquered lands.	0:18:17	0:18:22
-They also had soldiers who had -less sophisticated weaponry...	0:18:22	0:18:28
-..including soldiers -on foot and on horseback.	0:18:28	0:18:31
-These soldiers came -from all parts of the empire.	0:18:31	0:18:35
-The Romans utilized them -as impact units.	0:18:35	0:18:40
-More often than not, they were -sent out ahead of the legions.	0:18:41	0:18:44
-Plautius and his officers -were expecting attack...	0:18:46	0:18:51
-..once their army -marched further into the country.	0:18:51	0:18:55
-Once again, there was no opposition.	0:18:55	0:18:58
-Of course, -the invaders had been spotted.	0:18:58	0:19:01
-It would have been impossible -for this large army...	0:19:02	0:19:06
-..to march across the country -undetected.	0:19:06	0:19:09
-Togodumnus and Caratacus -decided to wait and watch...	0:19:09	0:19:13
-..rather than entice -a battle on open land...	0:19:13	0:19:16
-..something which would -have suited the Romans.	0:19:16	0:19:19
-The Britons favoured their own, -fierce, guerrilla-type war...	0:19:19	0:19:24
-..but something unexpected happened.	0:19:24	0:19:27
-As the Romans ventured deeper -into Britain...	0:19:29	0:19:32
-..they saw the army -they had expected when they arrived.	0:19:33	0:19:37
-They had set up camp -on the other side of a wide river.	0:19:38	0:19:42
-Togodumnus and Caratacus -had retrieved their soldiers...	0:19:42	0:19:46
-..and were trying to organize them.	0:19:46	0:19:49
-We can't be sure of the -exact location of the river...	0:19:49	0:19:53
-..since Roman historian Tacitus -fails to be specific enough.	0:19:53	0:19:58
-The evidence suggests -it was the River Medway...	0:19:58	0:20:01
-..a river which flows -70 miles from deepest Kent...	0:20:01	0:20:05
-..to its estuary.	0:20:05	0:20:07
-There were no bridges -close to the camp.	0:20:08	0:20:11
-The river was too deep -for anyone to wade across...	0:20:11	0:20:15
-..but this didn't mean -they were safe.	0:20:15	0:20:18
-The Romans had expert swimmers -who could cross these deep rivers.	0:20:18	0:20:25
-These experts didn't come -from the core of the Roman legions.	0:20:26	0:20:31
-They came from The Netherlands.	0:20:31	0:20:33
-They frightened the natives...	0:20:33	0:20:35
-..and provided a boost -for the Romans.	0:20:35	0:20:38
-That small battalion -slaughtered the enemies' horses...	0:20:39	0:20:42
-..which prevented the Britons -using their chariots.	0:20:43	0:20:48
-Plautius found a shallow stretch -further upriver...	0:20:49	0:20:52
-..and crossed to the other side.	0:20:53	0:20:55
-The battle the Britons had tried -to avoid was about to begin.	0:20:55	0:20:59
-We know that this fierce battle -lasted for two whole days.	0:21:02	0:21:06
-The Britons fought like giants...	0:21:08	0:21:11
-..but soon, they learnt something -that tribes across Europe...	0:21:12	0:21:16
-..had discovered a long time ago.	0:21:16	0:21:18
-There was no point trying to -withstand the might of the Romans.	0:21:18	0:21:23
-The Romans had a great -military advantage over the Britons.	0:21:23	0:21:28
-They were more disciplined, better -trained and had better weaponry.	0:21:28	0:21:33
-Take this sword for instance.	0:21:33	0:21:35
-It was carried -by every Roman soldier.	0:21:35	0:21:38
-It was far more effective -in close combat...	0:21:38	0:21:42
-..than the wide-bladed swords -carried by the Britons.	0:21:42	0:21:47
-To defend themselves, every soldier -had a helmet made of iron or bronze.	0:21:47	0:21:53
-Their bodies were protected by -this armour - lorica segmentata...	0:21:53	0:21:57
