Llechi a Glo Creu Cymru Fodern
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Transcript
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-Subtitles | 0:00:00 | 0:00:00 | |
-Subtitles - -Subtitles | 0:00:00 | 0:00:02 | |
-Over the past 250 years... | 0:00:16 | 0:00:19 | |
-..Wales has been transformed. | 0:00:19 | 0:00:21 | |
-Iron, copper, slate and coal -were the raw materials... | 0:00:22 | 0:00:25 | |
-..that turned our country -into an industrial nation. | 0:00:26 | 0:00:30 | |
-The first of its kind in the world. | 0:00:30 | 0:00:32 | |
-But in order for it -to evolve and grow... | 0:00:33 | 0:00:36 | |
-..it required more -than just natural resources. | 0:00:36 | 0:00:40 | |
-Education, faith, language -and politics were key factors. | 0:00:40 | 0:00:45 | |
-These days, some people claim... | 0:00:45 | 0:00:48 | |
-..that Wales -is the first post-industrial nation. | 0:00:48 | 0:00:52 | |
-Machines might have prompted -the Industrial Revolution.... | 0:00:52 | 0:00:56 | |
-..but it was people -who were at the helm. | 0:00:57 | 0:01:00 | |
-Born out of extremely tough -working conditions... | 0:01:00 | 0:01:04 | |
-..a new working class -created its own future... | 0:01:04 | 0:01:08 | |
-..and formed our modern Wales. | 0:01:08 | 0:01:10 | |
-This is -their history, our history... | 0:01:13 | 0:01:15 | |
-..and the history -of how a modern Wales was created. | 0:01:16 | 0:01:19 | |
-In this episode, we'll follow -the remarkable process... | 0:01:40 | 0:01:43 | |
-..of creating a modern Wales... | 0:01:44 | 0:01:47 | |
-..from the mid-19th century -to the mid-20th century. | 0:01:47 | 0:01:50 | |
-A person living in 1850s Wales... | 0:01:53 | 0:01:55 | |
-..would scarcely recognize -the Wales of the previous century. | 0:01:55 | 0:02:00 | |
-By 1914... | 0:02:04 | 0:02:06 | |
-..250,000 men -were working in Wales's coalfields. | 0:02:07 | 0:02:11 | |
-In addition, the iron, -steel and tin industries... | 0:02:16 | 0:02:19 | |
-..the railways and the docks -distributed the produce. | 0:02:20 | 0:02:24 | |
-The new Wales -relied on new regimes. | 0:02:27 | 0:02:30 | |
-Plans to safeguard -the poor, elderly and infirm. | 0:02:30 | 0:02:34 | |
-This is a war budget. | 0:02:34 | 0:02:39 | |
-It is to wage implacable warfare... | 0:02:39 | 0:02:42 | |
-..on poverty and squalidness. | 0:02:42 | 0:02:46 | |
-One man was prominent... | 0:02:46 | 0:02:48 | |
-..in the battle to ensure -the affluent and powerful... | 0:02:48 | 0:02:52 | |
-..were fair to the ordinary worker. | 0:02:52 | 0:02:54 | |
-And they will get it. | 0:02:55 | 0:02:56 | |
-It was the combination... | 0:02:56 | 0:02:58 | |
-..of workers and their families, -the unions and the communities... | 0:02:59 | 0:03:03 | |
-..which characterized the age -and created a modern Wales. | 0:03:04 | 0:03:08 | |
-Without a shadow of doubt... | 0:03:13 | 0:03:15 | |
-..this was the age -of ordinary people. | 0:03:16 | 0:03:19 | |
-To understand their history... | 0:03:19 | 0:03:22 | |
-..I'm tracing the history -of my own family... | 0:03:22 | 0:03:25 | |
-..from Cardiganshire, -now known as Ceredigion. | 0:03:25 | 0:03:28 | |
-As a little girl, my grandmother -came here to the Garw Valley... | 0:03:28 | 0:03:33 | |
-..a few miles from Bridgend. | 0:03:33 | 0:03:35 | |
-Thousands of people flocked here... | 0:03:35 | 0:03:38 | |
-..because of the rapid growth -in the coal industry. | 0:03:38 | 0:03:41 | |
-What prompted that growth? | 0:03:42 | 0:03:44 | |
-A discovery. -A very significant one at that. | 0:03:44 | 0:03:47 | |
-Not here in the Garw Valley -or in Cardiganshire but in London. | 0:03:47 | 0:03:51 | |
-At the end of the 1840s... | 0:03:57 | 0:03:59 | |
-..scientists -working for the Royal Navy... | 0:03:59 | 0:04:03 | |
-..conducted -a series of experiments. | 0:04:03 | 0:04:06 | |
-The wanted to discover which coal -from Britain was the best... | 0:04:06 | 0:04:11 | |
-..to burn as fuel for steam ships. | 0:04:11 | 0:04:13 | |
-Months of work -brought about a conclusive outcome. | 0:04:16 | 0:04:19 | |
-The best-burning and longest-lasting -coal is from South Wales. | 0:04:20 | 0:04:24 | |
-This discovery prompts -a huge demand for the Valleys' coal. | 0:04:31 | 0:04:36 | |
-This is -music to the ears of one man... | 0:04:39 | 0:04:42 | |
-..who owns -much of the land rich in coal. | 0:04:42 | 0:04:45 | |
-John Patrick Crichton-Stuart, -the second Marquess of Bute... | 0:04:45 | 0:04:49 | |
-..endeavours to find it. | 0:04:49 | 0:04:51 | |
-In 1851, Bute's company uncovers... | 0:04:54 | 0:04:57 | |
-..a dense layer of high-quality -steam coal in the Rhondda Fawr. | 0:04:57 | 0:05:01 | |
-The hard work of the colliers -who come to the new coal mine... | 0:05:11 | 0:05:15 | |
-..makes it -a very profitable industry. | 0:05:15 | 0:05:18 | |
-When word reaches other landowners -about the profit... | 0:05:19 | 0:05:22 | |
-..they too -start searching for the black gold. | 0:05:22 | 0:05:25 | |
-David Davies of Llandinam, a shrewd -businessman from Mid Wales... | 0:05:25 | 0:05:30 | |
-..leads the way. | 0:05:30 | 0:05:32 | |
-In a short space of time... | 0:05:33 | 0:05:35 | |
-..David Davies succeeds -in establishing his first coal mine. | 0:05:35 | 0:05:40 | |
-He goes on to open more. | 0:05:40 | 0:05:42 | |
-Others find fortune too. | 0:05:42 | 0:05:45 | |
-Where previously -there were barren slopes... | 0:05:49 | 0:05:52 | |
-..there are now terraced houses -and nonconformist chapels. | 0:05:52 | 0:05:57 | |
-Tens of thousands flocked -to the brand-new modern world. | 0:05:58 | 0:06:03 | |
-Among them was my grandmother. | 0:06:07 | 0:06:09 | |
-Her parents bid farewell -to rural Ceredigion... | 0:06:10 | 0:06:14 | |
