Fferm i Ffwrnais ‹ Creu Cymru Fodern

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-Over the past 250 years, -Wales has been transformed.	0:00:16	0:00:21
-Iron, copper, slate and coal -were the raw materials...	0:00:22	0:00:25
-..that turned our country -into an industrial nation...	0:00:26	0:00:30
-..the first of its kind -in the world.	0:00:30	0:00:32
-But in order for it -to evolve and grow...	0:00:33	0:00:36
-..it required -more than just natural resources.	0:00:36	0:00:40
-Education, faith, language -and politics were crucial.	0:00:40	0:00:45
-These days, some people claim...	0:00:45	0:00:47
-..that Wales is the very first -post-industrial nation.	0:00:48	0:00:52
-Machines might have prompted -the Industrial Revolution....	0:00:52	0:00:56
-..but it was people -who were at the helm.	0:00:57	0:01:00
-Born out of exceptionally hard -working conditions...	0:01:00	0:01:04
-..a new working class -created its own future...	0:01:04	0:01:08
-..and formed a modern Wales.	0:01:08	0:01:10
-This is their history, -our history...	0:01:13	0:01:15
-..and the history -of how a modern Wales was created.	0:01:16	0:01:19
-The first chapter -focuses on the shift in Wales...	0:01:28	0:01:32
-..from the farm to the furnace.	0:01:32	0:01:35
-Commerce, labour and the nature of -Welsh society were revolutionized...	0:01:35	0:01:40
-..within a century -between 1750 and 1850.	0:01:40	0:01:44
-By the end of that period...	0:01:49	0:01:51
-..industry in Wales was employing -more people than agriculture.	0:01:51	0:01:56
-Wales became -the world's first industrial nation.	0:01:56	0:02:00
-To understand -such a comprehensive change...	0:02:00	0:02:04
-..it is useful to chart the history -of one family, my family.	0:02:04	0:02:08
-For us, the path to the modern world -starts here in Ceredigion.	0:02:13	0:02:18
-This series allows me to trace -the Edwards family's history...	0:02:21	0:02:27
-..over three centuries.	0:02:27	0:02:31
-It's the story of the contribution -of ordinary folk...	0:02:31	0:02:35
-..which led to the creation -of a modern Wales.	0:02:36	0:02:39
-I'm here in the graveyard -of the ancient Nantcwnlle church...	0:02:39	0:02:43
-..near Bwlchllan, Ceredigion, -in the hills above Aberaeron.	0:02:43	0:02:48
-Some of the graves -provide valuable information...	0:02:48	0:02:51
-..about the family's history.	0:02:52	0:02:54
-The Edwards family's roots -are firmly planted in this area.	0:02:58	0:03:03
-Here's the evidence.	0:03:03	0:03:05
-This is the grave -of Nathaniel Edwards.	0:03:05	0:03:08
-He died in 1833.	0:03:08	0:03:10
-He was my great-great-great-great- -great-grandfather.	0:03:10	0:03:16
-He was a farmer who worked the land -at Brynele, a mile and a half away.	0:03:16	0:03:22
-This is where he rests, -along with other family members...	0:03:22	0:03:26
-..in his own backyard...	0:03:27	0:03:29
-..amid the beauty of one of the -most picturesque parishes in Wales.	0:03:29	0:03:33
-In the centuries -before Nathaniel Edwards' days...	0:03:39	0:03:43
-..very little changed -in rural Wales.	0:03:43	0:03:46
-Living conditions were primitive...	0:03:46	0:03:49
-..with little improvement -since the Middle Ages.	0:03:49	0:03:53
-The majority of ordinary folk, -including the Edwardses...	0:03:53	0:03:57
-..were smallholders -who rented the land they farmed.	0:03:58	0:04:02
-From 1750 onwards, -sheep trade in Wales was thriving...	0:04:06	0:04:11
-..with drovers herding sheep beyond -Offa's Dyke to England's cities.	0:04:12	0:04:17
-But large towns were rare in Wales.	0:04:19	0:04:23
-Rarely did ordinary folk -leave their locality.	0:04:24	0:04:28
-The Edwardses -didn't stray too far away.	0:04:31	0:04:34
-Without education or resources -to improve their living standards...	0:04:35	0:04:40
-..the family was their focus, -through good times and bad.	0:04:40	0:04:45
-Mam!	0:04:45	0:04:47
-For most people, a shortage of food, -pain and suffering...	0:04:47	0:04:51
-..were part of everyday life.	0:04:51	0:04:55
-Daniel! Daniel, come here!	0:05:00	0:05:02
-Come here now!	0:05:02	0:05:04
-There was always a risk of death.	0:05:05	0:05:08
-Infant mortality was commonplace...	0:05:09	0:05:12
-..though it was of no comfort -to the bereaved families.	0:05:12	0:05:16
-My family's experience -was the same as their neighbours...	0:05:33	0:05:38
-..here in the Vale of Aeron.	0:05:38	0:05:40
-One of the descendants and a -relative of mine, Dafydd Edwards...	0:05:42	0:05:47
-..continues to farm -the same land today.	0:05:47	0:05:50
-The land was a composition -of peat, ferns, heather and gorse.	0:05:50	0:05:56
-It was very difficult -to farm back then.	0:05:57	0:06:00
-They had very little land -since they were tenant farmers.	0:06:00	0:06:03
-There's an old saying.	0:06:04	0:06:06
-Gold beneath the ferns...	0:06:06	0:06:09
