Gwlad? Gwlad! ‹ Creu Cymru Fodern

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-Subtitles	0:00:00	0:00:00
-Subtitles - -Subtitles	0:00:00	0:00:02
-Over the past 250 years...	0:00:16	0:00:19
-..Wales has been transformed.	0:00:19	0:00:21
-Iron, copper, slate and coal -were the raw materials...	0:00:22	0:00:25
-..that turned our country -into an industrial nation...	0:00:26	0:00:30
-..the first of its kind -in the world.	0:00:30	0:00:32
-For it to evolve and grow...	0:00:33	0:00:36
-..it required -more than just natural resources.	0:00:36	0:00:40
-Education, faith, language -and politics were crucial.	0:00:40	0:00:45
-These days, some people claim...	0:00:45	0:00:48
-..that Wales -is the first post-industrial nation.	0:00:48	0:00:52
-Machines might have prompted -the Industrial Revolution...	0:00:52	0:00:56
-..but it was people -who were at the helm.	0:00:57	0:01:00
-Born out of exceptionally hard -working conditions...	0:01:00	0:01:04
-..a new working class -created its own future...	0:01:04	0:01:08
-..and formed contemporary Wales.	0:01:08	0:01:11
-This is their history, -our history...	0:01:13	0:01:15
-..and the history -of how a modern Wales was created.	0:01:16	0:01:19
-To which country -are you most patriotic?	0:01:33	0:01:35
-Britain? Wales?	0:01:37	0:01:39
-Or both?	0:01:40	0:01:42
-Over the past 70 years...	0:01:50	0:01:53
-..the Red Dragon and the Union Jack -have been competing for priority...	0:01:53	0:01:58
-..in the hearts and minds -of the Welsh nation.	0:01:58	0:02:01
-Since WWII, the pace of life...	0:02:01	0:02:04
-..has increased at a rapid rate.	0:02:04	0:02:07
-Our allegiance -to symbols of national identity...	0:02:07	0:02:11
-..has also changed at a fast rate.	0:02:12	0:02:14
-The result of that provides an -exciting conclusion to the story...	0:02:14	0:02:19
-..of how -a modern Wales was created.	0:02:19	0:02:21
-Throughout the series...	0:02:25	0:02:28
-..I've traced the history of my own -family over the past 250 years...	0:02:28	0:02:32
-..who were among tens of thousands -of Welsh-speaking compatriots...	0:02:33	0:02:38
-..who came from rural Ceredigion...	0:02:38	0:02:40
-..to the coalmining valleys -of South Glamorgan.	0:02:41	0:02:44
-In this final chapter...	0:02:45	0:02:48
-..I'll be exploring the Edwards -family's recent history...	0:02:48	0:02:52
-..as we move homes, change jobs...	0:02:52	0:02:57
-..and witness -the remarkable events...	0:02:57	0:03:00
-..that have changed the nation's -attitudes to the two flags...	0:03:00	0:03:04
-..and led to -the creation of a modern Wales.	0:03:05	0:03:08
-26,000, so I think -that's a yes all round.	0:03:08	0:03:11
-1939.	0:03:17	0:03:19
-The outlook is very bleak -as a new generation of young men...	0:03:19	0:03:25
-..leave for war.	0:03:25	0:03:27
-Wives who lost their husbands -in the Great War...	0:03:27	0:03:31
-..now face the possibility -of losing their sons.	0:03:31	0:03:34
-Brothers and sisters are parted.	0:03:35	0:03:37
-For the older generation...	0:03:43	0:03:45
-..it brings back memories -of the First World War...	0:03:45	0:03:48
-..in which -40,000 Welshmen lost their lives.	0:03:48	0:03:52
-There wasn't meant to be another war -after the First World War...	0:03:54	0:03:58
-..the Great War.	0:03:59	0:04:01
-It was heralded -as the war to end all wars...	0:04:01	0:04:04
-..but within a generation, -the world was ablaze once again.	0:04:04	0:04:09
-Great Britain and its allies were at -war with Adolf Hitler and the Nazis.	0:04:09	0:04:14
-But there was -a fundamental difference this time.	0:04:15	0:04:19
-The methods of war had changed.	0:04:19	0:04:21
-Technology had changed...	0:04:21	0:04:23
-..and weapons -were more powerful than ever before.	0:04:23	0:04:27
-German aircraft bomb Wales...	0:04:32	0:04:34
-..targeting ports and industry.	0:04:35	0:04:38
-For three fateful nights...	0:04:39	0:04:41
-..70 aircraft launch -an air raid attack on Swansea...	0:04:42	0:04:45
-..killing 230 civilians.	0:04:46	0:04:48
-Huge flames -rip through the city centre.	0:04:49	0:04:53
-"This is the BBC Home Service. -Here is the news.	0:04:53	0:04:56
-"Two German supply ships -have been bombed off Norway..."	0:04:56	0:05:00
-The war brings about change, -and not only for the cities.	0:05:00	0:05:03
-Thousands of England's children -seek refuge as evacuees.	0:05:04	0:05:08
-They have very little knowledge -of life in rural Wales.	0:05:08	0:05:12
-Wales is new -and unfamiliar territory.	0:05:12	0:05:15
-Some, but not all, who move to Welsh --speaking areas learn the language.	0:05:16	0:05:22
-People are urged -to grow their own food...	0:05:26	0:05:29
-..and to avoid wastage -to help the war effort.	0:05:29	0:05:32
-War makes it difficult to import -food, so a system of rationing...	0:05:33	0:05:39
-..is introduced -to ensure that everybody is fed.	0:05:39	0:05:44
-There is still -some fun to be had during wartime.	0:05:45	0:05:49
-American soldiers in Wales...	0:05:49	0:05:51
-..add a little Hollywood glamour -to local dances.	0:05:51	0:05:54
-War changes Wales.	0:05:56	0:05:59
-People who would never have met...	0:05:59	0:06:01
-..are getting to know each other -and having new experiences.	0:06:02	0:06:06
-When victory is declared...	0:06:16	0:06:18
-..it is cause for celebration -in every street in the country.	0:06:18	0:06:22