-..and moved to the coalfield. | 0:06:14 | 0:06:16 | |
-Here's the evidence -that some members of my family... | 0:06:21 | 0:06:25 | |
-..came here to Blaengarw to live. | 0:06:25 | 0:06:28 | |
-These are -the original deeds to this house. | 0:06:28 | 0:06:31 | |
-Number 22, Brynbedw Street, -Blaengarw. | 0:06:31 | 0:06:35 | |
-This is where Mam-gu was raised -along with my mother. | 0:06:35 | 0:06:39 | |
-Mam-gu and countless others -from rural Ceredigion... | 0:06:39 | 0:06:43 | |
-..came here to sample the hustle -and bustle of the new world. | 0:06:43 | 0:06:46 | |
-There was enough work for the men -in every house in this street... | 0:06:47 | 0:06:51 | |
-..as well as neighbouring streets. | 0:06:51 | 0:06:54 | |
-Collieries were springing up -all over the place. | 0:06:54 | 0:06:58 | |
-One was situated 20 yards away. | 0:06:58 | 0:07:00 | |
-It was also a challenge -for the wives to run a household... | 0:07:00 | 0:07:04 | |
-..in an industrial community. | 0:07:04 | 0:07:07 | |
-A coal mine was opening -in every corner of the valley. | 0:07:09 | 0:07:12 | |
-The Ocean, the International, -the Ffaldau, Lluest... | 0:07:13 | 0:07:16 | |
-..the Darran and the Glenavon. | 0:07:16 | 0:07:18 | |
-The Garw Valley's new residents... | 0:07:19 | 0:07:23 | |
-..have to acclimatize -to the hustle and bustle. | 0:07:23 | 0:07:27 | |
-The shops, the marches, -the socializing... | 0:07:27 | 0:07:30 | |
-..and living -in close proximity to one another. | 0:07:31 | 0:07:34 | |
-This experience is typical -of Wales in the 19th century. | 0:07:34 | 0:07:39 | |
-The noisy shift patterns replace -the tranquillity of the farms. | 0:07:39 | 0:07:43 | |
-In the south, -they flock to the coal mines. | 0:07:44 | 0:07:47 | |
-In the north, -they flock to the quarries. | 0:07:47 | 0:07:52 | |
-Gwynedd is a hive of activity too. | 0:07:52 | 0:07:54 | |
-This is Penrhyn slate quarry -near Bethesda... | 0:07:57 | 0:08:00 | |
-..on the fringes of Snowdonia. | 0:08:01 | 0:08:03 | |
-Industry thrives here earlier -than in the South Wales coalfields. | 0:08:03 | 0:08:08 | |
-This remarkable photograph of -the quarry dates back to the 1830s. | 0:08:13 | 0:08:18 | |
-The quarrymen look like ants -scurrying across craggy terraces... | 0:08:18 | 0:08:22 | |
-..to reach the precious slate. | 0:08:23 | 0:08:25 | |
-Some of the quarrymen's techniques -are still implemented today. | 0:08:26 | 0:08:31 | |
-Fortunately, -other methods have changed. | 0:08:32 | 0:08:35 | |
-Back then, the quarrymen put -their bodies and lives in danger... | 0:08:38 | 0:08:42 | |
-..excavating slate from the ground -for a paltry wage. | 0:08:43 | 0:08:46 | |
-Conversely, -the owners were far better off. | 0:08:50 | 0:08:53 | |
-To give you an idea -of the owners' wealth... | 0:08:54 | 0:08:57 | |
-..visit Penrhyn Castle near Bangor. | 0:08:58 | 0:09:01 | |
-For much of the 19th century... | 0:09:01 | 0:09:03 | |
-..this amazing building -is the property and residence... | 0:09:04 | 0:09:07 | |
-..of Edward Gordon -Douglas-Pennant... | 0:09:08 | 0:09:10 | |
-..the first Baron Penrhyn. | 0:09:10 | 0:09:12 | |
-In its most profitable era... | 0:09:15 | 0:09:18 | |
-..the owner of Penrhyn Quarry -is an incredibly wealthy individual. | 0:09:18 | 0:09:23 | |
-This is how an affluent figure -lays his table for dinner. | 0:09:23 | 0:09:28 | |
-Throughout Wales's long history... | 0:09:34 | 0:09:36 | |
-..few people -have feasted in such a way. | 0:09:37 | 0:09:39 | |
-The money generated from the slate -industry allows Bangor to grow... | 0:09:45 | 0:09:50 | |
-..and improves -the face of North Wales. | 0:09:50 | 0:09:53 | |
-Buildings are erected along -the coastline and towns flourish. | 0:09:55 | 0:10:00 | |
-There is no better example -of Victorian confidence... | 0:10:00 | 0:10:04 | |
-..than -the holiday capital of Llandudno. | 0:10:04 | 0:10:07 | |
-Back in South Wales, -the era's commercial confidence... | 0:10:11 | 0:10:15 | |
-..helps create a new city. | 0:10:16 | 0:10:18 | |
-Cardiff prospers... | 0:10:20 | 0:10:22 | |
-..in response -to the rising demands for coal. | 0:10:22 | 0:10:26 | |
-The Bute family profits the most. | 0:10:29 | 0:10:32 | |
-Part of their fortune is spent -on restoring the old castle. | 0:10:32 | 0:10:36 | |
-The third Marquess of Bute, the son -of John Patrick Crichton-Stuart... | 0:10:41 | 0:10:46 | |
-..is determined to create -a palace fit for a prince. | 0:10:46 | 0:10:50 | |
-The prince of commerce. | 0:10:50 | 0:10:52 | |
-Prominent architect -William Burges is commissioned... | 0:10:52 | 0:10:57 | |
-..to design the palace. | 0:10:57 | 0:10:59 | |
-It is thanks -to the hard labour of the miners... | 0:11:02 | 0:11:05 | |
-..that this medieval fantasy -is created... | 0:11:06 | 0:11:09 | |
-..in the heart of a modern city. | 0:11:09 | 0:11:11 | |
-In order to appreciate the wealth -which sustains the fantasy... | 0:11:12 | 0:11:16 | |
-..one must head to Cardiff Bay. | 0:11:16 | 0:11:18 | |
-Cardiff -is the closest deep-sea port... | 0:11:20 | 0:11:23 | |
-..to the coal-mining valleys -of north Glamorgan. | 0:11:23 | 0:11:26 | |
-Its wealth -is derived from global exports. | 0:11:29 | 0:11:33 | |
-By the beginning -of the 20th century... | 0:11:33 | 0:11:36 | |
-..Cardiff is the largest -coal port in the world. | 0:11:36 | 0:11:40 | |
-Hundreds of shipping companies -are situated here... | 0:11:42 | 0:11:45 | |
-..with owners -exporting huge cargoes of coal... | 0:11:45 | 0:11:49 | |
-..to four corners of the world. | 0:11:49 | 0:11:51 | |
-They strike major business deals -on a daily basis. | 0:11:51 | 0:11:56 | |
-The commercial centre for these -deals is this famous building. | 0:11:56 | 0:12:02 | |
