O Lundain i'r Rockies Dylan ar Daith


O Lundain i'r Rockies

Similar Content

Browse content similar to O Lundain i'r Rockies. Check below for episodes and series from the same categories and more!

Transcript


LineFromTo

-*

0:00:000:00:00

-Intrepid Welsh people have

-explored the world for centuries.

0:00:000:00:04

-Many have chronicled their stories

-in words, pictures and maps.

0:00:040:00:09

-I'm researching their testimony

-and following in their footsteps...

0:00:090:00:14

-..to the world's

-most interesting places.

0:00:150:00:18

-They explored remote areas...

0:00:180:00:20

-..not knowing

-who or what they'd encounter.

0:00:200:00:24

-I'll be tracing the history

-of an eminent cartographer...

0:00:240:00:28

-..known worldwide

-by the moniker Stargazer.

0:00:280:00:31

-This is the story of a man

-who walked thousands of miles...

0:00:380:00:42

-..making maps that were integral

-to America and Canada's history.

0:00:420:00:46

-He was 'the greatest

-land geographer who ever lived.'

0:00:470:00:50

-The first to map the

-largest river in the American west.

0:00:500:00:53

-He wrote about Native Americans.

0:00:530:00:55

-He was a Welshman,

-though few remember that.

0:00:550:00:58

-I want to find out

-if he could speak Welsh.

0:00:590:01:02

-In the year 1777...

0:01:070:01:09

-..a young David Thompson attended

-this school in Westminster.

0:01:090:01:13

-It was called

-Grey Coat School back then...

0:01:140:01:17

-..though it wasn't a girls' school.

0:01:170:01:19

-It was a charitable school for

-the area's disadvantaged children.

0:01:190:01:23

-But Thompson wasn't really

-David's surname either.

0:01:240:01:27

-His family was ap Thomas.

0:01:270:01:29

-Seven years later,

-the Welshman set sail for Canada...

0:01:290:01:33

-..to a land where

-the white man had never ventured.

0:01:330:01:37

-At the tender age of 14,

-David excelled at mathematics.

0:01:390:01:43

-He studied navigation

-and was a proficient carpenter.

0:01:430:01:47

-His skills won him an apprenticeship

-with the Hudson's Bay Company...

0:01:470:01:52

-..which imported fur from North

-America for the millinery trade.

0:01:520:01:56

-In 1784, David set sail

-aboard the Prince Rupert...

0:01:560:02:01

-..from London to Hudson Bay, to

-a barren region of northern Canada.

0:02:010:02:05

-Crossing the Atlantic took three

-months. He was a long way from home.

0:02:060:02:10

-A year would pass

-before the ships returned.

0:02:100:02:13

-I bid a long and sad goodbye...

0:02:140:02:17

-..to my noble, my sacred country,

-an exile for ever.

0:02:170:02:21

-Thompson worked for the

-Hudson's Bay Company for 13 years.

0:02:230:02:27

-He was a clever boy

-and learnt quickly.

0:02:280:02:30

-But life was hard.

0:02:300:02:32

-A serious accident changed his life.

0:02:330:02:35

-When he was 18, he broke his leg.

0:02:360:02:38

-He was bed bound for months.

0:02:380:02:40

-But he used the time

-to study the work of a surveyor...

0:02:400:02:43

-..and a new science in cartography,

-astrology...

0:02:440:02:47

-..in order to pinpoint

-exact locations.

0:02:470:02:50

-That data, along with detailed

-descriptions of the landscape...

0:02:500:02:54

-..enabled him to draw maps.

0:02:540:02:56

-He saw there was much more to life

-than selling fur.

0:02:570:03:01

-He left the Hudson's Bay Co for its

-competitor, the North West Company.

0:03:010:03:06

-It was a more modern firm

-which allowed the Welshman...

0:03:070:03:10

-..to explore

-new territories and map them.

0:03:100:03:14

-The fur traders

-were embroiled in the battle...

0:03:150:03:18

-..over the control of North America.

0:03:180:03:21

-A battle between a fledgling USA,

-Spain and British Canada.

0:03:210:03:25

-David Thompson was sent to

-the south, to the Missouri River...

0:03:260:03:30

-..to try and gain

-the monopoly there.

0:03:300:03:33

-They'd heard a representative

-from Spain was already there...

0:03:340:03:38

-..working with a tribe of Mandans.

0:03:390:03:41

-But this man was no Spaniard.

0:03:410:03:43

-Thompson's journey to

-North America didn't begin here...

0:03:440:03:48

-..but this is where

-I must start my journey.

0:03:480:03:51

-Something remarkable

-happened here...

0:03:520:03:54

-..in a Native American settlement

-high up the Missouri River.

0:03:550:03:59

-A little over 200 years ago...

0:03:590:04:02

-..few white people had ventured, let

-alone reached, as far west as this.

0:04:020:04:07

-But in 1798,

-within six months of each other...

0:04:070:04:10

-..two Welshmen

-had reached these parts.

0:04:100:04:13

-Potentially two Welsh speakers.

0:04:130:04:16

-Both had risked untold dangers.

0:04:160:04:18

-They had mapped large swathes

-of the river and land...

0:04:190:04:22

-..for the very first time.

0:04:220:04:24

-David Thompson was one,

-John Evans was the other.

0:04:250:04:28

-His mission

-was to find Welsh-speaking Indians.

0:04:280:04:31

-This major coincidence evoked

-much foolhardiness and courage.

0:04:320:04:36

-It was one of the most adventurous

-periods in American history.

0:04:360:04:40

-John Evans came here, having been

-prompted by Iolo Morgannwg et al.

0:04:410:04:45

-He was

-trying to find the Madogwys...

0:04:450:04:48

-..a tribe of fair-skinned

-Native Americans...

0:04:480:04:51

-..who, according to them,

-spoke a similar language to Welsh.

0:04:520:04:55

-It would prove that Madog and fellow

-sailors had sailed to America.

0:04:560:05:00

-But John Evans had also ended up

-working for the Spanish government.

0:05:010:05:05

-His aim was to map a route

-from the Missouri to the Pacific.

0:05:050:05:09

-He traded with local people.

0:05:090:05:11

-David Thompson was here representing

-the North West Company.

0:05:110:05:15

-They had missed each other

-by six months.

0:05:150:05:19

-In 1796, only a handful of

-white people had ever been here...

0:05:190:05:23

-..two of whom were Welshmen.

