O Hirwaun i Iowa ‹ Cyfres 2015

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-Adventurous Welsh people have -explored the world for centuries.	0:00:00	0:00:04
-Many have chronicled their stories -in words, pictures and maps.	0:00:04	0:00:09
-I'm researching their testimony -and following in their footsteps...	0:00:09	0:00:14
-..to the world's -most interesting places.	0:00:15	0:00:18
-They explored remote areas...	0:00:18	0:00:20
-..not knowing -who or what they'd encounter.	0:00:20	0:00:24
-This week, -an influential woman of her day...	0:00:24	0:00:27
-..on both sides of the Atlantic...	0:00:27	0:00:29
-..who has up to now -been more or less forgotten.	0:00:29	0:00:32
-More than 150 years ago...	0:00:35	0:00:37
-..thousands of people -left Wales in search of freedom.	0:00:37	0:00:41
-Political, economic -and religious freedom.	0:00:41	0:00:45
-But for a woman -like Margaret Roberts...	0:00:45	0:00:48
-..leaving Wales was an opportunity -to have more freedom of thought.	0:00:48	0:00:52
-Although she died in Hirwaun, -she became famous in America.	0:00:52	0:00:56
-A formidable woman, -she challenged religious beliefs...	0:00:56	0:00:59
-..and provoked male counterparts.	0:01:00	0:01:02
-Historian Bill Jones -has traced the history...	0:01:02	0:01:05
-..of Welsh immigrants in America...	0:01:05	0:01:08
-..the most intriguing of whom -was Margaret Roberts...	0:01:08	0:01:12
-..a writer, contentious lecturer -and early women's rights activist.	0:01:12	0:01:17
-There's nothing to suggest -she was an exceptional woman.	0:01:18	0:01:21
-No, the headstone is unremarkable...	0:01:22	0:01:24
-..although there's a remarkable -story to tell about her.	0:01:25	0:01:29
-The big clue here is, -"Formerly from America".	0:01:30	0:01:33
-Yes, this was someone who rose to -intellectual eminence in America...	0:01:33	0:01:38
-..although she has been forgotten -by the Welsh in America and at home.	0:01:38	0:01:43
-Margaret Evans Roberts -was the daughter of a cobbler...	0:01:46	0:01:49
-..born in Cynghordy, -Carmarthenshire in 1833.	0:01:50	0:01:53
-But she became famous -thousands of miles away.	0:01:53	0:01:57
-Bill Jones -is one of the few who remember her.	0:01:57	0:02:00
-Little is known about her life.	0:02:01	0:02:03
-It's my goal to discover more...	0:02:03	0:02:05
-..by retracing her journey -to North America.	0:02:06	0:02:09
-She and her husband -were among the thousands of Welsh...	0:02:09	0:02:13
-..who emigrated to America -in the 1850s.	0:02:13	0:02:16
-Margaret Roberts -became influential...	0:02:16	0:02:19
-..in the Welsh communities -that were established there.	0:02:19	0:02:23
-She seized opportunities that -would never have arisen in Wales.	0:02:23	0:02:27
-She's one of the most interesting -figures who emigrated to America.	0:02:28	0:02:32
-Although her experiences -are similar to those...	0:02:32	0:02:36
-..of other women who emigrated...	0:02:36	0:02:39
-..they are also unique in terms -of her beliefs about religion...	0:02:39	0:02:44
-..women's rights and so on.	0:02:45	0:02:47
-Margaret Evans -had a poor upbringing.	0:02:47	0:02:51
-The family couldn't afford to give -their children a formal education.	0:02:51	0:02:56
-When she was 20, she married William -Roberts from nearby Rhandirmwyn.	0:02:56	0:03:01
-They pair -saw their chance to travel.	0:03:01	0:03:05
-Initially, -they kept a grocer's shop..	0:03:05	0:03:08
-..in one of the industrial -communities in Rhigos.	0:03:08	0:03:11
-When the iron industry went into -decline, they, like many others...	0:03:12	0:03:16
-..went in search of a better life.	0:03:16	0:03:19
