Pennod 2 ‹ Y Rhufeiniaid

Line	From	To
-888	0:00:00	0:00:00
-888 - -888	0:00:00	0:00:02
-In 43 AD...	0:00:03	0:00:05
-..a huge fleet set sail for Britain.	0:00:05	0:00:08
-A fleet of Romans.	0:00:09	0:00:11
-They captured southern Britain -despite fierce opposition...	0:00:11	0:00:16
-..from the Brythonic tribes.	0:00:16	0:00:18
-Simply, the Romans -were stronger than the tribes...	0:00:20	0:00:24
-..but that didn't prevent them -facing a guerrilla war.	0:00:24	0:00:28
-After 17 years of war, the Romans -controlled large parts of Britain.	0:00:31	0:00:37
-However, the Britons weren't ready -to concede defeat just yet.	0:00:37	0:00:41
-In north Wales, the legendary -leaders of Anglesey - the Druids...	0:00:42	0:00:47
-..led the battles -against the Romans.	0:00:47	0:00:51
-On the other side of Britain...	0:00:51	0:00:53
-..a rebellion was led by a woman -called Boudica or Buddug.	0:00:53	0:00:59
-Boudica's rebellion made life -very difficult for the Romans.	0:01:00	0:01:05
-Three Roman cities -were burnt to the ground...	0:01:05	0:01:08
-..and thousands of people -were killed.	0:01:08	0:01:10
-Between Boudica in the south-east -and the Druids in the north-west...	0:01:11	0:01:16
-..the Romans must have doubted -their ability...	0:01:16	0:01:19
-..to govern Wales -and southern Britain...	0:01:20	0:01:22
-..but within 15 years, the Romans -would govern quite comfortably.	0:01:22	0:01:27
-I'm Rhun ap Iorwerth.	0:01:29	0:01:31
-As a journalist -and political correspondent...	0:01:32	0:01:35
-..I've asked our modern day rulers -many times about their work.	0:01:35	0:01:40
-On this journey, -our history is most important.	0:01:40	0:01:44
-To understand our own lives...	0:01:44	0:01:46
-..we have to understand -the lives of our forefathers.	0:01:46	0:01:50
-People who were trampled.	0:01:51	0:01:52
-I'll be journeying back to the -first centuries of our history...	0:01:52	0:01:57
-..when our country -was governed by Rome.	0:01:57	0:02:00
-I'll be visiting sites -in England and Wales.	0:02:00	0:02:03
-Some are well-known...	0:02:03	0:02:05
-..while others are only known -to a handful of people.	0:02:05	0:02:09
-Using the latest -graphic techniques...	0:02:10	0:02:13
-..I'm hoping to see the new Britain -the Romans built.	0:02:13	0:02:17
-With the help of people who enjoy -recreating Roman battles...	0:02:18	0:02:24
-..we'll feel the excitement and -horror of their military strength.	0:02:24	0:02:29
-By combining this with -the latest work of archaeologists...	0:02:31	0:02:35
-..and articles -written centuries ago...	0:02:35	0:02:37
-..I hope to show you the Romans -in a way you've never seen before.	0:02:38	0:02:42
-This is a full account -of what happened before...	0:02:43	0:02:47
-..during...	0:02:47	0:02:48
-..and after the Roman invasion -of Britain.	0:02:49	0:02:52
-Rebellion	0:03:00	0:03:04
-When the Romans landed in Britain -in 43 AD...	0:03:04	0:03:10
-..they were hoping to gain control -of the country quickly.	0:03:10	0:03:13
-The Romans didn't expect the British -to fight as fiercely as they did.	0:03:17	0:03:23
-Governors of Britannia had to rush -from one end of the country...	0:03:23	0:03:27
-..to another -to try and win the battle.	0:03:28	0:03:31
-Then, a new governor -reached Britain.	0:03:34	0:03:37
-He was the fifth man -to rule Britannia for Rome.	0:03:37	0:03:41
-His name was Suetonius Paulinus.	0:03:41	0:03:44
-He faced many problems -on his arrival.	0:03:44	0:03:47
-By 60 AD, the Roman order -in Britain was under pressure.	0:03:49	0:03:53
-They were trying to control -southern Britain...	0:03:53	0:03:57
-..but there were rebellions -in many parts of the country.	0:03:57	0:04:01
-Suetonius Paulinus had reached the -westernmost part of the empire...	0:04:01	0:04:06
-..over on the banks of the Menai.	0:04:06	0:04:08
-His aim was to tame Anglesey, -stronghold of the Druids...	0:04:09	0:04:13
-..a real thorn -in the Romans' side...	0:04:13	0:04:15
-..and a haven for enemies -of the empire.	0:04:16	0:04:18
-It is thought that the Druids' -headquarters was on Anglesey.	0:04:19	0:04:24
-The Druids were seen as the -backbone, or the spin doctors...	0:04:26	0:04:33
-..of the Roman rebellion.	0:04:33	0:04:35
-It was the main Druids' school -in western Britain.	0:04:36	0:04:40
-It was a centre -for the intelligentsia.	0:04:40	0:04:44
-There is no written evidence -about the Druids' customs...	0:04:47	0:04:52
-..but information can be found...	0:04:54	0:04:56
-..at an important archaeological -site on Anglesey - Llyn Cerrig Bach.	0:04:57	0:05:01
-It's in the National Museum now.	0:05:04	0:05:07
-Plaques - all kinds of things people -had thrown into the holy lake.	0:05:07	0:05:11
-It suggests that there was -a ceremonial centre on Anglesey...	0:05:12	0:05:16
-..and it would be reasonable -to surmise...	0:05:16	0:05:18
-..that the Druids were involved.	0:05:19	0:05:21
-Tacitus chronicles Paulinus's -journey to the banks of the Menai.	0:05:21	0:05:26
-He looks across the Menai -and sees these naked barbarians.	0:05:26	0:05:32
-The Romans feared the Druids.	0:05:36	0:05:40
-They described them -in very hostile terms.	0:05:41	0:05:45
-A priest which frightened them.	0:05:45	0:05:49
-The women who participated -in the ceremonies.	0:05:49	0:05:53
-This was something -the Romans despised.	0:05:53	0:05:56
-There were terrifying rituals -where they sacrificed people.	0:05:56	0:06:01
-Roman historian Tacitus -gives us a colourful description...	0:06:04	0:06:08
-..of the experience -of facing such a terrifying enemy.	0:06:08	0:06:14
