Rhaglen 4 Darn Bach o Hanes


Rhaglen 4

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-Wales's geographical location

-and mountainous terrain...

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-..makes it an ideal

-country for rain.

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-I should know.

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-I live in Ffestiniog, one of wettest

-places in Wales, so they say.

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-It's interesting to see

-how our relationship...

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-..with our most abundant

-natural resource has evolved.

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-In 1965, it was

-a very emotional relationship.

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-In 2005, forty years

-after this valley was submerged...

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-..the city of Liverpool

-made an official apology.

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-But Tryweryn's history should be set

-in a broader chronological context.

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-I'm going to look at the way

-the concept of water ownership...

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-..and its politics, has changed

-in Wales over the years.

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-Water is always in the news.

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-Last year, there were terrible

-floods all over the country.

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-Although these events cause anxiety

-and destruction in the short term...

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-..the consequences

-of increasing water scarcity...

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-..could be even more grave.

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-Scientists have radical solutions.

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-The huge Thames Water Desalination

-Plant in East London...

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-..is one radical solution,

-although not cost effective.

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-It looks as if we'll have to revert

-to a field of technology...

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-..that was at its zenith

-over two centuries ago.

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-In 1889, this was the largest

-artificial lake in Europe.

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-It's Lake Vyrnwy.

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-It was created when a huge dam

-was built across the River Vyrnwy...

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-..drowning a whole valley.

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-This was Wales's first

-large-scale reservoir.

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-It generated a fierce scramble

-for other valleys in Wales.

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-But before we rush to judge

-the Victorian engineers' scramble...

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-..to drown our vales and valleys...

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-..let's look at the motives

-that led them here to Wales.

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-In the Industrial Revolution...

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-..thousands flocked to towns and

-cities to work in the new factories.

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-Liverpool, for example,

-experienced amazing prosperity.

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-Its port was one

-of the busiest in Europe.

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-But the rapid growth

-in population led to problems...

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-..as an exhibition

-in the town's museum shows.

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-This is a replica

-of one of the courts...

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-..where workers

-and their families lived.

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-They were dark, poky places...

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-..where people lived

-on top of each other.

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-A whole family lived behind

-each of these doors, in one room.

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-Sixty or more people

-lived in one court.

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-They all shared one toilet,

-with no running water.

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-You can imagine what struck you when

-you entered a court like this...

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-..the stench of sewage.

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-It's no wonder deadly diseases

-like cholera, TB and measles...

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-..thrived here.

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-It became obvious

-to the city authorities...

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-..that much more was needed than

-a few small water pumps like this.

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-What they needed was piped

-water and a sewage system...

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-..to prevent disease

-and extend people's lives.

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-After all, it was the people

-living in these courts...

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-..who provided the manpower to drive

-the busy wheels of industry...

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-..and to maintain economic growth.

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-For years, private companies

-supplied cities with water...

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-..either from nearby lakes,

-rivers or deep wells.

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-But the water quality

-was criticized.

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-The belief grew that water

-was the chief carrier...

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-..for the deadly

-diseases of the age.

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-To try to deal with the problem...

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-..a growing number

-of towns and cities...

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-..with Liverpool one of the first...

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-..bought these private companies...

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-..bringing water

-into public ownership.

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-This set a precedent

-for a kind of civic socialism...

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-..where the council

-provided for its citizens.

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-So it wasn't central government

-that became responsible...

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-..for the most innovative

-steps in social health care.

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-It was local government.

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-Water was scarce in Liverpool.

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-The city council had two options...

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-..raising the water level in one

-of two lakes in the Lake District...

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-..or drowning Llanwddyn Valley

-in Montgomeryshire.

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-We know which option they chose.

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-I've come back to Vyrnwy...

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-..to meet Professor Owen Roberts

-of Aberystwyth University...

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-..who has written about its history.

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-Owen, I apologize

-for dragging you out today.

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-It's alright.

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-If you study the history of water,

-you often go to pretty wild places.

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-This project obviously benefited

-the health of Liverpudlians.

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-But what about the effects

-on the local community?

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-A new village was built

-down the valley.

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-But about 200 people

-lost their land and living.

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-There were protests at the time.

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-A petition was gathered locally.

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-But there was no wider protest...

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-..as we saw in 1950s and 1960s.

-It's a different context.