0:05:240:05:26

-In order to reach the Mandan camp...

0:05:290:05:32

-..David ap Thomas

-walked for 33 days...

0:05:320:05:35

-..in temperatures

-37 degrees below freezing.

0:05:350:05:38

-He failed to find a guide,

-not because of the weather...

0:05:390:05:42

-..but because of the threat

-from the Sioux.

0:05:420:05:45

-In the end,

-they reached the Missouri...

0:05:480:05:51

-..and were

-warmly welcomed by the Mandans.

0:05:510:05:54

-I was warmly greeted by Cory

-Spotted Bear, himself a Mandan...

0:05:540:05:58

-..who's trying to safeguard

-the language and culture.

0:05:580:06:02

-So this is where they lived.

0:06:020:06:05

-This is the lodge here.

0:06:050:06:07

-Ma-ah goh-tee

-in the Mandan language.

0:06:070:06:10

-David Thompson and John Evans

-would've lived in lodges like these.

0:06:100:06:15

-They would've met the same people

-and witnessed the same rituals...

0:06:150:06:20

-..for a brief period before

-smallpox wiped out the Mandans.

0:06:200:06:24

-Two intrepid explorers, not knowing

-they were fellow Welshmen.

0:06:250:06:29

-The Mandans were here

-for 300 years...

0:06:320:06:35

-..before the white man arrived.

0:06:350:06:38

-For what is left

-of the tribe today...

0:06:380:06:41

-..it must be a bittersweet memory

-but also an inspiration.

0:06:420:06:46

-Both sexes

-have a character of being kind...

0:06:480:06:51

-..in the intercourse

-with each other.

0:06:510:06:53

-In our ambles through the villages,

-everything was orderly.

0:06:540:06:58

-No scolding, no loud talking.

0:06:580:07:00

-What about us Welsh people?

0:07:010:07:03

-Looking around

-and seeing the houses and boats...

0:07:030:07:07

-..and a few old tales, you can

-understand how places like this...

0:07:070:07:11

-..had fuelled the myth about Madog.

0:07:120:07:14

-Hearing about the Mandans' cultured,

-friendly and peaceful nature...

0:07:140:07:19

-..it's nice

-being associated with them.

0:07:190:07:21

-From the outset,

-Thompson had a keen interest...

0:07:220:07:25

-..in the lives, language and

-customs of the Native Americans.

0:07:250:07:29

-Here in Dakota...

0:07:290:07:31

-..he recorded 375 Mandan words...

0:07:320:07:34

-..and described the village.

0:07:340:07:36

-Throughout his life, his interest

-set him apart from other explorers.

0:07:370:07:41

-He was one of the first

-to record Mandan customs...

0:07:410:07:45

-..and give an account

-of their way of life.

0:07:450:07:49

-They were farmers

-rather than nomadic hunters.

0:07:490:07:52

-Things changed in 1947, exactly

-150 years after Thompson's visit...

0:07:540:07:59

-..when the villages of three

-Native American tribes were sunk.

0:07:590:08:04

-It was a large-scale Tryweryn.

0:08:040:08:06

-1,700 people, including Mandans,

-had to leave their homes.

0:08:070:08:11

-Edwin Benson remembers.

0:08:110:08:13

-We've lost a way of life...

0:08:160:08:18

-..a culture and our old customs.

0:08:180:08:20

-We were heart-broken.

0:08:210:08:23

-We had to leave the old river,

-our homes and the community.

0:08:230:08:27

-Edwin Benson is unique. He's the

-only first-language Mandan speaker.

0:08:290:08:34

-In those days, many people

-spoke the Mandan language.

0:08:340:08:39

-I don't remember learning it.

0:08:390:08:41

-I was brought up with it.

-It's my mother tongue.

0:08:420:08:45

-He, like other children

-of the tribe...

0:08:450:08:48

-..attended an English-medium school

-and was scolded for speaking Mandan.

0:08:480:08:53

-Like many minority languages,

-few families sustained the language.

0:08:530:08:58

-Nowadays, there are no

-first-language Mandan speakers left.

0:09:010:09:06

-I talk a little to Cory

-but no-one else.

0:09:060:09:10

-It makes me feel lonely

-and very sad.

0:09:100:09:13

-The language

-has all but disappeared...

0:09:140:09:17

-..despite Cory

-and others' efforts to learn it.

0:09:170:09:20

-But it is

-a minority's second language.

0:09:200:09:23

-The deterioration happened

-when white settlers arrived...

0:09:270:09:31

-..including the two Welshmen,

-John Evans and David Thompson.

0:09:310:09:35

-The journey to the Mandan village

-was part of the epic adventure...

0:09:450:09:50

-..that David Thompson led.

0:09:500:09:52

-The extreme weather,

-the dangers and even the politics...

0:09:530:09:57

-..would've prepared him

-for what was to come.

0:09:570:10:00

-He travelled 4,000 miles in all.

0:10:000:10:03

-But that was nothing compared to the

-adventures that were ahead of him.

0:10:030:10:08

-On the journey

-to the Mandan village...

0:10:090:10:11

-..David Thompson had noted

-the bend in the Missouri...

0:10:120:10:15

-..and later mapped it.

0:10:150:10:17

-Another river

-would soon come to rule his life.

0:10:170:10:21

-He spent most of the next 15 years

-in the Canadian Rockies.

0:10:220:10:27

-I too

-am leaving Dakota and heading north.

0:10:270:10:30

-I'm going by plane and car...

0:10:300:10:32

-..while David Thompson

-went by foot and horseback...

0:10:330:10:36

-..and along the rivers in a canoe.

0:10:370:10:39

-When the fur trade

-was at its peak...

0:10:430:10:45

-..it was a challenge to get the furs

-from the hunting area to the sea...

0:10:460:10:50

-..to export them.

0:10:500:10:52

-A huge market

-was developing in China...

0:10:520:10:55

-..so a route to the Pacific

-was vital.

0:10:550:10:58

-There were none in the 18th century.

0:10:580:11:00

-The giant Rocky Mountains

-were in the way.

0:11:000:11:03

-Thompson was tasked with

-mapping a route over the Rockies...

0:11:060:11:10

-..from the fur centre

-to the uncharted Pacific.

0:11:100:11:14

-I've come to Alberta in Canada,

-another of Thompson's provinces.

0:11:190:11:24

-The one thing

-that connects this area...

0:11:240:11:27

-..with the Mandan region is oil.