-Forget about the men for a moment - -I know women from Anglesey.	0:06:14	0:06:18
-Women would stand on the riverbank -waving their arms, screaming...	0:06:18	0:06:23
-..and creating otherworldly noises.	0:06:23	0:06:25
-"..novitate, aspectus -perculere militem."	0:06:26	0:06:29
-Seeing such an incredible sight -for the first time...	0:06:30	0:06:33
-..struck fear into the hearts -of the Roman soldiers.	0:06:34	0:06:37
-Suetonius Paulinus -was ready for the challenge...	0:06:38	0:06:42
-..and he sent his best soldiers -across the Menai.	0:06:43	0:06:46
-The Romans had battalions -of incredibly skilled soldiers.	0:06:47	0:06:51
-They were used to swimming -in their armoury with their horses.	0:06:52	0:06:57
-They crossed the Menai and attacked.	0:06:57	0:07:00
-The Roman discipline -and training shone through...	0:07:00	0:07:05
-..and they managed to overcome -the threat posed by the Druids.	0:07:05	0:07:09
-They evidently succeeded.	0:07:11	0:07:13
-There is a vivid description -of the way...	0:07:13	0:07:17
-..the Druids and the British -soldiers were forced to flee.	0:07:18	0:07:23
-They broke down the defences and -set fire to the religious centres.	0:07:24	0:07:30
-Tacitus claims that Paulinus -defeated the Druids...	0:07:36	0:07:41
-..in one bloody battle.	0:07:41	0:07:43
-He then destroyed -their sacrificial stones.	0:07:43	0:07:46
-It's possible that this account -is no more than Roman PR.	0:07:47	0:07:51
-Modern day scholars believe that -Paulinus was drawn in to fight...	0:07:51	0:07:56
-..a series of small skirmishes -as local tribes defended forts...	0:07:56	0:08:00
-..such as this one in Din Llugwy.	0:08:00	0:08:03
-One thing is known for certain.	0:08:03	0:08:05
-Paulinus's presence on Anglesey...	0:08:05	0:08:08
-..had disastrous consequences -for the Romans in eastern Britain.	0:08:08	0:08:12
-The Romans had five legions -in Britain at the time.	0:08:14	0:08:18
-Paulinus had taken two to Anglesey.	0:08:18	0:08:20
-When trouble surfaced -in eastern England...	0:08:21	0:08:24
-..the Romans were unable -to respond effectively.	0:08:25	0:08:28
-The trouble began in an area -we know today as Norfolk.	0:08:30	0:08:35
-This part of the island was home to -a Brythonic tribe called the Iceni.	0:08:35	0:08:40
-The Iceni were a tribe -with an independent spirit...	0:08:40	0:08:44
-..but they hadn't always -opposed the Romans.	0:08:44	0:08:47
-When the Romans -first reached Britain...	0:08:47	0:08:50
-..many Brythonic tribes surrendered -to the Roman government...	0:08:51	0:08:56
-..as long as the Romans showed -the same respect in return.	0:08:56	0:08:59
-The Iceni's leader, Prasutagus, -was the head of one of these tribes.	0:08:59	0:09:04
-In truth, -the Romans found it difficult...	0:09:07	0:09:10
-..to respect these barbarians.	0:09:10	0:09:13
-Time after time, Roman officers -showed great contempt...	0:09:18	0:09:24
-..which angered the Iceni.	0:09:24	0:09:26
-The Romans had dealt comfortably...	0:09:31	0:09:33
-..with the Iceni's -first rebellion in 47 AD...	0:09:34	0:09:37
-..four years -after arriving in Britain...	0:09:37	0:09:40
-..but there was always tension -between the two parties.	0:09:41	0:09:44
-Any evidence of further contempt -from the Romans...	0:09:44	0:09:47
-..would infuriate the Iceni.	0:09:47	0:09:49
-That's exactly what happened -in 60 AD.	0:09:49	0:09:51
-The history of the Iceni's -great rebellion...	0:09:54	0:09:57
-..starts when Prasutagus, -Boudica's husband, became ill.	0:09:57	0:10:03
-He knew he was about to die.	0:10:04	0:10:06
-He wrote a new will -to safeguard his kingdom and family.	0:10:06	0:10:12
-The will split his land -and property in two.	0:10:14	0:10:19
-Instead of leaving it all -to his family...	0:10:19	0:10:22
-..his wife, Boudica, -and his two daughters...	0:10:22	0:10:25
-..he left half to them and the other -half to the Roman Emperor - Nero.	0:10:26	0:10:31
-Prasutagus wanted to prevent -the Romans...	0:10:33	0:10:35
-..stealing all the Iceni's lands -after his death.	0:10:36	0:10:39
-His actions had serious implications -for his tribe and his family.	0:10:40	0:10:45
-.	0:10:46	0:10:46
-888	0:10:51	0:10:51
-888 - -888	0:10:51	0:10:53
-Prasutagus, King of the Iceni, -was dead.	0:10:54	0:10:58
-He'd left half his belongings -to his family and half to Nero...	0:10:58	0:11:03
-..the Roman Emperor.	0:11:03	0:11:05
-He wanted to safeguard -his tribe from the Romans.	0:11:05	0:11:09
-Soon after, it became evident -that his plan would never work.	0:11:09	0:11:13
-Prasutagus's dream of creating -a bond with the Roman Emperor...	0:11:13	0:11:17
-..was a very foolish dream.	0:11:17	0:11:19
-The Emperor had no intention -to honour this agreement...	0:11:20	0:11:24
-..and share the inheritance -with Boudica and her daughters.	0:11:24	0:11:28
-Women weren't allowed to rule -according to the Romans.	0:11:29	0:11:33
-As the Iceni grieved -for Prasutagus...	0:11:35	0:11:37
-..Roman soldiers visited his home.	0:11:38	0:11:40
-What happened next has horrified -everyone who has heard the story...	0:11:40	0:11:45
-..including Roman historian Tacitus.	0:11:46	0:11:48
-Tacitus claims that the -Roman soldiers committed an act...	0:11:49	0:11:53
-..that would have been seen -as a horrific crime...	0:11:53	0:11:57
-..by every society across history.	0:11:57	0:12:00
-To show their contempt for the Iceni -and in a totally unprovoked act...	0:12:00	0:12:05
-..the Roman soldiers whipped Boudica -and raped her daughters.	0:12:05	0:12:10