-..designed specifically -for this type of war.	0:21:57	0:22:00
-This soldier was ready for anything.	0:22:00	0:22:03
-The Britons -fought in their own clothing.	0:22:03	0:22:07
-Their only defence -was a wooden shield.	0:22:07	0:22:10
-The Battle of Medway -could only have one victor.	0:22:11	0:22:15
-The Britons fought valiantly...	0:22:16	0:22:20
-..but their losses were vast.	0:22:20	0:22:22
-Their greatest loss was their king, -Togodumnus.	0:22:22	0:22:27
-His death was enough to destroy...	0:22:28	0:22:30
-..the organization -of the Catuvellauni tribe.	0:22:30	0:22:33
-Togodumnus was killed -in the Battle of Medway.	0:22:33	0:22:36
-Losing the tribe's leader...	0:22:37	0:22:39
-..was tantamount to losing -the tribal head for the Britons.	0:22:39	0:22:44
-It felt as if -the whole tribe had died.	0:22:45	0:22:48
-After the battle, the Britons -retreated north to the Thames.	0:22:51	0:22:56
-They were trying to reach their most -important stronghold - Camulodunum.	0:22:57	0:23:02
-The Roman soldiers -weren't far behind.	0:23:03	0:23:05
-With victory fresh in their minds, -the Romans reached the Thames.	0:23:07	0:23:12
-It's a wide river but a great prize -awaited them on the other side.	0:23:12	0:23:18
-Thirty miles north of the river...	0:23:18	0:23:21
-..Camulodunum, or Colchester -as we know it today...	0:23:21	0:23:25
-..was Britain's most populated area.	0:23:25	0:23:28
-Plautius was eager to conquer it. -Imagine the scene.	0:23:28	0:23:32
-He sees the river -for the first time and wonders...	0:23:32	0:23:35
-..how his men will cross it -and reach Camulodunum.	0:23:36	0:23:39
-Somehow or other, and no-one -is certain of the facts...	0:23:40	0:23:44
-..Plautius achieved his aim -in almost no time at all.	0:23:44	0:23:48
-By September 43 AD, only four months -after starting the campaign...	0:23:48	0:23:54
-..the Romans were about -to conquer Camulodunum.	0:23:55	0:23:58
-The town was surrounded -by Plautius's army.	0:23:58	0:24:01
-He could have marched -into the city's centre at any time.	0:24:02	0:24:06
-But he left that honour -to someone else.	0:24:08	0:24:11
-The man who accepted the surrender -of the people of Camulodunum...	0:24:12	0:24:17
-..was Emperor Claudius himself.	0:24:17	0:24:20
-Plautius had sent a message -with news of a successful campaign.	0:24:20	0:24:24
-Claudius rushed from Rome -to receive the adulation himself.	0:24:24	0:24:28
-The man had plenty of style.	0:24:28	0:24:31
-Apparently, he marched -into Camulodunum...	0:24:31	0:24:34
-..on the back on an elephant.	0:24:34	0:24:36
-I'm sure most people saw this -as a PR stunt...	0:24:36	0:24:39
-..rather than a way of emphasizing -the great military victory...	0:24:39	0:24:44
-..but style may well have been more -important than content at the time.	0:24:44	0:24:49
-It helped Claudius stay in power -for a further nine years.	0:24:49	0:24:53
-Today's spin doctors would -have been proud of his success.	0:24:53	0:24:58
-The capture of Camulodunum -was the crowning point...	0:24:59	0:25:03
-..of Claudius's whole career.	0:25:03	0:25:05
-He had come to the throne -with a reputation...	0:25:07	0:25:09
-..for being a gibbering idiot...	0:25:09	0:25:11
-..but look what he's done.	0:25:12	0:25:14
-He's organized a whole Roman army -to go to the ends of the earth...	0:25:14	0:25:18
-..and capture this new province...	0:25:18	0:25:20
-..and he, Claudius, -has marched in triumph.	0:25:20	0:25:23
-No wonder they renamed Camulodunum -Colonia Claudia Victoriensis.	0:25:24	0:25:28
-For the rest of his reign...	0:25:30	0:25:32