-The Coal Exchange -on Mount Stuart Square. | 0:12:02 | 0:12:05 | |
-At its peak, -a host of coal merchants... | 0:12:07 | 0:12:09 | |
-..worked on the trading floor -of the Coal Exchange... | 0:12:10 | 0:12:13 | |
-..negotiating coal prices -and hiring ships... | 0:12:13 | 0:12:16 | |
-..to sail to faraway lands. | 0:12:17 | 0:12:19 | |
-Cardiff's businessmen -were gentlemen. | 0:12:24 | 0:12:27 | |
-All that was required to seal a deal -was a gentleman's handshake. | 0:12:27 | 0:12:31 | |
-Having done their deals... | 0:12:35 | 0:12:37 | |
-..they headed to the exchange's -refectory to celebrate. | 0:12:37 | 0:12:41 | |
-Afterwards, they returned -to the floor and played skittles... | 0:12:43 | 0:12:47 | |
-..with the empty bottles. | 0:12:48 | 0:12:49 | |
-The South Wales coal trade -is a sure-fire hit. | 0:12:50 | 0:12:53 | |
-But there was no champagne... | 0:12:57 | 0:12:59 | |
-..for my mother's family and -their neighbours in the Garw Valley. | 0:13:00 | 0:13:03 | |
-Miners' wages were paltry... | 0:13:06 | 0:13:08 | |
-..compared to Bute -and Penrhyn's astounding wealth. | 0:13:08 | 0:13:11 | |
-But the working class was generating -wealth of a different kind. | 0:13:11 | 0:13:15 | |
-The South Wales coalfields -are famous throughout the world... | 0:13:19 | 0:13:23 | |
-..for the culture which emerged -from those communities. | 0:13:23 | 0:13:27 | |
-Male voice choirs and mixed choirs -are formed from a unique society. | 0:13:27 | 0:13:32 | |
-It happens because most of the -people who come to South Wales... | 0:13:32 | 0:13:36 | |
-..in the mid-19th century -to work in the coal mines... | 0:13:37 | 0:13:41 | |
-..share the same culture and legacy. | 0:13:41 | 0:13:43 | |
-The move from rural Wales... | 0:13:47 | 0:13:49 | |
-..to the industrial valleys -was drastic. | 0:13:49 | 0:13:52 | |
-The chapel -was the one constant in their lives. | 0:13:52 | 0:13:55 | |
-It provided an anchor and solace -in a foreign environment. | 0:13:55 | 0:14:00 | |
-This is my family's chapel -in the village of Blaengarw. | 0:14:00 | 0:14:04 | |
-Tabernacl Chapel, where I was -baptized along with my sister... | 0:14:04 | 0:14:09 | |
-..where my parents were married... | 0:14:09 | 0:14:12 | |
-..and where Mam-gu -was a member for over 70 years. | 0:14:12 | 0:14:15 | |
-One of the main attributes -of chapel life... | 0:14:15 | 0:14:19 | |
-..was the quality -of the hymn singing. | 0:14:19 | 0:14:22 | |
-One-two. | 0:14:23 | 0:14:25 | |
-The choral tradition typifies South -Wales's nonconformist culture... | 0:14:29 | 0:14:34 | |
-..in places such as Treorchy, -home of the world-renowned choir. | 0:14:34 | 0:14:38 | |
-It created a sound that -the world had never before heard. | 0:14:39 | 0:14:42 | |
-But the grandeur -of Wales' choral tradition... | 0:14:43 | 0:14:47 | |
-..doesn't remain a secret -for very long... | 0:14:48 | 0:14:51 | |
-..thanks to the pioneering work... | 0:14:51 | 0:14:54 | |
-..of a conductor from Aberdare -called Caradog. | 0:14:54 | 0:14:58 | |
-Early in the 1870s, he travels -to London with 450 singers... | 0:14:58 | 0:15:04 | |
-..to compete in two competitions -at the famous Crystal Palace. | 0:15:04 | 0:15:10 | |
-When the singers appear on stage -for the first time... | 0:15:12 | 0:15:16 | |
-..they have a profound effect -on the orchestra accompanying them. | 0:15:16 | 0:15:21 | |
-The sound -creates so much of a shock... | 0:15:24 | 0:15:26 | |
-..that the instrumentalists -lose their place in the score. | 0:15:27 | 0:15:31 | |
-In spite of this, Caradog's choir -wins first prize and 1,000. | 0:15:32 | 0:15:37 | |
-The singing tradition -was flourishing in the valleys... | 0:15:38 | 0:15:42 | |
-..as the name -of this park in Blaengarw suggests. | 0:15:42 | 0:15:46 | |
-Parc Calon Lan is a memorial -to Daniel James, Gwyrosydd. | 0:15:46 | 0:15:51 | |
-He wrote the words -to one of our most famous hymns... | 0:15:52 | 0:15:55 | |
-..while he worked here -at one of the valley's collieries... | 0:15:55 | 0:16:00 | |
-..at the end of the 19th century. | 0:16:00 | 0:16:03 | |
-"The world's gold and fine pearls" -were here in the Garw Valley. | 0:16:03 | 0:16:08 | |
-For miners such as Gwyrosydd -and Mam-gu's family... | 0:16:08 | 0:16:11 | |
-..coal mining provided them -with a livelihood. | 0:16:12 | 0:16:15 | |
-People from rural Wales -were able to come here... | 0:16:15 | 0:16:18 | |
-..and remain in their own country -to earn a living. | 0:16:19 | 0:16:22 | |
-One of the most important -by-products of this migration... | 0:16:23 | 0:16:27 | |
-..was the strong presence of the -Welsh language in the coalfields. | 0:16:27 | 0:16:32 | |
-It's no surprise that it was here... | 0:16:32 | 0:16:35 | |
-..that the famous words -of Calon Lan were written. | 0:16:35 | 0:16:38 | |
-But if the Welsh language... | 0:16:39 | 0:16:41 | |
-..was going to survive -as an urban, modern language... | 0:16:41 | 0:16:45 | |
-..modern institutions would have -to be established to support it. | 0:16:45 | 0:16:50 | |
-. | 0:16:52 | 0:16:53 | |
-Subtitles | 0:16:53 | 0:16:53 | |
-Subtitles - -Subtitles | 0:16:53 | 0:16:55 | |
-The Victorian era was a period -of enterprise and confidence. | 0:17:00 | 0:17:04 | |
-Horizons were broadened... | 0:17:05 | 0:17:07 | |
-..giving rise to new developments -throughout the empire... | 0:17:07 | 0:17:11 | |
-..as well as across Wales. | 0:17:11 | 0:17:13 | |
-One of them -stands here in Aberystwyth. | 0:17:16 | 0:17:19 | |
-This spectacular structure -was designed as a hotel... | 0:17:24 | 0:17:28 | |
-..but the people of Wales -had different plans for it. | 0:17:28 | 0:17:32 | |