-By 1945, my mother's family had -long since settled in Blaengarw...	0:06:22	0:06:27
-..a few miles north of Bridgend.	0:06:27	0:06:31
-The people of the Garw Valley -waved their banners...	0:06:34	0:06:38
-..and there was little doubt -over which banner to wave.	0:06:38	0:06:41
-The Union Jack.	0:06:42	0:06:44
-Mam-gu and her family...	0:06:49	0:06:51
-..along with her neighbours -in Bryn-Bedw Street, Blaengarw...	0:06:51	0:06:56
-..lived in -reasonably primitive conditions...	0:06:56	0:06:59
-..with a toilet in the backyard, -a tin bath in front of the fire...	0:07:00	0:07:04
-..and no central heating.	0:07:04	0:07:06
-Wales was in dire need of an -improvement in living standards...	0:07:06	0:07:12
-..as the residents in these houses -and in every community can testify.	0:07:12	0:07:17
-The problem is, -it is only British institutions...	0:07:17	0:07:22
-..that have the power -to alter the situation.	0:07:22	0:07:25
-The Eisteddfod and the University...	0:07:26	0:07:28
-..are Wales's -only national organisations.	0:07:28	0:07:31
-Wales is still without -its own capital city.	0:07:32	0:07:35
-People's sights turn to Westminster -for the 1945 election.	0:07:38	0:07:42
-Though it is -Conservative Winston Churchill...	0:07:42	0:07:45
-..who leads the country -during the war...	0:07:45	0:07:48
-..the electorate turn to Labour -to create a modern Britain.	0:07:48	0:07:53
-The Labour Party -won the 1945 election...	0:07:55	0:07:58
-..based on its promises -to rebuild the country...	0:07:58	0:08:02
-..by building houses -and aiding the unemployed.	0:08:02	0:08:05
-Before long, the heavy industries -of coal and steel...	0:08:05	0:08:09
-..would go from being privatized -to nationalized...	0:08:09	0:08:13
-..which is in keeping -with traditional Welsh values...	0:08:14	0:08:17
-..of which unity is paramount.	0:08:18	0:08:20
-Unity of the collieries, the co-op, -the chapel and the choirs.	0:08:20	0:08:24
-This attributed -to a wider, ambitious agenda...	0:08:24	0:08:29
-..to ensure fairness.	0:08:29	0:08:31
-A socialist agenda.	0:08:32	0:08:34
-We have to be resolute about it...	0:08:35	0:08:39
-..and clear about it...	0:08:39	0:08:41
-..and so we can only safeguard -employment for British workers...	0:08:41	0:08:45
-..by socialist planning -in Great Britain and beyond.	0:08:45	0:08:48
-Labour leaders have promised change -in every British province.	0:08:49	0:08:54
-One of its most prominent figures -is Aneurin Bevan.	0:08:54	0:08:57
-Bevan was born in Tredegar in 1897.	0:08:57	0:09:02
-He left school at 13 years of age.	0:09:02	0:09:05
-As a young 20-year-old, -he developed a pioneering scheme...	0:09:09	0:09:14
-..to ensure -medical care for miners...	0:09:14	0:09:17
-..funded by the miners themselves.	0:09:17	0:09:20
-Bevan becomes Health Minister -and insists on treating Britain...	0:09:26	0:09:30
-..the way he treated Tredegar.	0:09:31	0:09:33
-It's hard to imagine now...	0:09:38	0:09:40
-..but the advent -of the National Health Service...	0:09:40	0:09:43
-..provided great comfort -to my mother's family...	0:09:43	0:09:47
-..and millions of others -with dangerous jobs.	0:09:47	0:09:51
-For the first time, the Edwardses -and their countrymen...	0:09:51	0:09:55
-..were assured -of medical treatment...	0:09:55	0:09:58
-..without having to worry -about the cost.	0:09:58	0:10:01
-There were improvements in health -and safety underground too...	0:10:04	0:10:08
-..as the colliers -seized ownership of the mines...	0:10:08	0:10:12
-..in another of the socialist -government's popular measures.	0:10:12	0:10:16
-It wasn't just the coal industry -that benefited from new investment.	0:10:20	0:10:24
-By the end of the 1940s...	0:10:29	0:10:31
-..they were -draining the marshlands...	0:10:31	0:10:34
-..moving the dunes and raising the -level of the ground by 3 metres...	0:10:35	0:10:40
-..to make way for the most -modern steelworks in the world.	0:10:40	0:10:45
-A stone's throw away in Baglan, -they are treating chemicals...	0:10:54	0:10:58
-..and oil in Llandarcy.	0:10:58	0:11:00
-Swansea Bay is thriving...	0:11:01	0:11:03
-..with the latest -industrial technology.	0:11:03	0:11:06
-The workforces -of the modern industries...	0:11:10	0:11:13
-..want modern homes too.	0:11:13	0:11:15
-The sprawling -Sandfields Estate is erected.	0:11:15	0:11:19
-These new structures are much better -than the valleys' terraced houses.	0:11:19	0:11:24
-Some of our Welsh homes...	0:11:26	0:11:28
-..copy the latest trends -from America...	0:11:28	0:11:31
-..and acquire all kinds of gadgets -to facilitate housework.	0:11:31	0:11:36
-"The woman -who proudly owns a new Hoover..."	0:11:36	0:11:38
-We were producing many of the modern -electrical goods here in Merthyr.	0:11:39	0:11:44
-The Hoover factory was booming.	0:11:44	0:11:47
-But the Hoover wasn't the only sound -to reach us from across the pond.	0:11:52	0:11:57
-# It was St David's Day	0:11:58	0:12:01
-# When we docked in Tiger Bay #	0:12:02	0:12:05
-Pop and rock'n'roll dock too.	0:12:06	0:12:09
-Finally in 1955...	0:12:09	0:12:11
-..Cardiff is officially -recognized as Wales's capital city.	0:12:11	0:12:15
-But its origins as a cosmopolitan -city go much further back than that.	0:12:16	0:12:21
-# Tiger Bay #	0:12:22	0:12:25
-Tiger Bay was a melting pot -of cultures from all over the world.	0:12:25	0:12:29