-They caught the train to Liverpool -and headed to the docks.	0:03:19	0:03:23
-Little remains -of Liverpool's docklands nowadays.	0:03:30	0:03:34
-But 150 years ago, this was -the gateway to the Atlantic.	0:03:34	0:03:38
-Over the years, approximately nine -million people have left this port.	0:03:38	0:03:43
-They sailed up the Mersey -towards North America.	0:03:44	0:03:47
-That would've included -tens of thousands of Welsh people.	0:03:47	0:03:51
-Among them was Margaret Roberts.	0:03:51	0:03:53
-William was first to set sail.	0:03:55	0:03:57
-Margaret joined him weeks later -after sailing on her own.	0:03:58	0:04:01
-She kept a journal -of the 20-day voyage.	0:04:02	0:04:04
-Reached Londonderry at around 10 -o'clock and picked up passengers.	0:04:05	0:04:09
-There are -around 300 of us altogether.	0:04:10	0:04:12
-Most of them -are children of the Emerald Isle.	0:04:12	0:04:15
-It's one of the most glorious days -I've ever seen.	0:04:16	0:04:19
-Today we're sailing along -the St Lawrence River.	0:04:20	0:04:23
-At 10 o'clock -we set foot in America...	0:04:23	0:04:27
-..all safe and well.	0:04:27	0:04:29
-Upon reaching Coal Valley...	0:04:31	0:04:33
-..my uncle, along with the entire -family, were there to greet me.	0:04:33	0:04:38
-William was attending a meeting...	0:04:38	0:04:40
-..but it didn't take long -to send for him.	0:04:40	0:04:43
-When we were reunited, -the feeling was overwhelming.	0:04:44	0:04:47
-Margaret and William -arrive in America in 1862...	0:04:49	0:04:52
-..at an exciting time in history...	0:04:53	0:04:55
-..during the Civil War -and civil rights battle.	0:04:55	0:04:58
-The immigrants spread further west.	0:04:58	0:05:01
-For white Europeans...	0:05:01	0:05:04
-..a new world was definitely -being created around them.	0:05:04	0:05:08
-This is the first important place -for Margaret Roberts in America.	0:05:09	0:05:13
-She and William headed to -the mining region of Illinois.	0:05:13	0:05:17
-However, like many Welsh, they moved -to a more rural setting and farmed.	0:05:17	0:05:22
-In the 1860s, many Welsh did the -same and came to Old Man's Creek.	0:05:22	0:05:27
-It was a great adventure.	0:05:27	0:05:29
-They arrived in wagons -and drove their livestock.	0:05:29	0:05:32
-They chopped down trees -to make room for a simple dwelling.	0:05:33	0:05:36
-It was their first home in Iowa.	0:05:37	0:05:39
-Their faith and bravery in searching -for a better life was incredible.	0:05:39	0:05:44
-During the 1860s...	0:05:52	0:05:54
-..more and more people -had emigrated to America from Wales.	0:05:54	0:05:58
-This cemetery -could just as easily be in Wales.	0:05:59	0:06:02
-It's full of familiar names. -There's even an occasional englyn.	0:06:02	0:06:06
-Names of those -who came here to farm the land...	0:06:06	0:06:10
-..and found a Welsh community -in Old Man's Creek in Iowa.	0:06:10	0:06:14
-Evidence from the period...	0:06:14	0:06:16
-..suggests that the Welsh -were like any other settlers...	0:06:16	0:06:20
-..who came from all over Europe.	0:06:20	0:06:23
-They were proud of their language -and spoke it at home and in chapel.	0:06:23	0:06:27
-In Margaret and William's day...	0:06:30	0:06:32
-..the members -of this chapel were all Welsh.	0:06:32	0:06:36
-Times have changed, -but members today...	0:06:36	0:06:38
-..are proud of their Welsh roots...	0:06:38	0:06:41
-..and have fought -to keep the chapel going.	0:06:41	0:06:43
-Mrs Margaret Hootman, who's 91...	0:06:44	0:06:47
-..remembers this chapel -when it was full on a Sunday...	0:06:47	0:06:51