-..silver beneath the gorse...	0:06:09	0:06:11
-..and poverty beneath the heather.	0:06:11	0:06:14
-It's perfectly true.	0:06:14	0:06:16
-The 18th century brought about -a major change for the Edwardses...	0:06:18	0:06:23
-..and for others -living in rural Wales.	0:06:23	0:06:27
-Faith and education -shaped and propelled this change.	0:06:27	0:06:33
-Thanks to a few luminaries...	0:06:33	0:06:35
-..life in rural Wales -was completely transformed.	0:06:35	0:06:39
-The effect on neighbouring areas -and further afield was astounding.	0:06:40	0:06:45
-Children today are still taught -about two pioneers of change.	0:06:45	0:06:50
-Griffith Jones and Bridget Bevan.	0:06:51	0:06:54
-The aim -of their circulating schools...	0:06:55	0:06:57
-..which went -from village to village...	0:06:58	0:07:00
-..was to enable everyone -to read the scriptures.	0:07:00	0:07:05
-Soon, more people in Wales -could read...	0:07:05	0:07:08
-..than those living in similar -regions elsewhere in the world.	0:07:08	0:07:13
-Of course, one thing -is instrumental in all of this.	0:07:13	0:07:18
-Here is Aled Afal.	0:07:18	0:07:22
-Welsh was the language -of the schools.	0:07:23	0:07:25
-It was the only language -90% of the population understood.	0:07:25	0:07:29
-The venture was a sweeping success.	0:07:29	0:07:32
-More than 3,000 schools -were established...	0:07:32	0:07:35
-..with half of Wales' population -learning to read.	0:07:35	0:07:39
-News of their success -reaches Catherine the Great...	0:07:40	0:07:46
-..who wishes to develop the idea -in Russia.	0:07:47	0:07:49
-Being able to read the Bible -for the first time...	0:07:49	0:07:53
-..inspires many ordinary folk -to profess their faith.	0:07:53	0:07:59
-A revolution takes hold, -even in tranquil rural Wales...	0:08:01	0:08:06
-..as people turn their backs -on Anglican traditions...	0:08:07	0:08:11
-..and make their own way in life, -a Nonconformist way.	0:08:12	0:08:17
-Many small chapels are erected...	0:08:17	0:08:19
-..like this one -in the heart of Ceredigion.	0:08:19	0:08:23
-My family attended this chapel -in Pennant, which was built in 1768.	0:08:23	0:08:28
-It was a means to bring a new order -to religion and life in Wales.	0:08:28	0:08:35
-Rural Wales is now full of workers -who can read, learn and comprehend.	0:08:40	0:08:48
-Families lived by the Bible's -message of dedication...	0:08:49	0:08:52
-..perseverance and hard work.	0:08:52	0:08:54
-Religion and education -played a pivotal role...	0:08:56	0:09:00
-..in the major social change -that was about to happen.	0:09:00	0:09:04
-But there was also another factor, -the raw material, as it were.	0:09:04	0:09:10
-The land in Wales was a treasure -trove of natural resources.	0:09:10	0:09:14
-With the dawning of a new era...	0:09:22	0:09:25
-..the first to see the light -is Anglesey.	0:09:25	0:09:28
-Men have been excavating on Parys -Mountain since the Bronze Age.	0:09:28	0:09:34
-On 2 March 1768, -everything is about to change.	0:09:34	0:09:38
-Rowland Pugh, -one of the local miners...	0:09:40	0:09:44
-..discovers the Great Lode, -the large copper seam.	0:09:44	0:09:48
-He is rewarded -with a bottle of whisky...	0:09:48	0:09:51
-..and a cottage in which -to spend the rest of his days.	0:09:51	0:09:55
-Solicitor Thomas Williams -develops the site.	0:09:55	0:09:58
-Within 12 years, -he becomes the Copper King...	0:09:58	0:10:02
-..the most influential -copper king in Europe.	0:10:02	0:10:06
-Excavations dramatically alter -the country's landscape...	0:10:07	0:10:11
-..as is evident to anyone -who visits Parys Mountain today.	0:10:11	0:10:15
-But imagine the shock and horror -during that era...	0:10:20	0:10:23
-..for a farmhand -entering a brand-new industry.	0:10:23	0:10:27
-Rowland Pugh has rediscovered -our country's precious minerals.	0:10:30	0:10:34
-Thomas Williams and his workforce -begin to create a modern Wales.	0:10:34	0:10:39
-The next major leap -in our history...	0:10:42	0:10:45
-..happens in a small town -on the south coast.	0:10:46	0:10:49
-Swansea.	0:10:49	0:10:50
-Back then, it was given -the popular nickname Copperopolis...	0:10:52	0:10:56
-..meaning the city of copper.	0:10:56	0:10:58
-It played a pivotal role, -becoming the first industry...	0:10:58	0:11:02
-..to spread -to all four corners of the world.	0:11:03	0:11:05
-Swansea is a unique location.	0:11:10	0:11:13
-It has a deep river, -the River Tawe...	0:11:13	0:11:17
-..which leads -to a rich supply of coal.	0:11:17	0:11:20
-Copper ore is transported -along the river...	0:11:20	0:11:24
-..to be unloaded and smelted -on the riverbanks.	0:11:24	0:11:29
-Coal from nearby collieries -feed the furnaces that melt the ore.	0:11:29	0:11:35
-Later, the copper chunks -are exported worldwide...	0:11:37	0:11:42
-..and used to make bronze and brass.	0:11:43	0:11:45