-Establishing a university for Wales -was Owain Glyndwr's idea. | 0:17:36 | 0:17:41 | |
-Four centuries -after Glyndwr's rebellion... | 0:17:41 | 0:17:44 | |
-..Wales was still -without a university. | 0:17:45 | 0:17:48 | |
-But a group of influential figures -finally got together... | 0:17:48 | 0:17:52 | |
-..and insisted that a university... | 0:17:53 | 0:17:55 | |
-..was an integral part -of any cultured nation. | 0:17:55 | 0:17:59 | |
-The vision to found a university... | 0:17:59 | 0:18:03 | |
-..played a part -in the creation of a modern Wales... | 0:18:04 | 0:18:07 | |
-..and inspired people -across the country. | 0:18:08 | 0:18:10 | |
-Working men, the ordinary people, -made generous donations... | 0:18:10 | 0:18:14 | |
-..when it came to establishing -a home for the new university. | 0:18:14 | 0:18:19 | |
-And a beautiful building -was erected. | 0:18:19 | 0:18:22 | |
-The ambition is clear... | 0:18:22 | 0:18:24 | |
-..but in order to sustain -the vision, finance was needed. | 0:18:24 | 0:18:29 | |
-Since the British government -was reluctant to support... | 0:18:29 | 0:18:33 | |
-..it was the people of Wales -who emptied their pockets... | 0:18:33 | 0:18:37 | |
-..to ensure the success -of this new enterprise. | 0:18:37 | 0:18:40 | |
-But the people -were eager not to limit education... | 0:18:40 | 0:18:44 | |
-..to the most academic and bright. | 0:18:44 | 0:18:47 | |
-A campaign was launched to ensure -every child received an education. | 0:18:47 | 0:18:52 | |
-At the end of the 1880s... | 0:18:59 | 0:19:01 | |
-..Parliament passes a bill... | 0:19:01 | 0:19:03 | |
-..to create -free secondary schools in Wales. | 0:19:03 | 0:19:06 | |
-But it comes at a price. | 0:19:07 | 0:19:09 | |
-The language of the classroom -is English. | 0:19:12 | 0:19:15 | |
-25 a share -times the amount that you've bought. | 0:19:15 | 0:19:20 | |
-It conveys the message that Welsh -is fine in the home and chapel... | 0:19:20 | 0:19:25 | |
-..but it's not the language -of education and progress. | 0:19:25 | 0:19:29 | |
-The continuation -of the Welsh language... | 0:19:30 | 0:19:33 | |
-..in the modern industrial world -becomes even more important. | 0:19:34 | 0:19:38 | |
-The Welsh language stands its ground -in the Garw Valley... | 0:19:38 | 0:19:42 | |
-..and in the valleys -to the west and east. | 0:19:42 | 0:19:45 | |
-Unlike the native languages -of Scotland and Ireland... | 0:19:45 | 0:19:49 | |
-..that are rural languages... | 0:19:49 | 0:19:52 | |
-..the Welsh language -in the coalfields was evolving... | 0:19:52 | 0:19:57 | |
-..becoming deep-rooted -in the area. | 0:19:57 | 0:19:59 | |
-As a result, at the beginning -of the 20th century... | 0:20:00 | 0:20:03 | |
-..there are a million Welsh -speakers, the highest ever number. | 0:20:04 | 0:20:08 | |
-The valleys -are a Welsh-speaking stronghold... | 0:20:17 | 0:20:21 | |
-..but the miners -endure much hardship. | 0:20:21 | 0:20:24 | |
-For every second -a miner is underground... | 0:20:25 | 0:20:29 | |
-..his life is put in more danger. | 0:20:29 | 0:20:31 | |
-When the miner leaves home -early in the morning... | 0:20:32 | 0:20:36 | |
-..there is no guarantee -he will return. | 0:20:36 | 0:20:39 | |
-It's no surprise that the miners -fostered a militant attitude. | 0:20:39 | 0:20:44 | |
-In 1898, as wages decrease... | 0:20:47 | 0:20:50 | |
-..and jobs diminish... | 0:20:51 | 0:20:53 | |
-..the miners of South Wales -go on strike. | 0:20:53 | 0:20:56 | |
-After six months -they must return to work... | 0:20:57 | 0:21:00 | |
-..on worse terms than before. | 0:21:00 | 0:21:03 | |
-It's time for them -to form a stronger union. | 0:21:03 | 0:21:06 | |
-Enter the South Wales -Miners' Federation, The Fed... | 0:21:06 | 0:21:10 | |
-..which precedes -the National Union of Mineworkers. | 0:21:11 | 0:21:14 | |
-For generations afterwards, The Fed -held a prominent position... | 0:21:15 | 0:21:20 | |
-..guiding miners in their battle -to create a modern Wales. | 0:21:20 | 0:21:24 | |
-The struggle to ensure -better working conditions... | 0:21:30 | 0:21:34 | |
-..wasn't -confined only to South Wales. | 0:21:34 | 0:21:36 | |
-This is the location -of the era's largest strike. | 0:21:37 | 0:21:40 | |
-The former site of Penrhyn Quarry. | 0:21:40 | 0:21:43 | |
-At the turn of the 20th century... | 0:21:43 | 0:21:46 | |
-..this place was a hive of activity, -productivity and noise. | 0:21:46 | 0:21:51 | |
-But in November 1900... | 0:21:51 | 0:21:53 | |
-..production -grinds to a sudden halt... | 0:21:54 | 0:21:57 | |
-..prompting one of the worst -strikes in British history. | 0:21:57 | 0:22:01 | |
-On the day the strike is announced, -the 2,000 employees... | 0:22:09 | 0:22:13 | |
-..lay down their tools -and walk off site. | 0:22:13 | 0:22:17 | |
-Unbeknown to them, they have been -tricked into doing so... | 0:22:17 | 0:22:21 | |
-..by their employer, -the second Baron Penrhyn. | 0:22:21 | 0:22:25 | |
-He detests the trade unions... | 0:22:25 | 0:22:27 | |
-..and challenges -his workforce to go on strike... | 0:22:27 | 0:22:30 | |
-..thinking that it -will be of benefit to him. | 0:22:31 | 0:22:34 | |
-He expects the strike to fail -within a couple of weeks... | 0:22:34 | 0:22:38 | |
-..thus avoiding -the union's intervention. | 0:22:38 | 0:22:42 | |
-But that's not what happens. | 0:22:46 | 0:22:48 | |
-Instead of a swift end to the -strike, like the Baron expects... | 0:22:50 | 0:22:54 | |
-..the strike rumbles on and on -creating huge tensions in the area. | 0:22:54 | 0:22:59 | |
-This row of houses in Tregarth -was built in haste... | 0:23:03 | 0:23:06 | |
-..for the families of men -who break the strike. | 0:23:07 | 0:23:12 | |