-The majority of immigrants were men.	0:12:29	0:12:33
-They were seamen -who'd married women from Cardiff...	0:12:33	0:12:36
-..and neighbouring valleys.	0:12:37	0:12:38
-Their children -shared a very special upbringing.	0:12:41	0:12:45
-What are you? A queen or a princess?	0:12:45	0:12:49
-Sunday school adopted -the black American Gospel feel.	0:12:49	0:12:53
-There were Muslim marches that -were founded, believe it or not...	0:13:00	0:13:04
-..on the Catholic customs -of the Bay's Irish contingent.	0:13:04	0:13:08
-But change -was on the horizon here too.	0:13:08	0:13:11
-The city's sage planners...	0:13:11	0:13:14
-..were intent on demolishing -the docks' terraced houses...	0:13:14	0:13:18
-..replacing them -with high-rise blocks of flats.	0:13:19	0:13:22
-By the time I was born -at the start of the 1960s...	0:13:24	0:13:28
-..new homes -were being built everywhere.	0:13:28	0:13:32
-New housing estates were located -closer to modern workplaces...	0:13:32	0:13:37
-..factories and offices -in cities and major towns.	0:13:37	0:13:41
-People were beginning -to move out of the valleys.	0:13:41	0:13:46
-Soon, my parents -were forced to do the same.	0:13:46	0:13:50
-They started married life -in the Garw Valley...	0:13:50	0:13:53
-..my mother's native area...	0:13:53	0:13:55
-..but my father was appointed -as a lecturer in Swansea.	0:13:56	0:13:59
-They had no option but to move.	0:14:00	0:14:02
-The most important thing for them...	0:14:02	0:14:05
-..was to live in a close-knit, -Welsh-speaking community...	0:14:05	0:14:09
-..and ideally in a village.	0:14:09	0:14:11
-So, naturally, -Swansea wasn't an option!	0:14:11	0:14:14
-They looked around Llanelli -and neighbouring villages...	0:14:14	0:14:19
-..before settling here -in the village of Llangennech...	0:14:19	0:14:23
-..a relatively large village...	0:14:23	0:14:25
-..but a village in which the Welsh -language was alive and buoyant.	0:14:25	0:14:31
-But that wasn't the case everywhere.	0:14:31	0:14:34
-The Welsh language was under threat, -even in its traditional strongholds.	0:14:45	0:14:50
-Some of Wales's more traditional -areas were facing major change.	0:14:50	0:14:55
-Over the years, -my mother and father...	0:14:59	0:15:03
-..regularly visited this village -in the family's native area...	0:15:03	0:15:08
-..around Aberaeron -on the Ceredigion coast.	0:15:08	0:15:11
-For centuries it has been -a Welsh-speaking community...	0:15:11	0:15:15
-..with its residents upholding the -traditions of the chapel and church.	0:15:16	0:15:20
-The beauty of the region -has always attracted tourists.	0:15:21	0:15:26
-But now that people have more -free time and disposable income...	0:15:27	0:15:30
-..they begin to settle here from all -parts of Wales and from England...	0:15:30	0:15:35
-..which puts a strain -on the old traditional way of life.	0:15:35	0:15:39
-Another modern invention...	0:15:40	0:15:43
-..leads to -the Anglicization of rural areas.	0:15:43	0:15:46
-TV can be awkward.	0:15:48	0:15:50
-It's the mountain, see.	0:15:50	0:15:52
-But extra transmitters -are coming along.	0:15:53	0:15:55
-It took time for television -to reach all parts of Wales.	0:15:55	0:15:59
-But over time, it reaches the heart -of the remotest areas of Wales.	0:16:01	0:16:06
-It's a popular medium...	0:16:10	0:16:12
-..although some -are beginning to worry...	0:16:12	0:16:15
-..that the raft -of English programmes...	0:16:15	0:16:18
-..will adversely affect -Welsh-speaking households.	0:16:18	0:16:22
-Soon, there was -a far more direct threat...	0:16:29	0:16:32
-..to the longevity -of Welsh-speaking strongholds.	0:16:32	0:16:36
-In 1961, -despite a major public backlash...	0:16:41	0:16:44
-..Parliament discusses a bill...	0:16:44	0:16:47
-..to turn River Tryweryn -into a reservoir...	0:16:47	0:16:50
-..to supply water to Liverpool.	0:16:50	0:16:52
-It means sinking -the village of Capel Celyn.	0:16:52	0:16:56
-Only one of -the 36 Welsh MPs refuses to vote.	0:16:56	0:17:01
-The other 35 MPs -vote against the motion.	0:17:01	0:17:04
-But the bill is passed regardless.	0:17:05	0:17:07
-It's a quiet setting these days...	0:17:10	0:17:12
-..but losing -a Welsh-speaking community...	0:17:13	0:17:16
-..has ramifications -for the Welsh language...	0:17:16	0:17:20
-..over forthcoming decades.	0:17:20	0:17:22
-50 years later, the era's -most famous piece of graffiti...	0:17:30	0:17:33
-..still declares -its message to the nation.	0:17:33	0:17:36
-Remember Tryweryn.	0:17:37	0:17:39
-.	0:17:46	0:17:46
-Subtitles	0:17:47	0:17:47
-Subtitles - -Subtitles	0:17:47	0:17:49
-The early 1960s -is a significant period...	0:17:52	0:17:56
-..in the struggle -to create a modern Wales.	0:17:56	0:17:59
-In a radio lecture -broadcast in 1962...	0:17:59	0:18:02
-..author and nationalist -Saunders Lewis...	0:18:02	0:18:05
-..claims the Welsh language will -die out by the end of the 20thC.	0:18:05	0:18:09
-"It is only by revolutionary methods -that success can be achieved."	0:18:09	0:18:14
-You don't have to be -a militant radical...	0:18:14	0:18:17
-..to realize that democracy in Wales -in the early 1960s was defective.	0:18:17	0:18:22
-The Tryweryn debacle proved...	0:18:22	0:18:24
-..that Westminster -could enforce change in Wales...	0:18:25	0:18:28
