Pennod 3 ‹ Y Rhufeiniaid

Line	From	To
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-888 - -888	0:00:00	0:00:02
-For almost four centuries -after Christ's death...	0:00:04	0:00:07
-..Britain was part -of the Roman Empire.	0:00:08	0:00:12
-Some tribal leaders befriended -the Romans who came to Britain.	0:00:13	0:00:19
-Life was good for many of them under -the Pax Romana - the Roman Peace.	0:00:20	0:00:25
-For others...	0:00:25	0:00:27
-..the Roman occupation -was a nightmare.	0:00:27	0:00:30
-For many Britons, life under Roman -rule was difficult...	0:00:31	0:00:35
-..unpleasant and short.	0:00:35	0:00:37
-I'm Rhun ap Iorwerth.	0:00:39	0:00:41
-As a journalist -and political correspondent...	0:00:41	0:00:45
-..I've asked our modern-day rulers -many times about their work.	0:00:45	0:00:50
-On this journey, -our history is most important.	0:00:50	0:00:53
-To understand our own lives...	0:00:54	0:00:56
-..we have to understand -the lives of our forefathers.	0:00:56	0:01:00
-People who were trampled.	0:01:00	0:01:02
-I'll be journeying back to the -first centuries of our history...	0:01:02	0:01:06
-..when our country -was governed by Rome.	0:01:07	0:01:10
-I'll be visiting sites -in England and Wales.	0:01:10	0:01:13
-Some are well known...	0:01:13	0:01:15
-..while others are only known -to a handful of people.	0:01:15	0:01:18
-Using the latest -graphic techniques...	0:01:20	0:01:23
-..I'm hoping to see the new Britain -the Romans built.	0:01:23	0:01:27
-With the help of people who enjoy -recreating Roman battles...	0:01:27	0:01:34
-..we'll feel the excitement and -horror of their military strength.	0:01:34	0:01:39
-By combining this with -the latest work of archaeologists...	0:01:40	0:01:44
-..and articles -scripted centuries ago...	0:01:45	0:01:47
-..I hope to show you the Romans -in a way you've never seen before.	0:01:47	0:01:52
-This is a full account -of what happened before...	0:01:52	0:01:57
-..during..	0:01:57	0:01:58
-..and after the Roman invasion -of Britain.	0:01:58	0:02:02
-Roman Peace	0:02:08	0:02:15
-When the Romans -invaded Britain in 43 AD...	0:02:15	0:02:20
-..some tribal leaders -retaliated for decades.	0:02:20	0:02:25
-Some, such as Boudica...	0:02:25	0:02:28
-..almost sent the Romans back...	0:02:28	0:02:31
-..but the Roman army stood firm...	0:02:31	0:02:35
-..and established an order -which lasted for centuries.	0:02:35	0:02:38
-Completing the construction -of Hadrian's Wall in 130 AD...	0:02:42	0:02:46
-..was the beginning -of a new chapter.	0:02:46	0:02:49
-For the next 300 years...	0:02:49	0:02:51
-..it was predominantly a peaceful -life for people south of the border.	0:02:52	0:02:56
-The Brythonic-Roman society...	0:02:56	0:02:58
-..which existed during -this comparatively peaceful era...	0:02:59	0:03:02
-..was seen as a golden age.	0:03:03	0:03:04
-That was particularly evident -in south-east Britain.	0:03:05	0:03:09
-There was -a network of market towns...	0:03:09	0:03:12
-..with a plentiful supply -of goods for the people.	0:03:12	0:03:16
-The Roman era -has provided archaeologists...	0:03:16	0:03:19
-..with an abundance of riches.	0:03:19	0:03:21
-Whilst digging at Roman sites, -they've found coins, pottery...	0:03:21	0:03:25
-..statues...	0:03:26	0:03:28
-..gifts for the gods.	0:03:29	0:03:31
-So many artefacts can be found -at Roman archaeological sites.	0:03:31	0:03:37
-If you visit sites -in southern Britain...	0:03:37	0:03:40
-..you'll see how rich some of the -people were during the Roman era.	0:03:40	0:03:45
-You'll find the remains of a -Roman villa in Lullingstone in Kent.	0:03:45	0:03:50
-As you cast your eye over -the mosaic in the dining room...	0:03:51	0:03:54
-..you can appreciate the lavish -lifestyle the owners led.	0:03:55	0:03:58
-This villa was one -of the grandest homes in Britain.	0:03:59	0:04:02
-There are plenty of examples -of mosaic flooring in Wales too...	0:04:02	0:04:06
-..such as this one in Caerwent.	0:04:07	0:04:09
-Laying a mosaic like this -was quite a challenge.	0:04:09	0:04:13
-It takes remarkable skill.	0:04:13	0:04:16
-As you can imagine...	0:04:16	0:04:18
-..people who could afford to lay -entire floors in their homes...	0:04:18	0:04:23
-..were very wealthy people.	0:04:23	0:04:25
-Most villas were owned by people -who had moved from the continent...	0:04:27	0:04:32
-..but many of them -were originally from Britain...	0:04:33	0:04:36
-..descendants -of the Brythonic leaders...	0:04:37	0:04:40
-..who had co-operated -with the Romans...	0:04:40	0:04:43
-..but this elite was only a small -proportion of the population.	0:04:43	0:04:47
-The common Britons who didn't -belong to a privileged class...	0:04:49	0:04:55
-..also benefited from Roman rule.	0:04:55	0:04:58
-New roads were built, -new foods were introduced...	0:04:59	0:05:02
-..and sewage systems -were established.	0:05:02	0:05:05
-The Romans' ingenuity -improved many aspects of life...	0:05:05	0:05:09
-..but it must be remembered -that Roman rule...	0:05:09	0:05:12
-..was based on military occupation.	0:05:12	0:05:15
-History tells us that the conqueror -benefited more than the conquered.	0:05:15	0:05:21
-Britain, under Roman rule, -was no exception.	0:05:21	0:05:25
-The Romans conquered to make -the most of Britain's resources.	0:05:27	0:05:31
-The natives were resources -to the Roman Empire...	0:05:32	0:05:37
-..as soldiers, -officers and taxpayers.	0:05:37	0:05:43
-Taxes had existed -before Roman times...	0:05:43	0:05:47
-..but they introduced -a more sophisticated system.	0:05:47	0:05:51
-Taxes were raised -for travel, land and trade.	0:05:51	0:05:56
-Taxes were compulsory - -for the rich and the poor.	0:05:56	0:06:00
-If you didn't have money -to pay a tax...	0:06:00	0:06:02
-..the Government would -take your livestock, crops...	0:06:03	0:06:06
-..or anything else of value.	0:06:06	0:06:09
-Yes, military occupation -was a key feature of Roman Britain.	0:06:10	0:06:17
