Pennod 2 Creu Awstralia: Stori y Cymry
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-Subtitles | 0:00:00 | 0:00:00 | |
-Subtitles - -Subtitles | 0:00:00 | 0:00:01 | |
-Australia. | 0:00:02 | 0:00:03 | |
-For years, this is where -prisoners were sent from Britain. | 0:00:03 | 0:00:08 | |
-Tens of thousands -were transported here. | 0:00:09 | 0:00:13 | |
-Among them, -Welsh political protesters. | 0:00:13 | 0:00:16 | |
-South Wales Valleys Chartists -and some of the Rebecca Rioters. | 0:00:19 | 0:00:24 | |
-They were the protesters -who fought for a better world. | 0:00:24 | 0:00:27 | |
-By sending them to Australia, it was -hoped the protesting would stop. | 0:00:30 | 0:00:35 | |
-But that didn't happen. | 0:00:35 | 0:00:37 | |
-They continued to fight -for their rights. | 0:00:39 | 0:00:42 | |
-Welshmen like John Frost -from Newport... | 0:00:43 | 0:00:45 | |
-..and Zephaniah Williams -from Nantyglo... | 0:00:45 | 0:00:49 | |
-..as well as 3,000 other -political prisoners in Australia. | 0:00:49 | 0:00:53 | |
-In this programme, the story of the -convicts from Wales and beyond... | 0:00:57 | 0:01:01 | |
-..who helped create one of the -world's first democratic countries. | 0:01:02 | 0:01:06 | |
-In Australia, -a major change is about to happen. | 0:01:18 | 0:01:22 | |
-Britain is in control here but -there's pressure for that to change. | 0:01:23 | 0:01:28 | |
-Unexpectedly, the campaign -is driven by convicts. | 0:01:30 | 0:01:35 | |
-When some leaders are transported... | 0:01:35 | 0:01:38 | |
-..you exiled something very potent. | 0:01:38 | 0:01:41 | |
-But radical ideas -were taken there too. | 0:01:41 | 0:01:45 | |
-They certainly played a part -in creating a new state. | 0:01:45 | 0:01:50 | |
-Australia was a place -to transport prisoners. | 0:01:52 | 0:01:56 | |
-After being released, some of them -remain and start a new life. | 0:01:56 | 0:02:02 | |
-Others travel here to look for work -or to mine for gold. | 0:02:03 | 0:02:07 | |
-For some, the dream -is to create a democratic country... | 0:02:08 | 0:02:12 | |
-..with fair conditions -for every worker. | 0:02:13 | 0:02:15 | |
-For that to happen... | 0:02:16 | 0:02:18 | |
-..the practice of transporting -prisoners to Australia had to end. | 0:02:18 | 0:02:23 | |
-One Welshman who leads the campaign -against transportation... | 0:02:24 | 0:02:29 | |
-..is John Frost. | 0:02:29 | 0:02:30 | |
-In 1839, he and another Chartist, -Zephaniah Williams... | 0:02:30 | 0:02:35 | |
-..lead an army -of miners and steelworks... | 0:02:36 | 0:02:39 | |
-..to try and capture -the town of Newport. | 0:02:39 | 0:02:41 | |
-In essence, Chartism -was a mass political movement. | 0:02:42 | 0:02:47 | |
-It feeds into the huge problems -in industrial society... | 0:02:47 | 0:02:53 | |
-..created by industrialization. | 0:02:54 | 0:02:56 | |
-It also drew upon long-held beliefs -on what was right. | 0:02:56 | 0:03:02 | |
-Something moral about what -the relationship should be... | 0:03:02 | 0:03:07 | |
-..between the government -and ordinary people. | 0:03:07 | 0:03:10 | |
-Their aim is to force Britain -to leave South Wales. | 0:03:11 | 0:03:15 | |
-The attempt fails. | 0:03:19 | 0:03:21 | |
-Frost and Williams are transported -to Australia for life. | 0:03:21 | 0:03:25 | |
-They're seen as -dangerous individuals in one way... | 0:03:26 | 0:03:31 | |
-..because they're sent -to Port Arthur. | 0:03:31 | 0:03:34 | |
-The cruel conditions at Port Arthur -prison greatly affects John Frost. | 0:03:37 | 0:03:43 | |
-To try and draw attention -to the situation... | 0:03:44 | 0:03:47 | |
-..he starts writing letters. | 0:03:47 | 0:03:50 | |
-Benevolence -is scarcely known here... | 0:03:51 | 0:03:54 | |
-..but every kind of tyranny -imaginable practised with impunity. | 0:03:55 | 0:04:00 | |
-This is a place -of the most remorseless barbarity. | 0:04:02 | 0:04:07 | |
-What men endure here -is incredible... | 0:04:07 | 0:04:10 | |
-..and I am not possessed -of language to describe it. | 0:04:10 | 0:04:13 | |
-It is hell on earth. | 0:04:14 | 0:04:16 | |
-When they went to Australia... | 0:04:16 | 0:04:19 | |
-..keeping in touch with the radicals -at home was very important. | 0:04:20 | 0:04:25 | |
-This was done -through exchanging letters. | 0:04:25 | 0:04:29 | |
-Come on, put your back into it! | 0:04:33 | 0:04:36 | |
-John Frost's punishment for -writing the letters is hard labour. | 0:04:36 | 0:04:41 | |
-Get back to work! | 0:04:43 | 0:04:45 | |
-After 14 years as prisoners... | 0:04:47 | 0:04:50 | |
-..he and the other Welshman, -Zephaniah Williams... | 0:04:50 | 0:04:53 | |
-..receive a full pardon. | 0:04:54 | 0:04:55 | |
-But there's a proviso - they are -banned from returning to Britain. | 0:04:56 | 0:05:00 | |
-My old friend, I will miss you. | 0:05:02 | 0:05:05 | |
-I wish you'd stay, -this land is ripe with opportunity. | 0:05:06 | 0:05:10 | |
-The prejudice against us -is too great. | 0:05:10 | 0:05:13 | |
-No help will ever be extended -to a prisoner... | 0:05:13 | 0:05:16 | |
-..nor to one -who has been a prisoner... | 0:05:17 | 0:05:19 | |
-..no matter how noble his intention. | 0:05:19 | 0:05:22 | |
-But I do wish you luck -with your endeavours. | 0:05:22 | 0:05:25 | |
-As a free man in Australia... | 0:05:41 | 0:05:43 | |
