Pennod 1 Creu Awstralia: Stori y Cymry
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-Subtitles | 0:00:00 | 0:00:00 | |
-Subtitles - -Subtitles | 0:00:00 | 0:00:01 | |
-Australia. | 0:00:02 | 0:00:03 | |
-For years, this is where -prisoners were sent from Britain. | 0:00:03 | 0:00:08 | |
-Tens of thousands -were transported here. | 0:00:09 | 0:00:13 | |
-Among them, -Welsh political protesters. | 0:00:13 | 0:00:16 | |
-South Wales Valleys Chartists -and some of the Rebecca Rioters. | 0:00:19 | 0:00:24 | |
-They were the protesters -who fought for a better world. | 0:00:24 | 0:00:27 | |
-By sending them to Australia, it was -hoped the protesting would stop. | 0:00:30 | 0:00:35 | |
-But that didn't happen. | 0:00:35 | 0:00:37 | |
-They continued to fight -for their rights. | 0:00:39 | 0:00:42 | |
-Welshmen like John Frost -from Newport... | 0:00:43 | 0:00:45 | |
-..and Zephaniah Williams -from Nantyglo... | 0:00:45 | 0:00:49 | |
-..as well as 3,000 other -political prisoners in Australia. | 0:00:49 | 0:00:53 | |
-In this programme, the story of the -prisoners from Wales and beyond... | 0:00:57 | 0:01:01 | |
-..who helped to create one of the -World's first democratic countries. | 0:01:02 | 0:01:06 | |
-The end of the 18th century... | 0:01:20 | 0:01:22 | |
-..and people are rebelling -across the world. | 0:01:22 | 0:01:25 | |
-In France, -the revolution's at its height. | 0:01:26 | 0:01:28 | |
-The king is executed. | 0:01:28 | 0:01:30 | |
-America wins its independence -from Britain. | 0:01:31 | 0:01:34 | |
-This creates a problem -for the authorities in London. | 0:01:34 | 0:01:38 | |
-As America was a place -to transport prisoners... | 0:01:41 | 0:01:44 | |
-..they now have to find a new place -to send offenders. | 0:01:44 | 0:01:48 | |
-So they conquered Australia... | 0:01:52 | 0:01:54 | |
-..and created one of the most -horrific prisons in the world. | 0:01:56 | 0:02:00 | |
-The hope was that such a prison -would cause fear... | 0:02:00 | 0:02:04 | |
-..and be enough -to put a stop to the protesting. | 0:02:04 | 0:02:08 | |
-For some, the dream was the same. | 0:02:08 | 0:02:11 | |
-Challenging the system -and starting a revolution. | 0:02:11 | 0:02:15 | |
-What's interesting about it... | 0:02:16 | 0:02:18 | |
-..is you don't have to have -a close link between countries. | 0:02:18 | 0:02:23 | |
-It's as though it's of its time. | 0:02:23 | 0:02:25 | |
-A radical spirit -of wanting change... | 0:02:25 | 0:02:29 | |
-..swept through many countries -and continents at the same time... | 0:02:29 | 0:02:33 | |
-..but there wasn't a close link -between them. | 0:02:34 | 0:02:37 | |
-Revolutionary ideas -which emphasised the rights of man. | 0:02:37 | 0:02:42 | |
-It was contrary to how society -was ordered at the time... | 0:02:42 | 0:02:48 | |
-..with the gentry, monarchs... | 0:02:48 | 0:02:51 | |
-..in power by virtue -of their status and tradition. | 0:02:51 | 0:02:55 | |
-The fact that these ideas -were discussed... | 0:02:56 | 0:02:59 | |
-..and manifested themselves -in revolutions... | 0:02:59 | 0:03:03 | |
-..first in America -and then in France... | 0:03:03 | 0:03:06 | |
-..was explosive -across the continent. | 0:03:06 | 0:03:09 | |
-Ireland, 1791 | 0:03:09 | 0:03:13 | |
-Our story begins in Ireland... | 0:03:14 | 0:03:16 | |
-..where some people have had enough -of British rule. | 0:03:17 | 0:03:20 | |
-They start a new movement. | 0:03:21 | 0:03:22 | |
-The young Irishmen attract -tens of thousands of members... | 0:03:23 | 0:03:26 | |
-..uniting Protestants and Catholics. | 0:03:27 | 0:03:29 | |
-The aim? | 0:03:30 | 0:03:31 | |
-To live in a democratic country. | 0:03:31 | 0:03:33 | |
-Democracy was a dirty word -during this period. | 0:03:34 | 0:03:38 | |
-Democracy meant revolution -to most people. | 0:03:39 | 0:03:43 | |
-The United Irishmen couldn't win -the battle through peaceful means. | 0:03:44 | 0:03:50 | |
-So they take up weapons and fight -for their rights using violence. | 0:03:50 | 0:03:57 | |
-In 1798, in County Wexford... | 0:04:00 | 0:04:02 | |
-..the United Irishmen make a stand. | 0:04:03 | 0:04:06 | |
-It's the start -of a bloody battle, Vinegar Hill. | 0:04:10 | 0:04:13 | |
-There are 20,000 Irish, far more -than the number in the British army. | 0:04:18 | 0:04:24 | |
-But with modern weaponry and better -organization within their ranks... | 0:04:24 | 0:04:30 | |
-..the British army -is too strong for the Irish. | 0:04:30 | 0:04:33 | |
-It was a bloody and fierce -rebellion. | 0:04:34 | 0:04:39 | |
-There were atrocities committed -on both sides. | 0:04:39 | 0:04:45 | |
-The rebellion came to an end... | 0:04:50 | 0:04:52 | |
-..but its aftermath was a bitterness -and a republican tradition. | 0:04:53 | 0:04:58 | |
-The atrocities committed at the -1798 rebellion were truly awful. | 0:05:09 | 0:05:15 | |
-British soldiers captured rebels... | 0:05:18 | 0:05:22 | |
-..then half-hanged them. | 0:05:22 | 0:05:25 | |
-In some cases, -they set fire to them. | 0:05:25 | 0:05:29 | |