-..Claudius constantly referred to -his triumphant victory in Britain.	0:25:33	0:25:38
-His soldiers -had the utmost respect for him...	0:25:39	0:25:42
-..but while he boasted -of his conquest in Rome...	0:25:43	0:25:46
-..others continued with the work -of taming Britannia.	0:25:46	0:25:49
-The Romans had only conquered the -south-eastern corner of the island.	0:25:51	0:25:57
-Who was charged with the task -of conquering...	0:25:57	0:26:01
-..the remainder of the country?	0:26:01	0:26:03
-Who became -the Governor of Britannia?	0:26:03	0:26:06
-Aulus Plautius.	0:26:06	0:26:08
-He continued with the strategy that -had worked so well - military force.	0:26:09	0:26:13
-.	0:26:14	0:26:14
-888	0:26:17	0:26:17
-888 - -888	0:26:17	0:26:19
-In the summer of 43 AD...	0:26:22	0:26:25
-..four Roman legions had crossed -the Channel to invade Britain.	0:26:25	0:26:29
-By the autumn, three were ready -to leave the south-east...	0:26:30	0:26:34
-..to try and tame -the rest of the country.	0:26:34	0:26:37
-Under the leadership of Vespasian...	0:26:37	0:26:40
-..a general who would eventually -become Emperor of Rome...	0:26:40	0:26:44
-..one garrison marched along the -south coast towards the south-west.	0:26:44	0:26:49
-Another garrison marched north...	0:26:49	0:26:52
-..to an area known today -as Lincolnshire.	0:26:52	0:26:55
-The third garrison marched -through the centre of the country...	0:26:55	0:26:59
-..towards Shropshire.	0:26:59	0:27:01
-It wasn't always easy -for the Romans.	0:27:01	0:27:04
-There were some fierce battles -along the way.	0:27:04	0:27:07
-The Britons had strong, -natural defences in some areas.	0:27:07	0:27:12
-This might look like a hill -to you...	0:27:12	0:27:15
-..but it is Maiden Castle -in Dorset, an old Iron Age fort.	0:27:15	0:27:20
-It is vast - the equivalent -of 50 football pitches.	0:27:20	0:27:25
-Defending this fort -were the Celtic tribe of Durotriges.	0:27:25	0:27:30
-When Vespasian reached this area...	0:27:30	0:27:33
-..the Durotriges were ready -for the battle that followed.	0:27:34	0:27:38
-The Romans won the battle, but only -after a long and fierce campaign.	0:27:39	0:27:43
-Other tribes -were far less willing to fight.	0:27:44	0:27:47
-Eleven tribes, -according to one estimate...	0:27:47	0:27:50
-..decided not to oppose -the Romans at all.	0:27:50	0:27:52
-The Romans would arrive -and the tribe would surrender.	0:27:53	0:27:57
-One factor that every -imperialistic power considers...	0:27:57	0:28:02
-..is the divisions within a country.	0:28:02	0:28:05
-You control a country...	0:28:06	0:28:08
-..by capitalizing -on those divisions.	0:28:09	0:28:11
-They knew the Catuvellauni tribe -were in the south-east.	0:28:11	0:28:15
-The Catuvellauni had conquered -most of the south-east.	0:28:16	0:28:20
-They controlled, or were feared, by -a vast proportion of the population.	0:28:20	0:28:25
-Naturally, the Romans tried -to gain the trust of the tribes...	0:28:25	0:28:31
-..which had been controlled -by the Catuvellauni tribe.	0:28:31	0:28:36
-They employed the same tactic...	0:28:37	0:28:39
-..with the Brigantes -in the north of England...	0:28:39	0:28:42
-..and the Iceni in Norfolk -and Suffolk as they're known today.	0:28:42	0:28:46
-They gained the trust -of the elite of each tribe...	0:28:46	0:28:52
-..to support the Roman cause...	0:28:53	0:28:56
-..and promised them -a proportion of self-rule...	0:28:57	0:28:59
-..if they surrendered to the Romans.	0:29:00	0:29:02
-One of the tribes which surrendered -to the Romans was the Iceni.	0:29:03	0:29:08