0:11:270:11:30

-Crude is the new fur,

-as someone once said.

0:11:310:11:34

-For the traders of Alberta

-and north Dakota...

0:11:340:11:37

-..like it was in Thompson's day...

0:11:370:11:39

-..the difficulty

-was transporting fur to the sea.

0:11:390:11:42

-Similarly, there was a price to pay

-for development and progress.

0:11:430:11:47

-.

0:11:510:11:51

-Subtitles

0:11:520:11:52

-Subtitles

-

-Subtitles

0:11:520:11:54

-Present-day Alberta, Canada. David

-Thompson was 29 when he came here.

0:11:560:12:00

-He made a name for himself as an

-explorer, cartographer and trader.

0:12:010:12:05

-His business...

0:12:050:12:07

-..meant travelling hundreds of miles

-to collect fur from native tribes.

0:12:070:12:11

-He travelled through unpopulated

-areas inhabited by wild animals...

0:12:110:12:15

-..from dangerous bears

-to large herds of bison.

0:12:160:12:19

-His fellow travellers

-were white explorers...

0:12:210:12:24

-..and Native American tribes.

0:12:250:12:27

-In September 1798, as he

-was on his way to collect fur...

0:12:270:12:31

-..Thompson stopped at a trading post

-on the territory of the Cree tribe.

0:12:310:12:36

-There he met a 13-year-old girl

-called Charlotte.

0:12:370:12:40

-He was only there a day but he knew

-he'd made an impression on her.

0:12:400:12:45

-She certainly

-made an impression on him.

0:12:450:12:48

-Six months later he returned.

0:12:480:12:51

-Within three weeks, he writes

-a stark entry in his journal.

0:12:510:12:55

-"Today I married Charlotte Small."

0:12:560:12:58

-He'd found his lifelong partner.

0:12:580:13:01

-She spoke Cree and understood

-the lives of Native Americans.

0:13:010:13:05

-Rocky Mountain House is a model

-of one of the main trading posts...

0:13:100:13:14

-..of the North West Company

-200 years ago.

0:13:150:13:18

-From here they controlled the trade

-over a vast distance.

0:13:180:13:21

-It was central

-in David Thompson's life too.

0:13:220:13:24

-Historians of Thompson's era

-are besotted with the place...

0:13:250:13:29

-..because so much evidence exists

-about what went on here.

0:13:290:13:33

-He set out on many of his travels

-from here...

0:13:330:13:36

-..including his trips

-over the Rockies 50 miles away.

0:13:370:13:40

-Fur was the main industry.

0:13:400:13:42

-They bought hide from local native

-tribes and exported them to Europe.

0:13:430:13:48

-The aim of heading west...

0:13:480:13:50

-..was to find more tribes

-and more fur to purchase.

0:13:500:13:54

-They were battling with other firms,

-the Spanish and the Americans...

0:13:540:13:58

-..for control of the land

-and the trade.

0:13:580:14:01

-Mapping the area

-was an integral part of that.

0:14:010:14:04

-Thompson was a natural cartographer.

0:14:050:14:07

-He recorded

-every detail in his notebook.

0:14:080:14:11

-Distances, climate, wildlife...

0:14:110:14:13

-..heights of mountains and so on.

0:14:130:14:16

-When he travelled by canoe,

-he lent over the side...

0:14:160:14:19

-..to measure

-the depth of the rivers.

0:14:200:14:22

-In search of more fur, he ventured

-to places unexplored by white men.

0:14:220:14:27

-His maps are vital to us today

-but hide was his bread and butter.

0:14:270:14:31

-Right, what can I do for you today?

0:14:310:14:34

-This is what a shop would've looked

-like in one of the trading posts.

0:14:340:14:40

-You can see

-how it would've operated.

0:14:400:14:43

-On this side are all the things

-the tribes would need.

0:14:430:14:47

-The necklace, the bells, the fabrics

-and, of course, metal goods...

0:14:470:14:51

-..including animal traps.

0:14:520:14:54

-On the other side is the fur.

0:14:540:14:57

-This is the most precious

-of all the hides - beaver skins.

0:14:570:15:03

-This dictated the market price

-for all the fur.

0:15:030:15:07

-It was used to make these.

0:15:070:15:10

-You can see

-how they would've traded.

0:15:110:15:13

-All the First Nation tribes

-wanted guns...

0:15:140:15:18

-..so that they

-could defend themselves...

0:15:180:15:21

-..fight against other tribes

-and to be better huntsmen.

0:15:210:15:25

-This is an early example

-of a trading post 200 years ago...

0:15:250:15:31

-..with goods exchanged

-over the counter.

0:15:310:15:34

-The remnants of the trading posts

-are of great interest to many...

0:15:340:15:39

-..including archaeologists who

-have been digging to find out more.

0:15:390:15:44

-Site warden Greg Joyce

-described everyday life here.

0:15:440:15:48

-These are the ruins

-of the original fort.

0:15:480:15:52

-Thompson and his family would come

-here more or less every winter...

0:15:520:15:57

-..for a good 10 years.

0:15:570:16:00

-It was here that Charlotte

-and the children lived.

0:16:000:16:03

-Their first child was born here.

0:16:030:16:06

-This wasn't the ideal place

-to give birth, or the safest.

0:16:060:16:11

-It was a competitive business.

0:16:110:16:13

-The post was situated here as it

-was a convenient spot to bring fur.

0:16:140:16:18

-The North West Company wasn't

-the only firm to have a post here.

0:16:180:16:22

-You can see remnants of the Hudson's

-Bay Company's trading post...

0:16:220:16:26

-..a stone's throw away.

0:16:270:16:29

-There would've been

-much bartering...

0:16:290:16:32

-..when the hunters

-arrived with their skins.

0:16:320:16:35

-Thompson often refers to the

-hardship of Native American females.

0:16:350:16:40

-Life was far from easy

-for his own wife Charlotte.

0:16:400:16:43

-They spent long spells apart.

0:16:440:16:45

-When she travelled with him, she

-risked famine and untold dangers.

0:16:460:16:50

-It's here that they want to erect

-a memorial for Charlotte Small...

0:16:520:16:56

-..as she was also an important

-figure in Canada's history.

0:16:560:17:00

-She accompanied Thompson...

0:17:000:17:02

-..on many of his travels

-on this side of the Rockies.

0:17:020:17:06

-Since her mother was a Cree...

0:17:060:17:08

-..her knowledge of the native

-customs and the geography...