-..Zephaniah Williams returns to -a familiar occupation, coal mining. | 0:05:43 | 0:05:49 | |
-This is the one, Collins. | 0:05:49 | 0:05:51 | |
-Let's peg the claim out. | 0:05:51 | 0:05:53 | |
-Like many former convicts, -becomes a successful businessman. | 0:05:53 | 0:05:58 | |
-John Frost -decides to travel to America. | 0:05:59 | 0:06:02 | |
-There, he continues -to draw attention... | 0:06:02 | 0:06:05 | |
-..to the cruel conditions -in Australian prisons. | 0:06:05 | 0:06:09 | |
-New York, 1855 | 0:06:09 | 0:06:12 | |
-And the consequences -resulting from the Convict Code. | 0:06:14 | 0:06:17 | |
-The cursed laws of England... | 0:06:18 | 0:06:20 | |
-..have brought the colony to the -same wretched state as all others. | 0:06:20 | 0:06:25 | |
-Under the system introduced -by Lord John Russell... | 0:06:26 | 0:06:31 | |
-..each probation station -has become a Gomorrah... | 0:06:32 | 0:06:36 | |
-..full of crime, misery -and disease. | 0:06:37 | 0:06:40 | |
-It must end. | 0:06:41 | 0:06:43 | |
-It must end! | 0:06:44 | 0:06:45 | |
-John Frost leaves Australia... | 0:06:50 | 0:06:55 | |
-..but it's still important to him to -talk about what he witnessed there. | 0:06:55 | 0:07:00 | |
-He hates the idea of transportation. | 0:07:01 | 0:07:03 | |
-He's seen how people have been hurt. | 0:07:03 | 0:07:06 | |
-The way it destroyed people -who'd been imprisoned in Australia. | 0:07:06 | 0:07:11 | |
-The words he speaks in America -are written down. | 0:07:12 | 0:07:15 | |
-The speeches he gives -come back to Britain as well. | 0:07:16 | 0:07:20 | |
-It's obvious -he was more successful in America... | 0:07:21 | 0:07:25 | |
-..in terms of what he said -and how he said it. | 0:07:25 | 0:07:29 | |
-This was brought back to Britain -too. | 0:07:29 | 0:07:32 | |
-The year 1848 is known -as the Spring of Nations. | 0:07:36 | 0:07:41 | |
-Across Europe... | 0:07:42 | 0:07:43 | |
-..workers rebel against -their masters and government. | 0:07:43 | 0:07:47 | |
-One crucial event is the year 1848. | 0:07:50 | 0:07:54 | |
-The year of revolution in Europe -started in Paris. | 0:07:54 | 0:07:58 | |
-This had a profound effect -on Chartism in Britain... | 0:07:58 | 0:08:04 | |
-..and on the Young Irelanders -in Ireland. | 0:08:04 | 0:08:07 | |
-It was a catalyst for both. | 0:08:08 | 0:08:10 | |
-During this period, many want a more -democratic society to be created. | 0:08:15 | 0:08:25 | |
-Not just in Ireland -but across the whole of Europe. | 0:08:25 | 0:08:30 | |
-The old system was corrupt -and a new system was needed. | 0:08:30 | 0:08:39 | |
-But a tragedy hits Ireland - -the Great Famine. | 0:08:41 | 0:08:45 | |
-Millions die -or are forced to flee the country. | 0:08:46 | 0:08:50 | |
-Hardly any aid -is given by the British government. | 0:08:51 | 0:08:54 | |
-There's a call for a revolution. | 0:08:55 | 0:08:57 | |
-A new movement is founded that -would change Irish history forever. | 0:08:58 | 0:09:03 | |
-. | 0:09:03 | 0:09:03 | |
-Subtitles | 0:09:10 | 0:09:10 | |
-Subtitles - -Subtitles | 0:09:10 | 0:09:11 | |
-In 1848... | 0:09:13 | 0:09:15 | |
-..people across Europe -rebel against their masters. | 0:09:16 | 0:09:20 | |
-A year that is now known -as the Spring of Nations. | 0:09:21 | 0:09:25 | |
-In Ireland, -a new movement is founded... | 0:09:27 | 0:09:30 | |
-..to fight for independence -from Britain. | 0:09:30 | 0:09:34 | |
-The Young Irelanders... | 0:09:36 | 0:09:38 | |
-..were people who were aware of -a new dawn among European nations. | 0:09:39 | 0:09:44 | |
-They saw Ireland -as part of that movement. | 0:09:44 | 0:09:47 | |
-One of their leaders is the MP, -William Smith O'Brien. | 0:09:49 | 0:09:53 | |
-He was -from a Protestant background... | 0:09:55 | 0:09:58 | |
-..who, at the same time, argued -in favour of rights for Catholics. | 0:09:58 | 0:10:03 | |
-He was educated in public schools -in England. | 0:10:03 | 0:10:09 | |
-Yet, he argued in favour -of the Irish language. | 0:10:09 | 0:10:14 | |
-This was a man -from a comfortable background... | 0:10:15 | 0:10:19 | |
-..who started a rebellion. | 0:10:19 | 0:10:21 | |
-He was therefore a world away... | 0:10:22 | 0:10:25 | |
-..from what you'd expect -an Irish nationalist to be. | 0:10:25 | 0:10:29 | |
-In 1845, Ireland's potato crop -is destroyed by disease. | 0:10:41 | 0:10:47 | |
-The same happens the following year. | 0:10:47 | 0:10:50 | |
-Hundreds of thousands of Irish -people die of famine and illness. | 0:10:51 | 0:10:55 | |
-Seeing the British government -do hardly anything... | 0:10:59 | 0:11:02 | |
-..O'Brien is angered. | 0:11:03 | 0:11:05 | |
-Is there any sense in this? | 0:11:10 | 0:11:13 | |
-Look around you. | 0:11:13 | 0:11:17 | |
-No-one can stand aside -while people are dying around us. | 0:11:17 | 0:11:23 | |
-Our harvest is leaving our country -while men, women and children die. | 0:11:23 | 0:11:28 | |
-Though the disease is God's curse... | 0:11:28 | 0:11:30 | |
-..it's the English -who've given us the famine. | 0:11:31 | 0:11:34 | |
-O'Brien is radicalized -by the potato famine. | 0:11:34 | 0:11:38 | |
-He sees this as the end of English -legitimacy in governing Ireland. | 0:11:38 | 0:11:43 | |
-We can't let people die. | 0:11:44 | 0:11:48 | |
-8 million people -lived in Ireland at the time. | 0:11:55 | 0:11:59 | |