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-Even a paper like Y Faner...

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-..expressed pride that a huge

-dam was being built in Mid Wales.

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-What about the project's legacy?

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-Did it inspire other

-cities to do the same?

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-Yes, other cities wanted

-to follow Liverpool's example.

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-Several cities wanted to build

-dams, some of which were realized.

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-Was it a competition between

-the cities, a kind of imperialism...

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-..to occupy valleys in Wales?

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-In Africa, different European

-countries occupied different areas.

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-You could say the same

-thing happened in Wales.

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-Liverpool bought

-everything in this valley.

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-Other cities followed suit

-in different parts of Wales.

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-The dam is quite imposing. It must

-have been quite a job to build it.

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-It took ten years.

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-The huge dam was built with rocks,

-an innovative plan, like the pipe.

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-It was a statement by Liverpool...

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-..about their status,

-importance and enterprise.

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-I prefer a valley with people

-and animals in it, not water.

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-But I must admit,

-the dam and lake are striking.

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-It'd be a good place for a hotel.

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-Now there's an idea.

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-In a flash of typical

-entrepreneurial inspiration...

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-..the Lake Vyrnwy Hotel

-was opened in 1890...

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-..seeking to profit from the new

-dam's touristic potential...

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-..and offering a place to stay...

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-..for the engineers and bigwigs

-of the Liverpool Corporation.

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-It's very grand here and warmer

-than out there. The view is superb.

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-We can see why

-it attracted Liverpool's VIPs.

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-Was that part of the package?

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-The hotel was part

-of Liverpool showing off.

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-Many rich businessmen wanted

-to live like the upper classes.

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-They came here to fish,

-hunt and enjoy the area...

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-..owned by Liverpool

-in the heart of rural Wales.

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-It sounds like an ideal

-package to attract people.

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-But there were quite a few doubts

-about locating the reservoir here.

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-There was a lot

-of public debate in Liverpool.

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-Water quality

-was an important factor.

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-The engineer, George Deacon...

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-..sent his employees to

-the Lake District and Lake Vyrnwy.

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-His opponents accused him of

-sending them here when it snowed...

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-..on a day much like this...

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-..to get a sample of water

-from snow, rather than the lake.

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-I happen to have a sampling kit.

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-It tells if the water

-is hard or soft.

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-I have lake water here.

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-I know it's snowing, but

-I promise this isn't melted snow.

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-Industrialists wanted soft water.

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-They didn't want underground water

-because it contains many minerals.

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-In industrial systems,

-it leaves deposits in machines.

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-So Liverpool's industrialists

-preferred the Lake Vyrnwy scheme.

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-I'll put this in.

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-If it's hard water,

-it should turn purple.

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-What colour is yours?

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-What colour is yours?

-

-It's green.

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-This is green too, showing that

-it's soft water. Deacon was right.

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-Some people claimed

-that hard water wasn't the problem.

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-This water is

-a brownish green colour.

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-The colour of peat.

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-Some people were

-concerned that peaty water...

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-..would make Liverpudlians ill.

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-The engineer George Deacon

-had to build a plant in Oswestry...

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-..to remove peat from the water.

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-People like Deacon said

-it was like pale sherry.

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-A good way to promote it.

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-Who wouldn't want

-to drink pale sherry?

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-Later, I'll need my walking shoes...

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-..as the story takes me

-to even more remote places.

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-.

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-Subtitles

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-Subtitles

-

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-I'm looking at

-the history of water...

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-..and how it affected the landscape

-and the lives of people in Wales.

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-We've seen how foreign Victorians...

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-..came here to take

-advantage of our supply.

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-But in 1910,

-going against the current...

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-..a Llanuwchllyn farmer decided

-to don the engineer's top hat...

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-..and divert water

-to his own devices.

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-Electricity was rare

-in 1910, of course...

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-..limited mainly

-to large towns and cities.

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-The fact that there was street

-lighting here in Llanuwchllyn...

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-..at that time, was amazing.

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-The engineer was Richard Edwards,

-here on the right.

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-His son, Antur, is on the left.

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-Between them is the hydroelectric

-system they built...

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-..to produce electricity.

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-The system still

-produces electricity.

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-Richard's great-grandson,

-Huw Antur Edwards, will tell us...

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-..about the small power plant.