-Swansea gained -a worldwide reputation...	0:11:46	0:11:49
-..as the centre -of the copper industry.	0:11:49	0:11:52
-Swansea's trade links -extended from Europe...	0:11:58	0:12:03
-..to Africa, North and South America -and the Far East.	0:12:03	0:12:07
-Copper connected Wales to the world.	0:12:07	0:12:10
-But there was another metal...	0:12:10	0:12:13
-..that was even more influential -in the creation of modern Wales.	0:12:13	0:12:20
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-The Industrial Revolution -shaped Wales' history for 150 years.	0:12:30	0:12:35
-New inventions and discoveries, -water and steam power...	0:12:40	0:12:44
-..new machinery and products -led to changes across everyday life.	0:12:45	0:12:51
-Wales becomes a powerhouse -of global importance.	0:12:53	0:12:57
-The story begins with copper...	0:12:59	0:13:02
-..but another metal is responsible -for creating a modern Wales.	0:13:02	0:13:07
-That metal is iron.	0:13:09	0:13:12
-We're here in Cyfarthfa -near Merthyr Tydfil...	0:13:12	0:13:16
-..where the iron industry -flourishes at an astounding rate.	0:13:16	0:13:21
-A businessman from Yorkshire -called Richard Crawshay...	0:13:21	0:13:25
-..builds enormous furnaces here, -the largest furnaces in the world.	0:13:26	0:13:31
-They are still -spectacular to behold.	0:13:31	0:13:35
-Crawshay, -along with other ironmasters...	0:13:41	0:13:44
-..came to Merthyr because essential -resources were available locally.	0:13:45	0:13:49
-Iron ore, limestone and coal.	0:13:50	0:13:52
-This is where -the raw materials came together.	0:13:53	0:13:57
-When the ironworks -were at their peak...	0:14:00	0:14:02
-..strong winds -would howl through these tunnels.	0:14:03	0:14:06
-They were generated -by giant machinery outside.	0:14:06	0:14:09
-The air -helped sustain the furnace...	0:14:10	0:14:12
-..which was heated to a temperature -of over 1,000 degrees Celsius.	0:14:13	0:14:17
-The furnace was 20 metres high.	0:14:29	0:14:32
-Workers stood, six in a line, -here in Cyfarthfa...	0:14:32	0:14:36
-..producing 23,000 tons -of pig iron each year.	0:14:36	0:14:39
-The rate of production at Crawshay's -ironworks is unprecedented.	0:14:43	0:14:47
-Even more significant...	0:14:53	0:14:55
-..is what happens -to the pig iron at the next stage.	0:14:55	0:14:59
-Within three years, -Crawshay's ironworkers...	0:14:59	0:15:03
-..perfect a new way -of treating the iron.	0:15:03	0:15:06
-It's effective, inexpensive...	0:15:06	0:15:09
-..and produces iron -that is useful and strong.	0:15:09	0:15:12
-Over the next 50 years, -ironworks around the world...	0:15:12	0:15:16
-..adopt the technology -invented here in Merthyr.	0:15:16	0:15:21
-From the Ruhr in Germany -to Pittsburgh in America...	0:15:22	0:15:25
-..they all implement the process -called the Welsh Method.	0:15:25	0:15:30
-The new Welsh product, -though precious, is very heavy.	0:15:33	0:15:38
-The iron must be transported to -the ironworks and to the markets...	0:15:39	0:15:43
-..as quickly as possible.	0:15:43	0:15:45
-The canals -were the motorways of the day.	0:15:49	0:15:52
-They were much more effective -than a horse and cart.	0:15:52	0:15:55
-But despite their beauty, -constructing them is expensive.	0:15:57	0:16:01
-Telford's aqueduct in Pontcysyllte -is a prime example.	0:16:01	0:16:05
-Soon, a revolutionary new way...	0:16:06	0:16:08
-..of transporting people and goods -is invented...	0:16:09	0:16:13
-..and it is developed here in Wales.	0:16:13	0:16:15
-In 1804, ironmaster Richard Crawshay -accepts a challenge...	0:16:21	0:16:26
-..from another -of the area's other ironmasters...	0:16:26	0:16:29
-..Samuel Homfray -of Penydarren ironworks.	0:16:29	0:16:33
-Homfray bets him 1,000, -which was a fortune back then.	0:16:33	0:16:38
-Homfray wanted to be sure -that ten tons of iron...	0:16:38	0:16:43
-..could be transported by rail, -powered by a steam engine...	0:16:43	0:16:48
-..from Merthyr to Abercynon, -a distance of nine miles.	0:16:48	0:16:52
-It goes without saying that Crawshay -is very keen to accept the bet.	0:16:52	0:16:58
-But Homfray harbours a secret.	0:17:01	0:17:03
-Cornish engineer Richard Trevithick -has built him a steam engine...	0:17:04	0:17:08
-..which sits idly -at Penydarren ironworks.	0:17:09	0:17:12
-Homfray asks Trevithick to adapt -the engine to travel along a track.	0:17:13	0:17:17
-On 21 February 1804, -the system is up and running.	0:17:26	0:17:30
-Five trams attached to the engine...	0:17:30	0:17:35
-..carry 70 men and a load of iron.	0:17:35	0:17:38
-The first train is very slow, -travelling at a speed of 5mph.	0:17:39	0:17:43
-Some of the rails -buckle under the weight.	0:17:43	0:17:46
-The engine's smokestack -hits a low bridge...	0:17:46	0:17:50
-..but Trevithick repairs the engine -and it reaches its journey's end.	0:17:50	0:17:55