-..without permission and -without the backing of Welsh MPs.	0:18:28	0:18:33
-It's strange because -the pressure to implement change...	0:18:33	0:18:37
-..came from an undemocratic source.	0:18:37	0:18:40
-That unelected body...	0:18:40	0:18:43
-..was the Council for Wales and -Monmouthshire, to give it its title.	0:18:43	0:18:48
-Its representatives -urge the government in London...	0:18:49	0:18:52
-..to create a new department.	0:18:53	0:18:55
-And this is it - the Welsh Office.	0:18:55	0:18:59
-The Labour Party -wins the 1964 general election.	0:19:01	0:19:04
-Llanelli MP and -former collier James Griffiths...	0:19:04	0:19:08
-..returns to Cardiff and -its new offices in Cathays Park...	0:19:08	0:19:12
-..as the first -Secretary of State for Wales.	0:19:12	0:19:16
-But for the supporters -of Plaid Cymru...	0:19:18	0:19:21
-..a Welsh Office under -British governance is insufficient.	0:19:21	0:19:25
-They continue campaigning -with the wind in their sails.	0:19:25	0:19:29
-Gwynfor Richard Evans...	0:19:31	0:19:33
-..16,179.	0:19:34	0:19:36
-Gwynfor Evans' victory in -the 1966 Carmarthen by-election...	0:19:36	0:19:41
-..suggests success for nationalists -by parliamentary methods...	0:19:41	0:19:46
-..rather than -solely revolutionary methods.	0:19:46	0:19:49
-It's a shock to the political system -and a cause for celebration.	0:19:50	0:19:54
-But three months later, -the Welsh nation is in mourning...	0:19:56	0:20:00
-..with the rest of the world -sharing in its grief.	0:20:01	0:20:04
-This is the memorial -to the Aberfan disaster.	0:20:07	0:20:10
-"To those we love -and miss so very much."	0:20:13	0:20:16
-On 21 October 1966...	0:20:21	0:20:24
-..a huge colliery spoil tip -collapses onto 20 homes...	0:20:24	0:20:28
-..and Pantglas Junior School.	0:20:28	0:20:30
-28 adults...	0:20:32	0:20:35
-..and 116 children are killed.	0:20:36	0:20:38
-During the ensuing tribunal...	0:20:43	0:20:45
-..Lord Robens -denies until the very end...	0:20:45	0:20:48
-..that the Coal Board is culpable...	0:20:48	0:20:51
-..forcing the bereaved families...	0:20:51	0:20:54
-..to endure -a long and unnecessary inquiry.	0:20:54	0:20:57
-Robens blatantly refuses to pay -for the removal of the coal tips...	0:21:02	0:21:07
-..which still stand -above the village of Aberfan.	0:21:07	0:21:12
-The Aberfan tragedy is the gravest -disaster of modern Wales.	0:21:17	0:21:21
-It also highlights the disparity -between ordinary folk in Wales...	0:21:21	0:21:26
-..and the masters of industry, who -govern throughout the British Isles.	0:21:26	0:21:31
-Wales and Britain, though they have -an ancient and close connection...	0:21:43	0:21:48
-..they are sometimes poles apart.	0:21:48	0:21:51
-By the end of the 1960s...	0:21:52	0:21:54
-..tensions surface during -a ceremony at Caernarfon Castle.	0:21:54	0:21:59
-I, Charles, Prince of Wales...	0:21:59	0:22:01
-..do become -your liege man of life and limb.	0:22:01	0:22:04
-Opinion polls show -the majority of the population...	0:22:04	0:22:08
-..welcome Charles' investiture -as the Prince of Wales.	0:22:08	0:22:12
-The same polls show the majority -also want independence for Wales...	0:22:16	0:22:20
-..which is ambiguous, -to say the least.	0:22:21	0:22:24
-# Gwlad, gwlad	0:22:24	0:22:27
-# Pleidiol wyf i'm gwlad #	0:22:27	0:22:29
-Unlike the support -for our rugby teams.	0:22:29	0:22:32
-A new decade saw the dawning -of a golden era of rugby in Wales.	0:22:36	0:22:41
-As a schoolboy in Llanelli...	0:22:41	0:22:43
-..I attended a spectacle...	0:22:43	0:22:45
-..the likes of which -would never be seen again.	0:22:46	0:22:49
-Demolish and rebuild.	0:22:52	0:22:54
-That is the story of the Llanelli -rugby team over recent years.	0:22:55	0:22:59
-This is the site -of the former Stradey Park.	0:22:59	0:23:02
-Rugby's headquarters -has since disappeared.	0:23:02	0:23:05
-There's a feeling of emptiness here, -which is no surprise...	0:23:06	0:23:10
-..since this was the meeting place -for tens of thousands of people.	0:23:10	0:23:15
-I have very vivid memories -of being here on 31 October 1972...	0:23:16	0:23:21
-..when Llanelli -beat the All Blacks 9-3.	0:23:21	0:23:26
-I had paid five pence -to get into the ground...	0:23:26	0:23:29
-..and had brought along chairs -from the nearby school.	0:23:29	0:23:33
-That's a very noteworthy example...	0:23:33	0:23:35
-..of an entire community -coming together...	0:23:36	0:23:40
-..to enjoy and to appreciate.	0:23:40	0:23:43
-Bated breath.	0:23:43	0:23:45
-For the town's schoolboys...	0:23:45	0:23:47
-..Stradey Park was -the centre of the universe that day.	0:23:48	0:23:52
-We had a lot to learn!	0:23:57	0:24:00
-West Wales was a long way from the -centres of British power and wealth.	0:24:02	0:24:08
-The country's economy -was far from buoyant.	0:24:08	0:24:12
-In 1975, the Labour government -must close Ebbw Vale's steelworks.	0:24:14	0:24:19
-RAUCOUS YELLING	0:24:20	0:24:22
-I'm not going to stand here...	0:24:23	0:24:25
-..and say something that might be -popular in Ebbw Vale tomorrow.	0:24:25	0:24:29
-With a sharp rise in oil prices...	0:24:31	0:24:34
-..British industry is unable -to compete in international markets.	0:24:34	0:24:39
-Between 1976 and 1979...	0:24:40	0:24:42
-..60,000 jobs in Wales are lost.	0:24:42	0:24:44
-The socialist hopes of the 1940s -and 1960s have been dashed.	0:24:47	0:24:52