-On the other side, -it could be just as bad. | 0:05:30 | 0:05:33 | |
-In one case... | 0:05:34 | 0:05:36 | |
-..the children of Protestant women -in a town were shot. | 0:05:37 | 0:05:41 | |
-So, with all these things -happening... | 0:05:42 | 0:05:45 | |
-..it was very difficult -to forgive and forget. | 0:05:45 | 0:05:49 | |
-But the United Irishmen's dream -isn't over. | 0:05:51 | 0:05:54 | |
-They use new tactics -to attack British soldiers. | 0:05:57 | 0:06:01 | |
-A local stonemason, -Phillip Cunningham... | 0:06:06 | 0:06:09 | |
-..leads the attack near Tipperary. | 0:06:10 | 0:06:12 | |
-HE SPEAKS IRISH | 0:06:15 | 0:06:17 | |
-Leave him. | 0:06:34 | 0:06:36 | |
-He can't be helped now. | 0:06:36 | 0:06:37 | |
-Take the weapons - quick! | 0:06:38 | 0:06:39 | |
-For an entire year, -Cunningham evades capture. | 0:06:50 | 0:06:54 | |
-But he's betrayed and is arrested. | 0:06:55 | 0:06:59 | |
-Rather than being hanged, -he receives a different sentence. | 0:07:00 | 0:07:04 | |
-He's transported to Australia. | 0:07:05 | 0:07:07 | |
-Phillip Cunningham -was not going to be made a martyr. | 0:07:08 | 0:07:12 | |
-In London, the British government -is delighted. | 0:07:12 | 0:07:16 | |
-The troublesome Irish are sent -to the other side of the world... | 0:07:16 | 0:07:20 | |
-..unlikely to ever return. | 0:07:21 | 0:07:23 | |
-But in Australia... | 0:07:24 | 0:07:26 | |
-..some are unhappy that more -Irish rebels are about to arrive. | 0:07:26 | 0:07:31 | |
-The Anne... | 0:07:33 | 0:07:35 | |
-..brings 137 of the most desperate -and diabolical characters... | 0:07:35 | 0:07:41 | |
-..that could be selected -from that cursed nation. | 0:07:41 | 0:07:45 | |
-This means that those -who avow a determination... | 0:07:47 | 0:07:51 | |
-..not to lose sight -of what it is they are bound to... | 0:07:52 | 0:07:55 | |
-..as United Irishmen... | 0:07:55 | 0:07:58 | |
-..now number 600. | 0:07:59 | 0:08:02 | |
-They are ready -and waiting an opportunity... | 0:08:04 | 0:08:08 | |
-..to put their plan into action. | 0:08:09 | 0:08:12 | |
-Dispatch it. | 0:08:18 | 0:08:20 | |
-There was fear -among the Australian authorities... | 0:08:23 | 0:08:28 | |
-..that it could develop into unrest -on the other side of the world. | 0:08:28 | 0:08:34 | |
-Their concern was for good reason. | 0:08:36 | 0:08:38 | |
-While sailing to Australia... | 0:08:38 | 0:08:40 | |
-..Cunningham and their fellow Irish -try to seize the ship. | 0:08:41 | 0:08:45 | |
-Phillip Cunningham, you've been -sentenced to 100 lashes... | 0:08:47 | 0:08:51 | |
-..for making mutiny -against His Majesty's ship. | 0:08:51 | 0:08:55 | |
-Have you anything to say? | 0:08:55 | 0:08:57 | |
-I do not recognize your crown -or your authority. | 0:08:57 | 0:09:00 | |
-Bosun, proceed. | 0:09:01 | 0:09:03 | |
-Ireland, forever! | 0:09:09 | 0:09:11 | |
-The British might not have foreseen -the effect the Irish would have... | 0:09:37 | 0:09:45 | |
-..in Australia. | 0:09:45 | 0:09:47 | |
-But maybe they didn't care. The -Irish were no longer their problem. | 0:09:47 | 0:09:55 | |
-The ship docks in Sydney harbour. | 0:09:56 | 0:09:59 | |
-There are already 5,000 prisoners -who've made the journey... | 0:09:59 | 0:10:03 | |
-..including some from Wales. | 0:10:04 | 0:10:06 | |
-Though the political prisoners are -on the other side of the world... | 0:10:06 | 0:10:11 | |
-..the revolution is far from over. | 0:10:11 | 0:10:14 | |
-. | 0:10:14 | 0:10:14 | |
-Subtitles | 0:10:18 | 0:10:18 | |
-Subtitles - -Subtitles | 0:10:18 | 0:10:19 | |
-The British empire -was the largest in history. | 0:10:24 | 0:10:28 | |
-But it also faced major problems. | 0:10:29 | 0:10:32 | |
-Some desired change... | 0:10:33 | 0:10:35 | |
-..and wanted to start a revolution -against the authorities in London. | 0:10:36 | 0:10:41 | |
-Every effort -had been hitherto in vain. | 0:10:42 | 0:10:45 | |
-For those who were caught, -the punishment was severe. | 0:10:46 | 0:10:50 | |
-Being transported to a country -on the other side of the world... | 0:10:51 | 0:10:56 | |
-..Australia. | 0:10:56 | 0:10:57 | |
-The punishment was terrible. | 0:10:58 | 0:11:00 | |
-It wasn't just people -who'd been a part of rebellions. | 0:11:00 | 0:11:04 | |
-Monoglot Welsh speakers... | 0:11:05 | 0:11:07 | |
-..such as a maid -who'd stolen from her workplace... | 0:11:07 | 0:11:12 | |
-..to feed her children -were transported. | 0:11:12 | 0:11:15 | |
-They're very cruel stories - -cruel circumstances. | 0:11:15 | 0:11:19 | |
-Often, these individuals... | 0:11:20 | 0:11:22 | |
-..didn't understand what was going -on in the court that punished them. | 0:11:22 | 0:11:27 | |
-It was the other side of the world. | 0:11:28 | 0:11:31 | |
-Many of them didn't know -geographically where they were... | 0:11:31 | 0:11:36 | |
-..and very quickly found -that they were part of a machine. | 0:11:37 | 0:11:41 | |
-A machine that was akin, -in some ways, to slavery. | 0:11:41 | 0:11:46 | |