-..and she remembers -cymanfaoedd canu.	0:06:51	0:06:54
-When the cymanfa was on, -would the chapel be full?	0:06:54	0:06:57
-Yes, oh, yes, -and they had to put chairs out here.	0:06:58	0:07:01
-Of course, they had pot luck before.	0:07:02	0:07:04
-People came from all over -the country for the cymanfa here.	0:07:04	0:07:09
-Evans Roberts' name may not strike -a chord with today's members...	0:07:09	0:07:14
-..but Old Man's Creek chapel...	0:07:14	0:07:16
-..is central to her story -as it inspired great change.	0:07:17	0:07:20
-She was a member -of this small church.	0:07:21	0:07:24
-It provided her with inspiration.	0:07:24	0:07:27
-And then Jesus responds by making...	0:07:27	0:07:31
-..an invidious comparison between -the behaviour of the woman...	0:07:32	0:07:36
-..and the behaviour of the Pharisee.	0:07:36	0:07:39
-When Margaret and William -came here...	0:07:39	0:07:43
-..William Watkins was the minister.	0:07:43	0:07:46
-He publicly announced...	0:07:46	0:07:48
-..that women should have the right -to preach from the pulpit.	0:07:48	0:07:53
-That was Margaret's sentiment too. -The minister saw her potential.	0:07:53	0:07:57
-He encouraged her -to put pen to paper.	0:07:58	0:08:00
-We hunger to be accepted.	0:08:01	0:08:03
-Watkins died -at a young age in 1878...	0:08:04	0:08:07
-..and left behind -a widow and 10 children.	0:08:07	0:08:11
-The person who writes the eulogy -in Y Cenhadwr Americanaidd...	0:08:11	0:08:15
-..the Independents' -American publication...	0:08:16	0:08:19
-..is Margaret Roberts.	0:08:19	0:08:21
-That didn't happen very often -in those days.	0:08:21	0:08:24
-It might -never have happened in Wales.	0:08:24	0:08:27
-Her first articles -appeared in 1875...	0:08:28	0:08:32
-..in two American newspapers - -Y Cenhadwr Americanaidd and Y Drych.	0:08:32	0:08:37
-The first frequent topic -she discussed was women's rights.	0:08:38	0:08:42
-It was in Old Man's Creek -that she began to flourish...	0:08:43	0:08:46
-..and challenge ideals.	0:08:46	0:08:48
-Y Drych commented on women's rights -and I see it has upset the peace.	0:08:48	0:08:53
-Whose peace? The devil's peace -and the preachers' peace.	0:08:54	0:08:58
-She criticised some men -for being narrow-minded...	0:08:58	0:09:01
-..yet also criticised women -for not showing much initiative...	0:09:01	0:09:06
-..as she had done -in her new environment.	0:09:06	0:09:09
-There's cause for concern -since many religious women...	0:09:09	0:09:13
-..believe that only men should pray.	0:09:13	0:09:15
-In the chapel, -in the family and in secret.	0:09:16	0:09:20
-I've so far found the chapel.	0:09:20	0:09:22
-Now I need to find the land -which she and William farmed.	0:09:22	0:09:26
-Like everyone else at the chapel...	0:09:27	0:09:29
-..I was warmly greeted -by Carolyn Smith...	0:09:29	0:09:33
-..who was willing -to help me in my search.	0:09:33	0:09:36
-She and her husband found a map...	0:09:36	0:09:38
-..which indicated -the plots of land and their owners.	0:09:38	0:09:42
-OK, so this is Union...	0:09:42	0:09:46
-..and Union starts right here.	0:09:46	0:09:49
-And then you are two plots over...	0:09:49	0:09:52
-So number 11, -and it'd be on this road here...	0:09:52	0:09:56
-..which corresponds -to this one here.	0:09:56	0:10:00
-There's a Roberts there. There's one -very small plot owned by Roberts.	0:10:00	0:10:06
-The next step was to follow -the grid shown on the map...	0:10:06	0:10:10
-..along dusty rural roads, -which is easier said than done.	0:10:10	0:10:14
-But this was -a new country for the immigrants.	0:10:14	0:10:18