-Over a million and a half died -because of the famine... | 0:11:59 | 0:12:03 | |
-..and another million -left Ireland. | 0:12:03 | 0:12:07 | |
-At the same time, food -was still being exported to England. | 0:12:07 | 0:12:12 | |
-The country was on its knees. | 0:12:13 | 0:12:16 | |
-Poverty, death -and famine everywhere. | 0:12:16 | 0:12:19 | |
-For Young Irelanders - the talking -had to stop, it was time to act. | 0:12:19 | 0:12:36 | |
-I do not profess disloyalty -to the Queen of England... | 0:12:41 | 0:12:44 | |
-..but it shall be the study -of my life... | 0:12:44 | 0:12:48 | |
-..to overthrow the dominion -of this parliament over Ireland. | 0:12:48 | 0:12:52 | |
-I would gladly accept -the most ignominious death... | 0:12:52 | 0:12:56 | |
-..rather than witness the sufferings -and the indignities... | 0:12:56 | 0:13:00 | |
-..inflicted by this legislature -upon my countrymen... | 0:13:00 | 0:13:04 | |
-..during the last 30 years. | 0:13:04 | 0:13:06 | |
-The Young Irelanders' armed struggle -begins. | 0:13:10 | 0:13:14 | |
-In Tipperary, William Smith O'Brien -and his followers... | 0:13:18 | 0:13:22 | |
-..corner a group of constables -in a farmhouse. | 0:13:22 | 0:13:25 | |
-The children! The children! | 0:13:26 | 0:13:28 | |
-The owner of the house, -Mrs McCormack, manages to escape. | 0:13:30 | 0:13:33 | |
-But her children -are still in the house. | 0:13:34 | 0:13:37 | |
-The truth is, because he was -such a noble and brave man... | 0:13:40 | 0:13:47 | |
-..he didn't want -to see anyone get hurt. | 0:13:47 | 0:13:52 | |
-Hold your fire. | 0:13:53 | 0:13:55 | |
-Who's in charge here? | 0:13:58 | 0:14:00 | |
-Who's in charge? | 0:14:00 | 0:14:02 | |
-Captain, no-one wants -this day to end in bloodshed. | 0:14:03 | 0:14:07 | |
-We are all Irishmen here, -are we not? | 0:14:07 | 0:14:09 | |
-Release the children, give up your -guns and you are free to leave. | 0:14:10 | 0:14:13 | |
-You have my word. | 0:14:14 | 0:14:15 | |
-Very well, sir. | 0:14:18 | 0:14:20 | |
-It's always depicted -in British terms... | 0:14:42 | 0:14:46 | |
-..as a means of demeaning -the Young Irelanders... | 0:14:46 | 0:14:49 | |
-..that this was the battle -of Mrs McCormack's cabbage patch... | 0:14:49 | 0:14:55 | |
-..but in fact it was -a serious enough uprising... | 0:14:56 | 0:15:01 | |
-..that everyone was looking -for William Smith O'Brien. | 0:15:01 | 0:15:05 | |
-The Young Irelanders flee. | 0:15:12 | 0:15:15 | |
-Some manage to escape to France. | 0:15:15 | 0:15:17 | |
-But O'Brien is a prominent figure -and is caught. | 0:15:18 | 0:15:22 | |
-William Smith O'Brien, -I'm arresting you for high treason. | 0:15:28 | 0:15:32 | |
-He's sentenced to death -for his part in the rebellion. | 0:15:34 | 0:15:38 | |
-The court finds him guilty -and he faces a ghastly punishment. | 0:15:42 | 0:15:47 | |
-To be half-hanged then quartered. | 0:15:47 | 0:15:52 | |
-Angered, the Irish people -raise their voice. | 0:15:53 | 0:15:57 | |
-There are vehement protests -against the sentence. | 0:15:59 | 0:16:02 | |
-The British authorities -commute the sentence... | 0:16:03 | 0:16:07 | |
-..and O'Brien -is transported to Australia. | 0:16:07 | 0:16:10 | |
-After reaching the colony, O'Brien -and the other Young Irelanders... | 0:16:13 | 0:16:18 | |
-..are offered some freedom as long -as they stay within specific areas. | 0:16:18 | 0:16:24 | |
-He was offered more freedom -than the other prisoners... | 0:16:25 | 0:16:32 | |
-..if he promised not to escape. | 0:16:32 | 0:16:36 | |
-He refused. As a proud Irishman, -it was his duty to try and escape. | 0:16:36 | 0:16:43 | |
-Back home, stories like this -made him a hero. | 0:16:43 | 0:16:49 | |
-This was a man who sacrificed -a comfortable life for his country. | 0:16:49 | 0:16:56 | |
-Maria Island, 1849 | 0:16:58 | 0:17:02 | |
-O'Brien continues -to cause problems... | 0:17:02 | 0:17:05 | |
-..so he's sent to a remote island, -Maria Island. | 0:17:05 | 0:17:09 | |
-But even here, he causes trouble -for the authorities. | 0:17:10 | 0:17:14 | |
-Some of his supporters arrange for -him to escape on a merchant ship... | 0:17:27 | 0:17:32 | |
-..as he's seen as a central figure -in the fight for independence. | 0:17:32 | 0:17:37 | |
-But in a cruel twist, the ship has -to turn back before reaching land. | 0:17:46 | 0:17:51 | |
-The authorities -had learnt of the plan. | 0:17:55 | 0:17:58 | |
-We have to remember that by then... | 0:18:08 | 0:18:11 | |
-..these men -were famous in Europe and the US. | 0:18:14 | 0:18:18 | |
-William Smith O'Brien -was the Mandela of his age. | 0:18:18 | 0:18:22 | |
-He's sent to Port Arthur. | 0:18:23 | 0:18:25 | |
-It's one of the most terrifying -prisons in the British Empire. | 0:18:26 | 0:18:30 | |
-Wild dogs guard the entrance -and the regime is strict and cruel. | 0:18:31 | 0:18:37 | |
-O'Brien is put in a small cottage -alone. | 0:18:38 | 0:18:42 | |
-No solider, officer or prisoner -is allowed to speak to him. | 0:18:42 | 0:18:47 | |
-Death must be terrible indeed. | 0:18:49 | 0:18:52 | |
-If it be not preferable -to such a life that I have lead... | 0:18:52 | 0:18:55 | |
-..since I left -the shores of Ireland. | 0:18:56 | 0:18:58 | |
-Port Arthur is a spot which has -witnessed more of human suffering... | 0:18:59 | 0:19:03 | |