-It was a cruel regime. | 0:11:51 | 0:11:53 | |
-One misstep -and the prisoners would be whipped. | 0:11:53 | 0:11:57 | |
-Many were Irish rebels... | 0:11:57 | 0:12:00 | |
-..including one of their leaders, -Phillip Cunningham. | 0:12:01 | 0:12:05 | |
-The United Irishmen wanted their -country to be free of British rule. | 0:12:06 | 0:12:11 | |
-Though they were now in prison -on the other side of the world... | 0:12:13 | 0:12:18 | |
-..the dream was still alive. | 0:12:18 | 0:12:21 | |
-Escaping from prison -was the aim now... | 0:12:22 | 0:12:25 | |
-..and return to Ireland -to continue with the struggle. | 0:12:26 | 0:12:30 | |
-1804. | 0:12:31 | 0:12:32 | |
-News reaches Australia... | 0:12:33 | 0:12:35 | |
-..that another of the United -Irishmen leaders, Robert Emmett... | 0:12:35 | 0:12:40 | |
-..had been hanged -on the streets of Dublin. | 0:12:40 | 0:12:43 | |
-Cunningham and his men decide -that this is the time to hit back. | 0:12:43 | 0:12:47 | |
-We started something -on Vinegar Hill... | 0:12:48 | 0:12:52 | |
-..and today we finish the job. | 0:12:52 | 0:12:56 | |
-Tonight, as we step into battle, -remember Robert Emmett. | 0:12:57 | 0:13:01 | |
-Remember that his blood -has flowed on the streets of Dublin. | 0:13:02 | 0:13:06 | |
-We're fighting for our country. | 0:13:06 | 0:13:10 | |
-We'll defeat the ones -who imprison us. | 0:13:10 | 0:13:14 | |
-On to Castle Hill, -then after we reach Sydney... | 0:13:14 | 0:13:18 | |
-..we'll steal a ship and sail home. | 0:13:19 | 0:13:22 | |
-We stand up for our country! -Freedom or death. | 0:13:23 | 0:13:30 | |
-For Emmett. | 0:13:32 | 0:13:33 | |
-For Emmett. - -For Emmett. | 0:13:33 | 0:13:35 | |
-Right, men, move out. | 0:13:37 | 0:13:39 | |
-Cunningham gets the support -of 300 prisoners. | 0:13:49 | 0:13:53 | |
-The majority were United Irishmen. | 0:13:53 | 0:13:56 | |
-Their first target -is the government's weapons storage. | 0:13:56 | 0:14:00 | |
-Jesus! | 0:14:04 | 0:14:05 | |
-Take them away. | 0:14:10 | 0:14:12 | |
-This was where most of the colony's -weapons were stored. | 0:14:12 | 0:14:16 | |
-Cunningham's aim is to seize -the government buildings... | 0:14:18 | 0:14:22 | |
-..in Castle Hill -before marching to Sydney. | 0:14:23 | 0:14:26 | |
-Time is of the essence. Quick, go! | 0:14:26 | 0:14:29 | |
-The Irish disperse -and go from farm to farm... | 0:14:30 | 0:14:34 | |
-..burning and stealing. | 0:14:34 | 0:14:36 | |
-They help themselves to more weapons -but also rum - lots of it. | 0:14:38 | 0:14:44 | |
-As it gets dark, things get messy. | 0:14:45 | 0:14:48 | |
-It gets from bad to worse -as someone betrays them. | 0:14:54 | 0:14:58 | |
-Soldiers are sent to Castle Hill. | 0:14:59 | 0:15:03 | |
-Cunningham's plan is in tatters. | 0:15:09 | 0:15:12 | |
-Damn it! | 0:15:21 | 0:15:22 | |
-God damn it! | 0:15:24 | 0:15:26 | |
-Mark my words, men, we Irish -are the makers of our own downfall. | 0:15:27 | 0:15:32 | |
-Now, we'll have to make peace. | 0:15:37 | 0:15:40 | |
-Take aim! | 0:16:05 | 0:16:06 | |
-My men stand ready for the fight. | 0:16:17 | 0:16:20 | |
-To avoid further bloodshed -we come to parley. | 0:16:20 | 0:16:24 | |
-Are you their leader? | 0:16:25 | 0:16:26 | |
-Yes. | 0:16:27 | 0:16:28 | |
-Yes. - -I arrest you. Take him away! | 0:16:28 | 0:16:31 | |
-You can't do that. | 0:16:32 | 0:16:34 | |
-That's a flag of peace. | 0:16:34 | 0:16:35 | |
-That's a flag of peace. - -Prepare to fire. | 0:16:35 | 0:16:37 | |
-Fire at will! | 0:16:40 | 0:16:42 | |
-Phillip Cunningham is hanged. | 0:17:13 | 0:17:17 | |
-There's no court case. | 0:17:17 | 0:17:19 | |
-His body is left hanging... | 0:17:30 | 0:17:32 | |
-..as a warning to anyone else who -dares to challenge the authorities. | 0:17:33 | 0:17:38 | |
-It was a short and cruel period -that Cunningham was in Australia. | 0:17:40 | 0:17:44 | |
-But very soon, -other men continue his work. | 0:17:44 | 0:17:49 | |
-Back in the Wicklow Mountains -in Ireland... | 0:17:54 | 0:17:58 | |
-..another hero -challenges the establishment. | 0:17:58 | 0:18:01 | |
-Michael Dwyer, the Wicklow Chief. | 0:18:10 | 0:18:13 | |
-For four years, he creates trouble -for British soldiers in Ireland. | 0:18:14 | 0:18:19 | |
-Remove that obstacle! | 0:18:22 | 0:18:25 | |
-The authorities -can't get their hands on him. | 0:18:36 | 0:18:39 | |
-Though there's a high price -on his head, Dwyer is cunning... | 0:18:39 | 0:18:44 | |
-..with most of Wicklow -supporting him. | 0:18:44 | 0:18:47 | |
-The United Irishmen leaders -were very determined people. | 0:18:48 | 0:18:54 | |
-Among them was Michael Dwyer. | 0:18:54 | 0:18:57 | |
-He'd refused to give up after the -rebellion of 1798 came to an end. | 0:18:59 | 0:19:05 | |
-He went to the Wicklow Mountains... | 0:19:06 | 0:19:09 | |
-..with a gang of supporters. | 0:19:09 | 0:19:11 | |
-He continued the fight against -the British army for years... | 0:19:12 | 0:19:18 | |
-..until 1803. | 0:19:18 | 0:19:20 | |