0:17:080:17:12

-..was invaluable to Thompson.

0:17:120:17:15

-My lovely wife is of the blood

-of these people, the Cree...

0:17:150:17:19

-..which gives me a great advantage.

0:17:190:17:22

-It's believed

-that Charlotte herself...

0:17:220:17:25

-..had travelled 27,000 miles

-in her lifetime.

0:17:250:17:28

-The women were important.

0:17:290:17:31

-They sewed the essential moccasins,

-cooked and raised the family.

0:17:320:17:36

-They also made traders

-look less threatening to natives.

0:17:360:17:40

-As Charlotte was half Cree,

-Thompson faced fewer threats...

0:17:400:17:44

-..than other explorers.

0:17:440:17:47

-This is the type of tepee they

-would've used outside the fort...

0:17:470:17:53

-..because few people

-lived inside the fort.

0:17:530:17:56

-This was the kind of tent they

-took with them on their travels.

0:17:560:18:01

-If we go inside, we'll see

-what kind of bed they slept in too.

0:18:010:18:05

-This is a bison hide.

0:18:050:18:09

-It's huge and it's soft,

-surprisingly soft.

0:18:090:18:12

-They say it's very warm.

0:18:120:18:14

-Underneath

-are twigs and a wooden frame.

0:18:140:18:18

-During the depths of winter, when

-there was too much snow to clear...

0:18:180:18:24

-..they had to lay these frames on

-the snow and sleep on top of them.

0:18:240:18:28

-But I'm told they're comfortable.

0:18:290:18:31

-Now it's time

-to embark on the epic journey.

0:18:360:18:39

-In 1807, 12 members of the Kootenai

-tribe visited Rocky Mountain House.

0:18:390:18:43

-They told Thompson about their side

-of the Rockies in the west.

0:18:440:18:48

-It was an opportunity for Thompson

-to acquire more fur...

0:18:480:18:52

-..and navigate

-his away over the mountains.

0:18:520:18:55

-The Welshman accompanied

-the Kootenai to the Rockies.

0:18:550:18:58

-It was a dangerous mission.

0:18:590:19:01

-They had to cross

-the territory of the Peigans...

0:19:010:19:04

-..who tried to prevent the Kootenai

-from trading with the white man.

0:19:040:19:09

-Visible rocks are a sign...

0:19:160:19:18

-..that the river isn't overflowing.

0:19:190:19:21

-But at least you can imagine

-how swollen it must've been...

0:19:210:19:25

-..after the snow

-had melted on the mountains.

0:19:250:19:28

-This is the northern branch

-of the Saskatchewan.

0:19:280:19:31

-David Thompson would've canoed up

-here on his way to the mountains.

0:19:310:19:35

-It was here in Kootenai territory

-that he would stay.

0:19:350:19:39

-It was one of the last places

-to see animals like the buffalo...

0:19:390:19:43

-..so there was food here.

0:19:430:19:45

-He camped here

-and prepared for the journey ahead.

0:19:450:19:48

-Thompson's English journals

-are full of stories...

0:19:490:19:53

-..about food shortages

-and harsh climates for hunting.

0:19:540:19:58

-He talks of meeting a group

-of natives who bring them beef.

0:19:580:20:03

-We were hungry

-and sat up part of the night...

0:20:030:20:07

-..roasting and eating...

0:20:070:20:09

-..as it was a long month

-since we had a good meal.

0:20:100:20:13

-But a shortage of food

-wasn't his biggest problem.

0:20:140:20:18

-Fur was scarce

-on the eastern side of the Rockies.

0:20:180:20:21

-The white man

-had been too greedy and overhunted.

0:20:210:20:24

-So he had to meet new tribes

-and find a fresh supply of fur.

0:20:250:20:29

-He had no choice

-but to cross the Rockies.

0:20:290:20:32

-If places like Rocky Mountain House

-have changed beyond recognition...

0:20:350:20:40

-..at last I'm getting a sense...

0:20:400:20:42

-..of how what it would've looked

-in David Thompson's day.

0:20:430:20:46

-They say it has remained unchanged.

0:20:460:20:49

-It's changed very little since

-before the arrival of the white man.

0:20:490:20:53

-Behind me

-is the important Howse Pass...

0:20:580:21:01

-..where David Thompson crossed

-the Rockies for the first time.

0:21:020:21:05

-He, along with his family

-and a group of men back in 1807...

0:21:060:21:11

-..were among

-the first white people to cross.

0:21:110:21:14

-For centuries, the First Nation

-indigenous tribes...

0:21:160:21:20

-..had been using the pass

-to cross the mountains.

0:21:200:21:24

-They'd go to the western side

-and come here to hunt...

0:21:240:21:28

-..before going back

-to the Columbia Valley.

0:21:280:21:31

-In 1807, they

-showed David Thompson the trail.

0:21:310:21:34

-This region

-became an important crossing point.

0:21:350:21:39

-But you can see

-from the wetlands and mountains...

0:21:390:21:42

-..how difficult it would've been

-to cross these peaks.

0:21:430:21:46

-Often it would've been easier

-to cross in snow.

0:21:470:21:50

-Thompson

-tried to establish trade links...

0:21:510:21:54

-..with the Kootenai and Flatheads

-in the west.

0:21:540:21:57

-He transported the fur back over

-the Rockies for about three years.

0:21:580:22:02

-Much to the displeasure of

-the Rocky Mountain House Peigans.

0:22:020:22:06

-They didn't want other tribes to

-acquire weapons from selling fur.

0:22:070:22:11

-They threatened to attack and make

-it dangerous to cross Howse Pass.

0:22:110:22:16

-In 1811, David Thompson

-had to venture 200 miles north...

0:22:160:22:21

-..and cut through

-a completely new pass.

0:22:210:22:24

-He was going to try and solve

-the big mystery.

0:22:320:22:36

-How to transport the fur

-to the Pacific...

0:22:360:22:38

-..without having to carry them

-across the continent...

0:22:390:22:42

-..to the Atlantic ports.

0:22:430:22:45

-Other explorers had talked of a

-large river leading to the Pacific.

0:22:460:22:51

-They'd found its estuary...

0:22:510:22:53

-..and called it the Columbia.

0:22:530:22:55

-Its size suggested its source

-came from deep within the mountains.

0:22:560:23:00

-Thompson had heard about the river

-and needed to locate its source.

0:23:000:23:05

-He'd then have a way of carrying

-the fur through the Rockies...