-The tribe's king, Prasutagas, formed -an agreement with Aulus Plautius.	0:29:08	0:29:13
-Prasutagas, -like any red-blooded Briton...	0:29:13	0:29:17
-..realized the enemy -of his enemies...	0:29:18	0:29:21
-..would be his friend.	0:29:21	0:29:23
-He assigned the emperor as -joint heir, with his daughters...	0:29:23	0:29:30
-..to his land and tribe.	0:29:30	0:29:32
-Prasutagas believed he could -work with the Romans.	0:29:34	0:29:39
-Eventually, the Iceni tribe -would regret their agreement...	0:29:43	0:29:47
-..with the Romans.	0:29:47	0:29:49
-At the time, they were content, -as was Aulus Plautius.	0:29:50	0:29:54
-Thanks to Plautius, -when he returned to Rome in 47 AD...	0:29:57	0:30:01
-..most of southern Britain -had been conquered by the Romans.	0:30:01	0:30:06
-Quite an achievement.	0:30:06	0:30:08
-A new leader arrived -to succeed Plautius.	0:30:11	0:30:14
-That man was Ostorius Scapula.	0:30:15	0:30:18
-Scapula probably believed he could -tame the rest of Britain quickly...	0:30:18	0:30:24
-..but that wasn't the case.	0:30:24	0:30:26
-The new man knew very little -about the way to control barbarians.	0:30:26	0:30:30
-Scapula commanded the tribes who had -made agreements with the Romans...	0:30:30	0:30:35
-..to lay down their arms, -a rather irksome demand.	0:30:36	0:30:39
-Prasutagas, king of the Iceni, -had no desire to surrender to Rome.	0:30:39	0:30:44
-To be honest, they were tired -of the snobbish attitude...	0:30:44	0:30:48
-..of these continental newcomers.	0:30:49	0:30:51
-For the first time, but certainly -not for the last time...	0:30:51	0:30:55
-..the Iceni rebelled.	0:30:55	0:30:57
-Scapula was surprised -at the ferocity of the rebellion.	0:30:59	0:31:03
-He immediately prepared -his response.	0:31:03	0:31:06
-He collected his men together...	0:31:06	0:31:08
-..and enticed the Iceni -into a battle on open land...	0:31:09	0:31:13
-..a factor that pleased -any Roman general.	0:31:13	0:31:17
-The Iceni lost the battle and -paid dearly for their rebellion.	0:31:18	0:31:23
-They were eventually forced -to surrender.	0:31:23	0:31:26
-It was a great and important -victory for Scapula...	0:31:31	0:31:36
-..but he had no time to rest.	0:31:36	0:31:38
-After gaining control -of eastern Britain...	0:31:38	0:31:42
-..he decided the time was right -to conquer the west.	0:31:42	0:31:48
-In Wales, many tribes were ready -to oppose the Roman Conquest.	0:31:49	0:31:54
-Scapula would have to fight -all the tribes in turn.	0:31:54	0:31:59
-The battles would be fierce.	0:32:00	0:32:02
-The first tribe to feel -the force of Scapula...	0:32:02	0:32:06
-..was the Deceangli -in north-east Wales.	0:32:06	0:32:09
-They were followed -by the Ordovices...	0:32:09	0:32:12
-..whose land stretched -from Anglesey to Hereford.	0:32:12	0:32:16
-The Ordovices -proved very resilient...	0:32:16	0:32:18
-..but the tribe which caused Scapula -the most problems were the Silures.	0:32:19	0:32:23
-The Silures incensed Scapula -so much, he decreed publically...	0:32:23	0:32:28
-..on more than one occasion, that -he would destroy them completely.	0:32:28	0:32:33
-Roman historian Tacitus -described the Silures...	0:32:35	0:32:38
-..as a strong, combative nation.	0:32:39	0:32:41
-They were experienced fighters.	0:32:43	0:32:46
-What frightened the Romans -the most...	0:32:46	0:32:48
-..was their unity -with a dangerous leader.	0:32:48	0:32:51
-Caratacus, Togodumnus's brother.	0:32:53	0:32:56
-Togodumnus had been killed -at the Battle of Medway.	0:32:57	0:33:00
-Since his brother's death...	0:33:00	0:33:02