-The British authorities are -determined to catch Michael Dwyer. | 0:19:26 | 0:19:31 | |
-Red Coats! | 0:19:43 | 0:19:45 | |
-Go now. | 0:19:57 | 0:19:58 | |
-- Go! -- No, I'm staying. | 0:20:00 | 0:20:02 | |
-You have to go! | 0:20:08 | 0:20:10 | |
-Despite all efforts... | 0:20:12 | 0:20:14 | |
-..the British soldiers -just can't catch Michael Dwyer. | 0:20:15 | 0:20:19 | |
-So they try and strike a deal. | 0:20:20 | 0:20:23 | |
-Dwyer receives an offer to go to -America with his wife and children. | 0:20:23 | 0:20:28 | |
-He accepts the deal, -but Britain go back on their word. | 0:20:28 | 0:20:33 | |
-Michael Dwyer -surrenders on the assumption... | 0:20:33 | 0:20:37 | |
-..he'd be treated favourably -by the authorities... | 0:20:37 | 0:20:43 | |
-..but he was deceived. | 0:20:43 | 0:20:45 | |
-As a result of that deception... | 0:20:46 | 0:20:48 | |
-..he was sentenced -to a period in Australia. | 0:20:49 | 0:20:52 | |
-Within a year -of reaching Australia... | 0:20:58 | 0:21:01 | |
-..Governor William Bligh -drags him in front of the court. | 0:21:01 | 0:21:06 | |
-He's accused -of trying to start a rebellion. | 0:21:06 | 0:21:09 | |
-It was reported to Bligh -that Dwyer was stirring things... | 0:21:10 | 0:21:13 | |
-..that he was saying that all Irish -will be free in Australia... | 0:21:14 | 0:21:18 | |
-..and these could have been false. | 0:21:18 | 0:21:20 | |
-Dwyer denied them, -but he was brought to court... | 0:21:21 | 0:21:24 | |
-..for this sedition. | 0:21:25 | 0:21:27 | |
-The gallery -is full of Dwyer's supporters. | 0:21:27 | 0:21:30 | |
-He decides to defend himself -and uses the court as a platform. | 0:21:30 | 0:21:35 | |
-The governor of this colony -continues to work against me... | 0:21:36 | 0:21:42 | |
-..even as I try to make a new life -for myself in this land. | 0:21:42 | 0:21:48 | |
-Order! Order! | 0:21:50 | 0:21:52 | |
-Order in the court! Order! | 0:21:54 | 0:21:57 | |
-Foreman, have you reached a verdict? | 0:21:58 | 0:22:01 | |
-Foreman, have you reached a verdict? - -We have, Your Honour. | 0:22:01 | 0:22:03 | |
-Not guilty. | 0:22:04 | 0:22:05 | |
-Governor Bligh is furious... | 0:22:08 | 0:22:11 | |
-..and so there's a second trial. | 0:22:11 | 0:22:14 | |
-This time, Dwyer is found guilty -and faces imprisonment. | 0:22:14 | 0:22:19 | |
-But in 1808, Bligh is ousted -by his own soldiers... | 0:22:20 | 0:22:25 | |
-..and Dwyer is released. | 0:22:25 | 0:22:28 | |
-All Irishmen will be free! | 0:22:31 | 0:22:33 | |
-Let me hear you - free! | 0:22:34 | 0:22:35 | |
-Let me hear you - free! - -Free! | 0:22:35 | 0:22:37 | |
-Dwyer is brought back... | 0:22:37 | 0:22:39 | |
-..in fact, -rises through the society. | 0:22:40 | 0:22:43 | |
-Over the next couple of decades, -he becomes a police constable. | 0:22:43 | 0:22:48 | |
-He becomes a publican... | 0:22:49 | 0:22:51 | |
-..and completes the Irish trifecta -by being a bit of a folk singer. | 0:22:51 | 0:22:56 | |
-But Michael Dwyer -is addicted to drink. | 0:22:58 | 0:23:01 | |
-His business fails. | 0:23:01 | 0:23:03 | |
-Once again, he's sent to prison. | 0:23:03 | 0:23:06 | |
-But this time it's for bankruptcy. | 0:23:06 | 0:23:09 | |
-He dies in 1825. | 0:23:09 | 0:23:12 | |
-The last leader -of the United Irishmen... | 0:23:12 | 0:23:15 | |
-..is buried in a modest grave -in Sydney. | 0:23:15 | 0:23:19 | |
-On the side of the cemetery -years later... | 0:23:21 | 0:23:24 | |
-..a new railway station is built... | 0:23:24 | 0:23:27 | |
-..and Michael Dwyer's remains -are moved. | 0:23:27 | 0:23:31 | |
-He has a second funeral... | 0:23:31 | 0:23:33 | |
-..and over 100,000 people -watch the procession. | 0:23:33 | 0:23:37 | |
-I think -that Michael Dwyer's story... | 0:23:39 | 0:23:43 | |
-..is one of perseverance. | 0:23:43 | 0:23:46 | |
-Even after being defeated... | 0:23:49 | 0:23:52 | |
-..people like him -were determined to battle on. | 0:23:53 | 0:23:56 | |
-He stood firm for five years. | 0:23:58 | 0:24:04 | |
-He became a hero -to the Irish in Australia. | 0:24:05 | 0:24:12 | |
-Even today, he inspires -some Irish descendants there. | 0:24:12 | 0:24:21 | |
-He inspires love -for the old country... | 0:24:21 | 0:24:25 | |
-..and reminds us -of the importance of independence. | 0:24:25 | 0:24:29 | |
-And to demand our rights. | 0:24:30 | 0:24:34 | |
-Back in Britain, the authorities -are facing a new problem. | 0:24:35 | 0:24:40 | |
-In the industrial valleys -of South Wales... | 0:24:40 | 0:24:43 | |
-..the workers are unhappy. | 0:24:43 | 0:24:46 | |
-There's talk of a revolution. | 0:24:46 | 0:24:49 | |
-Wales could be a new Ireland. | 0:24:52 | 0:24:56 | |
-And in this case, a worse Ireland. | 0:24:56 | 0:25:00 | |
-. | 0:25:01 | 0:25:02 | |
-Subtitles | 0:25:05 | 0:25:05 | |
-Subtitles - -Subtitles | 0:25:05 | 0:25:07 | |
-During this period, -Great Britain controls the seas... | 0:25:11 | 0:25:15 | |
-..and its army has conquered -countries all over the world. | 0:25:15 | 0:25:19 | |