-..than almost any spot -of equal size on the globe. | 0:19:03 | 0:19:07 | |
-The convicts are not human. | 0:19:08 | 0:19:10 | |
-Their training in crime -has made them subterhuman. | 0:19:10 | 0:19:13 | |
-Preterhuman. | 0:19:14 | 0:19:15 | |
-And the system -of British reformatory discipline... | 0:19:15 | 0:19:18 | |
-..has gone as near to making them -perfect fiends as human wit can go. | 0:19:19 | 0:19:23 | |
-So O'Brien became a thorn in -the side of the British government. | 0:19:24 | 0:19:29 | |
-He used his period of imprisonment -to make connection... | 0:19:29 | 0:19:34 | |
-..with the anti-transportation -movement... | 0:19:34 | 0:19:37 | |
-..and became a kind of pivotal part -of their campaign. | 0:19:37 | 0:19:41 | |
-O'Brien's health deteriorates. | 0:19:43 | 0:19:45 | |
-Eventually, -the campaign to free him succeeds. | 0:19:46 | 0:19:49 | |
-He becomes a popular figure... | 0:19:49 | 0:19:51 | |
-..and meets other -important individuals. | 0:19:51 | 0:19:55 | |
-People like -Captain Michael Fenton... | 0:19:55 | 0:19:58 | |
-..who also disagrees -with the practice of transportation. | 0:19:58 | 0:20:03 | |
-Goodnight, Mrs Fenton. Thank you. | 0:20:03 | 0:20:05 | |
-I see great opportunities -for the future of this colony. | 0:20:09 | 0:20:13 | |
-Opportunities that were not afforded -to the people of Ireland. | 0:20:14 | 0:20:18 | |
-However, you must demand political -liberty and self-governance. | 0:20:18 | 0:20:23 | |
-It will not be given easily. | 0:20:23 | 0:20:25 | |
-It will not be given easily. - -I agree. | 0:20:25 | 0:20:26 | |
-To liberty. | 0:20:27 | 0:20:28 | |
-So we did harbour -the most distinguished... | 0:20:30 | 0:20:34 | |
-..of political prisoners in our day. | 0:20:35 | 0:20:38 | |
-During his time -in Van Diemen's Land in the 1850s... | 0:20:38 | 0:20:43 | |
-..William Smith O'Brien -wrote a constitution for Tasmania. | 0:20:43 | 0:20:49 | |
-And when Tasmania got its -constitution as a sovereign state... | 0:20:50 | 0:20:55 | |
-..in the mid-1850s, he said... | 0:20:55 | 0:20:58 | |
-.."If Ireland had this document, -we could live peaceably." | 0:20:58 | 0:21:04 | |
-But the story of men like William -Smith O'Brien is an exception. | 0:21:08 | 0:21:12 | |
-For most of the 165,000 -men, women and children... | 0:21:14 | 0:21:19 | |
-..who were transported to Australia, -life was hard and cruel. | 0:21:20 | 0:21:24 | |
-Most couldn't read or write. | 0:21:26 | 0:21:28 | |
-Their stories would never be told. | 0:21:28 | 0:21:31 | |
-But this wasn't the case -for two rebels from Wales. | 0:21:33 | 0:21:36 | |
-The colourful story of Shoni -Sgubor Fawr and Dai'r Cantwr... | 0:21:37 | 0:21:41 | |
-..has survived to the present day. | 0:21:42 | 0:21:44 | |
-There's this idea -in Welsh history... | 0:21:46 | 0:21:48 | |
-..that rural areas were peaceful... | 0:21:49 | 0:21:52 | |
-..non-violent and crime-free. | 0:21:52 | 0:21:56 | |
-But, at the time, -rural Wales was full of crime... | 0:22:00 | 0:22:04 | |
-..full of hardship -and full of protest. | 0:22:05 | 0:22:08 | |
-. | 0:22:13 | 0:22:13 | |
-Subtitles | 0:22:19 | 0:22:19 | |
-Subtitles - -Subtitles | 0:22:19 | 0:22:21 | |
-It's the mid-19th century and Great -Britain is a place full of unrest. | 0:22:21 | 0:22:27 | |
-Armed groups -fight for independence in Ireland... | 0:22:28 | 0:22:32 | |
-..and workers in the -industrial towns of South Wales... | 0:22:33 | 0:22:36 | |
-..raise arms -against the authorities. | 0:22:37 | 0:22:39 | |
-People are trying -to change the system. | 0:22:40 | 0:22:43 | |
-The violence in the industrial areas -was about work conditions. | 0:22:44 | 0:22:48 | |
-We can't overemphasize -how hopeless things looked... | 0:22:48 | 0:22:53 | |
-..for people -who expected their world to improve. | 0:22:53 | 0:22:56 | |
-But there were radical ideas -such as that every man and woman... | 0:22:56 | 0:23:01 | |
-..had a right to live -in a free society and to be equal. | 0:23:01 | 0:23:05 | |
-People had the right -to expect better. | 0:23:05 | 0:23:08 | |
-There's discontent beyond -the South Wales towns and valleys. | 0:23:09 | 0:23:14 | |
-In the 1830s... | 0:23:15 | 0:23:17 | |
-..something that became a symbol -of how people were oppressed... | 0:23:17 | 0:23:23 | |
-..were the tollgates. | 0:23:23 | 0:23:25 | |
-The spark that lit the fuse... | 0:23:26 | 0:23:30 | |
-..was privatizing the roads... | 0:23:30 | 0:23:33 | |
-..in rural Wales... | 0:23:33 | 0:23:34 | |
-..with private companies -erecting gates on roads... | 0:23:35 | 0:23:39 | |
-..then charging money -for travelling through them. | 0:23:39 | 0:23:43 | |
-That's what gave rise -to the Rebecca protest movement. | 0:23:43 | 0:23:49 | |
-Rural Wales, 1843 | 0:23:50 | 0:23:53 | |
-Once again in Wales, -protesters turn to violence. | 0:23:53 | 0:23:57 | |
-Merched Beca -was a secretive movement. | 0:24:16 | 0:24:19 | |
-In the darkness of the night -and dressed in women's clothes... | 0:24:20 | 0:24:24 | |
-..they target tollgates -across Wales. | 0:24:24 | 0:24:27 | |
-Merched Beca's fight -was different... | 0:24:31 | 0:24:35 | |
-..in that it was -against material hardship. | 0:24:35 | 0:24:40 | |
-They were being further punished... | 0:24:40 | 0:24:43 | |