-This is the future of transport -in the four corners of the world...	0:17:55	0:18:00
-..and it started in Wales.	0:18:00	0:18:02
-But not everyone -shared the excitement.	0:18:05	0:18:08
-The new Wales -was beyond the experience...	0:18:08	0:18:12
-..of the thousands who stayed -in rural Wales to earn a living.	0:18:13	0:18:19
-My ancestors, the Edwardses, -were among them in Ceredigion.	0:18:19	0:18:24
-There was no suggestion back then...	0:18:24	0:18:27
-..that traditional Welsh life -and its customs was under threat.	0:18:27	0:18:33
-There were some people back then...	0:18:33	0:18:36
-..who warned that Wales' character -and nature was in danger.	0:18:36	0:18:41
-One man who shared this concern...	0:18:49	0:18:51
-..was Edward Williams, -a stonemason from Glamorgan...	0:18:52	0:18:56
-..otherwise known -by his bardic name, Iolo Morganwg.	0:18:56	0:19:00
-Iolo loved Wales, its language, -its landscape and history.	0:19:02	0:19:07
-He interpreted that history -as an ancient Celtic one.	0:19:10	0:19:14
-He's determined -to reconnect the modern Wales...	0:19:18	0:19:21
-..with the ancient rituals -of the Druids.	0:19:22	0:19:25
-He claimed -to have discovered the secrets...	0:19:28	0:19:31
-..of the ancient bards of Britain.	0:19:31	0:19:34
-He insists -on using that tradition...	0:19:35	0:19:39
-..to safeguard Wales' culture -in the new age.	0:19:39	0:19:43
-He creates his own Gorsedd circle...	0:19:43	0:19:46
-..with pebbles to represent -the Druids' standing stones...	0:19:46	0:19:51
-..and invites a group of friends -to join the ritual.	0:19:51	0:19:54
-..complaints from the grave, -the rights of man...	0:19:54	0:19:59
-Though they were -merely romantic notions...	0:20:01	0:20:04
-..Iolo's ceremonies -are here to stay...	0:20:04	0:20:07
-..and are an important part -of the National Eisteddfod.	0:20:08	0:20:12
-The truth against the world.	0:20:12	0:20:15
-But there was no way of turning back -the mechanical tide...	0:20:23	0:20:27
-..that was transforming life -in Wales, despite Iolo's efforts.	0:20:27	0:20:33
-Richard Price, -another native of Glamorgan...	0:20:37	0:20:40
-..was among the first -to realize that.	0:20:40	0:20:43
-His influential voice -echoes down the centuries.	0:20:43	0:20:48
-"Nothing is more important -than an education system...	0:20:48	0:20:52
-"..that is wise and broad-minded."	0:20:52	0:20:55
-These are the words -of Richard Price...	0:20:55	0:20:58
-..which are displayed -alongside the main road...	0:20:58	0:21:02
-..from Bridgend to Llangeinor, -Richard Price's birthplace.	0:21:02	0:21:07
-To give you an idea of his genius -and vision, read these words.	0:21:07	0:21:13
-"Every community has the right -to govern itself...	0:21:13	0:21:16
-"..and the right to decide -in what form...	0:21:17	0:21:19
-"..and by whom it shall be ruled."	0:21:19	0:21:21
-This is a man -who looks ahead to the future.	0:21:22	0:21:25
-This sentiment is even more relevant -to modern Wales.	0:21:25	0:21:30
-Price displays -revolutionary thinking...	0:21:34	0:21:37
-..about freedom and the rights -of the new working class.	0:21:37	0:21:41
-Ideas that spark democratic change -in France and America.	0:21:41	0:21:45
-Richard Price is buried at -Bunhill Fields cemetery in London...	0:21:50	0:21:55
-..along with many other radicals -and Nonconformists.	0:21:55	0:21:59
-But his influence still lives on -in the United States' constitution.	0:21:59	0:22:06
-Price advised his friends, Benjamin -Franklin and George Washington...	0:22:08	0:22:13
-..during their battle for -independence from the English Crown.	0:22:14	0:22:18
-According to Price, the citizens -should rule, not the King.	0:22:18	0:22:24
-At his chapel -in Newington Green, London...	0:22:28	0:22:31
-..during the French Revolution -in 1789...	0:22:31	0:22:34
-..he preaches -against the Crown's oppression.	0:22:34	0:22:37
-Price is committed in his belief -and it prompts a famous debate.	0:22:37	0:22:42
-"Tremble, -all ye oppressors of the world.	0:22:46	0:22:49
-"You cannot hold the world -in darkness.	0:22:49	0:22:53
-"Restore to mankind their rights...	0:22:53	0:22:56
-"..and consent -to the correction of abuses...	0:22:56	0:22:59
-"..before they and you -are destroyed together."	0:23:00	0:23:03
-But the old British order -stands firm...	0:23:04	0:23:07
-..firmer than Richard Price -had ever anticipated.	0:23:07	0:23:11
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-By the end of the 18th century...	0:23:22	0:23:24
-..the Industrial Revolution -had begun to create a modern Wales.	0:23:24	0:23:29
-It brought with it new ideologies -about freedom and civil rights.	0:23:29	0:23:34
-But not everyone embraced -the democratic spirit of the age.	0:23:35	0:23:40
-While industry and commerce -generated abundant wealth...	0:23:42	0:23:47
-..the old landowners were intent -on retaining the upper hand.	0:23:47	0:23:51