-..Caratacus had been a constant -thorn in the Romans' side.	0:33:02	0:33:07
-Caratacus, or Caradog -as we know him in Wales...	0:33:07	0:33:12
-..was a prince -from the Catuvellauni tribe.	0:33:12	0:33:17
-When his tribe -succumbed to the Romans...	0:33:17	0:33:20
-..he fled to south-east Wales...	0:33:21	0:33:24
-..to join the Silures...	0:33:24	0:33:26
-..an area we now know as Gwent, -Glamorgan and parts of Brecknock.	0:33:26	0:33:30
-They accepted the leadership of a -man from the other side of Britain.	0:33:31	0:33:36
-That suggests there was a greater -sense of unity between the tribes...	0:33:37	0:33:41
-..than we are led to believe.	0:33:42	0:33:46
-He organized the Silures -to oppose the Roman Invasion...	0:33:46	0:33:50
-..and appears to have had -a successful campaign.	0:33:51	0:33:54
-He'd learnt that the method -of fighting one long battle...	0:33:55	0:33:59
-..against the Romans -was an ineffective form of war.	0:34:00	0:34:04
-The Roman army was too vast -and too efficient.	0:34:04	0:34:09
-Caratacus developed, or utilized, -a form of skirmish war...	0:34:10	0:34:17
-..whereby he would attack, -strike and retreat...	0:34:17	0:34:20
-..and then attack from a different -angle, strike and retreat.	0:34:21	0:34:25
-He would attack -from a different point each time...	0:34:25	0:34:28
-..raiding and retreating.	0:34:29	0:34:30
-It was an effective tactic -in such a mountainous country.	0:34:31	0:34:35
-This is the Romans' -Vietnam War, virtually.	0:34:37	0:34:40
-This is where the Romans -have to fight a people...	0:34:40	0:34:44
-..who can retreat and disappear...	0:34:44	0:34:46
-..into almost impossible -parts of the terrain.	0:34:46	0:34:50
-The unity between Caratacus and -Silures was a threat to the Romans.	0:34:50	0:34:56
-Caratacus became a hero -and a target for Scapula's army.	0:34:56	0:35:01
-There's no doubt -that Caratacus was seen...	0:35:01	0:35:04
-..as one of Britain's -greatest rebels.	0:35:05	0:35:08
-Word of his conquests -must have reached Rome.	0:35:08	0:35:12
-This great, strong rebel...	0:35:13	0:35:17
-..who was creating so many problems -for the Romans in Britain.	0:35:17	0:35:22
-On Scapula's orders, two complete -legions were sent to Wales...	0:35:22	0:35:27
-..and attacked Caratacus -and the Silures relentlessly.	0:35:27	0:35:31
-As the battles continued...	0:35:32	0:35:34
-..Caratacus realized that he -could not overcome his enemy.	0:35:35	0:35:39
-He retreated hastily -and headed for north Wales...	0:35:39	0:35:42
-..with his soldiers -and their families...	0:35:42	0:35:45
-..to join the Ordovician tribe.	0:35:45	0:35:47
-With a Roman legion in pursuit -and Scapula at its helm...	0:35:49	0:35:54
-..Caratacus and his followers -must have lived in fear.	0:35:54	0:35:58
-As Scapula's army neared, -Caratacus decided he had to fight.	0:36:03	0:36:08
-On a rocky cliff, somewhere -between mid-Wales and England...	0:36:12	0:36:17
-..Caratacus chose -a natural stronghold...	0:36:17	0:36:20
-..and waited for Scapula's legion -to appear.	0:36:21	0:36:24
-According to Tacitus, Scapula -was concerned when he realized...	0:36:26	0:36:31
-..where Caratacus and his men -were positioned.	0:36:31	0:36:34
-This may well be that position.	0:36:35	0:36:37
-Caer Caradog, in Shropshire, -is its name to this day.	0:36:37	0:36:40
-Caratacus had prepared his men -for the battle that lay ahead.	0:36:40	0:36:44
-This would be the day when they -would either gain their freedom...	0:36:45	0:36:49
-..or become slaves -to the Roman Empire.	0:36:49	0:36:52