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-Huw, why did your

-great-grandfather build this?

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-It's a very good question.

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-It seems he was quite

-a character and an inventor.

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-He was an engineer too.

-It was in his blood.

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-The family was a mixture

-of farmers and millers...

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-..who worked with water wheels.

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-The idea originated

-at the end of the 19th century.

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-My great-grandfather went

-to Birkenhead, to an exhibition...

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-..about electricity,

-a fairly new concept at the time.

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-The exhibition was

-called Electric Light.

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-Something clicked there.

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-A light went on in his head.

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-A light went on in his head.

-

-Something lit up.

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-He linked two things,

-the River Twrch and his designs.

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-Soon after that, he began

-to dabble with electricity.

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-In 1909, he received a request

-from Llanuwchllyn Parish Council...

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-..to light up the village

-street with oil lamps.

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-He said he would help.

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-But he had a much better idea, to

-light the place with electric lamps.

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-Was it the first in Wales?

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-We think it was the first

-in North and Mid Wales.

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-His contract with the parish

-council is worth seeing.

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-There weren't that many lamps,

-maybe fifteen along the street.

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-But they didn't want light for

-a few nights before the full moon.

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-They felt it wasn't needed.

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-Like councils now,

-switching street lights off.

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-Everything goes in circles.

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-He called it natural energy.

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-The word renewable hadn't appeared

-in the dictionary at that time.

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-He was a century

-before his time, I'm sure.

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-He was a very enlightened man.

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-He was a very enlightened man.

-

-Yes, in more ways than one.

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-The small power plant

-produces up to twelve kilowatts...

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-..and still provides electricity

-in Huw's home and his parents' home.

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-That looks like a big beer cask.

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-That looks like a big beer cask.

-

-It's a good one.

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-The water wheel

-is in the black casing.

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-Its technical name

-is the Pelton wheel.

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-Water flows down the big pipes.

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-Water flows down the big pipes.

-

-You can see them and the valves.

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-We control them manually,

-depending on what we need.

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-So there are two wheels.

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-So there are two wheels.

-

-Yes.

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-One on the far side and one

-on this side. Obviously, they turn.

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-In turn, that drives the generator.

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-We try to look after it.

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-The pipes are all original,

-almost a century old.

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-The Pelton wheels, bearings

-and shafts were here at the start.

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-We've only had to repair

-and renovate around them.

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-There is a similar system, but much

-larger of course, in Tanygrisiau...

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-..near Blaenau Ffestiniog.

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-The Ffestiniog Power Station

-began producing electricity...

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-..exactly 50 years ago, in 1963.

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-It was the first pumped storage

-electricity plant in Britain.

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-That means that gravity

-is used to produce electricity...

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-..just like Richard

-Edwards's system.

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-But here, falling water is stored...

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-..and pumped back up,

-to repeat the process.

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-I live nearby

-and see the dam almost every day.

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-But I know someone much

-better versed in its history.

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-Vivian Parry Williams

-lives in Blaenau Ffestiniog...

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-..and worked as an engineer

-in Tanygrisiau for 27 years.

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-He saw how projects like this

-transformed the local economy.

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-This was one of the most

-pioneering schemes...

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-..for electricity production.

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-The proposal of building

-a pumped storage reservoir...

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-..was first investigated in 1948.

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-Work began here in January 1956.

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-Was it very busy here,

-when it was being built?

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-It created a lot of work.

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-About 800 people worked here,

-over half of them locals.

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-Some came from Ireland, Scotland and

-England. Blaenau was a busy town.

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-Work began at Trawsfynydd Nuclear

-Power Station about that time.

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-You can imagine what it was like.

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-There were great changes

-at the time.

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-People could afford to buy

-houses and cars in the 1960s.

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-The area flourished.

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-The area flourished.

-

-It was a bit of a boomtown.

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-It was.

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-What were the engineering

-workings in the plant?

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-Two big shafts go down

-650 feet into the ground.

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-At the bottom of the shafts...

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-..there are four concrete tunnels,

-going down about halfway.

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-From there, a steel pipe

-goes to the power plant.

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-We had to inspect the pipes and walk

-up them. I did that a few times.

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-Inside the pipes?

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-Yes, from the bottom up to Stwlan.

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-It wasn't an enjoyable experience,

-in mud up to your ankles.