-The new-found wealth -pitted Britain against France.	0:23:54	0:23:58
-There, the democratic principles...	0:23:58	0:24:01
-..liberte, egalite and fraternite, -had incited a revolution.	0:24:01	0:24:06
-The wars between Britain -and France continued...	0:24:10	0:24:14
-..long after Napoleon Bonaparte -declared himself emperor in 1805.	0:24:14	0:24:19
-During Britain's long campaign -against Napoleon...	0:24:23	0:24:26
-..few military leaders -did more to beat the enemy...	0:24:26	0:24:30
-..than Welshman Thomas Picton.	0:24:30	0:24:32
-But he is also part of a shameful -period in British history.	0:24:32	0:24:36
-Since the days of Llywelyn The Last -and Owain Glyndwr...	0:24:39	0:24:43
-..Wales had no court -or army of its own.	0:24:43	0:24:46
-For ambitious landowners -like Thomas Picton...	0:24:50	0:24:54
-..the only beneficial option -was to stay true to British rule.	0:24:54	0:24:59
-While he lives here at Iscoed, -overlooking Carmarthen Bay...	0:25:01	0:25:06
-..the MP for Pembroke is regarded -as a pillar of the community.	0:25:07	0:25:12
-But the Duke of Wellington...	0:25:12	0:25:15
-..referred to him as "a rough, -foul-mouthed devil as ever lived."	0:25:15	0:25:20
-Even so, memorials to Thomas Picton -remain in West Wales.	0:25:20	0:25:25
-In Haverfordwest, -there's Sir Thomas Picton School.	0:25:26	0:25:30
-In Carmarthen town centre...	0:25:31	0:25:34
-..his portrait -hangs on the wall of the law courts.	0:25:34	0:25:37
-This is one of the county's -most notable memorials...	0:25:38	0:25:41
-..celebrating Picton's remarkable -victories in many famous battles...	0:25:42	0:25:47
-..and his death at Waterloo.	0:25:47	0:25:49
-Sir Thomas Picton's grave -can be found in London.	0:25:53	0:25:56
-Britain honours its greats -at St Paul's Cathedral.	0:26:01	0:26:05
-It is a privilege to be buried here.	0:26:05	0:26:07
-Rarely do you see -as fine a memorial as this...	0:26:12	0:26:16
-..to celebrate a Welshman's life.	0:26:16	0:26:19
-But Sir Thomas Picton was respected -as an accomplished soldier.	0:26:20	0:26:27
-He is honoured -for his genius and valour.	0:26:27	0:26:30
-The fact that he lost his life -in one of the greatest battles...	0:26:31	0:26:37
-..point towards a true British hero, -but hold on a moment.	0:26:37	0:26:42
-Picton's wealth -was derived from slavery.	0:26:44	0:26:47
-From the 15th century onwards, -many European merchants' wealth...	0:26:48	0:26:52
-..is derived -from the African slave trade.	0:26:52	0:26:57
-The European workforce doesn't want -to work on sweltering estates...	0:26:57	0:27:02
-..in the West Indies, but slaves -have no choice in the matter.	0:27:03	0:27:07
-They are often worked to death...	0:27:07	0:27:10
-..to ensure that sugar, rum -and tobacco reaches Europe.	0:27:10	0:27:15
-Picton owns a plantation...	0:27:19	0:27:21
-..and becomes a military leader -on the sugar island of Trinidad.	0:27:21	0:27:25
-He makes a fortune -from exploiting black people.	0:27:25	0:27:29
-But such is his cruelty -that he is sent back to London...	0:27:29	0:27:32
-..to face consequences -for abusing his authority.	0:27:33	0:27:36
-In February 1806, -an astounding ruling was announced.	0:27:36	0:27:41
-Picton is guilty of allowing -a black girl, Louisa Calderon...	0:27:42	0:27:46
-..to be tortured -into confessing to a petty crime.	0:27:46	0:27:50
-Many other Welsh people -aside from Thomas Picton...	0:27:54	0:27:58
-..are involved in the slave trade.	0:27:59	0:28:01
-A lesser-known figure -is Nathaniel Wells.	0:28:01	0:28:04
-There is no memorial to him...	0:28:05	0:28:07
-..but his record of public service -in Wales during this time...	0:28:07	0:28:11
-..is much more notable.	0:28:12	0:28:14
-Piercefield House, -near Chepstow, is now a ruin.	0:28:15	0:28:20
-However, in 1802, -it's an architectural gem.	0:28:20	0:28:26
-It's bought by a plantation owner -from the West Indies.	0:28:27	0:28:30
-The most interesting thing -about Nathaniel Wells...	0:28:32	0:28:36
-..is that he's a black man.	0:28:36	0:28:38
-He was born on the island -of St Kitts, the son of a slave...	0:28:38	0:28:42
-..and a slave owner from Cardiff -who made his fortune from sugar.	0:28:42	0:28:47
-Wells' father -sends him to London to be educated.	0:28:47	0:28:51
-When he inherits -his father's fortune...	0:28:52	0:28:54
-..he moves to Monmouthshire, -gets married...	0:28:55	0:28:58
-..and throws himself -into aristocratic life.	0:28:58	0:29:01
-He is appointed -the county's deputy lieutenant...	0:29:01	0:29:05
-..and a justice of the peace.	0:29:05	0:29:07
-He judges white people...	0:29:07	0:29:09
-..at a time when black people -in the colonies face such injustice.	0:29:09	0:29:13
-But he runs his plantation -like every other owner.	0:29:14	0:29:18
-Those campaigning against slavery...	0:29:18	0:29:21