-On Scapula's orders, -the Roman legion attacked.	0:36:54	0:36:59
-From their elevated position, the -Britons could launch huge rocks...	0:37:00	0:37:06
-..towards the Romans.	0:37:07	0:37:09
-Scapula had a tactic -to deal with this.	0:37:09	0:37:11
-His soldiers linked up -their shields...	0:37:11	0:37:14
-..to create a defensive roof.	0:37:14	0:37:18
-Under this roof, they managed -to reach the bottom of the hill.	0:37:18	0:37:22
-They then started to climb -towards the Briton's fort.	0:37:22	0:37:27
-The battle was a disaster -for Caratacus.	0:37:27	0:37:31
-The Romans' strength, skill -and armoury were far too powerful.	0:37:32	0:37:37
-Caratacus managed to escape...	0:37:37	0:37:39
-..but his wife, daughters -and his brother were captured...	0:37:39	0:37:43
-..and most of his soldiers -were massacred.	0:37:43	0:37:46
-If this was a hefty blow -to the British cause...	0:37:49	0:37:52
-..there was worse to come.	0:37:52	0:37:54
-Caratacus fled -to the north of England.	0:37:54	0:37:57
-He sought refuge with -the Brigantes tribe in the hope...	0:37:57	0:38:01
-..that they would support him -because of his heroic work.	0:38:02	0:38:06
-He joined up -with the Brigantes tribe...	0:38:06	0:38:09
-..and their queen, Cartamandua.	0:38:10	0:38:12
-She wasn't to be trusted.	0:38:12	0:38:14
-She handed him over to the Romans...	0:38:15	0:38:18
-..with whom she had already -formed an alliance.	0:38:18	0:38:22
-Along with his family, -he was taken to Rome...	0:38:23	0:38:28
-..as a trophy -of the Roman Conquest in Britain.	0:38:30	0:38:35
-The Romans wanted as much propaganda -as they could from this victory.	0:38:37	0:38:42
-They decided -to try Caratacus publically...	0:38:42	0:38:46
-..before no-one less -than Emperor Claudius himself.	0:38:46	0:38:50
-.	0:38:50	0:38:50
-888	0:38:54	0:38:54
-888 - -888	0:38:54	0:38:56
-The Romans' main enemy in Britain -was now in chains.	0:39:00	0:39:04
-Caratacus and his family endured -an atrocious journey to Rome...	0:39:05	0:39:09
-..to stand trial -before Emperor Claudius.	0:39:09	0:39:12
-But no-one had foreseen -what would happen next...	0:39:13	0:39:17
-..in this incredible story.	0:39:17	0:39:19
-What happened to Caratacus -when he reached Rome...	0:39:24	0:39:27
-..is one of the most remarkable -stories of classical history.	0:39:27	0:39:32
-In this passage, -chronicled by Tacitus...	0:39:32	0:39:35
-..he writes that the Briton -and his family...	0:39:35	0:39:38
-..were paraded in front -of Rome's citizens.	0:39:39	0:39:41
-Thousands gathered to see the man -who had opposed Rome's might...	0:39:41	0:39:46
-..being slaughtered with his family.	0:39:47	0:39:49
-Before the executioner -could set about his task...	0:39:49	0:39:53
-..Claudius unexpectedly -allowed Caratacus to speak.	0:39:53	0:39:56
-It was an opportunity for Caratacus -to plead for his life.	0:39:56	0:40:02
-If Tacitus's account is correct, -this was some speech.	0:40:02	0:40:05
-Emperor, -and the noble citizens of Rome...	0:40:08	0:40:12
-..had my moderation -in prosperity been equal...	0:40:13	0:40:16
-..to my noble birth and fortune...	0:40:16	0:40:18
-..I should have entered this city -as your friend...	0:40:18	0:40:21
-..rather than your captive...	0:40:22	0:40:23
-..and you would not have -disdained to receive a king...	0:40:24	0:40:28
-..descended -from illustrious ancestors.	0:40:28	0:40:32
-My present lot is as glorious to you -as it is degrading to myself.	0:40:32	0:40:39
-I had horses, men and arms.	0:40:41	0:40:46
-What wonder if I parted -with them reluctantly?	0:40:47	0:40:50