-The cost of running an army was -paid by those under its control.	0:06:17	0:06:21
-Many people believe -that the Roman forts and soldiers...	0:06:22	0:06:26
-..in Britain -and the borders with Wales...	0:06:26	0:06:31
-..existed to safeguard -and protect the Roman taxpayers.	0:06:31	0:06:36
-Tax collectors were -very unpopular amongst the locals...	0:06:36	0:06:40
-..and military force -was needed sometimes...	0:06:40	0:06:43
-..to help the collectors -steal or claim the taxes...	0:06:44	0:06:48
-..or the land from the people...	0:06:48	0:06:50
-..to pay -for the Roman Empire's governance.	0:06:51	0:06:54
-The garrison in Britain was -one of the largest in the Empire.	0:06:54	0:06:58
-At one time, around 10-12% -of the Roman Army was in Britain...	0:06:58	0:07:04
-..when Britain made up -only 4% of the Roman Empire.	0:07:04	0:07:09
-A large army of Roman soldiers -was needed to control Britannia.	0:07:10	0:07:16
-There was another reason for keeping -such a large garrison in Britain.	0:07:16	0:07:21
-The last thing you want, -as a Roman Emperor...	0:07:21	0:07:24
-..is to be toppled from your throne.	0:07:24	0:07:27
-If you have rivals...	0:07:28	0:07:30
-..the last thing you want them to -have is access to a huge garrison.	0:07:30	0:07:34
-Britain is at least -across the water.	0:07:35	0:07:37
-It's difficult for anybody mounting -a rebellion in the Roman world...	0:07:37	0:07:42
-..to cross into the Mediterranean -area and try and attack Rome.	0:07:42	0:07:47
-There's clear evidence -of military action across Wales.	0:07:48	0:07:53
-The straight roads that connected -the network of forts...	0:07:53	0:07:57
-..that kept the country -under control...	0:07:57	0:08:00
-..such as Sarn Road -between Trecastle and Llandovery.	0:08:00	0:08:04
-Across Wales, -as part of the new system...	0:08:05	0:08:09
-..there were numerous forts.	0:08:09	0:08:11
-The natural system -was to site these forts...	0:08:12	0:08:15
-..in places where soldiers -could control the population.	0:08:15	0:08:19
-The forts were relatively close -to one another...	0:08:20	0:08:24
-..about 25 miles apart.	0:08:24	0:08:27
-It was a day's journey -for a Roman soldier.	0:08:27	0:08:31
-Five miles upstream from the estuary -of the River Conwy...	0:08:31	0:08:35
-..and a day's journey from -the important fort in Caernarfon...	0:08:36	0:08:40
-..is the fort of Caerhun.	0:08:40	0:08:42
-There's not much to see there now -but this was once an important fort.	0:08:42	0:08:47
-The garrison at Caerhun -consisted of around 500 soldiers.	0:08:47	0:08:52
-It's a large fort - -about 140m by 140m.	0:08:52	0:08:57
-Where has the fort gone? Follow me.	0:08:57	0:09:00
-This ancient church at the -north-eastern end of the fort...	0:09:03	0:09:09
-..was built -using stone from the old fort.	0:09:09	0:09:12
-An early example of recycling.	0:09:12	0:09:15
-It's happened -in many parts of Britain.	0:09:15	0:09:19
-The fort has disappeared...	0:09:19	0:09:21
-..but archaeologists -have discovered...	0:09:21	0:09:24
-..the remains of baths, storerooms, -administrative buildings...	0:09:24	0:09:28
-..and a praetorium - the fort -chief officer's home.	0:09:29	0:09:32
-In many countries -within the Roman Empire...	0:09:33	0:09:36
-..you could travel far without -encountering one Roman soldier.	0:09:36	0:09:41
-In Britain, they were like ants.	0:09:41	0:09:43
-There were so many soldiers here, -in addition to the smaller forts...	0:09:44	0:09:49
-..a series of larger forts -were needed for the legions.	0:09:49	0:09:53
-The remains of one of the most -important can be found in Wales.	0:09:53	0:09:57
-.	0:10:01	0:10:02
-888	0:10:03	0:10:03
-888 - -888	0:10:03	0:10:05
-I'm on my way to Caerleon -near Newport.	0:10:08	0:10:11
-Caerleon's Roman name was Isca.	0:10:11	0:10:14
-They established an important -military centre here in 75 AD.	0:10:14	0:10:19
-They developed the site greatly -over the next 200 years.	0:10:20	0:10:25
-The most striking feature today...	0:10:28	0:10:32
-..is this grand amphitheatre, -the best of its kind in Britain.	0:10:32	0:10:36
-To better understand -what the Roman legion's presence...	0:10:37	0:10:41
-..meant to native Brythonic tribes, -we need to visit some nearby ruins.	0:10:41	0:10:46
-I'm here at the site -of a Roman barracks...	0:10:46	0:10:50
-..the only one of its kind -in Europe.	0:10:50	0:10:53
-Each barracks -was home to 80 soldiers.	0:10:53	0:10:56
-There are four blocks here.	0:10:56	0:10:58
-You could conclude that Caerleon -was home to around 300 soldiers.	0:10:58	0:11:04
-Believe it or not, -archaeologists have discovered...	0:11:04	0:11:08
-..that when Caerleon -was an important Roman centre...	0:11:08	0:11:12
-..there were 60 blocks here -housing almost 5,000 soldiers.	0:11:12	0:11:16
-Is it any wonder that the Britons -had decided not to rebel?	0:11:16	0:11:20
-Who in their right mind -would have done so?	0:11:21	0:11:25
-Caerleon was one of the most -important Roman centres in Britain.	0:11:26	0:11:31
-Soldiers from across Britain -were housed here...	0:11:31	0:11:35
-..and it was an important centre -to control southern Britain.	0:11:35	0:11:39
-There was an amphitheatre here too.	0:11:40	0:11:42
-As well as a venue -for entertainment...	0:11:43	0:11:45
-..it was used for training purposes.	0:11:46	0:11:49
-It was important to teach soldiers -how to fight for the Empire.	0:11:49	0:11:53
-It housed a whole legion - -Augusta's second legion.	0:11:55	0:11:59
-The fort was built -to house an entire legion...	0:11:59	0:12:03
-..something unusual -in the Roman Empire.	0:12:04	0:12:07
-It was a border fort which housed -a large number of soldiers.	0:12:07	0:12:12
-Keeping such a large number -of soldiers in England and Wales...	0:12:14	0:12:18
-..was a way of guaranteeing peace -under Roman terms.	0:12:18	0:12:22
-It was also a way of making sure -that the flow of wealth...	0:12:23	0:12:27
-..would end up in Roman pockets.	0:12:27	0:12:29
-The initial reason for the invasion -was to make a profit.	0:12:29	0:12:33