-..draw attention to the fact -that one of his managers is cruel.	0:29:21	0:29:26
-Nathaniel Wells' remarkable story...	0:29:30	0:29:32
-..teaches us an important lesson -about Wales at that time.	0:29:32	0:29:36
-As the son of a nobleman, -he is also regarded as such...	0:29:38	0:29:42
-..whatever the colour of his skin.	0:29:42	0:29:45
-Racial divisions are far less -important than class divisions.	0:29:45	0:29:50
-For those who wanted -a comfortable life...	0:29:50	0:29:53
-..in the new modern Wales...	0:29:54	0:29:56
-..they had to belong -to the right social class.	0:29:56	0:30:00
-A polarization occurs between -those with money and property...	0:30:01	0:30:06
-..and those who work for them.	0:30:06	0:30:09
-The disparity is abundantly clear...	0:30:09	0:30:12
-..in Wales' largest town -at the time, Merthyr Tydfil.	0:30:12	0:30:16
-The Merthyr workforce -is forced to live in slums...	0:30:16	0:30:22
-..which are erected on slag heaps.	0:30:22	0:30:24
-Before long, -they are given a nickname.	0:30:26	0:30:29
-Little Hell.	0:30:30	0:30:32
-Without a sewage system and clean -drinking water, disease is rife.	0:30:35	0:30:40
-Every summer between 1800 and 1850, -cholera claims hundreds of lives.	0:30:40	0:30:46
-Cholera is so infectious, -the dead must be buried...	0:30:49	0:30:52
-..as far away as possible -from the industrial towns...	0:30:52	0:30:56
-..in cemeteries like Cefn Golau, -in the hills above Tredegar.	0:30:56	0:31:01
-Two hundred victims of cholera -were laid to rest here...	0:31:09	0:31:12
-..after enduring -a quick but painful death.	0:31:12	0:31:16
-The disease followed a pattern.	0:31:16	0:31:19
-Sufferers appeared to be cured -just hours before they died.	0:31:19	0:31:24
-Nobody understood at the time -that dirty water spread the disease.	0:31:24	0:31:29
-A quarter of the mortalities -are children under ten years old.	0:31:33	0:31:37
-Other diseases are easily passed -from parent to child...	0:31:38	0:31:41
-..and from one family to another -due to their close proximity.	0:31:41	0:31:46
-An account from the 1840s measures -the dimensions of one house...	0:31:48	0:31:54
-..at four and a half foot wide -by seven foot long.	0:31:54	0:31:58
-A mother, father and their children -would have to live and sleep...	0:31:58	0:32:03
-..within the confines -of this tiny space.	0:32:03	0:32:07
-There was another cottage next door -and another next door to that.	0:32:07	0:32:12
-An entire community of workers -living in abject squalor.	0:32:12	0:32:18
-Others live in style.	0:32:23	0:32:26
-The growth of industry...	0:32:31	0:32:33
-..enables Richard Crawshay -and his family to live in luxury.	0:32:33	0:32:38
-Cyfarthfa Castle has 72 rooms.	0:32:39	0:32:43
-Crawshay spends 30,000 on it.	0:32:44	0:32:47
-That's over 3 million -in today's money.	0:32:47	0:32:51
-When it came to celebrations, -no expense is spared.	0:32:53	0:32:58
-For a family wedding in 1847...	0:33:00	0:33:03
-..they turn the ironworks -into a banqueting hall and ballroom.	0:33:03	0:33:08
-A thousand guests, -10,000 quarts of beer...	0:33:10	0:33:14
-..and a choice -of 29 different meals.	0:33:14	0:33:18
-Life for the workers -was very different.	0:33:19	0:33:24
-Very rarely did a puddler aged 40 -retain his health and strength.	0:33:25	0:33:32
-The ingenious Welsh Method...	0:33:32	0:33:36
-..netted a fortune -for the Crawshay family.	0:33:36	0:33:39
-The puddler's reward -is a short and precarious life.	0:33:42	0:33:45
-But it wasn't just the men -who undertook hard labour.	0:33:49	0:33:53
-Hundreds of women -also worked at the ironworks...	0:33:53	0:33:57
-..not that everybody approved.	0:33:57	0:34:01
-Recent research -throws a different light...	0:34:04	0:34:07
-..on the role of women -in the workplace.	0:34:07	0:34:10
-Very respectable men -tried to halt the policy...	0:34:10	0:34:15
-..of allowing women -to work alongside men.	0:34:15	0:34:19
-Not because the women -were too weak for the work...	0:34:19	0:34:22
-..but on moral grounds.	0:34:23	0:34:25
-One Merthyr vicar says...	0:34:25	0:34:27
-.."The employment of girls -in the works...	0:34:27	0:34:30
-"..tends greatly -to their demoralization.	0:34:30	0:34:32
-"They get habits of intemperance -and, indeed, all sorts of vice."	0:34:33	0:34:37
-That is to say, working in these -places led to immoral behaviour.	0:34:37	0:34:43
-The authorities were well aware...	0:34:46	0:34:48
-..of events at Merthyr's -ironworks and mines.	0:34:48	0:34:52
-The government sent officials there -to gather information.	0:34:52	0:34:56
-Their report clearly shows -the pressure the workers were under.	0:34:56	0:35:01
-According to -Henrietta Frankland's evidence...	0:35:03	0:35:06
-..her job was to move 500lbs -of coal in a dram underground.	0:35:07	0:35:11
-Every day, it was her duty -to move 50 of these drams...	0:35:11	0:35:16