0:23:050:23:09

-..and out to sea.

0:23:090:23:11

-I'm following his journey

-across the Rockies...

0:23:180:23:21

-.. to the Pacific.

0:23:220:23:23

-Rocky Mountain House to the pass

-is 400 miles.

0:23:240:23:26

-From the comfort of a car,

-it's hard to imagine...

0:23:270:23:31

-..how arduous Thompson's journey

-would've been when food was scarce.

0:23:310:23:35

-"Hunger is an excellent source,"

-said Thompson...

0:23:350:23:38

-..after being forced to eat the meat

-of a horse that had long died.

0:23:390:23:43

-They all became gravely ill.

0:23:430:23:45

-This statue's unique

-as it's the only one...

0:23:520:23:56

-..of David Thompson.

0:23:560:23:58

-After decades of being ignored...

0:23:580:24:01

-..he's a hero on both sides of

-the border - in America and Canada.

0:24:010:24:05

-This memorial shows the Welshman

-holding his vital weapon.

0:24:080:24:12

-His sextant,

-which was a new device in his day.

0:24:120:24:15

-He'd use it to gaze at the stars

-and work out his exact location...

0:24:150:24:19

-..by noting the position of the moon

-in relation to the stars.

0:24:200:24:24

-He was a master of many trades

-and a new kind of explorer.

0:24:260:24:30

-He studied things

-in a scientific context.

0:24:300:24:33

-He began to show man's intervention

-on the wild terrain.

0:24:330:24:37

-.

0:24:380:24:38

-Subtitles

0:24:400:24:40

-Subtitles

-

-Subtitles

0:24:400:24:42

-David Thompson crossed the Rockies

-to Invermere in British Columbia...

0:24:440:24:49

-..to find more fur

-and trade with native tribes.

0:24:490:24:52

-But not at any cost.

0:24:550:24:57

-He swore he'd never

-supply alcohol to the tribes...

0:24:570:25:00

-..although the fur trade used it as

-a bribe to keep the natives sweet.

0:25:010:25:06

-When the Indian comes to trade his

-furs, strong grog is given to him.

0:25:060:25:11

-Sometimes for two or three days

-are all drunk...

0:25:110:25:14

-..and become

-the most degraded of human beings.

0:25:140:25:17

-On his first journey

-across the pass...

0:25:170:25:20

-..the North West Co had given

-David Thompson two casks of brandy.

0:25:200:25:24

-He tied them to a clumsy horse,

-knowing it'd rub against rocks...

0:25:240:25:29

-..and break the casks into pieces.

0:25:290:25:33

-Thompson wrote to his bosses

-to tell them what had happened...

0:25:330:25:37

-..and added that it would happen

-to every other cask.

0:25:380:25:41

-It was here in Invermere

-that he established a trading post.

0:25:430:25:47

-Karen Smith informed me of

-Thompson's time with the Kootenai.

0:25:470:25:52

-If it hadn't been

-for the native tribes...

0:25:520:25:55

-..the white men

-would never have survived.

0:25:550:25:58

-Their guns didn't work

-and they didn't know how to hunt...

0:25:580:26:02

-..in unfamiliar territory.

0:26:020:26:04

-They almost died of starvation.

0:26:050:26:07

-I think I'm in the right place.

0:26:070:26:10

-Yes, you've found us on both maps.

0:26:100:26:12

-Yes, this is the old map

-and it says North West Company.

0:26:120:26:16

-In the winter of 1808-09...

0:26:160:26:18

-..the fur supply had exceeded

-Thompson's expectations.

0:26:190:26:23

-Beaver, bear and goat fur

-totalling a cost of over 5,000.

0:26:230:26:28

-The Welshman had proved to superiors

-that it was worth coming here.

0:26:280:26:32

-It was even more of a reason

-to find a passage to the sea.

0:26:330:26:36

-This river

-became the main waterway...

0:26:460:26:49

-..for transporting fur 700 miles

-over the mountains to the Pacific.

0:26:500:26:54

-This is

-the source of the Columbia River.

0:26:550:26:57

-Thompson had spotted it sooner,

-not realising it was the Columbia...

0:26:580:27:03

-..as it appeared

-to be going in the wrong direction.

0:27:030:27:07

-By 1810, Thompson had seen enough...

0:27:080:27:10

-..to declare that this was

-the great river of the west.

0:27:100:27:14

-But to prove that, he'd

-have to follow it to the open sea...

0:27:150:27:18

-..and map it accordingly.

0:27:180:27:20

-His greatest journey

-was about to begin.

0:27:210:27:24

-I'm leaving the Rockies now

-and driving towards the border...

0:27:280:27:33

-..between America and Canada.

0:27:330:27:35

-I'm retracing

-David Thompson's journey.

0:27:350:27:38

-I'm leaving the Columbia River

-in order to re-join it further down.

0:27:390:27:43

-The shape of the Columbia

-explains why Thompson was confused.

0:27:490:27:53

-The bend makes it appear

-to be going northwards...

0:27:530:27:56

-..instead of going westwards

-to the Pacific.

0:27:560:27:59

-There's a fair few miles

-between here...

0:28:010:28:04

-..and the source

-of the Columbia River.

0:28:040:28:07

-But those miles held the key

-to Thompson's early journeys...

0:28:070:28:10

-..as well as

-the epic journey itself.

0:28:110:28:13

-Instead of following the Columbia

-for hundreds of miles...

0:28:130:28:17

-..he could cross

-this portion of land...

0:28:180:28:21

-..reach the Kootenay River...

0:28:220:28:24

-..to re-join the Columbia

-much further down.

0:28:240:28:27

-The Kootenay River

-became a direct route...

0:28:280:28:31

-..and a convenient way

-of transporting goods.

0:28:310:28:34

-It was effectively a shortcut.

0:28:340:28:37

-I've crossed the border

-and am now back in the US...

0:28:430:28:46

-..on the outskirts

-of Bonners Ferry in Washington.

0:28:470:28:50

-It was here that David Thompson's

-Native American friend had a camp.

0:28:560:29:02

-He was a chief called Ugly Head

-on account of his hair.

0:29:020:29:06

-He imparted

-much information to Thompson...

0:29:060:29:09

-..regarding the shape

-of the mountains...

0:29:090:29:12

-..how the rivers flowed

-and where the trails were.

0:29:120:29:15

-That information was essential.

0:29:160:29:18

-Without the aid and knowledge

-of the native Indians...