-The army -and representatives of the Empire...	0:12:35	0:12:38
-..kept a close eye on the people -and their belongings...	0:12:38	0:12:43
-..to make sure they were taxed.	0:12:43	0:12:45
-Taking money from individuals -was only part of the plan.	0:12:46	0:12:50
-A more important feature...	0:12:50	0:12:54
-..was exploiting -Britain's natural resources.	0:12:54	0:12:57
-One of the reasons Claudius invaded -Britain during the first century...	0:13:00	0:13:06
-..was to make the most -of the country's natural resources.	0:13:06	0:13:11
-The Roman authorities -didn't waste any time...	0:13:11	0:13:14
-..as they reaped the benefits -of their new kingdom.	0:13:15	0:13:18
-Although Aulus Plautius, -Britannia's first Emperor...	0:13:20	0:13:24
-..faced an intense guerrilla -rebellion from the Britons...	0:13:24	0:13:29
-..it didn't deter him from exploring -Britain's resources in detail.	0:13:29	0:13:34
-Aulus Plautius sent surveyors -to all parts of Britain...	0:13:36	0:13:40
-..to look for the most valuable -resources - tin, lead and silver.	0:13:40	0:13:45
-They reached the remotest parts -of Britain at the time.	0:13:45	0:13:49
-I'm on my way -to Pumsaint in Carmarthenshire.	0:13:49	0:13:52
-There, they discovered gold.	0:13:52	0:13:54
-Hidden behind a deep forest -near the village...	0:13:58	0:14:01
-..are the Dolaucothi Gold Mines.	0:14:01	0:14:05
-The mines were still operational -until the 1930s.	0:14:06	0:14:10
-What can be seen on the surface -was used during that time.	0:14:10	0:14:14
-The Romans saw the site's potential -2,000 years earlier.	0:14:14	0:14:19
-I met Glyn Jones at the gold mines.	0:14:19	0:14:23
-Glyn is a local man -who works for the National Trust...	0:14:23	0:14:27
-..which now manages the site.	0:14:27	0:14:29
-I was eager to discover -how the Romans extracted the gold...	0:14:30	0:14:35
-..without the use of modern -mining equipment or explosives.	0:14:35	0:14:42
-What can we see in front of us?	0:14:42	0:14:44
-If you look towards that rock -and follow your eye line right...	0:14:45	0:14:48
-..you can see a line - -it's an old aqueduct.	0:14:49	0:14:51
-An aqueduct?	0:14:52	0:14:53
-That's where they kept -their water tanks...	0:14:53	0:14:57
-..and water was transported -from one tank to the next.	0:14:57	0:15:01
-Where was the water's source?	0:15:01	0:15:03
-A lake about seven miles away.	0:15:04	0:15:06
-Water would be transported along -canals which were four feet wide...	0:15:06	0:15:11
-..to the water tanks.	0:15:11	0:15:13
-2.5 million gallons -were transported every day.	0:15:13	0:15:18
-Why did they need so much water?	0:15:18	0:15:21
-It was used to clear the area -to gain access to the gold.	0:15:22	0:15:25
-The water flowed from the tanks...	0:15:26	0:15:29
-..cleared all the trees and soil -and they then discovered the gold.	0:15:29	0:15:34
-What was fire setting?	0:15:34	0:15:36
-If cutting into the rock -proved difficult...	0:15:36	0:15:39
-..they would heat the rock -for two days...	0:15:39	0:15:42
-..and then water would flow -towards the rock and into the rock.	0:15:43	0:15:47
-It made it easier -to cut through the rock.	0:15:47	0:15:50
-Let's have a closer look.	0:15:50	0:15:52
-You have to applaud -the ingenuity of the Romans...	0:15:52	0:15:56
-..as they dug for gold.	0:15:56	0:15:59
-However, no-one would applaud...	0:16:00	0:16:02
-..the way they exploited the site -over centuries.	0:16:03	0:16:07
-It highlights how dark and cruel -Roman culture could be.	0:16:07	0:16:14
-The Romans in Pumsaint, as in -every other part of the Empire...	0:16:15	0:16:20
-..relied heavily on slaves -to do the work.	0:16:21	0:16:24
-Thousands of them were forced -to work in the mines...	0:16:26	0:16:30
-..day in, day out, -year in, year out.	0:16:30	0:16:34
-Over the centuries, -the hard labour of the slaves...	0:16:35	0:16:40
-..created large craters -in the hillsides...	0:16:40	0:16:43
-..and an amazing network of tunnels.	0:16:43	0:16:46
-We can see on the walls -in a few places...	0:16:47	0:16:51
-..evidence of the work -carried out here.	0:16:52	0:16:55
-Over here, you can see pick marks -made by the Romans.	0:16:55	0:16:59
-They're down here on the side.	0:16:59	0:17:02
-If we look up, you can see -pick marks across the ceiling.	0:17:02	0:17:06
-It wasn't a nice place to work.	0:17:06	0:17:09
-It's cold enough here now...	0:17:09	0:17:11
-..but during Roman times, -it was cold and wet.	0:17:12	0:17:15
-You can imagine all the dust -they inhaled into their lungs...	0:17:15	0:17:20
-..causing silicosis.	0:17:20	0:17:22
-This ceiling is quite low too.	0:17:22	0:17:25
-This is hard rock - -it supports itself...	0:17:25	0:17:28
-..but there was always a chance -the rock could collapse on them.	0:17:28	0:17:32
-They were slaves.	0:17:32	0:17:34
-This is evidence of people -working in difficult conditions.	0:17:34	0:17:38
-Most of the slaves who worked in -Dolaucothi and other Roman mines...	0:17:39	0:17:44
-..were foreign workers.	0:17:44	0:17:47
-Others had been enslaved -in Britain...	0:17:47	0:17:51
-..and sent in chains -to work underground.	0:17:51	0:17:55
-Slavery was part of British life -before the Roman Conquest...	0:17:55	0:18:00
-..and it continued -after the invasion.	0:18:00	0:18:04
-People who were imprisoned after -rebelling against the Romans...	0:18:04	0:18:09
-..were sent, -often far from their homes...	0:18:09	0:18:13
-..to work as slaves in Italy -or in another part of the Empire.	0:18:13	0:18:18
-Importing slaves into Italy was -crucial to keep the Empire alive.	0:18:19	0:18:26
-Slaves would work on the land...	0:18:27	0:18:30
-..to provide more and more food -for the army.	0:18:30	0:18:35
-It was the lowest class in society.	0:18:37	0:18:41
-It was a class the Romans exploited.	0:18:41	0:18:45
-The Romans treated slaves harshly.	0:18:46	0:18:50
-To give you an idea -of how harsh conditions were...	0:18:50	0:18:55
-..slaves had to mine -ten loads of shale...	0:18:55	0:18:59