-They threw the girls -out of their home...	0:12:11	0:12:14
-..and allowed Roman soldiers -to steal the tribe's belongings...	0:12:15	0:12:18
-..an act which left the tribe -extremely poor.	0:12:19	0:12:21
-The Romans must have been confident -they could transgress...	0:12:23	0:12:28
-..without any repercussions but -this was a mistake on their behalf.	0:12:28	0:12:33
-Under the leadership of Boudica, -the Iceni sought revenge...	0:12:34	0:12:38
-..on those who had insulted them.	0:12:38	0:12:41
-Initially, the Britons gained some -success. They were led by Boudica.	0:12:42	0:12:48
-The Romans were surprised that -the Britons had accepted a woman...	0:12:49	0:12:55
-..as their leader.	0:12:55	0:12:57
-Yes, Boudica was a woman...	0:12:58	0:13:00
-..but she was as resolute -as any man who had led an army.	0:13:01	0:13:05
-Along with the Trinovantes...	0:13:05	0:13:07
-..a tribe which had also suffered -at the hands of the Romans...	0:13:07	0:13:11
-..a bloody -and destructive campaign began.	0:13:11	0:13:15
-Soon, three cities were destroyed.	0:13:15	0:13:17
-The first to feel their wrath -was Camulodunum...	0:13:18	0:13:22
-..or Colchester as it's known today.	0:13:22	0:13:25
-Boudica's attack on that city -was incredibly fierce.	0:13:25	0:13:30
-It was an indication -of what lay ahead.	0:13:30	0:13:34
-Camulodunum was the capital -of the Trinovantes until 43 AD...	0:13:36	0:13:41
-..when it was captured -by the Romans.	0:13:42	0:13:44
-The Trinovantes -had wanted revenge for some time.	0:13:44	0:13:49
-When the Iceni's rebellion began, -they were more than happy to join...	0:13:49	0:13:55
-..with Boudica's army.	0:13:55	0:13:57
-The tribes dined together -to celebrate their new alliance.	0:14:01	0:14:05
-They discussed which Roman centres -they should attack.	0:14:06	0:14:10
-Camulodunum was at the top -of their list.	0:14:10	0:14:13
-The choice was significant.	0:14:16	0:14:18
-The Trinovantes were bitter -about what had happened...	0:14:19	0:14:21
-..to their former capital city.	0:14:22	0:14:25
-What the Romans did at Colchester -was to create a colonia.	0:14:26	0:14:30
-A colonia, which is where -we get our word colony from...	0:14:30	0:14:34
-..meant something very specific -in Roman history.	0:14:34	0:14:37
-A colonia was a settlement -of retired legionary veterans.	0:14:38	0:14:43
-And the colonia at Colchester...	0:14:43	0:14:46
-..was a city of some 4,000 -retired Roman legionaries.	0:14:46	0:14:52
-In the centre of the new city...	0:14:52	0:14:54
-..one building infuriated the tribe -that had once lived here.	0:14:54	0:14:59
-It came as no surprise -that the Trinovantes...	0:14:59	0:15:03
-..wanted to attack Camulodunum.	0:15:03	0:15:05
-The Romans has stolen their land -but more importantly...	0:15:05	0:15:12
-..they built a temple -for Claudius in the city centre.	0:15:12	0:15:15
-A real slap in the face -for the Trinovantes.	0:15:16	0:15:19
-For the natives, -this was an insult...	0:15:20	0:15:23
-..since the Romans -had built on holy land...	0:15:23	0:15:27
-..which had belonged -to the tribe for many years.	0:15:27	0:15:32
-By now, Boudica had the support -of 10,000 soldiers.	0:15:33	0:15:38
-Only 200 Roman soldiers -were posted at Camulodunum.	0:15:38	0:15:42
-Boudica was in a strong position.	0:15:43	0:15:45
-Normally, with a colonia, the -Romans would have provided it...	0:15:46	0:15:49
-..with a stone wall -or an earth rampart and a ditch.	0:15:49	0:15:53
-But Colchester -was completely undefended.	0:15:53	0:15:57
-Boudica had secret sympathizers -inside the town...	0:15:57	0:16:02
-..members of the local population...	0:16:02	0:16:04
-..who did everything they could -to impede the Romans.	0:16:05	0:16:08
-And the town, frankly, -didn't stand a chance.	0:16:08	0:16:11
-Normally, the Roman garrison -could have asked...	0:16:13	0:16:18
-..Suetonius Paulinus for help -but he was busy elsewhere.	0:16:18	0:16:25
-Paulinus was hundreds of miles away, -here on Anglesey.	0:16:27	0:16:31
-Boudica knew he couldn't rush back -to save his people.	0:16:31	0:16:35
-She took her time to organize every -element of the attack carefully.	0:16:35	0:16:40
-She didn't have to attack -until she was ready...	0:16:40	0:16:43
-..but no-one -would have to wait long.	0:16:44	0:16:46
-Boudica's attack on Camulodunum -was fierce.	0:16:49	0:16:53
-She captured the city -within a few hours.	0:16:53	0:16:56
-Most of the colonialists -were killed.	0:16:58	0:17:01
-The others rushed to -the safest building in the city...	0:17:01	0:17:05
-..Claudius's temple.	0:17:05	0:17:07
-The castle that can be seen -in the centre of Colchester today...	0:17:16	0:17:20
-..is on the exact spot -where Claudius's temple once stood.	0:17:20	0:17:25
-Behind the walls -you'll find a number of chambers...	0:17:25	0:17:28
-..which still hold -a strange, eerie quality today.	0:17:28	0:17:32
-In these cells, the Romans -made their final stand...	0:17:32	0:17:36
-..before they were all killed.	0:17:36	0:17:39
-After capturing the city, -Boudica's army set it alight.	0:17:40	0:17:45
-We don't have to accept -the historians' words for this...	0:17:45	0:17:49
-..the evidence -is clear to this day...	0:17:50	0:17:52
-..as archaeologist -Paul Sealey now explains.	0:17:53	0:17:56
-This is a slice through -the history of Roman Colchester.	0:17:56	0:18:00
-Just down here, you can make out -gravel which is a Roman road.	0:18:01	0:18:06
-More interestingly, up above it, -you've got bright red daub.	0:18:06	0:18:11
-Because Colchester -was burnt to the ground...	0:18:11	0:18:14