-The families of the quarrymen -who remain on strike... | 0:23:12 | 0:23:16 | |
-..begin to stick signs -in their windows. | 0:23:16 | 0:23:20 | |
-"There are -no traitors in this house." | 0:23:20 | 0:23:23 | |
-For decades later -in towns such as Bethesda... | 0:23:24 | 0:23:27 | |
-..there's no love lost between -the families of those on strike... | 0:23:27 | 0:23:32 | |
-..and those who went back to work. | 0:23:32 | 0:23:35 | |
-The discord -continues for three years... | 0:23:38 | 0:23:41 | |
-..and is dubbed the Great Strike... | 0:23:41 | 0:23:44 | |
-..since it is the longest strike -in Britain's industrial history... | 0:23:44 | 0:23:49 | |
-..with dire consequences. | 0:23:49 | 0:23:51 | |
-The strike implies that the North -Wales slate industry is unreliable. | 0:23:51 | 0:23:56 | |
-Fewer orders are placed... | 0:23:58 | 0:24:00 | |
-..and thousands of workers -are out of work. | 0:24:00 | 0:24:03 | |
-It leads to a protracted recession -in the area. | 0:24:03 | 0:24:06 | |
-It is a tragedy -for the people of North Wales. | 0:24:07 | 0:24:10 | |
-. | 0:24:13 | 0:24:14 | |
-Subtitles | 0:24:14 | 0:24:14 | |
-Subtitles - -Subtitles | 0:24:14 | 0:24:16 | |
-To meet the demand for a larger -workforce in the coalfields... | 0:24:18 | 0:24:22 | |
-..my grandmother's family -moved from rural Ceredigion... | 0:24:22 | 0:24:26 | |
-..to Blaengarw near Bridgend. | 0:24:27 | 0:24:29 | |
-Tens of thousands of fellow -Welsh speakers did the same. | 0:24:33 | 0:24:37 | |
-Until the early 20th century, -the traditional Welsh way of life... | 0:24:41 | 0:24:45 | |
-..thrived in the modern industrial -world as workers settled in. | 0:24:45 | 0:24:50 | |
-But the coal-mining communities -begin to attract families... | 0:24:50 | 0:24:55 | |
-..whose backgrounds differ from the -Welsh nonconformist way of life... | 0:24:55 | 0:25:01 | |
-..where the chapel and choir -play a central role. | 0:25:02 | 0:25:05 | |
-A brand new society develops -with new interests and new heroes. | 0:25:10 | 0:25:15 | |
-The workers -have a modicum of free time... | 0:25:17 | 0:25:21 | |
-..and money left over. | 0:25:21 | 0:25:23 | |
-They are ambitious people, -they are inventive. | 0:25:23 | 0:25:27 | |
-They raise money to build libraries -and cultural centres... | 0:25:27 | 0:25:32 | |
-..across the valleys. | 0:25:32 | 0:25:34 | |
-There are dozens of them, -including this one. | 0:25:34 | 0:25:37 | |
-Blaengarw Workmen's Hall. | 0:25:37 | 0:25:39 | |
-They were centres of education... | 0:25:40 | 0:25:42 | |
-..as well as entertainment. | 0:25:42 | 0:25:46 | |
-In the valleys' workmen's halls... | 0:25:56 | 0:25:59 | |
-..the spirit of -the coal-mining era is still alive. | 0:25:59 | 0:26:02 | |
-This is Freddie Welsh, -the famous boxer from South Wales... | 0:26:02 | 0:26:06 | |
-..who became -World Lightweight Champion. | 0:26:06 | 0:26:09 | |
-And here's Dai Tarw Jones... | 0:26:15 | 0:26:17 | |
-..star of the successful -Wales rugby team... | 0:26:17 | 0:26:20 | |
-..at the beginning -of the 20th century. | 0:26:21 | 0:26:24 | |
-Boxing and rugby are popular -pastimes in the coalfields... | 0:26:26 | 0:26:30 | |
-..as they are across Wales. | 0:26:30 | 0:26:33 | |
-Throughout the Edwardian era... | 0:26:34 | 0:26:36 | |
-..people in the valleys -embrace the talents... | 0:26:36 | 0:26:39 | |
-..of opera singers, brass bands, -entertainers... | 0:26:40 | 0:26:43 | |
-..all kinds of performers. | 0:26:43 | 0:26:45 | |
-Three Englishmen walk into a bar -and they notice a Welshman... | 0:26:45 | 0:26:49 | |
-They are part of a rich cultural -mix that exists in South Wales... | 0:26:51 | 0:26:56 | |
-..on the brink -of the First World War. | 0:26:56 | 0:26:58 | |
-But Wales's contribution -in one of these fields... | 0:27:03 | 0:27:07 | |
-..is more significant -than the others. | 0:27:07 | 0:27:10 | |
-If there's one thing -that embodies Welshness... | 0:27:12 | 0:27:15 | |
-..and the notion of Wales across the -world, then it's undoubtedly rugby. | 0:27:15 | 0:27:20 | |
-It was deeply rooted in the South -Wales coalfields a century ago. | 0:27:21 | 0:27:25 | |
-In towns such as Pontypridd... | 0:27:25 | 0:27:27 | |
-..and in villages throughout the -valleys, rugby clubs were formed. | 0:27:28 | 0:27:32 | |
-The big moment comes in 1905... | 0:27:33 | 0:27:36 | |
-..when the New Zealand All Blacks -are beaten by the national team. | 0:27:36 | 0:27:41 | |
-This was the beginning -of a tradition... | 0:27:41 | 0:27:44 | |
-..which defines the modern Wales. | 0:27:44 | 0:27:47 | |
-The New Zealand team annihilates the -opposition on their British tour. | 0:27:50 | 0:27:55 | |
-But they arrive in Wales... | 0:27:55 | 0:27:57 | |
-..to take on the European Champions. | 0:27:58 | 0:28:00 | |
-It is billed -as the World Championship. | 0:28:01 | 0:28:03 | |
-The important point in all this -is that playing such teams... | 0:28:08 | 0:28:13 | |
-..helps define -the Welsh nation in a new era. | 0:28:13 | 0:28:16 | |
-The All Blacks perform their famous -Haka before the first kick. | 0:28:18 | 0:28:24 | |
-In 1905, it wasn't yet customary... | 0:28:30 | 0:28:32 | |
-..to sing the national anthems -before major games. | 0:28:33 | 0:28:38 | |
-But on this occasion, -the Wales team and the crowd... | 0:28:38 | 0:28:42 | |
-..sing Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau... | 0:28:42 | 0:28:44 | |
-..a nationalistic song, -though only 50 years old... | 0:28:45 | 0:28:48 | |
-..is quickly becoming an anthem. | 0:28:48 | 0:28:51 | |
-# Her brave warriors | 0:28:51 | 0:28:55 | |
-# Very splendid patriots | 0:28:56 | 0:29:00 | |
-# For freedom | 0:29:00 | 0:29:02 | |
-# Shed their blood | 0:29:02 | 0:29:08 | |