-..to find one load of quartz -which contained gold.	0:18:59	0:19:03
-If they were lucky, they would -find this much gold in one load.	0:19:03	0:19:09
-The Romans unearthed three-quarters -of a ton of gold in Dolaucothi.	0:19:11	0:19:16
-All the sweat and blood -of the slaves...	0:19:16	0:19:20
-..benefited -the Roman leaders greatly.	0:19:20	0:19:24
-No-one can tell what percentage -of the British population...	0:19:26	0:19:30
-..were slaves to the Romans.	0:19:30	0:19:32
-Even those who weren't in chains...	0:19:32	0:19:36
-..were controlled by the Romans.	0:19:36	0:19:39
-Romans believed -that only civic life was civilized.	0:19:40	0:19:46
-Thousands of people -were forced off the land...	0:19:46	0:19:49
-..to live in the new -towns and cities.	0:19:50	0:19:53
-Some adapted to the change -effortlessly.	0:19:53	0:19:57
-Others struggled.	0:19:57	0:20:00
-Anyone who lives in a city today, -or visits a city...	0:20:00	0:20:04
-..knows precisely what kind -of place it is and what to expect.	0:20:04	0:20:08
-Hustle and bustle always. -Conflict and filth occasionally.	0:20:08	0:20:12
-Adapting to this kind of life must -have been difficult for Britons.	0:20:12	0:20:17
-Why?	0:20:17	0:20:18
-The majority had never seen a town -or city before the Roman invasion.	0:20:18	0:20:23
-Despite initial reservations -of the Britons...	0:20:25	0:20:29
-..the Roman way of life -became compulsory for them.	0:20:29	0:20:33
-They built towns with plenty -of facilities for the population.	0:20:33	0:20:38
-Towns such as this one, -Viroconium in Shropshire.	0:20:38	0:20:41
-This place grew rapidly until -the end of the Roman era in Britain.	0:20:42	0:20:46
-In towns such as these, -a new identity emerged...	0:20:47	0:20:51
-..as the native culture -and the Roman culture merged.	0:20:52	0:20:56
-In time, with people travelling -to Rome and enjoying the luxuries...	0:20:58	0:21:03
-..a change develops in -the wealthier aspects of society.	0:21:04	0:21:09
-The difference between a Briton -and a Roman disappears.	0:21:09	0:21:13
-The idea -of the Romano-British emerges...	0:21:13	0:21:17
-..the Roman British -or the British Romans.	0:21:17	0:21:20
-By the third century, people -considered themselves to be Roman...	0:21:20	0:21:26
-..and part of the Roman Empire -above all else.	0:21:26	0:21:30
-They were the wealthiest people.	0:21:30	0:21:33
-Some of them centred their lives -around the towns.	0:21:33	0:21:36
-As the Romano-British -adapted to this new life...	0:21:36	0:21:40
-..and created a new identity...	0:21:40	0:21:43
-..a new language developed -which included Latin words...	0:21:43	0:21:47
-..for things -introduced by the Romans.	0:21:47	0:21:50
-"Pont" is one word introduced -by the Romans and still used today.	0:21:50	0:21:55
-There are many more - many linked -to architectural features.	0:21:55	0:21:59
-"Eglwys" (church) -is another fine example.	0:21:59	0:22:03
-The church has a "ffenestr" (window) -which is derived from a Latin word.	0:22:03	0:22:08
-There are words -which belong to the Roman world.	0:22:09	0:22:13
-"Imperator" -is 'ymerawdwr' (emperor).	0:22:13	0:22:16
-"Liber" is "llyfr" (book).	0:22:16	0:22:18
-The "cadair" (chair) I'm sitting on -- "cathedra" to the Romans	0:22:18	0:22:22
-These were new words -to British people.	0:22:23	0:22:25
-The names were influenced -by the Latin language.	0:22:26	0:22:28
-The native people must also have -had words for different body parts.	0:22:29	0:22:36
-No-one knows why "brachium" -was used for "braich" (arm)...	0:22:37	0:22:41
-..or "coxa" was used -for "coes" (leg).	0:22:42	0:22:44
-We kept our own words -for hand, finger and head...	0:22:45	0:22:48
-..but used Latin words -for other body parts.	0:22:48	0:22:52
-There is evidence to suggest that -many Welsh people could write Latin.	0:22:53	0:23:00
-Here, in the British Museum -in London...	0:23:00	0:23:03
-..there's an important collection -of artefacts.	0:23:03	0:23:06
-These are curse tablets...	0:23:07	0:23:09
-..small pieces of lead with messages -to the gods carved on them.	0:23:10	0:23:15
-They might not look exciting -when you first set eyes on them...	0:23:15	0:23:19
-..but these shed light -on a curious aspect of life...	0:23:19	0:23:24
-..during the Roman occupation.	0:23:24	0:23:26
-They're written in Latin -but they were written by Britons.	0:23:26	0:23:30
-When you can understand -the message...	0:23:30	0:23:33
-..it's like receiving -a postcard from a bygone age.	0:23:33	0:23:36
-These are requests -from individuals to the gods...	0:23:36	0:23:39
-..to punish someone -who sinned against them.	0:23:40	0:23:42
-This is one from London.	0:23:43	0:23:45
-"I curse Tretia Maria -and her life...	0:23:45	0:23:49
-"..and mind and memory and lungs -and liver mixed up together."	0:23:49	0:23:54
-Charming.	0:23:54	0:23:55
-Another one was found in Bath -asking the god Sulis...	0:23:56	0:24:01
-..to spill the blood of someone -who had stolen a bronze vessel.	0:24:01	0:24:05
-That's quite a harsh punishment.	0:24:05	0:24:08
-These tell us a lot.	0:24:08	0:24:10
-Most of these messages -were written by the Britons.	0:24:10	0:24:15
-They were written to Brythonic gods -such as Sulis and not Roman gods.	0:24:16	0:24:22
-It also appears -that crime, particularly theft...	0:24:22	0:24:25
-..was a major problem at the time.	0:24:25	0:24:29
-Some things never change.	0:24:29	0:24:31
-This also shows -that ordinary people...	0:24:31	0:24:34
-..had little confidence in -the authorities to punish criminals.	0:24:34	0:24:39
-This shows how dissatisfied some -people were with life in Britain.	0:24:41	0:24:45
-They had plenty of complaints but -such complaints were meaningless...	0:24:46	0:24:53
-..to the powerful Roman Empire.	0:24:53	0:24:56
-The Empire had grown -over the past four centuries.	0:24:58	0:25:02
-It stretched all the way -from Africa in the south...	0:25:02	0:25:06
-..to the Scottish border -in the north.	0:25:06	0:25:09