-..in tunnels less than a metre high, -with water flowing through them.	0:35:16	0:35:22
-It's worth noting that Henrietta -was a mere eleven years old.	0:35:22	0:35:27
-Workers are willing -to suffer the conditions...	0:35:31	0:35:34
-..in order to support -their families.	0:35:35	0:35:38
-But in May 1831, the ironmasters -cut wages and begin sacking workers.	0:35:38	0:35:44
-With no bread and no hope, -the ordinary folk revolt.	0:35:50	0:35:55
-A crowd of 10,000 -takes over Merthyr Tydfil.	0:35:55	0:35:59
-The government -sends soldiers to the town.	0:36:04	0:36:07
-They shoot unarmed workers -in cold blood.	0:36:07	0:36:12
-Workers who were protesting -for basic rights.	0:36:12	0:36:15
-The throng soaks a cloth in calf's -blood and wave it as a red banner.	0:36:22	0:36:28
-It's the first time -this symbol of revolution...	0:36:28	0:36:32
-..was waved on British soil.	0:36:32	0:36:34
-By the time -the army halts the protest...	0:36:38	0:36:41
-..twenty workers are dead.	0:36:41	0:36:43
-As many still remember...	0:36:47	0:36:50
-..one of those arrested, -Richard Lewis or Dic Penderyn...	0:36:50	0:36:55
-..was hanged -for his involvement in the revolt.	0:36:55	0:36:59
-But Dic Penderyn -wasn't the only protester...	0:37:00	0:37:03
-..to lose his life in the battle -to create a modern Wales.	0:37:04	0:37:08
-.	0:37:11	0:37:11
-Subtitles	0:37:13	0:37:13
-Subtitles - -Subtitles	0:37:13	0:37:15
-On Sunday 3 November 1839...	0:37:20	0:37:24
-..a carpenter from Pontypool -writes a letter to his parents.	0:37:24	0:37:28
-Dear parents...	0:37:29	0:37:31
-George Shell is 19 years old.	0:37:32	0:37:35
-..I shall this night be engaged -in a struggle for freedom.	0:37:36	0:37:40
-And should it please God -to spare my life...	0:37:43	0:37:46
-..I will see you soon.	0:37:47	0:37:49
-But George Shell's parents -would never see their son again.	0:37:52	0:37:56
-The following day, George Shell -marched down this hill in Newport.	0:38:00	0:38:07
-He wasn't alone.	0:38:07	0:38:09
-He was one of 5,000 workers -campaigning for the right to vote.	0:38:09	0:38:15
-This army -was part of a much wider movement.	0:38:15	0:38:19
-An organization keen -to see modern democracy in Britain.	0:38:19	0:38:24
-The Chartist Movement.	0:38:24	0:38:26
-The new working class -fights for the right to vote.	0:38:29	0:38:33
-Up to now, only landowners -and landlords had that right.	0:38:34	0:38:38
-A charter is sent -to Parliament in Westminster...	0:38:40	0:38:44
-..bearing the signatures -of over a million people.	0:38:44	0:38:47
-Within a month, -Parliament rejects it outright.	0:38:48	0:38:52
-With no means -of ensuring democratic rights...	0:38:57	0:39:00
-..the Chartists -must take direct action.	0:39:00	0:39:03
-In the Gwent valleys...	0:39:04	0:39:05
-..20,000 of them decide -to take over Newport town centre.	0:39:05	0:39:10
-The Chartists are on their way...	0:39:13	0:39:15
-..and Newport's influential and -affluent residents are in a panic.	0:39:16	0:39:20
-Landowners flee with their families.	0:39:21	0:39:23
-A colliery owner -tries to hide in his own coal mine.	0:39:23	0:39:28
-One Anglican priest -is so panic-stricken...	0:39:29	0:39:32
-..that he tries to hide -in a pool of water.	0:39:32	0:39:35
-But a fierce storm rages overnight.	0:39:40	0:39:42
-There are 20,000 Chartists -in the valleys...	0:39:43	0:39:46
-..but they are separated -during the storm.	0:39:46	0:39:49
-Barely a quarter of them -reach Newport by the morning.	0:39:49	0:39:53
-Worse was to come.	0:39:53	0:39:55
-Unbeknown to the Chartists, -soldiers were at the Westgate Hotel.	0:39:55	0:40:01
-The situation had changed and -the protesters were in grave danger.	0:40:01	0:40:06
-Without warning, -the soldiers open fire.	0:40:09	0:40:12
-Twenty Chartists -are killed instantly.	0:40:13	0:40:16
-Dozens more are injured.	0:40:16	0:40:18
-The Gwent Chartists' revolt is over.	0:40:25	0:40:29
-The bodies of the deceased -lie in the hotel's stables.	0:40:34	0:40:37
-The youngest of them -is George Shell.	0:40:37	0:40:41
-Between the Merthyr Riots -and the Gwent Chartists...	0:40:50	0:40:53
-..parts of Wales are gaining -a reputation for anarchy.	0:40:53	0:40:57
-But the revolutionary spirit -of the age was spreading.	0:40:58	0:41:02
-Don't think that the riots -are limited to industrial areas.	0:41:03	0:41:09
-There are also riots -in the countryside.	0:41:09	0:41:12
-Back in 1839, -my family, the Edwardses...	0:41:12	0:41:15
-..still lived -in this part of Ceredigion.	0:41:16	0:41:19
-They might have been involved -in the riots.	0:41:19	0:41:22
-The cause of the revolt -was the toll gates.	0:41:22	0:41:25
-Farmers had to move their livestock -from one place to another...	0:41:25	0:41:30
-..and had to pay -a costly sum for doing so.	0:41:30	0:41:34