-..by being forced to take -their produce to the market... | 0:24:44 | 0:24:48 | |
-..along the only road -it was possible to take. | 0:24:48 | 0:24:51 | |
-The tollgates were a symbol... | 0:24:52 | 0:24:54 | |
-..of the oppression -of the class which oppressed them. | 0:24:54 | 0:24:58 | |
-However, it was a matter of pennies. | 0:24:58 | 0:25:01 | |
-One journalist had a catchy line... | 0:25:01 | 0:25:05 | |
-..to describe what Beca was. | 0:25:06 | 0:25:08 | |
-"Beca is poverty." | 0:25:09 | 0:25:11 | |
-After attacking a tollgate -in Pontyberem in 1843... | 0:25:15 | 0:25:19 | |
-..Shoni Sgubor Fawr -and Dai'r Cantwr... | 0:25:20 | 0:25:23 | |
-..or John Jones and David Davies, -are arrested. | 0:25:23 | 0:25:27 | |
-The two -are very different to each other. | 0:25:30 | 0:25:33 | |
-Shoni, a boxer from Merthyr... | 0:25:33 | 0:25:36 | |
-..and Dai'r Cantwr, -a lay preacher from Glamorgan... | 0:25:36 | 0:25:39 | |
-..and a renowned balladeer. | 0:25:40 | 0:25:42 | |
-After being transported -to Australia... | 0:25:42 | 0:25:45 | |
-..Dai writes a ballad -that causes quite a stir. | 0:25:45 | 0:25:48 | |
-# Oh, fit men of Wales, -hear my song now please | 0:25:50 | 0:25:54 | |
-# I have been sent -across many oceans and seas | 0:25:55 | 0:25:59 | |
-# To spend twenty years, -it is a severe blow | 0:25:59 | 0:26:04 | |
-# I'm far away amongst strangers -in the land of the black negro | 0:26:04 | 0:26:09 | |
-# I fell into the law's hands - -oh, monstrous humankind | 0:26:11 | 0:26:15 | |
-# Woe the hour I was born -and gained a soul and a mind | 0:26:16 | 0:26:21 | |
-# To be transported -over oceans and seas untold | 0:26:21 | 0:26:26 | |
-# To be one of the slaves -in the land of the black negro # | 0:26:26 | 0:26:32 | |
-The treatment Shoni Sgubor Fawr -and Dai'r Cantwr receive... | 0:26:35 | 0:26:40 | |
-..is more in common -with the life of transported people. | 0:26:40 | 0:26:44 | |
-It's very hard. | 0:26:44 | 0:26:46 | |
-They were put in gangs -to work in stone quarries and so on. | 0:26:46 | 0:26:51 | |
-There was so much violence, -with whipping and so on. | 0:26:52 | 0:26:56 | |
-They were treated... | 0:26:58 | 0:27:02 | |
-..as to brutalize them in a way. | 0:27:02 | 0:27:05 | |
-It was savage. | 0:27:06 | 0:27:08 | |
-Shoni's behaviour in the prison -is disgraceful. | 0:27:11 | 0:27:14 | |
-He's the worst prisoner -in the history of Australia. | 0:27:16 | 0:27:20 | |
-He refuses to work, -attacks officers... | 0:27:21 | 0:27:25 | |
-..and demands food and drink. | 0:27:25 | 0:27:28 | |
-For the authorities, he's a bad man. | 0:27:36 | 0:27:38 | |
-But for others, he's a brave man -who demands his rights. | 0:27:39 | 0:27:43 | |
-Once people like Dai'r Cantwr -and Shoni Sgubor Fawr... | 0:27:50 | 0:27:54 | |
-..went to Australia... | 0:27:54 | 0:27:56 | |
-..what became apparent -was their social background... | 0:27:56 | 0:28:00 | |
-..was key -to the way they were treated. | 0:28:00 | 0:28:04 | |
-If we look at their time -in Australia... | 0:28:09 | 0:28:13 | |
-..they had low-regarded, -low-status jobs. | 0:28:13 | 0:28:19 | |
-Both constantly had run-ins -with the law. | 0:28:19 | 0:28:24 | |
-Shoni Sgubor Fawr, especially, -often got drunk and got into fights. | 0:28:24 | 0:28:30 | |
-He was an aggressive individual - -unpleasant to be honest. | 0:28:30 | 0:28:35 | |
-Their experiences... | 0:28:36 | 0:28:39 | |
-..reflected their lack -of social and cultural resources. | 0:28:39 | 0:28:44 | |
-One of the things -we're starting to understand... | 0:28:45 | 0:28:49 | |
-..is that convict Australia was -much more political than we thought. | 0:28:49 | 0:28:54 | |
-The way the convict system -was organized... | 0:28:54 | 0:28:57 | |
-..it was designed -to atomize the workers... | 0:28:57 | 0:29:00 | |
-..so you couldn't see -collective action. | 0:29:01 | 0:29:03 | |
-Their punishments were recorded -on individual charge sheets. | 0:29:04 | 0:29:08 | |
-It's only in a computer age -when we extract the contents... | 0:29:08 | 0:29:12 | |
-..of each charge sheet -and line up the dates... | 0:29:12 | 0:29:15 | |
-..in which the offences occurred... | 0:29:16 | 0:29:18 | |
-..we see -how many strikes there were... | 0:29:18 | 0:29:21 | |
-..how many times convicts refused -to eat, downed their tools... | 0:29:21 | 0:29:25 | |
-..ran away en masse. | 0:29:26 | 0:29:27 | |
-There was a day-to-day political -reaction against transportation. | 0:29:28 | 0:29:33 | |
-Shoni continues to fight the system. | 0:29:35 | 0:29:39 | |
-I want food! | 0:29:40 | 0:29:42 | |
-I want food! | 0:29:46 | 0:29:48 | |
-He's whipped -over a thousand times. | 0:29:48 | 0:29:51 | |
-After 14 years as a prisoner, -he's freed... | 0:29:52 | 0:29:57 | |
-..and decides to stay -in Australia. | 0:29:57 | 0:30:00 | |
-Dai'r Cantwr chooses to stay too. | 0:30:00 | 0:30:02 | |
-Like many former convicts, -he turns to drink. | 0:30:02 | 0:30:06 | |
-To earn some kind of living, -he starts singing in pubs. | 0:30:07 | 0:30:11 | |
-# Poor Tom Brown from Nottingham | 0:30:12 | 0:30:17 | |
-# Jack Williams, and poor Joe | 0:30:18 | 0:30:21 | |
-# Were three gallant poacher boys | 0:30:23 | 0:30:27 | |
-# Their country all does know # | 0:30:27 | 0:30:30 | |
-But there's a glimmer of hope -for Dai and Shoni. | 0:30:33 | 0:30:36 | |