-# Wales, Wales | 0:29:08 | 0:29:12 | |
-# I am loyal to Wales # | 0:29:12 | 0:29:14 | |
-It's a closely-fought game -full of trickery and tactics. | 0:29:18 | 0:29:22 | |
-There's a contentious try that the -All Blacks think they've scored. | 0:29:22 | 0:29:27 | |
-But there's no denying Wales's try. | 0:29:29 | 0:29:32 | |
-The home side wins 3-0. | 0:29:41 | 0:29:44 | |
-The game is a highlight -in the buoyant history... | 0:29:52 | 0:29:56 | |
-..of the new industrial Wales -of the Victorian and Edwardian eras. | 0:29:56 | 0:30:01 | |
-There was plenty to celebrate -in the modern Wales... | 0:30:06 | 0:30:09 | |
-..but there was no way of evading -hardship and conflict for long. | 0:30:10 | 0:30:14 | |
-Both sides of my family -can testify to that. | 0:30:15 | 0:30:19 | |
-My great-grandmother -on my father's side... | 0:30:20 | 0:30:23 | |
-..had moved -from West Wales to the coalfield... | 0:30:23 | 0:30:27 | |
-..and had met her future husband, -a young man from Cardiganshire. | 0:30:27 | 0:30:31 | |
-Tens of thousands of them flock -to the valleys in search of work. | 0:30:31 | 0:30:36 | |
-It was here in Senghennydd... | 0:30:36 | 0:30:38 | |
-..that my great-grandmother -spent some of her life. | 0:30:38 | 0:30:42 | |
-They arrived in time to witness... | 0:30:42 | 0:30:45 | |
-..some of the most harrowing and -turbulent events of modern Wales. | 0:30:45 | 0:30:49 | |
-A spirit of rebellion was emerging -on the streets of Tonypandy. | 0:30:52 | 0:30:57 | |
-In September 1910... | 0:31:00 | 0:31:02 | |
-..miners there -were prevented from going to work... | 0:31:03 | 0:31:06 | |
-..by the owners -of the Cambrian Combine. | 0:31:07 | 0:31:09 | |
-In early November... | 0:31:12 | 0:31:16 | |
-..there was a fierce exchange -between the miners... | 0:31:16 | 0:31:20 | |
-..and the London police, who -had been drafted in by the owners. | 0:31:20 | 0:31:24 | |
-The miners' protest -turns into a riot... | 0:31:26 | 0:31:29 | |
-..and takes over the high street. | 0:31:30 | 0:31:32 | |
-The people of Tonypandy still -remember the official response... | 0:31:38 | 0:31:42 | |
-..which saw Sir Winston Churchill... | 0:31:43 | 0:31:45 | |
-..deploying soldiers to the Rhondda. | 0:31:46 | 0:31:48 | |
-It is their presence -which quells the fracas... | 0:31:49 | 0:31:52 | |
-..in favour of the mine owners. | 0:31:53 | 0:31:56 | |
-In light of events in Tonypandy... | 0:31:58 | 0:32:01 | |
-..a younger generation of leaders -emerges in The Fed. | 0:32:01 | 0:32:05 | |
-In 1912 -they set out their manifesto... | 0:32:05 | 0:32:08 | |
-..in a very astute pamphlet. | 0:32:08 | 0:32:11 | |
-The pamphlet is entitled -The Miners' Next Step. | 0:32:11 | 0:32:15 | |
-The new working class -raises its voice... | 0:32:17 | 0:32:20 | |
-..but within a year, -they are beset by another tragedy. | 0:32:20 | 0:32:24 | |
-On 14 October 1913 -in Senghennydd... | 0:32:28 | 0:32:32 | |
-..an underground explosion -occurs at the Universal colliery. | 0:32:32 | 0:32:36 | |
-It is one of the worst disasters... | 0:32:36 | 0:32:39 | |
-..in the history -of the coal-mining industry. | 0:32:39 | 0:32:42 | |
-439 men and boys lost their lives. | 0:32:42 | 0:32:45 | |
-My great-grandfather -was a miner at the colliery... | 0:32:55 | 0:32:59 | |
-..but he and his family -were fortunate that day... | 0:32:59 | 0:33:02 | |
-..that he was working -a different shift. | 0:33:02 | 0:33:05 | |
-But it was a heart-rending tale -for hundreds of other families. | 0:33:05 | 0:33:10 | |
-It forces me to ask one question. | 0:33:11 | 0:33:14 | |
-If shift patterns -had been different that day... | 0:33:14 | 0:33:18 | |
-..what fate awaited -all those families, including mine? | 0:33:18 | 0:33:24 | |
-I felt privileged therefore... | 0:33:32 | 0:33:34 | |
-..presenting the news 100 years -to the day after the disaster. | 0:33:34 | 0:33:38 | |
-The worst mining disaster -in British history... | 0:33:38 | 0:33:42 | |
-..happened 100 years ago today -in Senghennydd, South Wales. | 0:33:42 | 0:33:46 | |
-440 men and boys died... | 0:33:46 | 0:33:48 | |
-..when explosions ripped through -the colliery on 14 October 1913. | 0:33:49 | 0:33:54 | |
-A national memorial has been -unveiled to mark the event. | 0:33:54 | 0:33:58 | |
-Working conditions and the dangers -of coal mining were obvious to all. | 0:34:00 | 0:34:05 | |
-Meanwhile, -the Senghennydd tragedy proved... | 0:34:05 | 0:34:08 | |
-..that the law put a high price -on the owners' business... | 0:34:08 | 0:34:13 | |
-..and no price at all -on the lives of miners. | 0:34:13 | 0:34:16 | |
-During the inquest... | 0:34:16 | 0:34:18 | |
-..there was talk of -bad management and cost cutting... | 0:34:19 | 0:34:23 | |
-..but nobody was imprisoned... | 0:34:23 | 0:34:25 | |
-..and the sum total of the fine... | 0:34:25 | 0:34:28 | |
-..for the manager -and the owners of the mine was 24. | 0:34:28 | 0:34:32 | |
-The era's most shocking and tragic -events happened in South Wales... | 0:34:43 | 0:34:48 | |
-..but one must travel -to North Wales... | 0:34:48 | 0:34:52 | |
-..to trace the history -of Wales's most influential figure. | 0:34:52 | 0:34:56 | |
-Only one politician from Wales -has been Prime Minister of Britain. | 0:34:56 | 0:35:02 | |
-The great Liberal from North Wales, -David Lloyd George. | 0:35:02 | 0:35:06 | |
-He was a dynamic, -exceptionally intelligent man... | 0:35:06 | 0:35:10 | |
-..and one of the best orators -Britain has ever seen. | 0:35:10 | 0:35:14 | |
-He was a highly-respected -international statesman. | 0:35:14 | 0:35:18 | |
-Having been -brought up in a cottage... | 0:35:21 | 0:35:23 | |
-..he reaches Westminster in 1890... | 0:35:24 | 0:35:27 | |