0:29:180:29:22

-..Thompson

-wouldn't have got very far.

0:29:220:29:24

-He acknowledged that too.

0:29:250:29:27

-During his journey, he recorded

-their traditions and customs.

0:29:270:29:31

-Two centuries later, those notes

-are an important contribution...

0:29:310:29:36

-..in keeping

-the tribes' history alive.

0:29:360:29:39

-Among the natives, the snaring

-of hares and trapping of martins...

0:29:500:29:54

-..are the business of the women

-and become their property for trade.

0:29:540:29:58

-Lake Pend Oreille at the foothills

-of the Rockies was significant.

0:30:020:30:06

-Thompson made notes

-about the lives of the natives here.

0:30:070:30:11

-Thompson came here

-in October 1809 from that direction.

0:30:120:30:16

-He established a trading post

-on the shore around the far corner.

0:30:160:30:20

-It was called Kullyspell House.

0:30:210:30:23

-When he rowed across in his canoe,

-he would've landed right here.

0:30:230:30:27

-Houses were normally named after

-the tribes he was dealing with...

0:30:280:30:32

-..but many different tribes

-came to trade there...

0:30:320:30:36

-..so David Thompson

-became familiar with a vast area.

0:30:360:30:39

-He was able to create

-trade networks.

0:30:390:30:42

-Thompson made an effort

-to learn local languages...

0:30:500:30:54

-..knowing it would strengthen

-his relationship with the natives.

0:30:540:30:58

-He recorded the vocabulary

-of various dialects...

0:30:590:31:03

-..which is of interest

-to Jack Nisbet...

0:31:030:31:06

-..who's written books

-about David Thompson.

0:31:060:31:09

-When Thompson was here

-on Lake Pend Oreille...

0:31:100:31:13

-..with the Kullyspell people,

-he kept this amazing word list.

0:31:130:31:17

-The first word list of Salish, an

-interior Salish language to English.

0:31:170:31:22

-And they look different than

-the ones American people write down.

0:31:220:31:27

-Thompson obviously heard languages

-other than English.

0:31:280:31:32

-I asked a question that had been

-on my mind from the start.

0:31:320:31:35

-Did he speak Welsh? It might've been

-the language of the home in London.

0:31:350:31:40

-Do his notes

-on the sound of these languages...

0:31:400:31:44

-..suggest he knew a little Welsh?

0:31:440:31:46

-I see him

-with these constructions...

0:31:460:31:49

-..that don't sound like

-English-sounding things.

0:31:500:31:53

-That could be a ch-t

-if that is a 'ch' sound.

0:31:540:31:58

-That sound is in Salish language.

0:31:580:32:00

-That's the sounds the elders make

-that I can't imitate.

0:32:010:32:05

-How is he different

-to other fur men...

0:32:050:32:09

-..and other adventurers of the time?

0:32:090:32:11

-When you think of Meriwether Lewis

-who keeps word lists...

0:32:120:32:16

-..they're very simple and short -

-they look like American English.

0:32:160:32:20

-These have

-all these letter combinations...

0:32:200:32:23

-..and he's underlining things...

0:32:240:32:26

-..and adding diacritical marks...

0:32:260:32:28

-..that make me think he is hearing

-more than Meriwether Lewis heard.

0:32:290:32:33

-This suggests that he was familiar

-with the sound of Welsh.

0:32:330:32:37

-Bigsby, an author from Thompson's

-time, who had met him, said...

0:32:370:32:42

-.."His speech

-betrayed the Welshman...

0:32:420:32:44

-"..although he left

-his native hills when very young."

0:32:440:32:47

-But how did Thompson regard himself?

-One thing stands out.

0:32:470:32:52

-In 1851, many years

-after his expeditions...

0:32:520:32:56

-..he filled in the Census...

0:32:560:32:58

-..and noted his birthplace - Wales.

0:32:590:33:02

-There's a record

-of his christening at Westminster.

0:33:020:33:06

-But his mother, like many mothers...

0:33:060:33:09

-..went back to her own family

-to give birth to her son.

0:33:090:33:12

-It's quite possible

-she lived in the Swansea area.

0:33:130:33:16

-I'm right to call him a Welshman...

0:33:160:33:19

-..and I strongly suspect

-he was familiar with Welsh.

0:33:190:33:22

-Jack has shown me David Thompson's

-personal handwritten letters...

0:33:230:33:28

-..which are different from

-the things he wrote in his journal.

0:33:280:33:33

-He complains about the lack

-of support in these regions...

0:33:330:33:38

-..and the shortage of men and so on.

0:33:380:33:40

-He writes

-that he's fed up of being here.

0:33:400:33:43

-There are also personal accounts.

0:33:430:33:46

-In one letter, he asks a friend

-to look after his love child.

0:33:460:33:51

-It was obviously a child by another

-native woman, not Charlotte.

0:33:510:33:56

-Unlike other fur traders,

-he doesn't just leave the child...

0:33:560:34:00

-..he offers to pay for his care.

0:34:000:34:02

-Another side to the man

-surfaces here.

0:34:020:34:05

-Like his co-workers,

-he had extramarital affairs.

0:34:070:34:10

-But at least he was a man who

-looked after the women and children.

0:34:110:34:15

-Thompson was married

-to Charlotte for 58 years.

0:34:170:34:21

-It was no marriage of convenience...

0:34:210:34:24

-..just to have a useful

-Native American wife.

0:34:240:34:27

-Once the pair retired,

-they had a church wedding...

0:34:270:34:31

-..and a church christening

-for their children.

0:34:310:34:35

-This building

-was typical of a trading post.

0:34:400:34:45

-They were made of solid wood.

0:34:450:34:47

-There would've been room for storage

-as well as living quarters.

0:34:470:34:52

-David Thompson was responsible

-for some of the carpentry.

0:34:520:34:56

-He made the doors and furniture

-and was a talented carpenter.

0:34:560:35:01

-He made sure he had a desk

-on which he could write.

0:35:010:35:04

-Thompson was staying

-among the Spokane tribe.

0:35:070:35:11

-He was the first white man

-to describe them.

0:35:110:35:14

-His comments about this territory

-are very useful.

0:35:140:35:17

-It was a hard place to get to...

0:35:180:35:20

-..but once here, he could travel

-down the Columbia to the Pacific.

0:35:200:35:24

-Thompson

-was in unfamiliar territory.