-Were I to have been -delivered as a prisoner...	0:40:50	0:40:53
-..neither my fall nor your triumph -would have become famous.	0:40:53	0:40:57
-My punishment would be -followed by oblivion...	0:40:58	0:41:01
-..whereas, if you save my life...	0:41:02	0:41:04
-..I shall be an everlasting memorial -of your clemency.	0:41:04	0:41:08
-We can't be sure -that Caratacus pleaded...	0:41:10	0:41:13
-..with the same passion -and eloquence that Tacitus suggests.	0:41:14	0:41:18
-We do know that his speech -had a lasting effect.	0:41:18	0:41:22
-As a direct result of his words...	0:41:22	0:41:25
-..Claudius pardoned -Caratacus and his family...	0:41:25	0:41:30
-..and allowed them to live the rest -of their lives in Rome.	0:41:30	0:41:33
-An unexpected outcome -for Caratacus and his family.	0:41:34	0:41:38
-Nothing is known about Caratacus's -life following his speech...	0:41:38	0:41:42
-..but his legacy remained -in the areas where he had fought.	0:41:42	0:41:47
-Caratacus is a name that's echoed -through the centuries.	0:41:48	0:41:52
-He made a favourable impression -of Tacitus.	0:41:52	0:41:54
-The name was widely used -in the Middle Ages...	0:41:55	0:41:59
-..with many kings of Gwent -being called Caradog.	0:41:59	0:42:03
-Generations later, scholars would -rediscover the story of Caratacus...	0:42:04	0:42:09
-..and portray him -as a national hero.	0:42:09	0:42:12
-Years later, when people -chronicled the history of Wales...	0:42:12	0:42:17
-..they tried to find -the heroes of Wales.	0:42:18	0:42:20
-They accept Caratacus as a hero...	0:42:21	0:42:23
-..thanks to the descriptions -written by Tacitus.	0:42:23	0:42:26
-If we're looking for the first -Welsh hero, he was a man from Essex.	0:42:26	0:42:31
-The capture of Caratacus -was a huge blow for the Britons...	0:42:31	0:42:37
-..but the rebellion continued.	0:42:37	0:42:40
-In Wales, -the Silures continued to fight.	0:42:40	0:42:44
-The Silures -continued their campaign.	0:42:45	0:42:49
-There are many accounts -of the Silures attacking...	0:42:50	0:42:57
-..units of horsemen...	0:42:57	0:43:00
-..and even attacking Roman legions -on the Wales-England border.	0:43:00	0:43:06
-The battles continued -even in Caratacus's absence...	0:43:09	0:43:14
-..and his exile in Rome.	0:43:15	0:43:17
-Caratacus's capture -had angered the Silures.	0:43:19	0:43:22
-The first people to feel -the force of this backlash...	0:43:22	0:43:27
-..were a troop of Roman soldiers -who were building a fort in Wales.	0:43:27	0:43:31
-According to Tacitus...	0:43:33	0:43:35
-..the Romans had only just started -work on the foundation...	0:43:35	0:43:39
-..when the Silures attacked them.	0:43:40	0:43:43
-Tacitus describes the fate -of these Romans as a massacre.	0:43:44	0:43:50
-After this battle, other authors -claim that the Silures...	0:43:53	0:43:57
-..proceeded to win -an even greater battle.	0:43:57	0:44:02
-There is a suggestion -that they defeated a Roman legion...	0:44:02	0:44:06
-..a rare occurrence -at a time when the Britons...	0:44:07	0:44:11
-..had undisciplined soldiers.	0:44:12	0:44:14
-They tended to engage -in guerrilla battles.	0:44:14	0:44:17
-The Romans excelled -in more formal battles.	0:44:19	0:44:23
-A British tribe defeating a Roman -legion was a very rare occurrence...	0:44:26	0:44:30
-..but there is a strong suggestion -that this was the case.	0:44:31	0:44:35
-The Silures rebellion -shook the Romans to the core.	0:44:37	0:44:41
-Scapula died in 52 AD knowing -he had failed to complete his task.	0:44:41	0:44:45
-He hadn't succeeded -in his quest to conquer Britain.	0:44:46	0:44:49