-..as the MP for Caernarfon. | 0:35:27 | 0:35:29 | |
-He's appointed to the Cabinet -in 1905, and three years later... | 0:35:29 | 0:35:33 | |
-..he holds the post -of Chancellor of the Exchequer... | 0:35:34 | 0:35:37 | |
-..in a very radical government. | 0:35:38 | 0:35:40 | |
-Even in the early days... | 0:35:42 | 0:35:44 | |
-..Lloyd George aspired to reach -number 10 Downing Street... | 0:35:44 | 0:35:49 | |
-..and become Prime Minister. | 0:35:49 | 0:35:51 | |
-He fulfils -great feats along the way. | 0:35:51 | 0:35:54 | |
-Next door is 11 Downing Street... | 0:35:54 | 0:35:57 | |
-..the home of the Chancellor. | 0:35:57 | 0:36:00 | |
-This is where Lloyd George -changes the lives of millions. | 0:36:00 | 0:36:05 | |
-He creates a pension -for the elderly. | 0:36:05 | 0:36:08 | |
-Five shillings -for those over 70 years old... | 0:36:08 | 0:36:11 | |
-..but for many people, it signifies -the end of starvation and poverty. | 0:36:12 | 0:36:17 | |
-But the chancellor from a humble -background goes even further. | 0:36:18 | 0:36:23 | |
-He wants to help -the unemployed and the infirm. | 0:36:23 | 0:36:27 | |
-In order to do that, -he must find the money. | 0:36:28 | 0:36:31 | |
-One way to do that is -by raising the taxes of the wealthy. | 0:36:31 | 0:36:35 | |
-This is what he does in his famous -budget, the People's Budget of 1909. | 0:36:35 | 0:36:40 | |
-This is a war budget. | 0:36:40 | 0:36:44 | |
-It is to wage implacable warfare... | 0:36:44 | 0:36:48 | |
-..on poverty and squalidness. | 0:36:48 | 0:36:51 | |
-The budget pits him against... | 0:36:52 | 0:36:54 | |
-..the affluent landowners -of the House of Lords... | 0:36:54 | 0:36:57 | |
-..who reject his proposal. | 0:36:57 | 0:36:59 | |
-During this time, they refer -to Lloyd George as a revolutionary. | 0:37:00 | 0:37:04 | |
-..forcing a revolution... | 0:37:05 | 0:37:07 | |
-..and they will get it. | 0:37:07 | 0:37:09 | |
-But it is he who wins the day. | 0:37:14 | 0:37:16 | |
-The Lords may decree a revolution... | 0:37:16 | 0:37:19 | |
-..but it is -the people who will direct it. | 0:37:19 | 0:37:22 | |
-Lloyd George passes the -National Insurance Bill of 1911... | 0:37:23 | 0:37:28 | |
-..which aids -the infirm and the unemployed. | 0:37:28 | 0:37:32 | |
-It's fair to say -that the Welsh wizard... | 0:37:32 | 0:37:35 | |
-..laid the foundations -for the Welfare State. | 0:37:36 | 0:37:39 | |
-But Lloyd George -is perhaps more famous... | 0:37:39 | 0:37:43 | |
-..for his leadership -during World War 1. | 0:37:43 | 0:37:46 | |
-Though he opposes -the preparations for war... | 0:37:51 | 0:37:54 | |
-..when the German Kaiser invades -the small country of Belgium... | 0:37:55 | 0:38:00 | |
-..Lloyd George is incensed... | 0:38:00 | 0:38:02 | |
-..and becomes -an avid supporter of war. | 0:38:03 | 0:38:05 | |
-Initially, Wales -is strongly in favour of the war... | 0:38:08 | 0:38:11 | |
-..since everyone believed... | 0:38:12 | 0:38:14 | |
-..they were fighting to defend a -small country against the Germans. | 0:38:14 | 0:38:19 | |
-Some 280,000 join the armed forces. | 0:38:20 | 0:38:25 | |
-Many volunteer. | 0:38:25 | 0:38:27 | |
-From the villages of rural Wales... | 0:38:30 | 0:38:32 | |
-..men are leaving behind -their wives and children. | 0:38:32 | 0:38:36 | |
-The government -tries to assure its citizens... | 0:38:36 | 0:38:39 | |
-..that the fighting will end soon. | 0:38:40 | 0:38:42 | |
-By the time -the war is over in 1918... | 0:39:02 | 0:39:05 | |
-..millions across Europe -have been killed. | 0:39:05 | 0:39:09 | |
-40,000 wives across Wales -receive tragic news. | 0:39:09 | 0:39:12 | |
-Though Britain wins the day... | 0:39:14 | 0:39:17 | |
-..many families are bereaved... | 0:39:17 | 0:39:19 | |
-..with widows having to raise -their children single-handedly. | 0:39:19 | 0:39:24 | |
-Despite the sacrifice, -Lloyd George is resolute. | 0:39:29 | 0:39:32 | |
-He has the ability -to lift the spirits... | 0:39:33 | 0:39:36 | |
-..and inspire people in adversity. | 0:39:37 | 0:39:40 | |
-Following the ceasefire of 1918... | 0:39:40 | 0:39:44 | |
-..David Lloyd George is acknowledged -as the man who won the war. | 0:39:44 | 0:39:49 | |
-Lloyd George lost respect -in the subsequent years after WWI. | 0:39:53 | 0:39:58 | |
-The South Wales workforce -turned to the Labour Party. | 0:39:58 | 0:40:01 | |
-But there's a good reason -why this statue of Lloyd George... | 0:40:02 | 0:40:05 | |
-..is in a prominent position... | 0:40:05 | 0:40:08 | |
-..here in the Members' Lobby -of the House of Commons. | 0:40:08 | 0:40:12 | |
-Winston Churchill -also has a prominent spot, granted. | 0:40:13 | 0:40:16 | |
-But this is a man who was raised -in a cottage in North Wales... | 0:40:17 | 0:40:21 | |
-..and who became -British Prime Minister... | 0:40:21 | 0:40:24 | |
-..laying the foundations -of the Welfare State. | 0:40:24 | 0:40:27 | |
-He was no saint or angel -but he performed miracles... | 0:40:27 | 0:40:31 | |
-..that very few have surpassed. | 0:40:31 | 0:40:35 | |
-. | 0:40:37 | 0:40:38 | |
-Subtitles | 0:40:40 | 0:40:40 | |
-Subtitles - -Subtitles | 0:40:40 | 0:40:42 | |
-The birth of a modern Wales -didn't happen without pain. | 0:40:48 | 0:40:52 | |
-The years -following the First World War... | 0:40:52 | 0:40:55 | |
-..were very harsh -for the people of Wales. | 0:40:55 | 0:40:58 | |
-Demand for coal was dwindling... | 0:40:58 | 0:41:01 | |
-..men were losing their jobs -and collieries were closing. | 0:41:01 | 0:41:05 | |
-In spite -of David Lloyd George's efforts... | 0:41:05 | 0:41:10 | |
-..the Welfare State model -was far from established. | 0:41:10 | 0:41:14 | |