-For those who challenge Britain's -authority, the punishment is severe. | 0:25:20 | 0:25:25 | |
-Transportation to the other side -of the world to Australia. | 0:25:25 | 0:25:29 | |
-In Wales, the economy is growing. | 0:25:32 | 0:25:35 | |
-The Industrial Revolution -generates immense wealth. | 0:25:35 | 0:25:39 | |
-But not everyone -shares in this wealth. | 0:25:40 | 0:25:43 | |
-We can't over-emphasize -how hopeless things looked... | 0:25:44 | 0:25:48 | |
-..for people -who expected their world to improve. | 0:25:48 | 0:25:52 | |
-They had nothing to aim for. | 0:25:52 | 0:25:54 | |
-The masters -lived in their mansions... | 0:25:54 | 0:25:57 | |
-..while they, in their thousands... | 0:25:57 | 0:26:01 | |
-..worked in difficult, dangerous -conditions, and saw people die. | 0:26:01 | 0:26:06 | |
-The workers flock to the South Wales -coalfields and steelworks. | 0:26:07 | 0:26:12 | |
-The population grows rapidly. | 0:26:12 | 0:26:16 | |
-You would describe life -in the industrial communities... | 0:26:19 | 0:26:24 | |
-..as a frontier community. | 0:26:24 | 0:26:26 | |
-Life is short, life is dangerous -and life is very, very hard. | 0:26:27 | 0:26:33 | |
-Working conditions were dangerous. | 0:26:35 | 0:26:37 | |
-There was a real danger you'd lose -your life or be seriously injured. | 0:26:37 | 0:26:42 | |
-Large families -lived in very small spaces. | 0:26:43 | 0:26:47 | |
-The housing was poor -and as a result, diseases spread. | 0:26:47 | 0:26:51 | |
-Around half the children born died -before they were five years old. | 0:26:53 | 0:26:58 | |
-That what was happening -in Merthyr during that period. | 0:26:59 | 0:27:03 | |
-Life expectancy was 19. | 0:27:03 | 0:27:06 | |
-So you have a wild -and very new community. | 0:27:06 | 0:27:11 | |
-The idea we have of these towns -is that they are unstable places. | 0:27:11 | 0:27:15 | |
-Unruly places... | 0:27:16 | 0:27:18 | |
-..where people don't have much faith -in their future. | 0:27:18 | 0:27:23 | |
-That affected their attitudes -towards politics... | 0:27:23 | 0:27:27 | |
-..and life in general. | 0:27:27 | 0:27:29 | |
-The workers have had enough... | 0:27:31 | 0:27:34 | |
-..and there are protests -across the Valleys. | 0:27:34 | 0:27:37 | |
-In Merthyr in 1831... | 0:27:39 | 0:27:41 | |
-..a red flag is raised -for the first time... | 0:27:41 | 0:27:44 | |
-..as a mark -of the working class's might. | 0:27:44 | 0:27:48 | |
-But once again, British soldiers -defeat the protestors. | 0:27:48 | 0:27:52 | |
-The punishment for those -who dared to protest... | 0:27:55 | 0:27:58 | |
-..is to be sent to Australia. | 0:27:58 | 0:28:01 | |
-They join the hundreds -of other political protesters... | 0:28:01 | 0:28:05 | |
-..who are already there - -many of them Irish. | 0:28:06 | 0:28:09 | |
-There was no link between what -was happening in rural Ireland... | 0:28:11 | 0:28:15 | |
-..and what was happening in Wales. | 0:28:15 | 0:28:18 | |
-What was important was -the authorities compared the two... | 0:28:19 | 0:28:23 | |
-..and started to see that Wales -could go in the same direction... | 0:28:23 | 0:28:28 | |
-..as what was taking place -in rural Ireland. | 0:28:29 | 0:28:32 | |
-A new movement is established -to try and unite British workers. | 0:28:32 | 0:28:38 | |
-The Chartist movement - -another problem for the authorities. | 0:28:38 | 0:28:42 | |
-In 1836, -the People's Charter is published. | 0:28:44 | 0:28:48 | |
-The Charter -calls for a vote for every man... | 0:28:48 | 0:28:52 | |
-..and to ditch the system which -put power in the hands of the rich. | 0:28:52 | 0:28:57 | |
-People were ready for the Charter. | 0:28:57 | 0:29:01 | |
-It was a way for people -to come together behind one idea. | 0:29:01 | 0:29:05 | |
-What the Charter did... | 0:29:05 | 0:29:08 | |
-..was to give a voice to things -that people were unhappy about. | 0:29:08 | 0:29:14 | |
-The Chartists had a choice -over how to realize the Charter. | 0:29:14 | 0:29:18 | |
-In South Wales... | 0:29:19 | 0:29:20 | |
-..they turned -to preparing for a rebellion. | 0:29:21 | 0:29:23 | |
-The Charter -offers hope to workers. | 0:29:25 | 0:29:29 | |
-Leading the campaign is the mining -contractor, Zephaniah Williams... | 0:29:29 | 0:29:34 | |
-..and the local -justice of the peace, John Frost. | 0:29:35 | 0:29:38 | |
-They create an army -of miners and steelworkers... | 0:29:38 | 0:29:42 | |
-..to try and capture -the town of Newport. | 0:29:42 | 0:29:45 | |
-It's obvious -that people have different ideas... | 0:29:50 | 0:29:54 | |
-..about what they thought -was going to happen in Newport. | 0:29:54 | 0:29:59 | |
-Once Newport is safe in our hands... | 0:30:03 | 0:30:06 | |
-..we'll imprison -the aristocrats and the judges. | 0:30:06 | 0:30:10 | |
-If they oppose this, -there's no other option but death. | 0:30:11 | 0:30:15 | |
-Recently, -some historians have argued... | 0:30:16 | 0:30:19 | |
-..that John Frost tried to withdraw -at the last minute... | 0:30:20 | 0:30:25 | |