-In this period -of anarchy and tension...	0:24:52	0:24:57
-..the people of Wales take part...	0:24:57	0:25:00
-..in one of the 20th century's -most ferocious political campaigns.	0:25:00	0:25:05
-The Labour government -proposes a devolution measure...	0:25:05	0:25:09
-..culminating -in a referendum on 1 March 1979.	0:25:09	0:25:14
-Give a massive no -for the Welsh Assembly.	0:25:16	0:25:19
-The people of Wales -wholeheartedly reject the measure...	0:25:21	0:25:26
-..with a resounding 4-1 majority.	0:25:26	0:25:30
-There is still consternation -about the nature of that vote.	0:25:30	0:25:34
-People like my parents -regarded it as shameful...	0:25:34	0:25:39
-..and a national embarrassment.	0:25:39	0:25:41
-We're really going... -if we want extra resources...	0:25:42	0:25:46
-There's also another opinion...	0:25:46	0:25:48
-..which suggests that -the people of Wales were suffering.	0:25:48	0:25:52
-They were suffering economically -and suffering from unemployment.	0:25:52	0:25:57
-They had one clear priority.	0:25:57	0:26:00
-That priority was finding work.	0:26:00	0:26:04
-.	0:26:07	0:26:07
-Subtitles	0:26:11	0:26:11
-Subtitles - -Subtitles	0:26:11	0:26:13
-St David's Day, 1979...	0:26:15	0:26:17
-..and the people of Wales -vote in a referendum.	0:26:17	0:26:20
-The Labour government -offers an assembly in Cardiff.	0:26:20	0:26:24
-With an -overwhelming majority of 4-1...	0:26:24	0:26:28
-..the Welsh nation says, -"No, thank you."	0:26:29	0:26:32
-One must ask how -we got from that resounding no...	0:26:32	0:26:37
-..to the eventual yes?	0:26:37	0:26:40
-When I worked in this place -as a political journalist...	0:26:40	0:26:44
-..this is where major -decisions about Wales were made.	0:26:45	0:26:49
-This is Westminster Palace...	0:26:49	0:26:52
-..home to -the United Kingdom Parliament.	0:26:52	0:26:55
-Above there is evidence confirming -Wales's place in the constitution.	0:26:56	0:27:01
-But the nature of power has changed.	0:27:01	0:27:04
-The responsibility for health, -education and transport...	0:27:04	0:27:08
-..has shifted from Westminster to -the National Assembly in Cardiff...	0:27:08	0:27:13
-..and to the Welsh Government.	0:27:13	0:27:15
-It's an almighty change...	0:27:16	0:27:17
-..and the process of establishing -that change is quite remarkable.	0:27:18	0:27:22
-Margaret Thatcher -is elected Prime Minister in 1979.	0:27:26	0:27:30
-The new government -reneges on its promise...	0:27:30	0:27:33
-..to establish -a Welsh-language TV channel...	0:27:33	0:27:36
-..which prompts a protest.	0:27:36	0:27:38
-This might be the final campaign -for Gwynfor Evans...	0:27:39	0:27:42
-..since the Plaid Cymru leader -threatens to fast until death.	0:27:42	0:27:46
-But he wins the day.	0:27:46	0:27:48
-The government -has been humiliated...	0:27:48	0:27:50
-..and defeated by -a comparatively small people.	0:27:50	0:27:54
-It's a great victory -for the Welsh language.	0:27:54	0:27:58
-S4C begins broadcasting.	0:27:58	0:28:02
-This was television...	0:28:02	0:28:04
-..something that was once regarded -as a threat to the language...	0:28:04	0:28:08
-..is now finding -a place in the sun.	0:28:08	0:28:11
-It's beautiful in summer -along the coast...	0:28:13	0:28:16
-..especially if you've -plenty of money in your pockets.	0:28:16	0:28:20
-For those with good jobs...	0:28:20	0:28:22
-..living standards -improve once again in the 1980s.	0:28:23	0:28:26
-The Thatcher government favours -the individual over the community.	0:28:28	0:28:33
-Some of its policies are popular...	0:28:33	0:28:36
-..such as the right -to buy your own council house.	0:28:37	0:28:40
-But owning a holiday home -is another matter.	0:28:42	0:28:45
-200 properties are attacked...	0:28:47	0:28:50
-..in the Welsh-speaking strongholds.	0:28:50	0:28:53
-Though many are arrested...	0:28:54	0:28:56
-..there's still no certainty about -the identity of Meibion Glyndwr.	0:28:57	0:29:01
-Quiet support for the cause -in many Welsh-speaking areas...	0:29:04	0:29:08
-..suggests that people doubt -whether the Tory government...	0:29:08	0:29:12
-..is doing enough for the language.	0:29:12	0:29:15
-Jobs were under threat too.	0:29:17	0:29:19
-The government demolishes -Shotton Steelworks...	0:29:22	0:29:26
-..leading to 6,500 job losses.	0:29:26	0:29:28
-The changing industrial landscape -of Wales was obvious to all...	0:29:31	0:29:35
-..including the young.	0:29:35	0:29:37
-It's hard to believe how much this -area has changed since the 1970s...	0:29:39	0:29:44
-..when I was -a schoolboy in Llanelli.	0:29:44	0:29:47
-I had a view of this area...	0:29:47	0:29:49
-..from the classroom -of the school in the distance.	0:29:49	0:29:53
-A huge investment had been made.	0:29:53	0:29:55
-A brand new steelworks -was opened in this very spot...	0:29:55	0:30:01
-..creating -thousands of jobs in 1978.	0:30:01	0:30:04
-Within three years, the site -had closed and the jobs had gone.	0:30:05	0:30:10
-It was a huge blow -for the people of Llanelli.	0:30:10	0:30:13
-People started to question...	0:30:13	0:30:16
-..whether it was wise -to trust Westminster.	0:30:16	0:30:19
-The majority still -looked to London for answers...	0:30:19	0:30:23
-..but things -were beginning to change.	0:30:23	0:30:27
-This change of heart -might well have occurred...	0:30:32	0:30:36