-..this daub was turned -into something very like pottery...	0:18:14	0:18:18
-..and therefore, it has survived.	0:18:19	0:18:21
-What you've got -is tangible proof...	0:18:21	0:18:24
-..that Colchester was burnt -to the ground by Boudica in AD 60.	0:18:24	0:18:28
-The evidence is in front of us.	0:18:28	0:18:30
-With the taste of victory -still fresh...	0:18:30	0:18:33
-..the Iceni rebels, -along with other tribes...	0:18:33	0:18:37
-..were already searching -for fresh Roman blood.	0:18:37	0:18:41
-Of course, with Suetonius Paulinus -and most of his army...	0:18:41	0:18:45
-..hundreds of miles away...	0:18:45	0:18:47
-..it was impossible -for the Romans to fight back.	0:18:47	0:18:51
-Back then, you couldn't phone -someone to tell them to come over.	0:18:52	0:18:56
-It was a matter of days before -a messenger arrived on Anglesey...	0:18:56	0:19:01
-..to request an army -to overcome Boudica's rebellion.	0:19:02	0:19:06
-In the weeks -after capturing Camulodunum...	0:19:11	0:19:14
-..Boudica's army moved south, -destroying Roman towns on their way.	0:19:14	0:19:19
-After destroying Verulamium, -modern day St Albans...	0:19:22	0:19:26
-..Boudica reached a town -on the banks of the Thames.	0:19:26	0:19:30
-Londinium - London.	0:19:30	0:19:32
-Londinium was an important trade -centre but it was only a small town.	0:19:32	0:19:37
-Boudica was determined. -She wanted revenge.	0:19:37	0:19:40
-She wanted to erase London -from the map.	0:19:41	0:19:43
-It's surprising -that Suetonius Paulinus...	0:19:44	0:19:47
-..allowed such a thing to happen.	0:19:47	0:19:50
-As soon as he heard about -the rebellion in Camulodunum...	0:19:50	0:19:54
-..Paulinus rushed back -to the city...	0:19:54	0:19:57
-..correctly assuming that Boudica -was heading for Londinium.	0:19:57	0:20:01
-He arrived before Boudica.	0:20:02	0:20:04
-Unfortunately, he arrived -before most of his army.	0:20:04	0:20:07
-They were still travelling -from Anglesey.	0:20:08	0:20:10
-He soon realized he had insufficient -manpower to overcome Boudica's army.	0:20:11	0:20:16
-Wisely, but disastrously -for the city's inhabitants...	0:20:16	0:20:20
-..he retreated and left Londinium -and its population...	0:20:20	0:20:23
-..to face their fate.	0:20:24	0:20:25
-.	0:20:26	0:20:26
-888	0:20:32	0:20:32
-888 - -888	0:20:32	0:20:34
-The Roman order in Britain -was under intense pressure.	0:20:36	0:20:40
-Suetonius Paulinus could do nothing -to prevent Boudica...	0:20:40	0:20:44
-..setting Londinium alight -as he travelled north.	0:20:44	0:20:48
-Paulinus fled when Boudica -attacked Londinium.	0:20:49	0:20:52
-He gathered his soldiers together...	0:20:53	0:20:55
-..about 10,000 men.	0:20:56	0:20:58
-He had the opportunity -to choose his land.	0:20:58	0:21:01
-The land he chose -would have surprised Buddug...	0:21:01	0:21:04
-..had she spoken to any strategist.	0:21:04	0:21:07
-He decided to place his soldiers -with their backs to a thick forest.	0:21:07	0:21:13
-This would prevent their escape.	0:21:14	0:21:16
-Paulinus had 10,000 soldiers - -a great army.	0:21:16	0:21:19
-Boudica had over 200,000 men.	0:21:19	0:21:23
-If you could have placed a bet -on the outcome...	0:21:24	0:21:28
-..with so many natives -and their chariots of war...	0:21:28	0:21:32
-..and Boudica...	0:21:32	0:21:34
-..heading up her army...	0:21:35	0:21:37
-..you would have backed -the natives.	0:21:38	0:21:41
-But the Romans favoured battles -on open land.	0:21:41	0:21:45
-Boudica had greater manpower...	0:21:46	0:21:48
-..but the Roman army -were better prepared.	0:21:48	0:21:51
-They attacked together. -It was an efficient army.	0:21:51	0:21:55
-One factor that guaranteed victory -for the Romans...	0:21:56	0:22:01
-..was that Boudica's army -was very disorganized.	0:22:01	0:22:06
-It was a huge army -with mixed abilities.	0:22:06	0:22:10
-It included the wives and children -of the armed soldiers.	0:22:10	0:22:17
-There were too many people -in the same place.	0:22:17	0:22:20
-The Romans were in a strong tactical -position with natural defences.	0:22:21	0:22:25
-When the Britons rushed forward...	0:22:26	0:22:28
-..the Romans attacked -in their normal manner...	0:22:28	0:22:32
-..and their armoury was far superior -to the armoury of the Britons.	0:22:32	0:22:38
-The Romans don't move, -don't flinch, don't bat an eyelid.	0:22:38	0:22:42
-They wait until the Britons -are just within javelin range...	0:22:42	0:22:47
-..and discharge -a volley of javelins.	0:22:48	0:22:52
-Those Britons who aren't -wounded or killed outright...	0:22:53	0:22:56
-..find they've got a javelin -stuck in their shield.	0:22:57	0:23:00
-The shield is useless, -so they throw the shield down.	0:23:01	0:23:05
-And while all this is going on...	0:23:05	0:23:07
-..the Britons are tripping over -casualties and goodness knows what.	0:23:07	0:23:12
-Paulinus attacked them -in a rather barbaric way.	0:23:13	0:23:18
-Since the Brythonic soldiers, -men and women it seems...	0:23:20	0:23:25
-..were at the front of the attack...	0:23:25	0:23:27
-..they were followed into battle -by chariots.	0:23:28	0:23:32
-When Paulinus attacked, -the Britons were trapped...	0:23:33	0:23:38
-..by their chariots, -their children and their slaves.	0:23:39	0:23:43
-They were trapped -and they were killed.	0:23:43	0:23:47
-According to Tacitus, around 80,000 -Britons were killed in the massacre.	0:23:50	0:23:56
-It was the end of the rebellion -and Boudica's campaign.	0:23:56	0:24:00
-Although she wasn't killed -in battle, she died soon after.	0:24:00	0:24:05