-Things had to change.	0:41:34	0:41:36
-Rebecca's Daughters -came to the fore.	0:41:36	0:41:40
-The farmers adopt -a very peculiar tactic.	0:41:47	0:41:51
-They wear skirts and aprons.	0:41:53	0:41:55
-They also blacken their faces.	0:41:59	0:42:01
-They head to the new toll gate -in Efailwen...	0:42:06	0:42:10
-..while shouting the name Rebecca.	0:42:10	0:42:14
-Over the following five years...	0:42:33	0:42:35
-..there were more than 200 attacks -on toll gates.	0:42:35	0:42:39
-But who is Rebecca -and where does she come from?	0:42:40	0:42:43
-"May Rebeccah's descendants -be strong...	0:42:46	0:42:49
-"..and conquer the cities -of their enemies."	0:42:50	0:42:53
-This was the ideology -of an oppressed people.	0:42:53	0:42:56
-Several Rebeccas were cropping up.	0:42:58	0:43:00
-No-one knows -who the riot leaders are.	0:43:00	0:43:03
-For three years, they evade -capture by the army and police.	0:43:03	0:43:09
-As the riots spread...	0:43:09	0:43:11
-..it's believed that some -of the nobility supported the cause.	0:43:11	0:43:16
-By 1843, they target -other symbols of oppression.	0:43:18	0:43:23
-The workhouse, for instance, where -the poor and infirm are mistreated.	0:43:23	0:43:27
-This is the location -of the largest riot.	0:43:30	0:43:33
-It happens on 19 June 1843, -in broad daylight.	0:43:33	0:43:40
-2,000 protesters -make their way to the workhouse.	0:43:41	0:43:45
-The Penlan workhouse in Carmarthen.	0:43:45	0:43:48
-The scene -is so violent and fierce...	0:43:49	0:43:53
-..that the London press, -at long last, pays attention.	0:43:53	0:43:57
-This is a turning point -in the Rebecca Riots.	0:43:57	0:44:01
-In light of events in Carmarthen...	0:44:05	0:44:07
-..the authorities -must now acknowledge farmers' anger.	0:44:07	0:44:11
-The government -appoints a commission...	0:44:11	0:44:14
-..to investigate -the turnpike companies.	0:44:14	0:44:17
-The report mentions corruption.	0:44:17	0:44:20
-The companies must make amends -and improve the roads.	0:44:20	0:44:24
-The Rebecca Riots are a victory...	0:44:25	0:44:27
-..for those willing to make a stand -for human rights and justice.	0:44:28	0:44:32
-But the escapades of ordinary folk -aren't over yet, not by a long way.	0:44:37	0:44:42
-In 1847, a vicious attack -on Welsh culture is published...	0:44:45	0:44:50
-..in a report -by the British government.	0:44:50	0:44:54
-These are the Blue Books.	0:44:54	0:44:56
-They portray the Welsh -as an inebriated and immoral people.	0:44:56	0:45:01
-The report also suggests that -the Welsh language holds them back.	0:45:01	0:45:06
-After a century of hard work...	0:45:09	0:45:11
-..that forged the way -for a modern Wales...	0:45:11	0:45:15
-..ordinary folk -are blamed for their failings.	0:45:15	0:45:18
-They are also blamed -for speaking their own language.	0:45:18	0:45:23
-For many, life in Wales during -the 1830s and 1840s is intolerable.	0:45:24	0:45:30
-In a corner of Ceredigion -where my ancestors are buried...	0:45:30	0:45:35
-..4,500 residents decide -that enough is enough.	0:45:35	0:45:39
-It's time -to bid farewell and emigrate.	0:45:40	0:45:43
-All the hardship and misery -forces them to take the huge step...	0:45:45	0:45:51
-..of turning their backs -on their beloved Wales...	0:45:51	0:45:55
-..and heading to America.	0:45:55	0:45:58
-Many of the Edwards brothers -emigrate to Ohio.	0:45:58	0:46:02
-Now, two centuries later...	0:46:02	0:46:04
-..the family ties between Ohio -and Wales have been re-established.	0:46:05	0:46:10
-They contributed to the work -of resetting these gravestones.	0:46:10	0:46:15
-By the way, -there is one exception.	0:46:15	0:46:19
-One of Nathaniel Edwards' -grandchildren, Dafydd...	0:46:19	0:46:23
-..remained in this part of Wales.	0:46:24	0:46:27
-That's why I'm here today, -as a Welshman, not an American.	0:46:27	0:46:32
-By 1850, there are more Welshmen -toiling in the ironworks...	0:46:38	0:46:43
-..and in the coalfields -than there are farmers.	0:46:43	0:46:46
-Wales is the world's -first industrial country.	0:46:47	0:46:51
-Within a century, -the nation's economy...	0:46:51	0:46:54
-..and the lives of its people -were transformed.	0:46:55	0:46:58
-Soon, there will be another wave -of migration from Ceredigion.	0:47:00	0:47:04
-But this time, the destination -is the South Wales valleys.	0:47:05	0:47:08
-Among them -is another branch of my family.	0:47:09	0:47:12
-Instead of fleeing -to the New World...	0:47:14	0:47:16
-..they are keen -to stay in their own country.	0:47:16	0:47:19
-They are part of the large army -helping to create a modern Wales...	0:47:20	0:47:24
-..our Wales, -as we discover in the next episode.	0:47:24	0:47:29
-S4C Subtitles by Adnod Cyf.	0:47:56	0:47:58
-.	0:47:58	0:47:59

Fferm i Ffwrnais Creu Cymru Fodern

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