-..as a result of -the 1984-85 miners' strike.	0:30:36	0:30:39
-It was a dispute -between the miners' unions...	0:30:40	0:30:42
-..and the Conservative government.	0:30:43	0:30:46
-Thatcher supported -British Coal's move...	0:30:47	0:30:50
-..to close unprofitable coal mines.	0:30:50	0:30:52
-For many women, this was -an attack on their livelihoods...	0:30:53	0:30:57
-..their children's future -and their communities as a whole.	0:30:57	0:31:01
-Whatever their opinions -about the strike...	0:31:01	0:31:04
-..many Welsh people believe...	0:31:05	0:31:07
-..that the best way -of protecting Welsh communities...	0:31:07	0:31:11
-..is by making decisions -about Wales in Wales.	0:31:11	0:31:15
-After over a year on strike, -the miners returned to work.	0:31:19	0:31:22
-Maerdy miners marched back to work -to the sound of a brass band.	0:31:23	0:31:28
-Their heads were held high -though they had lost the battle.	0:31:28	0:31:33
-There was more bad news in store.	0:31:33	0:31:35
-Five years later -Maerdy colliery was closed.	0:31:35	0:31:39
-This is the final load of coal -to leave the Rhondda.	0:31:40	0:31:43
-British Coal decided to close -every one of the mines in Wales.	0:31:43	0:31:48
-The Welsh coalmining -industry vanished.	0:31:49	0:31:52
-But it's worth -highlighting one point.	0:31:52	0:31:55
-The strike brought about -fundamental change...	0:31:55	0:31:59
-..for men and women.	0:31:59	0:32:02
-A change in attitude -and perspective.	0:32:03	0:32:06
-There's a strong belief...	0:32:06	0:32:08
-..that the way of governing Wales -in the 21st century...	0:32:09	0:32:13
-..is one of the results -of the Great Strike.	0:32:13	0:32:16
-The political parties -that supported the miners...	0:32:24	0:32:28
-..had learnt how to work together...	0:32:28	0:32:31
-..despite disagreeing -on other matters.	0:32:31	0:32:34
-Support for the coalfields -from the west and the north...	0:32:36	0:32:39
-..united communities across Wales...	0:32:39	0:32:42
-..from very different -historical backgrounds.	0:32:42	0:32:46
-That proves significant...	0:32:48	0:32:50
-..when another referendum -for devolution is held years later.	0:32:50	0:32:55
-But even during -the Thatcher years...	0:32:55	0:32:58
-..there are some elements -of devolution at work...	0:32:59	0:33:02
-..despite the outcome -of the 1979 referendum.	0:33:02	0:33:06
-Wales's public persona -is in the process of changing.	0:33:06	0:33:09
-The ancient institutions -are familiar to us all.	0:33:10	0:33:13
-Aberystwyth University, -the National Eisteddfod...	0:33:13	0:33:17
-..and the National Museum.	0:33:17	0:33:19
-But what about -the less well-known bodies?	0:33:19	0:33:22
-During the 1980s, one civil servant -created a list of national bodies.	0:33:22	0:33:28
-There were 450 of them in total.	0:33:28	0:33:31
-It was devolution by committee... -by quango, if you like.	0:33:32	0:33:37
-Gradually and discreetly...	0:33:37	0:33:39
-..under the centralized -Thatcher government...	0:33:39	0:33:44
-..Wales is being governed -in a different way.	0:33:44	0:33:47
-John Major, -the next Conservative leader...	0:33:51	0:33:55
-..introduces a new language bill.	0:33:55	0:33:59
-It safeguards the Welsh language, -especially in schools.	0:34:00	0:34:03
-Welsh-medium education is thriving -in the former coalfields.	0:34:03	0:34:08
-Parents are identifying more -with Wales than Britain...	0:34:08	0:34:12
-..and the door -to devolution is opened once more.	0:34:13	0:34:17
-.	0:34:22	0:34:22
-Subtitles	0:34:25	0:34:25
-Subtitles - -Subtitles	0:34:25	0:34:27
-Soon after the miners' strike -ended in 1985...	0:34:33	0:34:36
-..British Coal decided to close the -Garw Valley's remaining coalmine.	0:34:37	0:34:42
-..by burning the NCB flag -right in front of them.	0:34:42	0:34:45
-This is all -the contempt that they should have.	0:34:46	0:34:49
-As a young reporter, -I witnessed this historic day...	0:34:49	0:34:53
-..in the village -where my mother was raised.	0:34:53	0:34:56
-The miners' anger was evident.	0:34:56	0:34:58
-When the nearby Ffaldau colliery was -closed, the Coal Board promised...	0:34:58	0:35:03
-..that the Garw colliery -had a prosperous future.	0:35:03	0:35:06
-The aim of the miners, -their family and friends...	0:35:06	0:35:10
-..was to vent their anger -at the NCB's dishonesty.	0:35:10	0:35:15
-I feel awful.	0:35:15	0:35:18
-How do the men feel?	0:35:18	0:35:19
-How do the men feel? - -They feel exactly the same as me.	0:35:19	0:35:21
-There's no work around.	0:35:21	0:35:23
-As a 49-year-old man, -there's no work, just dole.	0:35:24	0:35:27
-Where are we going to find work?	0:35:27	0:35:29
-Where are we going to find work? - -What do you think of the NCB?	0:35:29	0:35:31
-They're very bad men.	0:35:32	0:35:33
-It's the end of an era -in the Garw Valley's history...	0:35:34	0:35:37
-..as one of South Wales's -most prosperous coal mines closes.	0:35:37	0:35:41
-As they march through the valley, -Blaengarw is silent and bleak.	0:35:41	0:35:47
-It was a very bleak day.	0:35:48	0:35:51
-The site of the former coalmine...	0:35:51	0:35:55
-..is now very peaceful -and very different.	0:35:55	0:35:58
-There's no visible trace -of the hostility and anger...	0:35:58	0:36:02
-..that was so typical of that time -when the strike ended.	0:36:02	0:36:06