-According to the history books...	0:24:11	0:24:14
-..it appears that Boudica -committed suicide after the battle.	0:24:14	0:24:20
-According to one tale, -she poisoned herself.	0:24:20	0:24:25
-There is no certainty -to this story...	0:24:25	0:24:29
-..but that is the accepted -version of events...	0:24:29	0:24:33
-..given by Latin historian Tacitus.	0:24:33	0:24:37
-Yes, Boudica had died but -the legacy of her brave campaign...	0:24:38	0:24:44
-..against the Roman Empire lived on.	0:24:44	0:24:47
-Across the river from the Palace -of Westminster in London...	0:24:47	0:24:52
-..one of the strongholds -of the Roman Empire...	0:24:52	0:24:55
-..a statue was erected -during the Victoria Age.	0:24:56	0:24:59
-Boudica was now a legendary figure.	0:24:59	0:25:02
-She also became a Welsh heroine.	0:25:02	0:25:04
-If you visit the gallery of -immortals in Cardiff's City Hall...	0:25:04	0:25:09
-..the only woman you'll see -is Boudica.	0:25:09	0:25:12
-They felt they had to have -one woman so they chose Boudica.	0:25:12	0:25:16
-There's a lot of nonsense -behind that.	0:25:17	0:25:19
-Wales's greatest heroine -is a woman from Norfolk.	0:25:20	0:25:23
-Boudica's story has become -a romantic legend over the years...	0:25:25	0:25:29
-..but there was no happy ending -for her followers.	0:25:29	0:25:32
-We know that the period -following her death...	0:25:33	0:25:37
-..was rather barren for Britons.	0:25:37	0:25:40
-Paulinus was determined -to exact his revenge on the Iceni...	0:25:40	0:25:44
-..for massacring so many Romans.	0:25:44	0:25:47
-With his army, he travelled -across southern Britain...	0:25:47	0:25:51
-..killing his enemies mercilessly.	0:25:51	0:25:54
-Suetonius was a hard -and unforgiving man.	0:25:54	0:25:57
-He was not disposed to show -any mercy or clemency...	0:25:57	0:26:01
-..towards the Britons whatsoever.	0:26:01	0:26:03
-After the battle, -Paulinus gathered together...	0:26:04	0:26:08
-..all the Roman forces in Britain...	0:26:08	0:26:11
-..and they descended on Essex -and East Anglia en masse.	0:26:11	0:26:16
-They proceeded -to strike terror and fear...	0:26:16	0:26:18
-..into the hearts of those Britons -who remained there.	0:26:19	0:26:22
-Paulinus's policy -was not only cruel and spiteful...	0:26:24	0:26:29
-..it was also insane.	0:26:30	0:26:32
-The Romans came to the island -to utilize its natural resources.	0:26:32	0:26:37
-With Paulinus -on a mission of revenge...	0:26:37	0:26:42
-..that process had stopped.	0:26:42	0:26:44
-The country's government -needed to be re-established.	0:26:44	0:26:48
-Paulinus was not the right man -for the job.	0:26:48	0:26:51
-After Paulinus's time, Rome sent -talented governors to Britannia.	0:26:54	0:27:00
-These were men who understood -the need to build an empire...	0:27:00	0:27:05
-..using their brains as well -as their brawn.	0:27:05	0:27:08
-One of the most prominent -was Julius Agricola...	0:27:08	0:27:12
-..who arrived 20 years -after Paulinus's time.	0:27:12	0:27:15
-We know a lot -about Agricola's work...	0:27:16	0:27:19
-..because Latin historian Tacitus -was related to him.	0:27:19	0:27:23
-Agricola was Tacitus's -father-in-law.	0:27:23	0:27:27
-He had a lot of respect for him.	0:27:27	0:27:30
-By praising the new governor...	0:27:30	0:27:34
-..Tacitus showed Agricola -to be the embodiment...	0:27:35	0:27:40
-..of the Roman Empire's ideals.	0:27:42	0:27:45
-Rather than attacking the natives...	0:27:46	0:27:49
-..Agricola tried to form -an amicable bond...	0:27:50	0:27:54
-..with those who wanted -to co-operate with Rome.	0:27:55	0:27:58
-If the natives refused -to co-operate with his terms...	0:27:58	0:28:02
-..it was a different story.	0:28:02	0:28:04
-The new governor had unfinished -business in north-west Wales...	0:28:06	0:28:11
-..the domain of the Ordovices.	0:28:12	0:28:14
-This fierce tribe -was constantly rebelling...	0:28:14	0:28:18
-..from its stronghold on Anglesey.	0:28:18	0:28:21
-After one attack in particular, -when the Ordovices overcame...	0:28:21	0:28:26
-..a cavalry squadron -on the mainland...	0:28:26	0:28:29
-..Agricola decided -revenge was the only option.	0:28:29	0:28:33
-He retaliated with some force.	0:28:33	0:28:35
-It happened in late summer, -an unusual tactic by the Romans.	0:28:37	0:28:42
-Romans would normally -only attack in spring and summer.	0:28:42	0:28:46
-They would live in their winter -quarters from September onwards.	0:28:47	0:28:51
-Agricola decided to proceed -right away.	0:28:52	0:28:55
-He reached the banks of the Menai -to face the Ordovices rebellion.	0:28:55	0:29:00
-A fierce, bloody battle -was fought against the Ordovices...	0:29:02	0:29:07
-..and Agricola -gained many successes.	0:29:07	0:29:10
-He decided to capitalize on -this success by attacking Anglesey.	0:29:10	0:29:17
-Agricola's tactics -on the banks of the Menai...	0:29:17	0:29:21
-..were skilful and unrelenting.	0:29:21	0:29:23
-He had no boats - -he had rushed to north Wales.	0:29:24	0:29:27
-He sent a troop of soldiers -who could swim straight across...	0:29:27	0:29:33
-..from Lavan Sands where -the channel is narrower on low tide.	0:29:33	0:29:39
-According to historian Tacitus...	0:29:39	0:29:42
-..the Ordovices were so surprised -by the Romans' audacity...	0:29:42	0:29:47
-..they decided to surrender -the island immediately.	0:29:47	0:29:51
-Despite the surrender, Agricola's -soldiers sought their revenge.	0:29:52	0:29:58
-The people who lived in Gwynedd -and on Anglesey...	0:29:58	0:30:02