-As this was the first time -for the land to be occupied...	0:10:19	0:10:22
-..there was -a detailed record of everything.	0:10:23	0:10:25
-The plots of land are almost exactly -how they were back in the 1860s.	0:10:26	0:10:31
-There's a long list -of the landowners over the years.	0:10:31	0:10:35
-From speaking -to the land's current owner...	0:10:36	0:10:39
-..and from following -one particular map...	0:10:40	0:10:43
-..which shows -the square plots of land...	0:10:43	0:10:46
-..nothing much has changed.	0:10:46	0:10:49
-I'm sure this was Margaret and -William Roberts' land 150 years ago.	0:10:49	0:10:55
-Like other Welsh, it's possible -they were attracted to this area...	0:10:55	0:10:59
-..because it resembled rural Wales.	0:10:59	0:11:02
-There were oak trees to chop down -and land to plough...	0:11:02	0:11:05
-..but there was also a neighbourhood -and the promise of a good harvest.	0:11:05	0:11:09
-For women -in some of these new communities...	0:11:10	0:11:13
-..life could be lonely.	0:11:13	0:11:15
-The men were at work while the women -were slaving away at home...	0:11:16	0:11:19
-..often not seeing anyone all day.	0:11:20	0:11:22
-Iowa was a great place -to buy land and establish a farm.	0:11:24	0:11:27
-The land was fertile and the process -of sowing and harvesting...	0:11:28	0:11:31
-..was a reflection -of Margaret Roberts' life.	0:11:32	0:11:35
-Amid all the hard work, -she made time to read extensively...	0:11:36	0:11:40
-..to think for herself and to write.	0:11:40	0:11:42
-She had many progressive ideas...	0:11:42	0:11:45
-..when it came to Native Americans -and the future of black people.	0:11:45	0:11:50
-The American nation has evolved -on the back of other nations.	0:11:50	0:11:54
-Does it retain what it acquired?	0:11:55	0:11:57
-It has seized -most of the Indians' territory...	0:11:57	0:12:00
-..by starving them or killing them.	0:12:01	0:12:03
-The black man was freed -by killing the white man.	0:12:03	0:12:07
-Both parties were left -to poison and curse each other...	0:12:07	0:12:11
-..when they could, and should...	0:12:11	0:12:13
-..help the black people -to start fending for themselves.	0:12:14	0:12:18
-She not only discussed -social topics.	0:12:18	0:12:21
-A new world of a different kind -was opening up before her too.	0:12:21	0:12:25
-She developed -a keen interest in science....	0:12:25	0:12:28
-..which was very unusual -for women at the time.	0:12:28	0:12:31
-Moving to Old Man's Creek in America -had created a brand new world.	0:12:31	0:12:35
-Even though the community -was familiar, homely and Welsh...	0:12:36	0:12:40
-..the opportunities were completely -different for Margaret Roberts.	0:12:41	0:12:45
-The years she spent at Old Man's -Creek are integral to her story.	0:12:46	0:12:50
-.	0:12:51	0:12:51
-Subtitles	0:12:53	0:12:53
-Subtitles - -Subtitles	0:12:53	0:12:55
-The next leg of Margaret -Evans Roberts' journey and mine.	0:12:57	0:13:01
-She and husband William had settled -in a Welsh community in rural Iowa.	0:13:01	0:13:06
-The pair were among tens -of thousands of Welsh immigrants.	0:13:06	0:13:10
-It was a new life.	0:13:11	0:13:12
-Both started farming -and she seized the opportunity...	0:13:13	0:13:16
-..to write newspaper articles.	0:13:16	0:13:19
-10 years of farming -led to William's ill health.	0:13:19	0:13:23
-Their lives changed once again.	0:13:23	0:13:25
-In 1878, they were forced to leave -the farm and moved to Iowa City...	0:13:26	0:13:30
-..where they lived -on Capitol Street.	0:13:30	0:13:33
-Once again, it was my aim -to retrace their journey.	0:13:33	0:13:38