-..but that the might of the movement -pushed him forward... | 0:30:25 | 0:30:29 | |
-..against his will almost. | 0:30:30 | 0:30:32 | |
-And so he became the reluctant -leader of Chartism in the end. | 0:30:32 | 0:30:38 | |
-For some among them, -there'll be no escape. | 0:30:38 | 0:30:41 | |
-What's happening in Wales -is a matter of grave concern... | 0:30:43 | 0:30:48 | |
-..to the authorities in London -during this period. | 0:30:49 | 0:30:52 | |
-The fact that these communities -are Welsh is a part of it. | 0:30:53 | 0:30:59 | |
-There was secrecy. | 0:31:00 | 0:31:02 | |
-They didn't understand -what was happening. | 0:31:02 | 0:31:05 | |
-They used the Welsh language. | 0:31:05 | 0:31:08 | |
-This is a very important point -when we look at Newport. | 0:31:08 | 0:31:13 | |
-What happened in November 1839... | 0:31:22 | 0:31:25 | |
-..has become so widely known -and so important... | 0:31:25 | 0:31:29 | |
-..because it's the last time... | 0:31:29 | 0:31:31 | |
-..a group has attempted -to seize power in Britain... | 0:31:32 | 0:31:36 | |
-..through a rebellion, -through revolution. | 0:31:36 | 0:31:40 | |
-Thousands of Chartists -march down the Valleys... | 0:31:42 | 0:31:46 | |
-..down to Newport... | 0:31:46 | 0:31:49 | |
-..and outside the Westgate Hotel. | 0:31:49 | 0:31:52 | |
-It was a massacre. | 0:32:30 | 0:32:32 | |
-The first thing that Frost -and Zephaniah did was escape... | 0:32:33 | 0:32:37 | |
-..because they knew full well... | 0:32:37 | 0:32:40 | |
-..that the authorities -would be after them. | 0:32:40 | 0:32:44 | |
-Before long, many of the leaders -have been captured. | 0:32:50 | 0:32:54 | |
-In the court in Monmouth... | 0:32:57 | 0:32:59 | |
-..Zephaniah Williams and John Frost -are sentenced to death. | 0:33:00 | 0:33:05 | |
-For the leaders, -it was a terrible time. | 0:33:07 | 0:33:11 | |
-Imagine them in Monmouth jail... | 0:33:12 | 0:33:16 | |
-..hearing the scaffold -being built and so on. | 0:33:16 | 0:33:20 | |
-As a result of the court case... | 0:33:24 | 0:33:26 | |
-..the leaders became -prominent and popular figures... | 0:33:27 | 0:33:32 | |
-..among Chartists in Britain. | 0:33:32 | 0:33:35 | |
-There was a strong campaign... | 0:33:35 | 0:33:38 | |
-..to ensure that these people -would not be hanged. | 0:33:38 | 0:33:42 | |
-At the last minute, -the sentence is commuted. | 0:33:43 | 0:33:47 | |
-To avoid creating two martyrs -for the Chartists' cause... | 0:33:47 | 0:33:51 | |
-..they're transported to Australia -for life. | 0:33:51 | 0:33:55 | |
-At the time, Van Diemen's Land... | 0:33:55 | 0:33:57 | |
-..was the name for the island of -Tasmania off the Australian coast. | 0:33:58 | 0:34:02 | |
-As a former JP -and a master-collier... | 0:34:02 | 0:34:05 | |
-..the two Welshmen -hope to be well-treated. | 0:34:05 | 0:34:09 | |
-But no, -the two are sent to Port Arthur... | 0:34:09 | 0:34:12 | |
-..one of the most appalling prisons -in the world. | 0:34:13 | 0:34:16 | |
-They're harshly treated... | 0:34:16 | 0:34:19 | |
-..when they first arrive -at Van Diemen's Land... | 0:34:19 | 0:34:23 | |
-..because they're considered -to be very important people. | 0:34:23 | 0:34:29 | |
-They have to be closely monitored. | 0:34:29 | 0:34:32 | |
-Van Diemen's Land was described -as a prison without walls... | 0:34:35 | 0:34:40 | |
-..somewhere where people -dreaded to be sent. | 0:34:40 | 0:34:44 | |
-That's what penal stations -were like. | 0:34:45 | 0:34:47 | |
-They were meant to be feared -and they were the engine room... | 0:34:47 | 0:34:51 | |
-..which kept the colonial -free labour pump going. | 0:34:52 | 0:34:56 | |
-Zephaniah Williams gets work as a -supervisor in one of the coal mines. | 0:34:56 | 0:35:01 | |
-A good day's work, boys. -Take them down. | 0:35:01 | 0:35:04 | |
-Come on then, boys, let's clear. -You're the last two. | 0:35:06 | 0:35:10 | |
-But he's kidnapped by prisoners -trying to escape. | 0:35:11 | 0:35:15 | |
-Soon, Zephaniah is released... | 0:35:18 | 0:35:21 | |
-..and immediately surrenders -to the authorities. | 0:35:21 | 0:35:24 | |
-But no-one believes his story. | 0:35:24 | 0:35:27 | |
-He's punished -for attempting to escape... | 0:35:27 | 0:35:31 | |
-..and put in solitary confinement -in Port Arthur. | 0:35:31 | 0:35:35 | |
-"The hard table that is my bed -is 18 inches wide. | 0:35:37 | 0:35:41 | |
-"A three-pound cover -keeps the cold away... | 0:35:42 | 0:35:46 | |
-"..and there are chains -around my legs. | 0:35:46 | 0:35:49 | |
-"Shoes are my pillow. | 0:35:49 | 0:35:51 | |
-"For 16 weeks, I've been kept -in this miserable state. | 0:35:52 | 0:35:58 | |
-"The truth is -in Van Diemen's Land... | 0:36:00 | 0:36:03 | |
-"..it's the innocent -that are often punished... | 0:36:03 | 0:36:06 | |
-"..rather than the guilty." | 0:36:07 | 0:36:09 | |
-The aim of the prison is to make -honest men of the convicts... | 0:36:09 | 0:36:14 | |
-..and to scare anyone else who -considers challenging the system. | 0:36:14 | 0:36:19 | |