-Zephaniah Williams' coal mines -are going from strength to strength. | 0:30:37 | 0:30:41 | |
-By 1854, he's established -a successful coal mine. | 0:30:41 | 0:30:46 | |
-"My dear Joan... | 0:30:47 | 0:30:49 | |
-"..the climate here is among -the healthiest in the world. | 0:30:49 | 0:30:53 | |
-"There's little sickness here. | 0:30:53 | 0:30:55 | |
-"When you come here, -kind and welcoming people await you. | 0:30:56 | 0:31:01 | |
-"If you know of farmers from Wales -who'd like to emigrate here... | 0:31:01 | 0:31:05 | |
-"..tell them I'm willing -to prepare the land for them." | 0:31:06 | 0:31:09 | |
-Zephaniah Williams -was an interesting man. | 0:31:11 | 0:31:15 | |
-Many commentators at the time -said that he was very intelligent. | 0:31:15 | 0:31:20 | |
-He also had many skills. | 0:31:20 | 0:31:22 | |
-He'd trained as a geologist and -as a coal mine inspector and so on. | 0:31:22 | 0:31:28 | |
-So he was in a position -to benefit from these skills... | 0:31:29 | 0:31:34 | |
-..when he went over to Tasmania. | 0:31:34 | 0:31:37 | |
-What's before you has resulted from -a very long battle. | 0:31:37 | 0:31:42 | |
-I've struck coal. | 0:31:42 | 0:31:45 | |
-Nobody's had such a sweet victory -against their enemies. | 0:31:45 | 0:31:49 | |
-What Zephaniah does... | 0:31:50 | 0:31:52 | |
-..when he discovers this rich seam -of coal in Tasmania... | 0:31:53 | 0:31:59 | |
-..is call on workers from Wales -to come out to him. | 0:31:59 | 0:32:03 | |
-So he's also a kind of -Welsh emigration facilitator too. | 0:32:03 | 0:32:09 | |
-Williams takes care -of the two Welshmen... | 0:32:11 | 0:32:14 | |
-..Dai'r Cantwr -and Shoni Sgubor Fawr. | 0:32:14 | 0:32:17 | |
-Dai Cantwr. | 0:32:17 | 0:32:19 | |
-Welcome to Latrobe - -a small corner of Wales in Tasmania. | 0:32:19 | 0:32:23 | |
-I hope you'll feel at home here. | 0:32:24 | 0:32:27 | |
-I hope you'll feel at home here. - -Dai! | 0:32:27 | 0:32:28 | |
-Because -of his successful business... | 0:32:35 | 0:32:38 | |
-..Zephaniah Williams -is remembered as the King of Coal. | 0:32:38 | 0:32:42 | |
-He dies a very rich man aged 79. | 0:32:42 | 0:32:46 | |
-In due course... | 0:32:47 | 0:32:48 | |
-..his grandson would be -a Member of Parliament for 23 years. | 0:32:48 | 0:32:52 | |
-The story of the Chartist, -Zephaniah Williams... | 0:32:57 | 0:33:00 | |
-..proves that there was -a better life in Australia. | 0:33:01 | 0:33:04 | |
-It's also proof for former convicts -in the colony... | 0:33:04 | 0:33:08 | |
-..that success was possible. | 0:33:08 | 0:33:10 | |
-Back home in Britain, conditions -remain difficult for the Chartists. | 0:33:10 | 0:33:16 | |
-William Cuffay is the son -of an ex-slave from the Caribbean. | 0:33:17 | 0:33:22 | |
-He's a tailor and a trade unionist. | 0:33:23 | 0:33:25 | |
-A talented and honest man... | 0:33:28 | 0:33:31 | |
-..he becomes a prominent figure -among the Chartists. | 0:33:31 | 0:33:35 | |
-William Cuffay -is a very interesting personality... | 0:33:38 | 0:33:42 | |
-..who not only had a difficult life -in terms of poverty... | 0:33:42 | 0:33:47 | |
-..but also racism. | 0:33:47 | 0:33:49 | |
-In 1848, he organizes the biggest -march in the history of Chartism... | 0:33:49 | 0:33:55 | |
-..on Kennington Common in London. | 0:33:55 | 0:33:58 | |
-The Chartists attempt to ensure -that the march is a peaceful one. | 0:33:59 | 0:34:03 | |
-The government is sceptical. | 0:34:03 | 0:34:05 | |
-The army and police are sent in -and Queen Victoria flees London. | 0:34:05 | 0:34:11 | |
-Thousands of Chartists -gathered on Kennington Common. | 0:34:12 | 0:34:17 | |
-The feeling in that meeting was -they could march on Parliament... | 0:34:18 | 0:34:24 | |
-..and force them -to implement the Charter. | 0:34:24 | 0:34:28 | |
-The Chartists present a petition -signed by two million people... | 0:34:30 | 0:34:35 | |
-..demanding that the government -establish the Charter... | 0:34:35 | 0:34:39 | |
-..but it's rejected. | 0:34:39 | 0:34:41 | |
-Somehow, the opportunity was lost. -Nothing was done. | 0:34:41 | 0:34:45 | |
-Kennington Common -can be seen as the final moment... | 0:34:45 | 0:34:50 | |
-..that physical radicalism -could have been implemented... | 0:34:50 | 0:34:55 | |
-..and, possibly, succeeded. | 0:34:55 | 0:34:57 | |
-Rejecting the petition -angers people. | 0:34:58 | 0:35:01 | |
-Cuffay and his supporters -hold secret meetings... | 0:35:01 | 0:35:05 | |
-..but the government -is watching them carefully. | 0:35:05 | 0:35:09 | |
-Every good act -is set aside in Parliament. | 0:35:13 | 0:35:16 | |
-Everything that's likely to do good -to the working class is thrown out. | 0:35:16 | 0:35:22 | |
-But a law to restrain our liberties, -well, that's passed in a few hours. | 0:35:22 | 0:35:28 | |
-My friends, -the time has now come for action. | 0:35:29 | 0:35:33 | |
-They're determined to put a stop -to Cuffay and the Chartists. | 0:35:34 | 0:35:39 | |
-Cuffay, I'm arresting you -for making war against the Crown. | 0:35:41 | 0:35:44 | |
-You got a warrant? | 0:35:45 | 0:35:46 | |
-You got a warrant? - -I don't need one. Grab him, lads. | 0:35:46 | 0:35:48 | |
-What have we got here -primed and loaded? | 0:35:54 | 0:35:57 | |
-You're a dangerous little man, -Mr Cuffay. Take him away. | 0:35:58 | 0:36:01 | |