-There are -few historical reminders...	0:13:38	0:13:41
-..in a city such as this.	0:13:41	0:13:43
-History -is a new thing for Americans.	0:13:43	0:13:46
-All I've seen -are a few houses and chapels...	0:13:46	0:13:49
-..as well as -this important building behind me.	0:13:49	0:13:52
-It's the Iowan government's -former building...	0:13:52	0:13:55
-..which stood here long before -Margaret Roberts reached the city.	0:13:56	0:14:00
-It's situated -close to Iowa University...	0:14:00	0:14:03
-..which was significant -in her story.	0:14:03	0:14:05
-The University of Iowa City -was the first in America...	0:14:07	0:14:11
-..to open its doors to females, -30 years before Wales followed suit.	0:14:11	0:14:16
-Margaret Roberts -was one of the first.	0:14:16	0:14:18
-She studied women's rights, -astronomy and geology.	0:14:19	0:14:22
-In America, the woman received -more education and respect...	0:14:24	0:14:28
-..and developed more of an identity -in this country than any other.	0:14:29	0:14:33
-In terms of education, Evans Roberts -was writing from experience.	0:14:34	0:14:38
-For the first time, -it gave Margaret a chance...	0:14:38	0:14:42
-..to attend university lectures -and mix with likeminded people...	0:14:43	0:14:47
-..who had an interest -in science and religion.	0:14:48	0:14:51
-She knew -that educating women was crucial.	0:14:51	0:14:55
-For them -and for society in general.	0:14:55	0:14:58
-Thousands wholeheartedly believe -that they are serving God...	0:14:58	0:15:03
-..by closing college doors -to the female race.	0:15:03	0:15:07
-There is nothing strange in that. -It is completely humane.	0:15:07	0:15:11
-Let us Welsh females do our part.	0:15:12	0:15:15
-Our plight will give us strength -so that we may benefit and thrive.	0:15:15	0:15:19
-According to Bill Jones...	0:15:19	0:15:21
-..William Roberts had -a tailoring business in Iowa City.	0:15:22	0:15:26
-But very little is known about -Margaret Roberts' personal life.	0:15:26	0:15:30
-I head to the archives.	0:15:31	0:15:33
-Iowa City Directories for 1878 and -1879, the Roberts aren't listed.	0:15:33	0:15:38
-It's unlikely that any building -they lived or worked in...	0:15:39	0:15:42
-..would still be standing.	0:15:42	0:15:44
-You know, it's so hard -to find the ordinary people.	0:15:45	0:15:50
-Yes. Yes.	0:15:50	0:15:52
-By coincidence, the editor -of a local history journal...	0:15:52	0:15:56
-..was very willing to help, but -though she trawled through files...	0:15:56	0:16:01
-..there was no record -of Margaret or William.	0:16:01	0:16:04
-Her life outside -the Welsh community was a mystery.	0:16:05	0:16:08
-During the 1880s, Margaret went from -being a curious farmer's wife...	0:16:10	0:16:15
-..to a prolific writer -and a popular lecturer...	0:16:15	0:16:19
-..lecturing on intellectual matters -such as Darwinism...	0:16:19	0:16:23
-..and the latest discoveries -in the nature of creation.	0:16:23	0:16:27
-Upon reaching Iowa City...	0:16:27	0:16:30
-..Margaret Roberts made her mark.	0:16:31	0:16:33
-Welsh publication -Y Goleuad commented...	0:16:33	0:16:36
-.."This lecturer's different.	0:16:36	0:16:39
-"She discusses male topics -that are difficult to tackle."	0:16:39	0:16:43
-Margaret also divided opinion -and provoked conventional men.	0:16:43	0:16:47
-One man suggested she give up -discussing current affairs...	0:16:47	0:16:51
-..and teach other women -to make tasty food...	0:16:51	0:16:54
-..instead of trying to wear -the trousers and petticoat.	0:16:54	0:16:58
-Lecture tours paid well...	0:16:58	0:17:00
-..and helped in finding a doctor -to cure William's ill health.	0:17:00	0:17:04