-In time, -his successors would discover...	0:44:49	0:44:52
-..that the population of Britannia -would not surrender willingly.	0:44:52	0:44:57
-The north of England was -the next battlefield for the Romans.	0:44:59	0:45:04
-Britannia's next governor, -Aulus Didius Gallus...	0:45:04	0:45:09
-..spent most of his five years -as leader...	0:45:09	0:45:13
-..trying to tame the Brigantes, the -tribe which had betrayed Caratacus.	0:45:13	0:45:18
-The Romans discovered -that the population of Britain...	0:45:18	0:45:23
-..offered one problem after another.	0:45:23	0:45:25
-A common theme -surrounding the Roman Conquest...	0:45:26	0:45:29
-..is their response to the natives.	0:45:30	0:45:32
-It all depends whether we can -translate accurately from Latin.	0:45:34	0:45:38
-The word 'barbarian' -regularly arises.	0:45:38	0:45:43
-That's a description of the natives.	0:45:44	0:45:46
-The text is very interesting.	0:45:47	0:45:51
-If you command your soldiers -to attack...	0:45:51	0:45:57
-..a nation -of fierce-looking people...	0:45:57	0:46:00
-..the only way you can treat them is -as animals and not as human beings.	0:46:00	0:46:07
-They don't live their lives -the same as us, the conquerors.	0:46:07	0:46:11
-By now, tribes across Britain -were rising in opposition.	0:46:12	0:46:17
-Was it possible -for these barbarians...	0:46:17	0:46:20
-..to overcome the Roman threat?	0:46:20	0:46:23
-The Romans were losing control and -they only had themselves to blame.	0:46:23	0:46:29
-From the governors -at the top of the social scale...	0:46:29	0:46:33
-..to the common soldier...	0:46:33	0:46:35
-..the conquerors' attitude -towards the native population...	0:46:35	0:46:39
-..was completely contemptuous.	0:46:40	0:46:42
-They called these natives -Brittunculi - wretched little Brits.	0:46:42	0:46:47
-This attitude, sooner or later, -would create problems for them.	0:46:47	0:46:52
-It did, here in Wales -as much as anywhere else.	0:46:52	0:46:55
-The first Roman advances -had failed to secure a foothold...	0:46:57	0:47:02
-..in north-west Wales.	0:47:02	0:47:04
-More work was needed if they wanted -these people to surrender.	0:47:06	0:47:10
-When Roman eyes -were set firmly on Wales...	0:47:11	0:47:14
-..there were rebellions -in other parts of Britain.	0:47:15	0:47:18
-The Iceni had been to battle before.	0:47:19	0:47:21
-This time, they were incensed -by the disgraceful way...	0:47:23	0:47:27
-..the Romans treated them.	0:47:27	0:47:29
-They almost overcame -the Roman threat completely.	0:47:29	0:47:32
-Who led the most -successful rebellion of all?	0:47:35	0:47:40
-A woman.	0:47:40	0:47:42
-Her name is well-known to this day.	0:47:43	0:47:45
-Boudica, Boadicea or Buddug.	0:47:45	0:47:50
-The campaign led by Boadicea and the -Iceni was a disaster for the Romans.	0:47:51	0:47:56
-Thousands were killed -and three cities were destroyed.	0:47:56	0:48:00
-Boadicea's rebellion is one of -Britain's most remarkable stories.	0:48:01	0:48:06
-It's also one -of the most difficult to understand.	0:48:06	0:48:10
-Why was it such a bloody battle?	0:48:10	0:48:12
-How did the Romans -overcome the rebellion...	0:48:12	0:48:15
-..and go on to govern -for centuries...	0:48:15	0:48:18
-..leaving their mark -on grand buildings like this?	0:48:18	0:48:21
-These are questions we'll try -and answer in the next part...	0:48:22	0:48:25
-..of this series.	0:48:25	0:48:27
-S4C Subtitles by Simian 04 Cyf.	0:48:57	0:48:59
-.	0:48:59	0:49:00

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