-..including the Druids, -were exterminated.	0:30:03	0:30:06
-There is little evidence -to suggest...	0:30:06	0:30:08
-..that there was any life on -Anglesey in the years that followed.	0:30:09	0:30:12
-The response to the threat -of the Ordovices was phenomenal...	0:30:15	0:30:20
-..but Governor Agricola -preferred peaceful policies.	0:30:21	0:30:26
-Through him, -Rome offered a better life...	0:30:26	0:30:30
-..for those who obeyed -the Roman order.	0:30:30	0:30:33
-Not long after the Roman Conquest...	0:30:34	0:30:38
-..people were in a hurry -to live like Romans.	0:30:39	0:30:44
-They felt they were privileged -to live like Romans.	0:30:44	0:30:49
-This is how every empire works.	0:30:49	0:30:52
-Establish an order...	0:30:53	0:30:55
-..and persuade the population -to follow its values.	0:30:55	0:30:59
-This is what's happening -in America today...	0:30:59	0:31:03
-..with the so-called -coca-colonization.	0:31:03	0:31:06
-By the second generation -after the conquest...	0:31:07	0:31:11
-..the beginning -of the second century...	0:31:11	0:31:15
-..the Romans had attracted the elite -leaders from most of the tribes...	0:31:15	0:31:22
-..to enjoy the fineries of Rome...	0:31:22	0:31:25
-..the luxuries that existed -within a large empire...	0:31:26	0:31:31
-..the general wealth and affluence.	0:31:31	0:31:34
-Tacitus notes this in his work.	0:31:34	0:31:37
-"And so the Britons were gradually -led on to the amenities...	0:31:37	0:31:43
-"..that make vice agreeable.	0:31:44	0:31:46
-"Arcades, baths -and sumptuous banquets.	0:31:47	0:31:51
-"They spoke of such novelties -as civilisation...	0:31:51	0:31:56
-"..when really, they were only -a feature of enslavement."	0:31:56	0:32:01
-Over the next 150 years...	0:32:04	0:32:05
-..the policies of Agricola -and his successors...	0:32:06	0:32:09
-..Romanizing the Britons, -were followed enthusiastically.	0:32:09	0:32:14
-Many of the tribal leaders -were Romanized.	0:32:14	0:32:17
-The greatest weapon -they had to attract rural people...	0:32:17	0:32:22
-..was the new civic way of life.	0:32:22	0:32:24
-For the Romans, the cities with all -their resources and excitement...	0:32:26	0:32:31
-..were the places to live.	0:32:31	0:32:34
-By building new cities...	0:32:34	0:32:36
-..Rome showed that the empire's way -of doing things...	0:32:36	0:32:41
-..was more beneficial -than rural life.	0:32:41	0:32:44
-Two cultures collided...	0:32:44	0:32:46
-..in the new towns and suburbs -around the Roman forts.	0:32:46	0:32:52
-This process attracted people -who had accepted Romanization.	0:32:52	0:32:58
-They were attracted to the values, -culture and language of Rome.	0:32:58	0:33:04
-As we all know, -Rome wasn't built in a day.	0:33:06	0:33:09
-It would take many years -to build cities on an island...	0:33:09	0:33:14
-..as remote as Britain.	0:33:14	0:33:16
-Boudica and her followers -had destroyed the towns...	0:33:16	0:33:20
-..which had been established.	0:33:20	0:33:22
-Rome was determined -to change things.	0:33:23	0:33:25
-Over the next century...	0:33:25	0:33:27
-..Romans built city after city, -town after town...	0:33:28	0:33:33
-..changing the British landscape.	0:33:33	0:33:36
-These weren't all new towns.	0:33:36	0:33:38
-The towns destroyed -during Boudica's rebellion...	0:33:38	0:33:42
-..were rebuilt.	0:33:42	0:33:44
-Camulodunum - Colchester - -was rebuilt.	0:33:45	0:33:48
-This time, the roads were wider -and the buildings were grander.	0:33:48	0:33:53
-Every town was surrounded -by a solid wall.	0:33:53	0:33:56
-Better late than never.	0:33:57	0:34:00
-Parts of the wall -can still be seen today...	0:34:04	0:34:07
-..as well as this solid entrance.	0:34:08	0:34:10
-However, finding evidence -of other buildings constructed...	0:34:10	0:34:15
-..during this revolutionary era -is rather more difficult.	0:34:15	0:34:19
-Cities such as London, which -was rebuilt during this time...	0:34:24	0:34:28
-..have grown so much since then.	0:34:28	0:34:31
-Almost all the Roman buildings -have disappeared.	0:34:32	0:34:35
-For a clearer view -of the construction work...	0:34:35	0:34:38
-..we have to leave -eastern Britain...	0:34:38	0:34:41
-..and head west.	0:34:41	0:34:43
-Where is our first port of call?	0:34:44	0:34:46
-There's nowhere more suitable -than the ancient city of Bath.	0:34:46	0:34:50
-You can find exceptional -architecture wherever you look...	0:34:50	0:34:54
-..but the most exceptional -is found at the place...	0:34:55	0:34:58
-..that gives its name to the city - -the Roman baths.	0:34:58	0:35:02
-It's hard to believe...	0:35:02	0:35:04
-..that some of these buildings -are 2,000 years old.	0:35:04	0:35:08
-This is my first visit to the baths, -and it's an incredible location.	0:35:08	0:35:12
-It's a holistic -and religious centre...	0:35:12	0:35:15
-..in addition to being -a tourist attraction.	0:35:15	0:35:18
-The construction work began -15 years after Boudica's rebellion.	0:35:19	0:35:23
-The baths and the temple were -completed by the second century...	0:35:23	0:35:29
-..and this was a meeting place for -Romans for the next three centuries.	0:35:29	0:35:34
-Visitors from around the world -visit the baths to this day...	0:35:34	0:35:39
-..almost 2,000 years later.	0:35:39	0:35:42
-People travelled from the -far reaches of the Roman Empire...	0:35:44	0:35:48
-..to worship in the temple -or bathe in the warm waters.	0:35:49	0:35:54
-It was also an attraction -for Britons.	0:35:54	0:35:58
-The Romans encouraged -the Britons to visit...	0:35:59	0:36:04