-But the anger, encapsulated in -the burning of a banner, cut deep.	0:36:15	0:36:19
-The following year, when a BBC -film crew returned to the valley...	0:36:20	0:36:24
-..there was nothing -for the young people to do here...	0:36:24	0:36:28
-..except film the demolition -of the colliery's buildings...	0:36:28	0:36:32
-..and wait for their next payment -of unemployment benefit.	0:36:32	0:36:37
-One of the residents interviewed at -the time was Mrs Muriel Protheroe...	0:36:39	0:36:44
-..my grandmother.	0:36:45	0:36:47
-She welcomed the efforts to rid the -area of coal tips opposite her home.	0:36:47	0:36:52
-I'm pleased about that.	0:36:54	0:36:56
-They've been here for as long -as I've lived in this valley.	0:36:56	0:37:00
-It would be worth their while...	0:37:00	0:37:02
-..if they did more -for the area's young people.	0:37:02	0:37:07
-Concern over job shortages -lasted an entire decade.	0:37:08	0:37:13
-There was a feeling -that the government in London...	0:37:17	0:37:20
-..was slavishly following -its economic policy...	0:37:20	0:37:24
-..and showing no concern for -the future of young people locally.	0:37:24	0:37:29
-When Labour -came back into power in 1997...	0:37:29	0:37:32
-..with a referendum on devolution...	0:37:33	0:37:35
-..it was an important factor -in the minds of many.	0:37:35	0:37:39
-It's obvious that people's opinions -changed significantly...	0:37:42	0:37:47
-..between the 1979 referendum -and the 1997 referendum.	0:37:47	0:37:51
-The biggest shift -in opinion happened...	0:37:52	0:37:55
-..in the South Wales valleys, -in areas like Blaengarw...	0:37:55	0:37:59
-..where my mother -and grandmother were raised.	0:37:59	0:38:02
-There were enough -Labour supporters...	0:38:02	0:38:06
-..who convinced themselves...	0:38:06	0:38:08
-..that devolution -was a means of protecting Wales...	0:38:08	0:38:11
-..from Conservative policies.	0:38:11	0:38:13
-But when the vote came in 1997...	0:38:14	0:38:16
-..nobody predicted that the outcome -would be so closely contested.	0:38:16	0:38:21
-The Welsh are being offered a -modest measure of self-government...	0:38:26	0:38:30
-..but will they take it?	0:38:31	0:38:33
-There was tension in the studio.	0:38:33	0:38:35
-So I think that's a yes all round.	0:38:36	0:38:38
-Well, look at that.	0:38:40	0:38:42
-It was relief and joy in the end -for the yes campaigners.	0:38:42	0:38:47
-Good morning.	0:38:47	0:38:49
-And it is -a very good morning in Wales.	0:38:51	0:38:53
-Welsh Secretary Ron Davies -was determined...	0:38:55	0:38:58
-..to flout any suggestion that -the small majority was insufficient.	0:38:59	0:39:03
-We got the majority.	0:39:03	0:39:06
-But the narrow outcome...	0:39:06	0:39:09
-..proves a disadvantage -for the new assembly.	0:39:09	0:39:12
-Every simple question -is scrutinized...	0:39:14	0:39:17
-..showing the fragility of -the new establishment's credibility.	0:39:18	0:39:23
-Who should lead the Senedd?	0:39:23	0:39:25
-Did it require a new building? -If so, did it have to be in Cardiff?	0:39:25	0:39:29
-The Assembly finds it difficult -to make an impact across Wales.	0:39:30	0:39:34
-During its first decade...	0:39:35	0:39:36
-..politicians have -no better luck with the economy...	0:39:37	0:39:41
-..than the British government -which has existed for centuries.	0:39:41	0:39:46
-Large swathes of Wales -still receive European funding...	0:39:46	0:39:50
-..for the most deprived areas.	0:39:51	0:39:52
-Wales's education results -are inconsistent...	0:39:53	0:39:56
-..and there are serious -health and social problems.	0:39:56	0:40:00
-But there are also -a few successes...	0:40:00	0:40:03
-..such as the effective -cooperation of farmers...	0:40:04	0:40:07
-..during the foot and mouth -epidemic in 2001.	0:40:08	0:40:11
-The principle gains valuable ground.	0:40:13	0:40:15
-Welsh affairs -should be dealt with in Wales.	0:40:15	0:40:19
-This series -has traced my family's history...	0:40:32	0:40:35
-..over the past 250 years.	0:40:36	0:40:38
-I began my journey at the grave of -Nathaniel Edwards, born in 1759...	0:40:38	0:40:43
-..during a time -before ground-breaking changes...	0:40:43	0:40:47
-..impacted on rural life, which led -to the creation of a modern Wales.	0:40:47	0:40:52
-How long has the house been here?	0:40:52	0:40:55
-A descendent of his and a -relation of mine, Dafydd Edwards...	0:40:55	0:40:59
-..still farms -the same land near Aberaeron.	0:41:00	0:41:03
-None of the farms nearby -belong to their original owners.	0:41:03	0:41:07
-I only have one Welsh neighbour.	0:41:07	0:41:10
-All the young people -have moved to cities...	0:41:10	0:41:15
-..such as Cardiff and London.	0:41:15	0:41:17
-There's no work locally -in the countryside.	0:41:17	0:41:21
-It's that which is killing us, -more than anything.	0:41:21	0:41:24
-Moving in search of work...	0:41:25	0:41:26
-..is a familiar pattern -in my family's history.	0:41:27	0:41:29
-That's why my mother's parents moved -to the coalfield a century ago.	0:41:30	0:41:34
-But here in the Garw Valley...	0:41:34	0:41:36
-..the history of the Welsh language -is very different.	0:41:36	0:41:40
-This building -is a former grammar school...	0:41:40	0:41:44
-..where my mother was a pupil and -later where my father was a teacher.	0:41:44	0:41:48
-When Dad was a Welsh teacher here...	0:41:48	0:41:51