-After being so close -to the Senghennydd tragedy... | 0:41:18 | 0:41:22 | |
-..my great-grandfather -decides it is time to leave. | 0:41:22 | 0:41:26 | |
-He and the family return to the -familiar territory of Ceredigion... | 0:41:28 | 0:41:33 | |
-..in a bid to improve -their health... | 0:41:33 | 0:41:36 | |
-..but his efforts are in vain -as he died a young man. | 0:41:36 | 0:41:40 | |
-In the coalfields, The Fed -tries to protect its members... | 0:41:51 | 0:41:55 | |
-..their working conditions -and wages. | 0:41:55 | 0:41:57 | |
-But the situation is hopeless -and deteriorates year after year. | 0:42:00 | 0:42:05 | |
-By the spring of 1926... | 0:42:06 | 0:42:09 | |
-..the price of coal plummets... | 0:42:09 | 0:42:11 | |
-..thousands of miners -are out of work... | 0:42:11 | 0:42:14 | |
-..and colliery owners -decide to reduce wages. | 0:42:14 | 0:42:18 | |
-Bear in mind that the miners' -families were already suffering. | 0:42:18 | 0:42:24 | |
-What follows is one of the most -painful, yet heroic, periods... | 0:42:24 | 0:42:29 | |
-..in the history -of the South Wales coalfields. | 0:42:29 | 0:42:33 | |
-The workers -reject their employers' demands. | 0:42:34 | 0:42:37 | |
-Workers throughout Britain show -their support by going on strike. | 0:42:38 | 0:42:43 | |
-The government -responds in a very cruel way. | 0:42:44 | 0:42:47 | |
-Within nine days, -the famous General Strike is over. | 0:42:47 | 0:42:51 | |
-But the miners themselves -refuse to yield. | 0:42:54 | 0:42:57 | |
-They stay on strike -for several months... | 0:42:57 | 0:43:00 | |
-..having been inspired by -the leadership of Wales's miners. | 0:43:00 | 0:43:05 | |
-Miners receive -no strike pay or benefits. | 0:43:08 | 0:43:12 | |
-Their only source of sustenance... | 0:43:13 | 0:43:15 | |
-..is a very effective -community programme. | 0:43:15 | 0:43:18 | |
-Committees raise money to buy food -for the famous soup kitchens... | 0:43:21 | 0:43:25 | |
-..which were housed -in the local hall or chapel vestry. | 0:43:26 | 0:43:29 | |
-The support they receive allows -the miners to hold out on strike... | 0:43:30 | 0:43:34 | |
-..for seven long months. | 0:43:34 | 0:43:36 | |
-By October 1926... | 0:43:36 | 0:43:39 | |
-..fatigue and starvation -forces them back to work. | 0:43:40 | 0:43:43 | |
-The unions are forced -to accept the owners' terms. | 0:43:46 | 0:43:49 | |
-The Fed's stalwarts -aren't offered any work at all. | 0:43:49 | 0:43:53 | |
-For those fortunate enough -to be re-employed... | 0:43:56 | 0:43:59 | |
-..the reward was longer -working hours for reduced wages. | 0:44:00 | 0:44:04 | |
-The love and support -of the family... | 0:44:06 | 0:44:08 | |
-..became far more important -at the end of the shift. | 0:44:09 | 0:44:12 | |
-One of the main characteristics.... | 0:44:13 | 0:44:16 | |
-..of life in the coalfields -of modern Wales... | 0:44:16 | 0:44:19 | |
-..was the woman's role. | 0:44:19 | 0:44:22 | |
-Her influence was felt everywhere. | 0:44:22 | 0:44:26 | |
-Certainly at home, -in the shops, in the chapels... | 0:44:26 | 0:44:29 | |
-..in the cultural societies -and social clubs. | 0:44:30 | 0:44:34 | |
-Women made a positive contribution. | 0:44:34 | 0:44:37 | |
-They had the drive -to fight against injustice. | 0:44:37 | 0:44:42 | |
-The whole family -became part of the same campaign. | 0:44:45 | 0:44:48 | |
-Today's valleys' children -still march in their honour. | 0:44:49 | 0:44:53 | |
-It was the mothers who put -the food on the table at home... | 0:44:53 | 0:44:57 | |
-..in the soup kitchens -and in the community cafes... | 0:44:57 | 0:45:01 | |
-..when recession, unemployment -and poverty followed a strike... | 0:45:01 | 0:45:06 | |
-..during the 1920s and 1930s. | 0:45:06 | 0:45:08 | |
-It's hard to believe -what happened... | 0:45:14 | 0:45:16 | |
-..in the South Wales Valleys -during the 1930s. | 0:45:16 | 0:45:19 | |
-People had to scavenge for coal -on coal tips to heat their homes. | 0:45:20 | 0:45:24 | |
-Having been let down -by Lloyd George and Liberalism... | 0:45:28 | 0:45:32 | |
-..people turn to -the Labour Party for support. | 0:45:32 | 0:45:34 | |
-They vote for them -in their thousands... | 0:45:35 | 0:45:38 | |
-..but Labour is weak across Britain -and there is no improvement. | 0:45:38 | 0:45:42 | |
-Wales is a nation under threat. | 0:45:46 | 0:45:49 | |
-In less than seven months, a quarter -of a million people leave Wales. | 0:45:50 | 0:45:54 | |
-They collect their belongings -and take the bus or train... | 0:45:57 | 0:46:01 | |
-..to the cities of England -in the hope of a better life. | 0:46:02 | 0:46:05 | |
-Efforts to make Wales an industrial -powerhouse aren't in vain, however. | 0:46:12 | 0:46:16 | |
-The dedication of the people, -their innovation, hard work... | 0:46:17 | 0:46:21 | |
-..and their struggle for fair play -haven't been in vain either. | 0:46:21 | 0:46:25 | |
-The Great Depression of the 1930s... | 0:46:25 | 0:46:30 | |
-..was a period of suffering -for the coal-mining communities. | 0:46:30 | 0:46:34 | |
-The Second World War -was also around the corner... | 0:46:34 | 0:46:38 | |
-..to put them -under even more pressure. | 0:46:38 | 0:46:41 | |
-But during the intervening years, -none would forget the bleak 1930s... | 0:46:41 | 0:46:46 | |
-..and everybody was determined -to prevent austerity from returning. | 0:46:46 | 0:46:51 | |
-After the War... | 0:46:54 | 0:46:55 | |
-..the working class goes on -to re-invent a modern Wales. | 0:46:56 | 0:47:00 | |
-But this time, -it's on their own terms... | 0:47:00 | 0:47:03 | |
-..as we discover -in the next episode. | 0:47:03 | 0:47:06 | |
-S4C Subtitles by Adnod Cyf. | 0:47:33 | 0:47:35 | |
-. | 0:47:35 | 0:47:36 |