-From Portugal in the west -to Palestine in the east.	0:25:09	0:25:13
-Over 2 million square miles -was under Roman control.	0:25:13	0:25:16
-It took a brave soul -to oppose a superpower...	0:25:18	0:25:22
-..as the Roman Empire -was at its height.	0:25:22	0:25:25
-For a long time, -it went unchallenged.	0:25:26	0:25:28
-However, during the third century -AD, there were changes afoot.	0:25:28	0:25:34
-Suddenly, the Empire faced -regular external attacks.	0:25:35	0:25:39
-There were also rebellions -from within the Empire.	0:25:39	0:25:43
-The sheen started to fade -from the Roman occupation.	0:25:43	0:25:46
-In the third and fourth centuries...	0:25:47	0:25:51
-..the Roman Empire started -to dissolve and crumble...	0:25:51	0:25:55
-..not only in Britain -but in many parts of Western Europe.	0:25:55	0:25:59
-Compared with other parts -of the Empire...	0:26:00	0:26:04
-..Britannia appeared stable, -almost passive.	0:26:04	0:26:08
-But that wasn't a true reflection.	0:26:08	0:26:11
-Towards the end -of the third century...	0:26:12	0:26:14
-..Rome's grip on Britain -was far weaker than it appeared.	0:26:15	0:26:21
-.	0:26:25	0:26:26
-888	0:26:26	0:26:26
-888 - -888	0:26:26	0:26:28
-During the third century AD...	0:26:31	0:26:33
-..cracks started appearing -in the Roman occupation...	0:26:33	0:26:37
-..in many parts of the Empire.	0:26:37	0:26:40
-In other places, the Romans -still remained in complete control.	0:26:40	0:26:44
-Britannia appeared -to be a stable country...	0:26:47	0:26:51
-..compared with other parts -of the Empire.	0:26:51	0:26:55
-However, towards the end -of the third century AD...	0:26:55	0:26:58
-..something happened to highlight -the weak grip Rome had on Britain.	0:26:58	0:27:02
-The most prominent character -in this story is a general...	0:27:04	0:27:09
-..called Mausaeus Carausius.	0:27:09	0:27:11
-He was an ambitious man -of humble origin...	0:27:11	0:27:14
-..who had risen through the ranks -to become leader of a Roman fleet.	0:27:15	0:27:19
-It was interesting to see Carausius -offering himself as the new Emperor.	0:27:19	0:27:25
-He was head of a fleet.	0:27:25	0:27:28
-For those living on an island...	0:27:28	0:27:30
-..control of the sea -and marine trade...	0:27:30	0:27:33
-..is very important.	0:27:33	0:27:35
-Carausius benefited from this.	0:27:36	0:27:38
-He offered himself -as a new kind of leader.	0:27:38	0:27:41
-His aim was to take over -the entire Empire...	0:27:42	0:27:45
-..but he soon realized -it was beyond his ability.	0:27:46	0:27:49
-He was then content -to be the Emperor of Britannia.	0:27:50	0:27:54
-Some of the coins -minted in his name...	0:27:55	0:27:57
-..suggest that he was proud -of his status.	0:27:58	0:28:00
-In the year 286 AD...	0:28:02	0:28:04
-..Carausius declared himself -the new Emperor...	0:28:05	0:28:08
-..of Britain and Northern Gaul -which included Belgium and Normandy.	0:28:09	0:28:14
-He had a high regard for himself.	0:28:14	0:28:16
-We know this by the coins -and medals minted during his reign.	0:28:17	0:28:21
-The coins differed -from the ones minted by Rome...	0:28:21	0:28:25
-..during the previous century.	0:28:25	0:28:28
-A lot of these were made -using pure silver.	0:28:28	0:28:31
-The message was forget about Rome, -I'm doing things properly.	0:28:31	0:28:35
-There was also propaganda.	0:28:36	0:28:38
-On this coin - expectate veni - -come, long-awaited one.	0:28:38	0:28:42
-Another reads - restitutor -Britanniae - restorer of Britain.	0:28:42	0:28:46
-The medals are even more intriguing.	0:28:47	0:28:49
-Experts thought long and hard -as they deciphered the letters...	0:28:50	0:28:56
-..on the bottom of these medals.	0:28:56	0:28:59
-They realized that it was an -abbreviation of a piece of poetry...	0:28:59	0:29:04
-..by the most famous -of Roman poets - Virgil.	0:29:04	0:29:08
-The poetry reads like this.	0:29:09	0:29:11
-"Redeunt Saturnia Regna" - -the Golden Ages are back.	0:29:11	0:29:15
-Carausius wanted to portray himself -as the leader...	0:29:17	0:29:21
-..of a new, celebrated age -in the history of Britannia.	0:29:21	0:29:25
-Misleading PR?	0:29:25	0:29:27
-Or an ambitious plan?	0:29:28	0:29:30
-We'll never know.	0:29:30	0:29:32
-He was betrayed by Allectus...	0:29:32	0:29:35
-..one of his ministers.	0:29:36	0:29:38
-Allectus was Carausius's treasurer.	0:29:38	0:29:41
-Allectus murdered him.	0:29:41	0:29:43
-Allectus assumed power -following Carausius's death.	0:29:44	0:29:48
-Allectus governed Britannia -for three years...	0:29:56	0:30:00
-..until Constantius Chlorus...	0:30:00	0:30:02
-..the official governor -of the Western Roman Empire...	0:30:03	0:30:06
-..attacked and killed Allectus.	0:30:07	0:30:10
-Rome ruled Britain once more -but it would never be the same.	0:30:10	0:30:16
-Carausius's rebellion -shook the Empire.	0:30:17	0:30:20
-They had to retaliate but how? -They had very few answers.	0:30:20	0:30:25
-In the end, -their actions were rather futile.	0:30:25	0:30:29
-They reorganized local government.	0:30:29	0:30:31
-From now on, there would be -four Roman provinces in Britain.	0:30:35	0:30:39
-The south-east was renamed -Maxima Caesariensis...	0:30:39	0:30:43
-..and the south-west -was renamed Britannia Prima.	0:30:44	0:30:48
-The midlands -became Flavia Caesariensis...	0:30:48	0:30:52
-..and the northern province -was renamed Britannia Secunda.	0:30:52	0:30:57
-Changes to the boundaries -did little to stop Britain...	0:30:57	0:31:01
-..slipping further -from Rome's grasp.	0:31:01	0:31:06
-The end of the Roman occupation -of Britain was fast approaching...	0:31:06	0:31:11
-..but there would be further twists -in this amazing story.	0:31:11	0:31:15
-One of the most important events -happened in Eboracum...	0:31:15	0:31:20
-..York.	0:31:20	0:31:22
-Eboracum had grown from a small fort -into an important trade centre...	0:31:23	0:31:27
-..and the capital -of Britannia Secunda.	0:31:27	0:31:31
-In this town, -on the edge of the Roman Empire...	0:31:31	0:31:35