-..only a handful -spoke Welsh fluently.	0:41:51	0:41:54
-Today it's the Garw Valley's -Welsh-medium primary school.	0:41:54	0:41:58
-Hundreds of children -speak Welsh here.	0:41:58	0:42:01
-For the first time in decades...	0:42:01	0:42:04
-..speaking Welsh -in the valley comes naturally.	0:42:04	0:42:07
-But will the schoolchildren find -work in the valley in years to come?	0:42:08	0:42:13
-That's another story.	0:42:13	0:42:15
-Nobody these days -lives in close-knit communities...	0:42:22	0:42:26
-..where everyone -works in the same field.	0:42:26	0:42:29
-Commuting to work...	0:42:29	0:42:31
-..is the daily norm -for the majority of people...	0:42:32	0:42:35
-..both male and female.	0:42:35	0:42:37
-Wales is changing -faster than ever before.	0:42:38	0:42:42
-But in an age -of international commerce...	0:42:43	0:42:45
-..and global communication...	0:42:45	0:42:48
-..our identity as a nation -is getting stronger.	0:42:48	0:42:51
-Perhaps it is more prevalent among -non-Welsh-speaking Welsh people.	0:42:52	0:42:56
-They have always -flown the Welsh flag...	0:42:57	0:43:00
-..when supporting the national team.	0:43:00	0:43:03
-But these days, they're far more -aware of their contribution...	0:43:03	0:43:07
-..beyond the sporting arena...	0:43:08	0:43:10
-..and the part they play -in the creation of a modern Wales.	0:43:10	0:43:14
-As every country in the UK discusses -the nature of that union...	0:43:14	0:43:19
-..Welsh identity now accommodates -a diversity of the modern Welsh.	0:43:19	0:43:25
-You don't have to live in Tiger Bay -to co-exist with different races.	0:43:27	0:43:32
-Cardiff's docklands -have been transformed.	0:43:35	0:43:38
-Their history and people -are scattered...	0:43:39	0:43:41
-..like many of Wales's communities.	0:43:42	0:43:44
-But miraculously...	0:43:44	0:43:46
-..in a world that's modernizing -and globalizing faster than ever...	0:43:47	0:43:52
-..a new Wales -has emerged in the Bay.	0:43:52	0:43:54
-One of the most -astounding changes...	0:43:56	0:44:00
-..is political change.	0:44:00	0:44:02
-There is now an element of power -here in Cardiff Bay.	0:44:02	0:44:06
-The power to change present day...	0:44:06	0:44:09
-..and the power -to change the future of Wales.	0:44:09	0:44:12
-Unlike the situation -when I first started reporting...	0:44:13	0:44:17
-..any young reporter specializing -in parliamentary affairs...	0:44:17	0:44:21
-..can remain in Wales -to hone his skills.	0:44:22	0:44:24
-The 2011 referendum, -which attracted few voters...	0:44:26	0:44:30
-..supported the Assembly's -legislative powers.	0:44:30	0:44:35
-Wales has said yes.	0:44:35	0:44:37
-Today, an old nation came of age. -Thank you.	0:44:39	0:44:43
-Devolution is a process, -not an event, as the saying goes.	0:44:45	0:44:49
-History provides -a very useful lesson for us.	0:44:49	0:44:52
-Every generation...	0:44:52	0:44:54
-..builds upon the foundations -laid by the former generation.	0:44:54	0:44:59
-If that doesn't happen, -then things begin to deteriorate.	0:44:59	0:45:04
-Throughout our history, and -especially during the modern age...	0:45:09	0:45:14
-..there were times -when Wales was at the cutting edge.	0:45:14	0:45:17
-In the battle for civil rights...	0:45:18	0:45:21
-..and in the race to develop -new industrial technology...	0:45:22	0:45:26
-..prominent Welshmen -have led the way.	0:45:26	0:45:30
-Having fought -for democracy and justice...	0:45:31	0:45:35
-..free education and healthcare...	0:45:35	0:45:38
-..welfare of the elderly, -unemployed and poor...	0:45:38	0:45:41
-..a modern Wales -has been created for all.	0:45:41	0:45:45
-But there's a price to pay -for ingenuity and leadership.	0:45:46	0:45:50
-In the modern Wales of today, -change is afoot everywhere.	0:45:50	0:45:54
-Here in Llanelli, -Stradey Park has been demolished...	0:45:54	0:45:58
-..to make way for Parc Y Scarlets...	0:45:58	0:46:01
-..where Ray Gravell keeps -a watchful eye on the place.	0:46:01	0:46:06
-Change is certainly not -an easy thing.	0:46:06	0:46:09
-There were plenty -of people in Llanelli...	0:46:09	0:46:12
-..who were opposed -to moving the home of rugby.	0:46:13	0:46:16
-But new circumstances bring about -new conditions and new demands.	0:46:16	0:46:21
-If you're going to -adapt positively to them...	0:46:21	0:46:24
-..then you have to change.	0:46:24	0:46:26
-The Edwardses of Cardiganshire -had learnt that lesson.	0:46:29	0:46:34
-As they escaped to Ohio -or moved to the coalfields...	0:46:34	0:46:37
-..this family, -like thousands of others...	0:46:37	0:46:40
-..capitalized on the opportunity and -faced the future with confidence.	0:46:40	0:46:45
-History is important to us.	0:46:45	0:46:48
-Tradition is important to us.	0:46:49	0:46:51
-Understanding -our ancestors' journey...	0:46:51	0:46:54
-..helps us appreciate the nature -and character of contemporary Wales.	0:46:54	0:46:59
-Wales has always been -prepared to adapt...	0:46:59	0:47:03
-..and influence the world.	0:47:04	0:47:06
-Modern Wales is -essentially a confident nation.	0:47:06	0:47:11
-I believe old Nathaniel Edwards...	0:47:11	0:47:13
-..would certainly -have approved of that.	0:47:14	0:47:17
-S4C Subtitles by Adnod Cyf.	0:47:45	0:47:47
-.	0:47:47	0:47:48

Gwlad? Gwlad! Creu Cymru Fodern

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