0:35:290:35:31

-A year earlier, he'd sent a worker

-here to establish a trading post...

0:35:320:35:36

-..somewhere in this field.

0:35:360:35:39

-This was Spokane House.

0:35:390:35:41

-It was one in a network of

-trading posts built by Thompson...

0:35:440:35:48

-..that served the natives

-of the Columbia district.

0:35:490:35:53

-This is where he went.

0:35:530:35:55

-The Skeechoo

-is the Kullyspell name for Spokane.

0:35:550:35:59

-Spokane House is here, so he takes

-an overland route to the Colville.

0:36:000:36:06

-It allowed him time

-to get his business in order...

0:36:060:36:09

-..and prepare for the big voyage.

0:36:090:36:11

-He rode on horseback along one of

-the routes of the native Indians...

0:36:120:36:16

-..over this range,

-over the mountain and around it...

0:36:170:36:21

-..to the Ithkoyape falls.

0:36:210:36:23

-Thousands of natives

-congregated there...

0:36:260:36:29

-..to fish for salmon

-as they were heading upriver...

0:36:300:36:35

-..while he was on his way down.

0:36:350:36:37

-Thompson and his team would've

-come this way on horseback...

0:36:450:36:49

-..following the trails of the

-Spokane, of which there were many.

0:36:490:36:55

-According to Jack, only 2,000

-live on the reservation nowadays...

0:36:550:36:59

-..with only a handful

-speaking the language.

0:36:590:37:02

-Almost all the languages

-Thompson refers to...

0:37:020:37:06

-..are in danger of dying out.

0:37:060:37:08

-.

0:37:100:37:10

-Subtitles

0:37:130:37:13

-Subtitles

-

-Subtitles

0:37:130:37:15

-I'm retracing David Thompson's

-journey along the Columbia River...

0:37:150:37:20

-..with Jack Nisbet, an expert

-on the cartographer from Wales.

0:37:200:37:24

-We're on the riverbank...

0:37:240:37:26

-..as this region is now a dam.

0:37:270:37:29

-Beneath the lake

-are an island and waterfalls.

0:37:290:37:32

-Kettle Falls was an important place

-for the native tribes.

0:37:360:37:40

-Each spring, when Hayes Island gets

-exposed, people usually go out...

0:37:420:37:47

-..and set up tepees on it.

0:37:480:37:50

-When the salmon started to run,

-which was when Thompson came...

0:37:500:37:54

-..they will bring salmon upstream

-and have a cookout...

0:37:540:37:58

-..which tribal people and locals

-come to - it's quite an event.

0:37:580:38:03

-They celebrate

-the fact they've survived.

0:38:040:38:07

-They remember that much of their

-heritage is underneath the dam.

0:38:070:38:11

-Like the Mandans, they've lost

-their livelihood and their food.

0:38:110:38:16

-The Ithkoyape falls

-are under 90 feet of water.

0:38:240:38:28

-It was here

-that the native tribes congregated.

0:38:290:38:32

-They caught as many

-as 2,000 fish in one day.

0:38:320:38:35

-One man had a specific job to do

-on the banks of the falls.

0:38:360:38:40

-He had to count the number of fish

-that went upstream...

0:38:400:38:44

-..to ensure there were enough

-for tribes further up...

0:38:440:38:47

-..and that the fish could procreate,

-ensuring food for all.

0:38:470:38:51

-Here you can see remnants...

0:38:560:38:58

-..of where the natives sharpened

-their spears and pokers...

0:38:580:39:03

-..ready for fishing.

0:39:030:39:05

-This was solid stone.

0:39:050:39:07

-It was

-very important stone for them.

0:39:070:39:11

-This used to be on the riverbank

-which is now under the dam.

0:39:110:39:15

-It was debatable whether or not

-they would move the stone to here.

0:39:160:39:20

-In some places,

-the tribes decided...

0:39:200:39:23

-..to leave

-their treasures underwater.

0:39:230:39:26

-They believed that one day the world

-would turn upside down...

0:39:260:39:30

-..and the people who followed

-a righteous path would be on top.

0:39:310:39:35

-The natives

-shared beliefs like those.

0:39:360:39:39

-The world belonged to everyone...

0:39:390:39:41

-..everyone had a place in it

-and man was at one with nature.

0:39:410:39:46

-When the white man came, the natives

-didn't understand land ownership.

0:39:460:39:51

-It was as foreign to them

-as owning a portion of the sky.

0:39:520:39:55

-Thompson

-paved the way for the white man...

0:39:560:39:59

-..but he'd be horrified

-with the consequences.

0:39:590:40:02

-For Thompson, this was

-the beginning of the journey's end.

0:40:040:40:08

-He went back a few miles to fetch

-cedar wood to build a new canoe.

0:40:080:40:12

-He hired a couple of local Indians

-to interpret for him.

0:40:120:40:16

-He and his team

-then sailed downriver.

0:40:160:40:19

-The first white people

-to venture from here to the sea.

0:40:190:40:23

-He set out downstream.

0:40:250:40:27

-In a journal entry

-dated 3 July 1811, he simply says...

0:40:270:40:31

-We set off on a voyage

-down the Columbia River...

0:40:320:40:35

-..to explore this river

-in order to open out a passage...

0:40:350:40:39

-..for the interior trade

-with the Pacific Ocean.

0:40:400:40:44

-The river flowed quickly as the snow

-melted after a harsh winter.

0:40:440:40:48

-They were travelling

-at such a speed...

0:40:480:40:51

-..that he could only record the bare

-facts rather than detailed notes.

0:40:510:40:56

-High rocks on the right,

-steep rocks on the left.

0:40:560:40:59

-The strength of the eddies

-and small whirlpools...

0:40:590:41:02

-..continually toss the canoe

-from side to side...

0:41:020:41:05

-..and the compass

-was always vibrating.

0:41:050:41:07

-I hope by the mercy of heaven to

-take them much better on my return.

0:41:080:41:12

-The Columbia is a mammoth river...

0:41:130:41:15

-..crossing one state in Canada

-and seven American states.

0:41:150:41:19

-David Thompson navigated his way

-down it in a simple canoe.

0:41:200:41:24

-Beyond the ferry are today's

-Native American reservations.

0:41:240:41:29

-As they travelled down the river,

-Thompson came across new tribes...

0:41:290:41:34

-..who had never

-set eyes on white people before.

0:41:340:41:37

-An old man approached Thompson and

-felt his legs to check he was human.