-We find the defendant guilty. | 0:36:09 | 0:36:12 | |
-Shame! Shame! | 0:36:13 | 0:36:16 | |
-Order! | 0:36:28 | 0:36:29 | |
-Cuffay is sentenced... | 0:36:30 | 0:36:32 | |
-..and is transported from Britain -for life. | 0:36:32 | 0:36:36 | |
-What is surprising -is this man who is clearly seen... | 0:36:38 | 0:36:42 | |
-..as treasonous and seditious, -a danger as a radical... | 0:36:42 | 0:36:47 | |
-..rises to prominence -in the radical movement in Tasmania. | 0:36:47 | 0:36:53 | |
-In Tasmania, he continues -with his political activities. | 0:36:56 | 0:37:00 | |
-He continues -to campaign for more rights... | 0:37:00 | 0:37:04 | |
-..and against the laws that -enslaved workers to their masters. | 0:37:04 | 0:37:10 | |
-They weren't allowed -to move and sell their labour... | 0:37:11 | 0:37:15 | |
-..to whoever they wanted. | 0:37:15 | 0:37:18 | |
-They were slaves - the Master -and Servant Act, as it was called. | 0:37:18 | 0:37:24 | |
-The Master and Servant Act... | 0:37:24 | 0:37:26 | |
-..reminded people of the bad days -back home in Britain. | 0:37:26 | 0:37:31 | |
-Employers could sack workers -without any warning. | 0:37:32 | 0:37:36 | |
-On the other hand, workers have to -get their employer's permission... | 0:37:37 | 0:37:41 | |
-..before leaving their jobs. | 0:37:42 | 0:37:44 | |
-There's a strong feeling -of inequality. | 0:37:44 | 0:37:47 | |
-At the Theatre Royal in Hobart... | 0:37:48 | 0:37:51 | |
-..Cuffay uses -his public speaking skills... | 0:37:51 | 0:37:54 | |
-..in a passionate speech -against the act. | 0:37:54 | 0:37:57 | |
-Now then, Bill, -this here's an important one. | 0:38:03 | 0:38:07 | |
-Let's hear it one more time, eh? | 0:38:08 | 0:38:10 | |
-Fellow slaves. | 0:38:14 | 0:38:16 | |
-I am old. I am tired. | 0:38:18 | 0:38:21 | |
-And I am out of work. | 0:38:22 | 0:38:24 | |
-I have reason to complain. | 0:38:25 | 0:38:27 | |
-The working classes of this colony -have amongst their body... | 0:38:34 | 0:38:39 | |
-..many intelligent men with minds -capable of the highest acquisitions. | 0:38:40 | 0:38:46 | |
-Unless they have -the moral courage... | 0:38:47 | 0:38:51 | |
-..the manliness -and the determination... | 0:38:51 | 0:38:55 | |
-..to rise up against a measure which -will forge the fetters of tyranny... | 0:38:56 | 0:39:02 | |
-..and injustice -upon their liberty... | 0:39:02 | 0:39:06 | |
-..then I say -they deserve to be enslaved. | 0:39:06 | 0:39:09 | |
-On the other side of the world, -the Chartists' voice gets stronger. | 0:39:13 | 0:39:18 | |
-The old British regime is being -challenged from all directions. | 0:39:18 | 0:39:23 | |
-After a long campaign, the practice -of transporting criminals... | 0:39:23 | 0:39:27 | |
-..comes to an end. | 0:39:27 | 0:39:29 | |
-On the last ship -to reach Australia in 1867... | 0:39:30 | 0:39:34 | |
-..are rebellious Irishmen.... | 0:39:35 | 0:39:37 | |
-..who bring with them a weapon -that changes the country forever. | 0:39:38 | 0:39:42 | |
-. | 0:39:42 | 0:39:42 | |
-Subtitles | 0:39:47 | 0:39:47 | |
-Subtitles - -Subtitles | 0:39:47 | 0:39:49 | |
-In 1867, the last ship -carrying convicts reaches Australia. | 0:39:51 | 0:39:57 | |
-On board the Hougoumont -are 68 members of the Fenians. | 0:39:59 | 0:40:04 | |
-The Fenians received money -from the United States... | 0:40:04 | 0:40:08 | |
-..from Irish people -who supported independence. | 0:40:08 | 0:40:11 | |
-In 1867, they launch -a series of attacks in Ireland... | 0:40:12 | 0:40:15 | |
-..and on the British mainland. | 0:40:16 | 0:40:19 | |
-The idea was that the Fenians -in England would attack Chester... | 0:40:21 | 0:40:26 | |
-..where there was a weapons storage. | 0:40:26 | 0:40:29 | |
-They would then seize the railway -from Chester to Holyhead... | 0:40:29 | 0:40:35 | |
-..before hijacking the ferry -to reach Dublin... | 0:40:35 | 0:40:39 | |
-..and start a rebellion. | 0:40:39 | 0:40:42 | |
-If this movement was a failure, -at least it was ambitious. | 0:40:42 | 0:40:47 | |
-Among the Fenians... | 0:40:48 | 0:40:49 | |
-..is a barrister from Dublin, -John Flood... | 0:40:50 | 0:40:53 | |
-..arrested for his part in launching -an armed raid on Chester Castle. | 0:40:53 | 0:40:58 | |
-On the boat, he founds a newspaper, -The Wild Goose. | 0:40:59 | 0:41:07 | |
-He publishes seven editions. | 0:41:07 | 0:41:10 | |
-They were read by the others, -and inspired the convicts. | 0:41:10 | 0:41:17 | |
-Gentlemen, can I have your opinion -on my latest editorial? | 0:41:18 | 0:41:22 | |
-This great continent of the south... | 0:41:22 | 0:41:25 | |
-..having been discovered by -some Dutch skipper and his crew... | 0:41:25 | 0:41:29 | |
-..between the first and the ninth -century of the Christian era... | 0:41:29 | 0:41:34 | |
-..was taken possession of -by Great Britain... | 0:41:34 | 0:41:37 | |
-..in accordance -with that equitable maxim... | 0:41:37 | 0:41:40 | |
-.."What's yours is mine, -what's mine is my own." | 0:41:41 | 0:41:44 | |
-That magnanimous government... | 0:41:44 | 0:41:46 | |
-..in the kindly exuberance -of their feelings... | 0:41:47 | 0:41:50 | |
-..have placed a large portion -of Australia at our disposal. | 0:41:50 | 0:41:55 | |
-Generously defraying all expense -incurred on our way to it... | 0:41:56 | 0:41:59 | |