-..something happened that would -eventually change world history.	0:31:36	0:31:40
-In 305 AD, Constantius Chlorus...	0:31:40	0:31:43
-..the man who crushed -the Britannic Empire...	0:31:43	0:31:46
-..returned to Britain -to try and conquer the Scottish...	0:31:46	0:31:50
-..something the Romans -had attempted in the past.	0:31:50	0:31:53
-On his return from -another unsuccessful campaign...	0:31:53	0:31:57
-..he stopped in York.	0:31:57	0:31:59
-There, he fell ill and died.	0:31:59	0:32:01
-His soldiers should have waited -for guidance from the Government...	0:32:02	0:32:07
-..before naming his successor...	0:32:07	0:32:09
-..but without hesitation, -they appointed his son as Emperor.	0:32:09	0:32:16
-His name was Constantine.	0:32:16	0:32:19
-Over the next 30 years -this young man...	0:32:21	0:32:24
-..became one of the most successful -leaders in Roman history.	0:32:25	0:32:29
-Constantine is one -of the most famous leaders...	0:32:30	0:32:34
-..of the last days -of the Western Roman Empire.	0:32:34	0:32:37
-He moved the Empire's headquarters -to Constantinople...	0:32:38	0:32:43
-..and his actions -proved to be very wise.	0:32:43	0:32:46
-The Eastern Empire -lasted for another 1,000 years.	0:32:46	0:32:51
-He also permitted Christians...	0:32:51	0:32:54
-..to worship openly -and without obstruction.	0:32:55	0:32:58
-Even though Constantine had -many successes during his reign...	0:32:59	0:33:03
-..the act of ensuring religious -freedom was the most significant.	0:33:03	0:33:08
-In 313 AD, all religions, -including Christianity...	0:33:08	0:33:12
-..were legalized -within the Roman Empire...	0:33:12	0:33:15
-..the first step -towards establishing Christianity...	0:33:15	0:33:19
-..as Rome's official religion.	0:33:19	0:33:21
-The decree would affect -all countries under Roman rule.	0:33:21	0:33:26
-The people who benefited most -were the Christians.	0:33:26	0:33:30
-There was a small group in Britain.	0:33:31	0:33:33
-They didn't have to worry about -being persecuted or executed...	0:33:33	0:33:38
-..but traditionally, -when someone wins, someone loses.	0:33:38	0:33:42
-The losers in this case -were the emperors themselves.	0:33:43	0:33:46
-Before Constantine's era...	0:33:47	0:33:49
-..the greatest Roman emperors -had been worshipped as gods.	0:33:49	0:33:54
-When Rome accepted Christianity -and its one God...	0:33:54	0:33:58
-..the emperors -couldn't lay claim to being gods.	0:33:58	0:34:02
-People started accepting them -for what they were - mortal men.	0:34:02	0:34:07
-Men who could be opposed...	0:34:07	0:34:09
-..replaced and, -more importantly, ignored.	0:34:10	0:34:13
-Over the years, the downgrading -of the emperors' status...	0:34:15	0:34:19
-..would slowly weaken Roman rule.	0:34:19	0:34:22
-In the meantime, the greatest threat -to Rome's governance...	0:34:22	0:34:26
-..in Britain -came from a different source.	0:34:27	0:34:30
-Pirates, -predominantly from Germany...	0:34:30	0:34:35
-..had been a thorn in the Empire's -side since Carausius's reign.	0:34:35	0:34:40
-By the middle -of the fourth century AD...	0:34:40	0:34:43
-..the Saxon threat -increased day by day.	0:34:43	0:34:46
-To counteract the threat, the Romans -built a chain of defences...	0:34:47	0:34:51
-..along the coastline.	0:34:52	0:34:54
-These were controlled by a man -with a grand title...	0:34:54	0:34:58
-..Comes Litoris Saxonici - -Count of the Saxon Shore.	0:34:59	0:35:03
-As the title suggests...	0:35:03	0:35:06
-..his role was defending Britain -from Saxon attacks.	0:35:06	0:35:11
-Many forts were along -the eastern coastline...	0:35:12	0:35:15
-..the closest coastline -to Saxon lands.	0:35:15	0:35:19
-Others were built -along the south coast...	0:35:19	0:35:22
-..and believe it or not, -as far west as Cardiff.	0:35:22	0:35:25
-The governors of Britannia...	0:35:26	0:35:29
-..believed the Saxon threat -to be a serious one.	0:35:29	0:35:33
-Their suspicions were confirmed -in the year 367 AD.	0:35:33	0:35:38
-In 367 AD, three different enemies -attacked Britain.	0:35:39	0:35:44
-In the north, from the country -Romans called Caledonia...	0:35:45	0:35:49
-..an army of Pict warriors -broke through Hadrian's Wall...	0:35:49	0:35:53
-..and attacked Britannia Secunda.	0:35:54	0:35:57
-With this war raging in the north...	0:35:57	0:36:00
-..other horrific events were -unfolding in southern Britain.	0:36:00	0:36:04
-A Saxon army had invaded -Maxima Caesariensis...	0:36:04	0:36:09
-..and killed -the Count of the Saxon Shore.	0:36:09	0:36:13
-On top of all this, -there were marine attacks...	0:36:13	0:36:16
-..on Wales and Cornwall by two Irish -tribes - the Scotti and Attacotti.	0:36:17	0:36:22
-Many people were killed -in the Britannia Prima province.	0:36:23	0:36:28
-The worst aspect -of the attacks for the Romans...	0:36:30	0:36:34
-..was that they were all happening -simultaneously.	0:36:34	0:36:38
-There was a strong suggestion -that the three enemy groups...	0:36:38	0:36:42
-..were working together -to overthrow Roman rule.	0:36:43	0:36:46
-This had never happened before -and the Romans were very concerned.	0:36:46	0:36:51
-As the tension mounted, -the fear increased...	0:36:51	0:36:54
-..not only in Britain, -but also in faraway Rome.	0:36:54	0:36:58
-The main reason these three groups -managed to attack so effectively...	0:36:59	0:37:04
-..was through the help -they received from within Britannia.	0:37:04	0:37:08
-Soldiers who defended -Hadrian's Wall were involved.	0:37:08	0:37:11
-The new emperor, Valentinian I, was -furious when he heard about this.	0:37:11	0:37:17
-He asked one of his best generals, -Flavius Theodosius...	0:37:17	0:37:22
-..to restore Roman rule -in the region.	0:37:22	0:37:25
-Theodosius travelled -with a large army...	0:37:25	0:37:28
-..to re-establish -Rome's governance of Britain.	0:37:29	0:37:32
-Theodosius acted with a heavy hand.	0:37:33	0:37:35
-Soldiers who had failed -to defend Hadrian's Wall...	0:37:35	0:37:38