-The punishment is therefore -deliberately cruel and severe. | 0:36:19 | 0:36:23 | |
-Prisoners like Williams and Frost -may have lost their freedom... | 0:36:25 | 0:36:29 | |
-..but their beliefs hadn't changed. | 0:36:30 | 0:36:33 | |
-Because of what was happening -in Wales... | 0:36:34 | 0:36:38 | |
-..people like Frost and Williams... | 0:36:38 | 0:36:40 | |
-..were well known in Australia -before they'd arrived there. | 0:36:41 | 0:36:45 | |
-It's a danger -to the authorities... | 0:36:45 | 0:36:47 | |
-..but it might be something -to inspire local people... | 0:36:48 | 0:36:52 | |
-..to spur them on -to campaign for their rights. | 0:36:52 | 0:36:56 | |
-When some leaders are transported... | 0:36:57 | 0:37:01 | |
-..you exiled something very potent, -something very strong... | 0:37:02 | 0:37:07 | |
-..to a new country and culture. | 0:37:07 | 0:37:10 | |
-Frost and Williams write about -their experiences in Australia. | 0:37:12 | 0:37:18 | |
-The letters are read in the faraway -continent of North America... | 0:37:18 | 0:37:23 | |
-..and is the start of another effort -to subvert British authority. | 0:37:23 | 0:37:28 | |
-. | 0:37:29 | 0:37:29 | |
-Subtitles | 0:37:32 | 0:37:32 | |
-Subtitles - -Subtitles | 0:37:32 | 0:37:34 | |
-In the first half -of the 19th century... | 0:37:35 | 0:37:38 | |
-..Britain is an unstable place. | 0:37:39 | 0:37:42 | |
-In Wales and Ireland, -the people continue to fight... | 0:37:42 | 0:37:46 | |
-..against their British masters, -demanding more rights. | 0:37:46 | 0:37:51 | |
-Every effort has failed thus far... | 0:37:51 | 0:37:54 | |
-..including the Chartists' rebellion -in Newport. | 0:37:54 | 0:37:58 | |
-Many were killed and their leaders -transported to Australia... | 0:37:58 | 0:38:03 | |
-..as political prisoners. | 0:38:03 | 0:38:05 | |
-The bloody incident in Newport... | 0:38:06 | 0:38:10 | |
-..was a pinnacle of sorts -and a turning point. | 0:38:10 | 0:38:13 | |
-A protest like this -never reaches a point... | 0:38:14 | 0:38:17 | |
-..where there's a 100% success. | 0:38:18 | 0:38:21 | |
-It's one wave after another. | 0:38:21 | 0:38:23 | |
-Welshmen like Zephaniah Williams -and John Frost... | 0:38:23 | 0:38:27 | |
-..remain imprisoned in Australia. | 0:38:27 | 0:38:30 | |
-But their letters -keep their radical ideas alive... | 0:38:30 | 0:38:35 | |
-..and inspires others. | 0:38:35 | 0:38:37 | |
-Among them, -a young lawyer from New York. | 0:38:37 | 0:38:40 | |
-Linus Miller. | 0:38:41 | 0:38:42 | |
-Do you know the beaver -to be a dangerous animal? | 0:38:43 | 0:38:46 | |
-No, it is not. | 0:38:46 | 0:38:48 | |
-Let me show you the plans. | 0:38:54 | 0:38:56 | |
-Linus Miller joins a movement... | 0:38:58 | 0:39:01 | |
-..that wants to make Canada -an independent nation. | 0:39:01 | 0:39:04 | |
-They would meet -in group hunter lodges... | 0:39:07 | 0:39:10 | |
-..and go out and play games -in the woods with their guns... | 0:39:10 | 0:39:14 | |
-..very much like these young men -who are going off to Syria... | 0:39:14 | 0:39:18 | |
-..who are about the same age and -with the same ludicrous ideology. | 0:39:18 | 0:39:23 | |
-They had no idea what was -actually going on in Canada. | 0:39:23 | 0:39:27 | |
-Miller crosses the border -into Canada near Niagara Falls. | 0:39:28 | 0:39:33 | |
-Linus. | 0:39:34 | 0:39:35 | |
-He puts up anti-British posters. | 0:39:35 | 0:39:39 | |
-But before long, they're captured -by Canadian soldiers... | 0:39:48 | 0:39:53 | |
-..and imprisoned. | 0:39:53 | 0:39:55 | |
-"So ended my dreams -of a glorious campaign in Canada. | 0:39:59 | 0:40:03 | |
-"Alas, a hope so bright and -promising should thus be blasted. | 0:40:03 | 0:40:08 | |
-"For the first time in my life, -I felt myself a captive." | 0:40:10 | 0:40:14 | |
-Miller can't be accused -as a traitor... | 0:40:16 | 0:40:20 | |
-..as he isn't a British citizen. | 0:40:20 | 0:40:23 | |
-So he's accused of another offence - -pillaging. | 0:40:23 | 0:40:28 | |
-Rather than sentencing him -to death, he's transported... | 0:40:29 | 0:40:33 | |
-..to avoid angering the Americans. | 0:40:33 | 0:40:36 | |
-The governor, Sir John Franklin... | 0:40:39 | 0:40:42 | |
-..welcomes him personally -to Australia. | 0:40:42 | 0:40:45 | |
-Not satisfied -with being a Republican yourself... | 0:40:48 | 0:40:51 | |
-..you tried to make others so... | 0:40:52 | 0:40:54 | |
-..to set up your institutions -in Canada. | 0:40:54 | 0:40:58 | |
-What makes your case -more aggravating is your youth. | 0:40:58 | 0:41:02 | |
-You are very young to be part -of such a wicked rebellion. | 0:41:02 | 0:41:06 | |
-And a lawyer too. | 0:41:07 | 0:41:09 | |
-To break the law yourself -and to teach others to do it. | 0:41:09 | 0:41:13 | |
-Shame on you! | 0:41:13 | 0:41:16 | |
-Be careful, sir. -Van Diemen's Land is not America. | 0:41:18 | 0:41:23 | |
-Move the prisoners out. | 0:41:29 | 0:41:31 | |
-Miller's put to work. | 0:41:34 | 0:41:36 | |