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-If there was an important football

-match, like a cup final...

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-..at half time, thousands

-of people put the kettle on.

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-This put pressure on the grid.

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-A place like this

-was handy at those times.

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-You pressed a button

-in the control room...

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-..and 360 megawatts

-were produced in a minute...

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-..to boost the electricity supply.

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-Thanks to the bloke

-pushing the button here...

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-..we could have a cuppa

-at half-time.

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-The technology in places

-like Stwlan was used...

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-..at Dinorwig Power Station,

-Llanberis, in the 1980s.

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-Whilst projects like this bring

-work to deprived areas...

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-..and testify to man's

-technological development...

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-..attempts to rein the power of

-nature bring danger in their wake.

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-In 1924, the Llyn Eigiau Dam was

-completed, high in the Carneddau.

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-The dam created a reservoir...

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-..that supplied a second

-reservoir, Llyn Coedty...

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-..further down the valley.

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-The water would

-produce electricity...

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-...that would be used

-in the Dolgarrog Aluminium Works.

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-The upper dam was built

-in a style typical of its period.

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-It had a foundation

-of concrete in the ground...

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-..and then a wall of rocks

-and concrete built on top.

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-But here, the foundations

-weren't laid deep enough...

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-..to reach the bedrock.

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-That enabled water

-to seep under the foundations.

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-On November 2, 1925...

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-..there was very heavy rain

-on the Carneddau, over there.

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-The rivers feeding the lake

-flowed with great speed and force.

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-This is what happened.

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-The wall was destroyed

-and it was swept down the valley.

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-50 million cubic feet of water swept

-through the breach down the slope...

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-..in the direction of Dolgarrog.

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-These amazing pictures

-were taken the following morning.

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-As you see, the devastation

-in the village is clear.

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-Today, a memorial trail

-takes visitors...

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-..around the part of the village

-that was swept away by the deluge.

0:20:370:20:43

-There's nothing left here now...

0:20:440:20:46

-..only hundreds of huge boulders

-that were swept down the mountain.

0:20:460:20:52

-Their size shows

-the strength of the flow.

0:20:520:20:57

-It's miraculous that only

-16 people were killed that night.

0:21:010:21:06

-The Dolgarrog disaster

-led to changes...

0:21:070:21:10

-..in the way dams

-were designed and built.

0:21:100:21:14

-We've seen how the highlands of

-Wales became a productive nursery...

0:21:200:21:25

-..for pioneering techniques

-of water management...

0:21:250:21:29

-..either to quench thirst

-or to create power.

0:21:290:21:33

-I end my journey in Powys...

0:21:360:21:39

-..at the Elan and Claerwen Valleys.

0:21:410:21:44

-Five sizeable dams were built here

-by the Birmingham Corporation...

0:21:440:21:50

-..between 1893 and 1952.

0:21:500:21:53

-Today, it seems that

-the desire to undertake...

0:21:560:22:00

-..grandiose and ambitious

-engineering projects like this...

0:22:000:22:04

-..and its forerunners has waned.

0:22:050:22:07

-But is that true?

0:22:070:22:08

-Although not openly discussed...

0:22:090:22:11

-..politicians and civil servants

-would admit off the record...

0:22:110:22:16

-..that the Elan Valley

-would be a leading candidate...

0:22:160:22:19

-..in plans to pump water to London.

0:22:200:22:22

-Would that,

-like Tryweryn in the past...

0:22:220:22:25

-..reignite nationalism and raise

-inflammatory political questions...

0:22:250:22:30

-..about regional and national

-claims for the ownership of water?

0:22:300:22:35

-The SNP in Scotland has, for years,

-used oil as an effective weapon...

0:22:530:22:58

-..when lobbying for independence.

0:22:580:23:01

-Will we see Plaid Cymru

-do the same here with water?

0:23:010:23:05

-One thing is certain.

0:23:050:23:07

-As long-term climate forecasts

-predict more periods of drought...

0:23:070:23:12

-..worldwide and here in Britain...

0:23:130:23:15

-..we will see water...

0:23:150:23:17

-..becoming one of mankind's

-most precious resources...

0:23:170:23:21

-..and Welsh water

-one of our most precious.

0:23:220:23:27

-S4C Subtitles by Gwead

0:23:440:23:46

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0:23:460:23:46

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