-..by dedicating the baths -to Sulis Minerva...	0:36:05	0:36:08
-..a half-Roman, -half-Brythonic God...	0:36:08	0:36:11
-..a god who had been created -to convey a message...	0:36:11	0:36:15
-..that there was no longer animosity -between the Romans and Britons.	0:36:15	0:36:20
-Rather, that the Romans -and Britons were united.	0:36:20	0:36:23
-Think of yourselves -as part of the new Britannia.	0:36:23	0:36:27
-.	0:36:28	0:36:28
-888	0:36:34	0:36:34
-888 - -888	0:36:34	0:36:36
-Bath isn't the only place -in Britain...	0:36:39	0:36:41
-..where the Romans tried -to influence the Britons.	0:36:42	0:36:45
-A chain of towns were established...	0:36:46	0:36:48
-..to try and encourage them -to live like Romans.	0:36:49	0:36:52
-The remains of some of those towns -can still be seen today.	0:36:54	0:36:58
-I've travelled to Shropshire -to see one of the locations...	0:36:58	0:37:02
-..near the village of Wroxeter, -or Caerwrygion.	0:37:03	0:37:07
-In Roman times, -it was called Viroconium.	0:37:07	0:37:11
-Viroconium was one of the civitates -which were established...	0:37:13	0:37:18
-..in a number of locations -in southern Britain...	0:37:18	0:37:21
-..or anywhere where the locals -agreed not to rebel...	0:37:22	0:37:25
-..and to live in peace -with the Romans.	0:37:25	0:37:28
-These locations became -governing centres for many years.	0:37:28	0:37:33
-When Viroconium was a flourishing -town in the second century...	0:37:35	0:37:40
-..it was spread over 200 acres.	0:37:40	0:37:43
-6,000 people lived here...	0:37:43	0:37:46
-..all enjoying the benefits -of city life.	0:37:46	0:37:50
-There was a forum, or market, -hotels, shops, public houses...	0:37:50	0:37:55
-..a Roman bath and a temple.	0:37:56	0:37:58
-Imagine the dramatic change -in the lives of the Britons.	0:37:58	0:38:03
-Their forefathers -lived harsh and primitive lives.	0:38:03	0:38:08
-Here they were...	0:38:08	0:38:09
-..living in a town where some people -slept in beds with lavish covers.	0:38:10	0:38:15
-They drank continental wine, -added olive oil to their food...	0:38:15	0:38:18
-..and were kept warm -by a central heating system.	0:38:18	0:38:21
-Of course, the majority of people -didn't live like this...	0:38:22	0:38:26
-..but they knew that life existed...	0:38:26	0:38:29
-..and dreamt -of living the life one day.	0:38:29	0:38:32
-However, some of the Brythonic -tribes didn't enjoy this life.	0:38:33	0:38:39
-This was true of the Ordovices -in north Wales.	0:38:39	0:38:43
-The appeal of this new way -of life was so strong for some...	0:38:44	0:38:50
-..it surpassed the old feelings -of anger towards their conquerors.	0:38:50	0:38:55
-The greatest testament to this -can be seen in Monmouthshire...	0:38:55	0:38:59
-..in Caerwent.	0:38:59	0:39:01
-The village has grown around -the remains of a Roman town.	0:39:03	0:39:07
-The remains can still be seen -in some parts...	0:39:07	0:39:10
-..evidence of the solid nature -of these structures.	0:39:10	0:39:14
-This location, along with -Viroconium, was a civitas...	0:39:14	0:39:19
-..the primary town of a tribe which -had accepted the Roman way of life.	0:39:19	0:39:23
-It may be a surprise to learn -the identity of this tribe.	0:39:24	0:39:27
-We know the name of the tribe.	0:39:28	0:39:30
-A century ago, archaeologists -found an old foundation stone.	0:39:30	0:39:35
-It can be seen -in the parish church of Caerwent.	0:39:35	0:39:39
-You could easily pass this stone -without noticing it.	0:39:44	0:39:49
-It's a very significant stone.	0:39:49	0:39:52
-It's part of a larger statue...	0:39:52	0:39:56
-..and the inscriptions tell us -who once lived here.	0:39:56	0:40:00
-The two words - Civit Silurum.	0:40:01	0:40:03
-This is the city of the Silures.	0:40:03	0:40:06
-When you remember the history of the -Silures, this is quite a surprise.	0:40:06	0:40:11
-The words are incredible.	0:40:13	0:40:15
-The Silures were no ordinary tribe.	0:40:15	0:40:19
-Long before the Iceni -and Trinovantes rebellion...	0:40:19	0:40:22
-..the Silures had been a real -thorn in the side of the empire.	0:40:22	0:40:28
-In partnership with Cartacus, -Rome's chief enemy in Britain...	0:40:28	0:40:32
-..the Silures -had attacked the Romans.	0:40:33	0:40:35
-They overcame three Roman units -in one day...	0:40:37	0:40:42
-..and gained a victory -over an entire legion.	0:40:42	0:40:45
-It's hard to believe -that a tribe of warriors...	0:40:46	0:40:51
-..had settled here -and accepted the Roman way of life.	0:40:51	0:40:56
-However, this stone -proves that this was the case.	0:40:56	0:41:01
-The Latin word 'civitates' -suggests that the natives...	0:41:01	0:41:05
-..some of them at least...	0:41:06	0:41:08
-..in Caerwent had been drawn in -to this new way of life...	0:41:08	0:41:12
-..the Roman way of life.	0:41:12	0:41:15
-The Romans -not only conquered nations...	0:41:16	0:41:19
-..but they also rewarded them...	0:41:19	0:41:22
-..and encouraged them -to adopt Roman customs.	0:41:23	0:41:27
-Soon after the process -of conquering was complete...	0:41:27	0:41:31
-..they realized that they needed -the powers of persuasion...	0:41:32	0:41:37
-..beyond the use of their weaponry.	0:41:37	0:41:40
-This is a traditional -Silures area...	0:41:43	0:41:46
-..a tribe which had opposed -the Romans so vehemently.	0:41:46	0:41:51
-Within a century, it's a town, -and later a city...	0:41:51	0:41:55
-..a Silures city.	0:41:56	0:41:58
-Caerwent was surrounded -by high, extravagant, thick walls.	0:41:58	0:42:07