-..and providing retreats for us... | 0:42:00 | 0:42:02 | |
-..to secure us -from the inclemency of the seasons. | 0:42:02 | 0:42:05 | |
-What you have to say of -the Irish people of that period... | 0:42:09 | 0:42:13 | |
-..they could deliver a jeremiad... | 0:42:13 | 0:42:16 | |
-..a condemnation -from the mountain top. | 0:42:16 | 0:42:19 | |
-If they'd had artillery like that, -they would have won all the battles. | 0:42:20 | 0:42:24 | |
-But they could sweep the field -with their contempt and oratory. | 0:42:24 | 0:42:30 | |
-Sometimes, I think -they spent too long thinking... | 0:42:31 | 0:42:34 | |
-..that because they had -the best words and images... | 0:42:35 | 0:42:39 | |
-..they'd actually won the battle. | 0:42:39 | 0:42:41 | |
-Whereas in fact, the good -old practical British government... | 0:42:42 | 0:42:46 | |
-..knew otherwise - -that it is the hardware of war... | 0:42:46 | 0:42:51 | |
-..and the possession of real estate -that brings you the victory. | 0:42:51 | 0:42:56 | |
-In the prison, Flood is put to work -as a surveyor... | 0:43:00 | 0:43:04 | |
-..to develop the new colony. | 0:43:04 | 0:43:06 | |
-He's a good prisoner... | 0:43:07 | 0:43:09 | |
-..and can spot the opportunities -for Irish people in Australia. | 0:43:09 | 0:43:13 | |
-In 1871, he wins his freedom. | 0:43:13 | 0:43:16 | |
-He moves to Sydney. | 0:43:21 | 0:43:23 | |
-There, he founds a newspaper -called The Irish Citizen... | 0:43:23 | 0:43:28 | |
-..to try and appeal to the many -Irish people living in the city. | 0:43:28 | 0:43:33 | |
-The next step for John Flood -is Queensland. | 0:43:33 | 0:43:36 | |
-There, he becomes the editor -and owner of The Gympie Times. | 0:43:37 | 0:43:41 | |
-For the first time, Australia hears -the ideas of the political exiles... | 0:43:41 | 0:43:46 | |
-..through a popular medium. | 0:43:46 | 0:43:48 | |
-The press was the crucial medium -in the history of radicalism... | 0:43:49 | 0:43:54 | |
-..and the history of politics -in the 19th century. | 0:43:54 | 0:43:58 | |
-Producing a newspaper was crucial... | 0:43:58 | 0:44:02 | |
-..to the existence -of any kind of political movement. | 0:44:02 | 0:44:05 | |
-Political and social change -requires a change of the heart... | 0:44:06 | 0:44:10 | |
-..as well as a change in the mind. | 0:44:10 | 0:44:13 | |
-And these are both done -through media and culture. | 0:44:13 | 0:44:17 | |
-It's one thing -to have battles and revolutions... | 0:44:17 | 0:44:21 | |
-..but you need -to change the way people think... | 0:44:21 | 0:44:24 | |
-..or show them possibilities. | 0:44:25 | 0:44:27 | |
-Now, the convicts' radical ideas... | 0:44:29 | 0:44:32 | |
-..were being discussed openly -and on a large scale. | 0:44:32 | 0:44:36 | |
-Those who'd been transported -brought with them... | 0:44:36 | 0:44:39 | |
-..liberal, republican ideas... | 0:44:40 | 0:44:42 | |
-..and supported trade unions -and workers' rights. | 0:44:43 | 0:44:47 | |
-Ideas that reached Australia -on convict ships. | 0:44:47 | 0:44:51 | |
-Australian democracy was achieved -through the Liberal Reform Movement. | 0:44:52 | 0:44:56 | |
-It was once considered -a radical, dangerous idea... | 0:44:57 | 0:45:00 | |
-..that political prisoners -of the 19th and late 18th century... | 0:45:00 | 0:45:05 | |
-..suffered for. | 0:45:05 | 0:45:06 | |
-In remembering -the political prisoners... | 0:45:07 | 0:45:10 | |
-..we're acknowledging the -true foundations of our democracy. | 0:45:10 | 0:45:14 | |
-Not just those individuals, but the -movements that they were a part of. | 0:45:14 | 0:45:19 | |
-When William Cuffay died in 1870... | 0:45:27 | 0:45:30 | |
-..he was lauded in newspapers -across Australia and the world. | 0:45:30 | 0:45:36 | |
-Cuffay lives to see -British soldiers leave Australia. | 0:45:36 | 0:45:41 | |
-He sees the introduction -of an eight-hour working day... | 0:45:41 | 0:45:45 | |
-..and basic rights -that he fought for. | 0:45:45 | 0:45:48 | |
-In England, -they had to wait until 1918... | 0:45:48 | 0:45:52 | |
-..after the First World War, -for similar rights to be introduced. | 0:45:52 | 0:45:57 | |
-Rights that would allow a man -like Cuffay and other workers... | 0:45:57 | 0:46:01 | |
-..to vote. | 0:46:01 | 0:46:02 | |
-In Australia's case... | 0:46:03 | 0:46:06 | |
-..even though most of them -didn't campaign... | 0:46:06 | 0:46:10 | |
-..like they did -in Britain or Wales... | 0:46:10 | 0:46:13 | |
-..Australia develops to a degree -as a working man's paradise... | 0:46:14 | 0:46:20 | |
-..with far better living and -working conditions than in Wales. | 0:46:20 | 0:46:25 | |
-Many see Australia -as the first democratic country... | 0:46:29 | 0:46:33 | |
-..in the modern age. | 0:46:33 | 0:46:35 | |
-A country established -on the principles of those... | 0:46:35 | 0:46:39 | |
-..who'd been convicts in Australia. | 0:46:39 | 0:46:42 | |
-But not everyone -experiences democracy. | 0:46:46 | 0:46:50 | |
-Australia's new constitution in 1901 -didn't recognize the aborigines... | 0:46:50 | 0:46:56 | |
-..nor the people -of the Torres Strait Islands. | 0:46:56 | 0:46:59 | |
-It's still the case 114 years later. | 0:47:00 | 0:47:02 | |
-S4C Subtitles by Testun Cyf. | 0:47:47 | 0:47:49 | |
| 0:47:49 | 0:47:49 |