-..were rounded up and executed.	0:37:39	0:37:41
-The different groups of attackers -were sent back to their countries.	0:37:41	0:37:46
-Forts like Segontium -were reinforced.	0:37:46	0:37:49
-It was testimony to what the Romans -could do when they were threatened.	0:37:49	0:37:55
-In truth, -this would be the last time...	0:37:55	0:37:58
-..Roman force -would be used in Britain.	0:37:59	0:38:02
-Over the next 50 years, -most of the British governors...	0:38:05	0:38:09
-..showed too much interest -in the idea of developing...	0:38:09	0:38:13
-..their own power and glory...	0:38:13	0:38:16
-..rather than making sure -the country...	0:38:16	0:38:18
-..was being properly governed -and defended from attacks.	0:38:18	0:38:22
-In the year 383 AD, Magnus Maximus, -a Spanish general...	0:38:23	0:38:29
-..was named as the new Emperor -by his own men...	0:38:29	0:38:33
-..just as Constantine had been -promoted 80 years earlier.	0:38:33	0:38:37
-His first action was to leave -Britain and head for the continent.	0:38:37	0:38:41
-He took most of the soldiers -stationed in Britain with him.	0:38:42	0:38:46
-Magnus Maximus.	0:38:47	0:38:48
-This man has figured prominently -in Welsh folklore and literature...	0:38:49	0:38:53
-..as Macsen Wledig.	0:38:54	0:38:56
-Somehow, he became a hero -and stories about him...	0:38:56	0:39:02
-..have survived for many centuries.	0:39:02	0:39:05
-Despite the romanticism -of Magnus Maximus...	0:39:05	0:39:08
-..the truth is -he left Britannia defenceless...	0:39:09	0:39:13
-..and open to enemy attacks.	0:39:14	0:39:17
-.	0:39:18	0:39:19
-888	0:39:22	0:39:22
-888 - -888	0:39:22	0:39:24
-At one time, there was an abundance -of Roman soldiers in Britain.	0:39:26	0:39:30
-By the beginning -of the fifth century AD...	0:39:30	0:39:33
-..numbers had dwindled.	0:39:33	0:39:35
-The end of the Roman era -was fast approaching.	0:39:35	0:39:38
-In 407 AD, a general -calling himself Constantine III...	0:39:39	0:39:43
-..set sail for the continent -to try and become the Emperor.	0:39:43	0:39:47
-He took most -of the Roman garrison with him.	0:39:48	0:39:51
-The Britons had had enough.	0:39:51	0:39:54
-Even those who had benefited -from Roman rule...	0:39:54	0:39:58
-..were tired of paying a large -proportion of their income...	0:39:58	0:40:02
-..to the Treasury -for little in return.	0:40:02	0:40:05
-Constantine III's decision...	0:40:05	0:40:07
-..to leave Britain with his soldiers -was a step too far.	0:40:07	0:40:11
-The Britons decided -they would defend Britain.	0:40:12	0:40:15
-It was a clear statement of intent.	0:40:15	0:40:18
-The Britons no longer wanted -to live under Roman rule.	0:40:18	0:40:22
-There were possibilities -at the time...	0:40:23	0:40:26
-..that a Roman general -could return across the sea...	0:40:26	0:40:30
-..to re-establish Roman rule...	0:40:31	0:40:33
-..but the state -of the Roman Empire in the West...	0:40:33	0:40:36
-..made that very unlikely.	0:40:36	0:40:38
-The whole emphasis of the Roman -world was going east.	0:40:39	0:40:42
-It was becoming harder and harder -to control the west...	0:40:43	0:40:46
-..because of the continuous waves -of barbarians...	0:40:46	0:40:50
-..who were battering -the Roman frontiers.	0:40:50	0:40:52
-The Roman Emperor -is holed up in Ravenna...	0:40:52	0:40:55
-..defending himself -against the hordes.	0:40:55	0:40:58
-Rome ends up getting sacked.	0:40:58	0:40:59
-The Romans decide that they cannot -actually govern Britain any longer.	0:41:00	0:41:04
-They can't maintain -the government of Britain.	0:41:04	0:41:07
-It is the most remote province, -the most difficult to control.	0:41:08	0:41:11
-With its troubled history, -they decide to let it go.	0:41:12	0:41:15
-The year 410 AD is the year -most people highlight...	0:41:18	0:41:25
-..as the year the Roman occupation -came to an end.	0:41:25	0:41:29
-Emperor Honorius decreed...	0:41:29	0:41:33
-..that the Romans would no longer -assist the Britons...	0:41:33	0:41:40
-..to battle against the wave after -wave of attacks upon the country.	0:41:40	0:41:45
-Changes were afoot.	0:41:46	0:41:48
-After almost four centuries, -the Roman occupation ended.	0:41:48	0:41:52
-This romantic portrait, -painted by John Everett Millais...	0:41:53	0:41:58
-..shows the departure of the -last Roman soldier from Britain...	0:41:58	0:42:03
-..as a sad, poignant moment.	0:42:03	0:42:06
-Many people -from the privileged classes...	0:42:07	0:42:10
-..were sad to see -the end of the Roman era.	0:42:10	0:42:13
-Take someone such as Gildas the monk -in the sixth century.	0:42:13	0:42:18
-For him, -the Roman departure was a disaster.	0:42:18	0:42:22
-It opened the doors -for the barbaric Saxon tribes.	0:42:22	0:42:27
-Nowadays, academics disagree...	0:42:28	0:42:31
-..with the sentimental -interpretation of the Roman era.	0:42:31	0:42:36
-Many argue that Rome -exploited British resources...	0:42:36	0:42:41
-..and abused the people -for far too long.	0:42:41	0:42:44
-I was struck by Mortimer Wheeler's -autobiography - Still Digging.	0:42:44	0:42:50
-He writes, "I suffered -from a surfeit of things Roman.	0:42:51	0:42:55
-"I felt disgusted by the -mechanistic quality of their art...	0:42:55	0:43:00
-"..and by the nearness of -their civilization at all times...	0:43:00	0:43:05
-"..to cruelty and corruption."	0:43:05	0:43:08
-There's a lot of truth in that.	0:43:08	0:43:10
-There is evidence to suggest that in -the final years of the Roman era...	0:43:10	0:43:15
-..there were numerous rebellions -by the natives.	0:43:15	0:43:19
-The local population was tired -of paying taxes to the Romans.	0:43:19	0:43:24
-They were tired of Roman oppression.	0:43:24	0:43:27
-However, although the Romans -had governed Britain...	0:43:29	0:43:33
-..for their own benefit...	0:43:33	0:43:35
-..the British also benefited -from their occupation.	0:43:35	0:43:39
-When the Romans left Britain, -the country's economy suffered.	0:43:39	0:43:46