-These were the defences of Britain's -greatest city at the time.	0:42:07	0:42:12
-Today, those defences -are still in excellent condition.	0:42:12	0:42:17
-Taming the Silures tribe -was very significant.	0:42:19	0:42:23
-Why?	0:42:24	0:42:25
-Charming them with -the sophisticated resources...	0:42:25	0:42:30
-..which once existed here - -the shops, taverns and offices...	0:42:30	0:42:35
-..was further evidence -for the Romans...	0:42:35	0:42:38
-..that they didn't need to use -brute force to achieve their goals.	0:42:38	0:42:42
-Well, not in all cases, anyway.	0:42:42	0:42:45
-The Silures surrendered -around 75 AD.	0:42:47	0:42:52
-Some tribes -had still not surrendered...	0:42:53	0:42:56
-..but most tribes in southern -Britain surrendered soon after...	0:42:56	0:43:00
-..and accepted the new Roman order.	0:43:00	0:43:02
-Before the end -of the first century AD...	0:43:03	0:43:07
-..all lands in southern Britain...	0:43:07	0:43:09
-..lived under Pax Romana - -Roman peace.	0:43:10	0:43:12
-There would be no more rebellions -in this part of Britain.	0:43:13	0:43:16
-However, the situation was different -in the northern half of the country.	0:43:18	0:43:23
-The Pict tribes lived in the country -we now know as Scotland.	0:43:23	0:43:28
-They fought against -the Roman military machine...	0:43:28	0:43:32
-..for another 350 years.	0:43:32	0:43:34
-Time after time, -Rome sent large armies north.	0:43:35	0:43:39
-They sent their best generals -with them.	0:43:39	0:43:43
-Sometimes, the armies were led -by Roman emperors...	0:43:43	0:43:47
-..but despite all their efforts, -they failed to win the war.	0:43:47	0:43:51
-They could not conquer Scotland.	0:43:52	0:43:54
-Rome's most astute leaders -were well aware of this.	0:43:54	0:43:59
-This is why one of the best leaders, -Emperor Hadrian...	0:43:59	0:44:03
-..built his famous wall.	0:44:03	0:44:05
-When building work -was completed, in 130 AD...	0:44:06	0:44:10
-..the wall frightened everyone -who saw it.	0:44:11	0:44:15
-It was 73 miles long, -six metres high...	0:44:15	0:44:20
-..and it was there as a testament -to Rome's power and strength.	0:44:20	0:44:24
-The wall was also an efficient way -to control the people.	0:44:25	0:44:29
-It was used as a customs post -for trade taxation.	0:44:29	0:44:33
-Hadrian's Wall also marked -the border of the empire...	0:44:33	0:44:37
-..to show that Rome had conceded -their aim of conquering Britain.	0:44:38	0:44:43
-To the north of the wall, a new -breed of warrior would emerge...	0:44:44	0:44:49
-..to oppose the Romans -for the next few centuries.	0:44:49	0:44:53
-To the south of the wall, Britain -was at peace for almost 300 years.	0:44:53	0:44:59
-I'm in Segontium, -the Roman fort in Caernarfon.	0:45:00	0:45:04
-The original fort -was built in 77 AD.	0:45:04	0:45:08
-It was rebuilt in stone in 140 AD...	0:45:08	0:45:13
-..a few years -after Hadrian's Wall was built.	0:45:13	0:45:16
-It was home -to around 100 soldiers...	0:45:16	0:45:19
-..and also an important -administrative centre...	0:45:19	0:45:23
-..collecting taxes and coordinating -the local mining activities.	0:45:23	0:45:27
-This location housed Roman soldiers -for around 250 years.	0:45:29	0:45:35
-Archaeologists -have found many artefacts here...	0:45:35	0:45:38
-..including coins -and pieces of pottery.	0:45:38	0:45:42
-On the whole, -this was a peaceful age.	0:45:45	0:45:49
-The Romans ruled for centuries...	0:45:49	0:45:52
-..and they influenced the culture -and society of the Brythonic tribes.	0:45:52	0:45:57
-As the years passed, a large number -of tribal leaders and heads...	0:45:59	0:46:05
-..came to accept and welcome -the Roman way of life.	0:46:05	0:46:10
-However, -as some enjoyed their new lives...	0:46:11	0:46:15
-..others were cast aside -by the Romans.	0:46:15	0:46:18
-The smaller forts -visible across Wales...	0:46:18	0:46:21
-..are testament -to the number of soldiers needed...	0:46:21	0:46:24
-..to control the country.	0:46:25	0:46:26
-Some forts have disappeared, -others are slowly disappearing...	0:46:27	0:46:31
-..such as this one near Llandovery.	0:46:31	0:46:33
-This one near Brecon -is in excellent condition.	0:46:33	0:46:38
-We can try to identify areas -where there was a boundary.	0:46:39	0:46:44
-These were areas which had to be -defended by garrisons.	0:46:44	0:46:48
-These weren't -the fertile lowlands...	0:46:48	0:46:51
-..in south-east Britain -and the Midlands.	0:46:52	0:46:55
-They were in the mountainous areas -of the west and north of Britain.	0:46:55	0:47:00
-Most of the Roman soldiers...	0:47:00	0:47:04
-..were stationed -in the mountainous areas.	0:47:04	0:47:08
-This suggests a division -in Britain...	0:47:08	0:47:11
-..between the civic, -or civilian, areas...	0:47:11	0:47:15
-..and areas under military rule.	0:47:16	0:47:19
-These not only included -the legionary fortresses...	0:47:20	0:47:24
-..but also a network -of smaller forts across Wales.	0:47:24	0:47:28
-Life could be very difficult -under Roman rule.	0:47:29	0:47:34
-The Roman Golden Age in Britain -meant very little to the slaves...	0:47:34	0:47:39
-..who had to mine for that gold.	0:47:40	0:47:42
-What could be won -and what could be lost...	0:47:42	0:47:47
-..under the Pax Romana.	0:47:47	0:47:49
-That's a question I'll be asking in -the final programme of the series.	0:47:50	0:47:54
-S4C Subtitles by Simian 04 Cyf.	0:48:22	0:48:25
-.	0:48:25	0:48:25

Pennod 2 Y Rhufeiniaid

Similar Content

Entertainment

Factual

Y Rhufeiniaid

Pennod 1

Pennod 3

Transcript

Download Subtitles

SRT

ASS