0:41:370:41:42

-For Thompson, it was imperative...

0:41:420:41:45

-..that he was on good terms

-with the tribes.

0:41:450:41:48

-He smoked with chiefs,

-his crew joined in the dancing.

0:41:480:41:51

-They were blessed.

0:41:520:41:54

-Although they could sneak down the

-river quietly and face no danger...

0:41:540:41:59

-..they would soon have to return,

-and that's when they needed friends.

0:41:590:42:04

-He believed he had to live

-and travel with the natives...

0:42:090:42:12

-..in order to collect details

-about their lives and customs.

0:42:120:42:16

-He was worried they would be

-corrupted by the white man.

0:42:160:42:20

-He respected the natives as people

-and appreciated their culture.

0:42:200:42:25

-By the end of the first afternoon,

-Thompson and his crew...

0:42:270:42:31

-..arrived here,

-70 miles from where they set out...

0:42:320:42:35

-..where the Spokane River

-joins the Columbia.

0:42:350:42:38

-By the end of the day, they'd travel

-another 20 miles to the west.

0:42:390:42:43

-Thompson noticed the change

-in terrain as they went along.

0:42:430:42:48

-Before it was a lake, there were

-fields leading down to the river.

0:42:480:42:53

-He claimed

-it was ideal for sheep farming.

0:42:530:42:56

-The 14 hydroelectric dams

-on the Columbia produce electricity.

0:42:590:43:03

-Though it's one of America's

-most industrial rivers...

0:43:040:43:07

-..it creates fertile valleys that

-are home to orchards and vineyards.

0:43:080:43:12

-This stretch of river has remained

-unchanged since Thompson's day.

0:43:210:43:26

-For hundreds of miles

-further along the river...

0:43:260:43:30

-..the dams have altered its shape.

0:43:300:43:32

-Having been carried along

-by a strong current...

0:43:320:43:36

-..Thompson landed here and was

-greeted by the Skummooin Indians.

0:43:360:43:42

-It was here that he witnessed

-an old man with white hair...

0:43:420:43:46

-..running after horses

-and almost catching them.

0:43:470:43:50

-He wore

-a kettle handle on his head...

0:43:510:43:53

-..but apart from that,

-he was completely naked.

0:43:530:43:57

-He ran like the wind. Just be

-thankful I'm not doing the same!

0:43:570:44:02

-The pioneering leg of the journey

-was almost over.

0:44:050:44:08

-Thompson's ability to engage

-with the tribes had been crucial.

0:44:090:44:13

-This place is very significant.

0:44:180:44:20

-This is the confluence of the

-Snake River and the Columbia River.

0:44:210:44:25

-Thompson planted a pole

-somewhere here...

0:44:250:44:28

-..claiming it as a trading post

-for trade with Great Britain.

0:44:280:44:32

-More importantly, having reached

-here, he knew he'd succeeded.

0:44:320:44:37

-People before him had followed

-the Columbia downriver from here.

0:44:370:44:41

-He knew that his life work

-was now complete.

0:44:410:44:44

-There were dangers ahead of him

-but he was going to reach the sea.

0:44:450:44:48

-He'd found a new passage

-over the Rockies to the sea...

0:44:490:44:52

-..for the fur trade.

0:44:520:44:54

-He reached the sea on 15 July,

-bringing an end to his epic journey.

0:44:570:45:01

-He went back upriver to collect

-more details for mapping purposes.

0:45:010:45:06

-For 40 years, fur was

-transported down the Columbia...

0:45:060:45:09

-..thanks to the efforts

-of a Welshman.

0:45:090:45:12

-A year after reaching

-Columbia's estuary...

0:45:120:45:15

-..Thompson gave up his adventures.

0:45:150:45:18

-He moved the family to Montreal...

0:45:180:45:20

-..and walked down an urban street

-for the first time in 27 years.

0:45:200:45:25

-He was father to five children.

0:45:250:45:27

-Two of them died

-within months of reaching Montreal.

0:45:270:45:31

-Charlotte bore him

-another eight children there.

0:45:310:45:34

-There were 13 in all.

0:45:350:45:37

-Thompson managed to explore and map

-1.5 million square miles...

0:45:370:45:43

-..from Montreal in the east

-to Portland in the west.

0:45:440:45:48

-From the Atlantic to the Pacific.

0:45:490:45:51

-He left a legacy of large maps

-and over 100 notebooks.

0:45:510:45:55

-He was a wealthy man on retirement

-but was plagued with misfortune.

0:45:570:46:01

-He said he'd traded successfully

-with the natives for years.

0:46:010:46:05

-Men who stuck to their word.

0:46:050:46:07

-But on dealing with the white man,

-he was cheated time and time again.

0:46:070:46:12

-He wasn't paid correctly

-for his cartography.

0:46:120:46:15

-He was destitute by 1845.

0:46:150:46:17

-He and Charlotte had to

-go and live with their daughter.

0:46:170:46:21

-Five years later he lost his sight.

0:46:220:46:25

-He died in 1857...

0:46:250:46:27

-..and was buried

-without as much as a headstone.

0:46:270:46:30

-Charlotte died the same year.

0:46:310:46:33

-The greatest land geographer

-who ever lived died a pauper.

0:46:340:46:38

-It's time for me to bid farewell

-to my version of a canoe and horse.

0:46:410:46:46

-On tracing his footsteps over vast

-swathes of western North America...

0:46:460:46:50

-..it's clear David Thompson

-wasn't just an adventurer.

0:46:500:46:54

-He was much more than that.

0:46:540:46:56

-Natives of the Snake River

-referred to him as Koo-Koo-Sint...

0:46:560:47:01

-..which means Stargazer.

0:47:010:47:03

-He had to be a businessman

-but he was a cartographer at heart.

0:47:040:47:08

-He did much more than mapping land.

0:47:080:47:10

-He mapped populations

-and their way of life.

0:47:110:47:14

-The irony is that he helped open

-up the west to the white man...

0:47:140:47:19

-..and facilitate the process

-of destroying some of the things...

0:47:190:47:23

-..he respected the most.

0:47:240:47:26

-Conversely,

-through his maps and books...

0:47:260:47:29

-..he's kept that history alive...

0:47:290:47:32

-..and left much more of a legacy

-than your average explorer.

0:47:320:47:36

-S4C Subtitles by Adnod Cyf.

0:48:060:48:08

-.

0:48:080:48:08

Download Subtitles

SRT

ASS