-To a great extent, Wales -and England took backward steps...	0:43:46	0:43:51
-..over the next centuries - -the Dark Ages.	0:43:51	0:43:54
-There is no longer -the trickle of money...	0:43:54	0:43:56
-..coming down from the Roman world.	0:43:57	0:43:58
-No longer is there any need -to pay taxes to the Roman world.	0:43:59	0:44:02
-If you don't have to earn the money, -you don't have to sell your goods.	0:44:02	0:44:07
-The whole purpose of the town -begins to fall to pieces.	0:44:07	0:44:10
-What you tend to do then...	0:44:11	0:44:12
-..is look towards more local -sources of patronage and power.	0:44:12	0:44:16
-Britain becomes -what it had been before...	0:44:17	0:44:19
-..a place broken up -between little local tribal leaders.	0:44:19	0:44:24
-The Roman era didn't end -as a result of one ultimate act.	0:44:24	0:44:29
-Many Brythonic leaders stood firm -against the Saxon onslaught...	0:44:30	0:44:35
-..and tried to turn the tide.	0:44:35	0:44:37
-The Battle of Mons Badonicus -was fought in 493 AD.	0:44:38	0:44:42
-It was a crucial victory -for the Britons.	0:44:42	0:44:47
-We're not entirely sure -of the location of Mount Badon...	0:44:47	0:44:51
-..but many people think it was -fought at Solsbury Hill in Somerset.	0:44:52	0:44:57
-On Mount Badon, Ambrosius Aurelianus -fought a large army of Saxons.	0:44:58	0:45:04
-As a result, -the English were driven eastwards.	0:45:05	0:45:09
-Subsequently, -the lands to the west of Britain...	0:45:09	0:45:12
-..remained in Brythonic hands -for generations.	0:45:13	0:45:16
-Ambrosius Aurelianus -became a legend in Welsh folklore...	0:45:17	0:45:21
-..known as Emrys Wledig.	0:45:21	0:45:23
-It is said that Dinas Emrys -in Gwynedd is named after him.	0:45:24	0:45:28
-As the Roman influence -disappeared across Britain...	0:45:29	0:45:32
-..this corner of Wales boasted of -its connection to the Roman order.	0:45:33	0:45:38
-If we focus on some of the -early Kings - Cunedda for example...	0:45:38	0:45:42
-..it's claimed that he formed -the kingdom of Gwynedd.	0:45:42	0:45:46
-Cunedda's grandfather -was Padarn Beisrudd.	0:45:46	0:45:49
-The "rudd" in his name -is a reference to the colour red.	0:45:50	0:45:54
-"Pais rudd" was a red cloak.	0:45:54	0:45:57
-Only Roman generals and officers...	0:45:57	0:46:02
-..were permitted to wear -the red cloak.	0:46:02	0:46:07
-This suggests that the founder -of the kingdom of Gwynedd...	0:46:07	0:46:11
-..took pride, -or his chronicler took pride...	0:46:11	0:46:15
-..in the fact that he was -a descendant of a Roman officer.	0:46:15	0:46:19
-Rome's influence lasted -for a long time in some places.	0:46:19	0:46:23
-In a small church in Snowdonia...	0:46:23	0:46:26
-..you can find the last evidence of -the Roman order in Western Europe.	0:46:26	0:46:31
-Here, in Penmachno, -there are headstones of people...	0:46:31	0:46:34
-..who lived here -in the sixth century AD...	0:46:34	0:46:37
-..over a century after the last -Roman soldier had left the country.	0:46:37	0:46:42
-Each one of these headstones -has its own story.	0:46:42	0:46:46
-I'll read the inscription -from this one.	0:46:46	0:46:49
-Cantorix lies here.	0:46:50	0:46:52
-He was a citizen -of Venedos, Gwynedd...	0:46:53	0:46:56
-..and cousin of Maglos -the magistrate.	0:46:57	0:47:00
-The use of those two words...	0:47:00	0:47:02
-..citizen - "cives"...	0:47:02	0:47:04
-..and magistrate - "magistratum", -along the edge...	0:47:04	0:47:10
-..tells us that the people -who lived here at the time...	0:47:10	0:47:14
-..continued to follow -the Roman order.	0:47:14	0:47:17
-Rome had long forgotten about -this tiny corner of the world...	0:47:17	0:47:22
-..but these people -still remembered Rome.	0:47:22	0:47:25
-The Roman era in Britain -was amazing.	0:47:26	0:47:30
-A time of attack and rebellion, -of joy and mourning...	0:47:30	0:47:34
-..of great luxuries on the one hand -and great hardship on the other.	0:47:35	0:47:40
-The Romans planned meticulously...	0:47:40	0:47:43
-..for their invasion of Britain -and they had the power to succeed.	0:47:43	0:47:48
-Boudica's rebellion -was a great challenge.	0:47:48	0:47:52
-The Roman order -was almost driven off the island.	0:47:52	0:47:55
-Through its policy...	0:47:57	0:47:58
-..of persuading the tribal leaders -to cooperate with them...	0:47:59	0:48:03
-..the Roman order survived -for generations.	0:48:03	0:48:06
-They weren't always fair or just...	0:48:10	0:48:12
-..but they transformed -many aspects of people's lives.	0:48:12	0:48:16
-The Romans left a collection -of fine buildings...	0:48:18	0:48:22
-..and examples -of great architecture and art.	0:48:22	0:48:25
-You could argue that there was more -to the Roman heritage than that...	0:48:25	0:48:30
-..something intangible.	0:48:30	0:48:32
-Over centuries of governance...	0:48:34	0:48:36
-..the Romans left their mark on -Wales in so many different ways...	0:48:36	0:48:41
-..not only -the archaeological remains...	0:48:41	0:48:44
-..but their influence...	0:48:44	0:48:46
-..on our language, culture, -religion and trade.	0:48:46	0:48:50
-How else did they influence us?	0:48:50	0:48:52
-When the Romans invaded Britain...	0:48:53	0:48:55
-..the population consisted -of different tribes...	0:48:55	0:48:59
-..that regularly fought -each other.	0:48:59	0:49:01
-By creating Britannia, the Romans -created the idea of Britain.	0:49:02	0:49:08
-When the Anglo-Saxons conquered the -south and south-east of Britain...	0:49:08	0:49:13
-..the west remained a stronghold -of this new identity.	0:49:13	0:49:17
-In the part of Britain -which became Wales...	0:49:18	0:49:21
-..the idea of belonging to more -than just one local tribe emerged.	0:49:21	0:49:25
-From there, regional and national -loyalty developed.	0:49:26	0:49:29
-You could argue -that without the Romans...	0:49:29	0:49:33
-..there would be no Wales.	0:49:33	0:49:35
-S4C Subtitles by Simian 04 Cyf.	0:50:05	0:50:07
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