-But for the young lawyer, -hard labour isn't familiar to him. | 0:41:37 | 0:41:42 | |
-"A sense of injustice we were -suffering was burning in my brain." | 0:41:43 | 0:41:48 | |
-Keep moving! | 0:41:49 | 0:41:51 | |
-Get up! | 0:41:51 | 0:41:54 | |
-"I'm an American citizen, -I'm a British slave." | 0:41:55 | 0:41:58 | |
-He manages to escape -with another American... | 0:42:02 | 0:42:06 | |
-..and tries to catch a boat -back to America. | 0:42:06 | 0:42:09 | |
-But after a few days, -they surrender... | 0:42:09 | 0:42:12 | |
-..and are sent to Port Arthur. | 0:42:13 | 0:42:15 | |
-He's a young man. | 0:42:16 | 0:42:18 | |
-Port Arthur is known -to be a sink of sodomy. | 0:42:19 | 0:42:22 | |
-If he was not raped, he probably -suffered a lot of sexual innuendo... | 0:42:22 | 0:42:28 | |
-..a lot of sexual advances -that obviously terrified him. | 0:42:28 | 0:42:33 | |
-"I think I did not sleep -but for two hours each night. | 0:42:35 | 0:42:38 | |
-"The number of inmates -was daily increasing... | 0:42:39 | 0:42:42 | |
-"..and the scenes enacted -by these men... | 0:42:42 | 0:42:45 | |
-"..were of the most diabolical -of character. | 0:42:45 | 0:42:48 | |
-"Too dark to be written, -too dreadful to be thought of." | 0:42:48 | 0:42:52 | |
-The Welshman, Zephaniah Williams... | 0:42:57 | 0:43:00 | |
-..experiences the tough conditions -in Port Arthur too. | 0:43:01 | 0:43:05 | |
-But, in contrast to Miller, -he copes with it better. | 0:43:05 | 0:43:08 | |
-Rather than challenging -the authorities... | 0:43:08 | 0:43:11 | |
-..he starts to work -within the system. | 0:43:11 | 0:43:14 | |
-He worked in an asylum -in New Norfolk. | 0:43:15 | 0:43:20 | |
-People in the asylum... | 0:43:20 | 0:43:23 | |
-..started protesting -and were troublesome. | 0:43:24 | 0:43:27 | |
-The danger was -that they would cause havoc. | 0:43:28 | 0:43:32 | |
-He managed to go in -and quietened them down. | 0:43:32 | 0:43:35 | |
-He had a good relationship -with them... | 0:43:35 | 0:43:38 | |
-..which suggests that he was -charismatic and a leader. | 0:43:39 | 0:43:43 | |
-The new governor, Eardley-Wilmot... | 0:43:44 | 0:43:47 | |
-..recommended -that he receive a full pardon. | 0:43:47 | 0:43:51 | |
-But the authorities in London -refused. | 0:43:52 | 0:43:56 | |
-They were unable to forgive the -events that took place in Newport. | 0:43:56 | 0:44:01 | |
-Williams tries to flee -but is captured... | 0:44:05 | 0:44:09 | |
-..and sent back to the coal mines. | 0:44:09 | 0:44:13 | |
-In contrast to the Welshman... | 0:44:19 | 0:44:22 | |
-..Linus Miller -receives a full pardon. | 0:44:22 | 0:44:25 | |
-He returns to New York... | 0:44:29 | 0:44:30 | |
-..and writes a book -about his experiences in prison. | 0:44:31 | 0:44:34 | |
-It causes embarrassment -to the British government... | 0:44:35 | 0:44:38 | |
-..with some calling for the end -of transportation to Australia. | 0:44:38 | 0:44:43 | |
-It was a carceral society. | 0:44:45 | 0:44:47 | |
-There was nothing else -quite like it in the world. | 0:44:47 | 0:44:51 | |
-It was a society -that was one big prison. | 0:44:51 | 0:44:54 | |
-You were under surveillance, -you were under the thumb... | 0:44:54 | 0:44:59 | |
-..of the imperial state - -they watched you. | 0:44:59 | 0:45:02 | |
-There was no sense -of personal freedom to be had. | 0:45:03 | 0:45:07 | |
-This was truly shocking. | 0:45:07 | 0:45:09 | |
-As the years pass, -Australian society changes. | 0:45:12 | 0:45:17 | |
-The children and grandsons -of some of the early prisoners... | 0:45:17 | 0:45:21 | |
-..claim their place -as citizens of the new colony... | 0:45:21 | 0:45:25 | |
-..and have inherited -their parents' rebellious spirit. | 0:45:26 | 0:45:30 | |
-In 1854, thousands battle -against the corrupt police... | 0:45:31 | 0:45:36 | |
-..in the Goldfields region -of Victoria. | 0:45:36 | 0:45:39 | |
-The radical ideas are still alive. | 0:45:39 | 0:45:42 | |
-You can't look at political ideas -just within one country. | 0:45:44 | 0:45:49 | |
-They're international. | 0:45:49 | 0:45:52 | |
-In Australia, I think, -this is important because... | 0:45:52 | 0:45:57 | |
-..even though most of them -weren't campaigning... | 0:45:57 | 0:46:02 | |
-..like they did -in Britain or Wales... | 0:46:02 | 0:46:05 | |
-..Australia develops to a degree -as a working man's paradise... | 0:46:05 | 0:46:11 | |
-..with far better living and -working conditions than in Wales. | 0:46:11 | 0:46:17 | |
-In the next programme... | 0:46:17 | 0:46:22 | |
-In the next programme, the Welsh -Chartists, Williams and Frost... | 0:46:24 | 0:46:29 | |
-..experience life at its worse -as exiled prisoners. | 0:46:29 | 0:46:33 | |
-More Welshmen arrive... | 0:46:38 | 0:46:40 | |
-..this time, some of -the Rebecca Riots protesters. | 0:46:40 | 0:46:44 | |
-And with similar offenders... | 0:46:44 | 0:46:47 | |
-..they begin turning Australia -into a free country. | 0:46:47 | 0:46:52 | |
-S4C Subtitles by Testun Cyf. | 0:47:39 | 0:47:41 | |
| 0:47:41 | 0:47:41 |