-Much of Margaret Roberts' popularity -stems from her articles...	0:17:06	0:17:10
-..in one publication in particular - -Y Drych.	0:17:10	0:17:13
-This is how it is possible -to follow her work.	0:17:14	0:17:17
-My next step -is to learn more about Y Drych.	0:17:18	0:17:23
-I begin in New York, in whose port -most of the Welsh immigrants landed.	0:17:23	0:17:29
-They were Y Drych's readership.	0:17:29	0:17:31
-Most communities -have their own newspapers...	0:17:34	0:17:37
-..filled with news -and immigration information.	0:17:38	0:17:41
-Some ethnic communities in New York -sill have their own newspapers.	0:17:41	0:17:46
-This is precisely how it was -for Welsh-speaking immigrants.	0:17:46	0:17:50
-It was here in New York...	0:17:50	0:17:52
-..that Y Drych was first founded -to serve the immigrants.	0:17:52	0:17:56
-It became a community newspaper -for an entire country.	0:17:56	0:18:00
-So many Welsh people -had migrated to North America...	0:18:00	0:18:04
-..that a Welshman -named Thomas J Griffiths...	0:18:04	0:18:07
-..seized the opportunity -to print a Welsh-medium newspaper.	0:18:07	0:18:11
-Y Drych's story...	0:18:11	0:18:13
-..is interlinked with the rise -and fall of the Welsh communities.	0:18:13	0:18:18
-In those days, -New York was a hive of activity...	0:18:18	0:18:22
-..with hundreds of thousands -of incomers arriving every year.	0:18:23	0:18:26
-This is one of the famous -tenement buildings built in 1863...	0:18:27	0:18:30
-..a year after Margaret and William -arrived in America.	0:18:31	0:18:34
-It was a house for incomers -with as many as 170 living here...	0:18:34	0:18:38
-..situated in an area -where Y Drych was founded.	0:18:39	0:18:42
-It has since become -the Tenement Museum.	0:18:42	0:18:45
-This flat housed an Irish family...	0:18:45	0:18:48
-..similar to the ones Margaret -would've encountered on the ship.	0:18:48	0:18:53
-The Moores lived here -for one year in 1869.	0:18:53	0:18:56
-Joseph and Bridget Moore and their -daughters Mary, Jane and Agnes.	0:18:57	0:19:01
-Mass immigration lasted decades.	0:19:03	0:19:06
-Millions and millions -landed in a different world.	0:19:06	0:19:09
-Television and film -have familiarized us with America.	0:19:09	0:19:16
-People in Margaret Roberts' era -read about America...	0:19:16	0:19:20
-..and solely relied on reports -in newspapers like Y Drych.	0:19:20	0:19:24
-It was predominantly aimed -at new immigrants.	0:19:25	0:19:28
-It's not difficult to imagine -a Welsh family coming here...	0:19:28	0:19:32
-..and recreating -their old home in a new place.	0:19:32	0:19:35
-This was the Welsh-speaking -readership who yearned for Y Drych.	0:19:42	0:19:47
-It begins in 1851, -which is relatively early...	0:19:47	0:19:50
-..in the Bowery in New York.	0:19:51	0:19:53
-It's urban and Welsh.	0:19:53	0:19:55
-In the newspaper -were tips on how to travel...	0:19:55	0:19:59
-..how to go through the immigration -process and how to find work.	0:20:00	0:20:05
-Y Drych is very good in one way -because it educated people...	0:20:06	0:20:10
-..on how to be Americans.	0:20:10	0:20:12
-There was no Welsh consul -waiting for them...	0:20:13	0:20:16
-..but Y Drych served a purpose.	0:20:17	0:20:20
-It was a handbook on how -to be a Welsh person in America.	0:20:20	0:20:24
-It also raised -an awareness in Wales...	0:20:25	0:20:28
-..of the opportunities -open to Welsh people...	0:20:28	0:20:32
-..be they farmers, -coalminers, steelworkers and so on.	0:20:32	0:20:37
-They could transfer their skills -to a different economy.	0:20:37	0:20:41
-Y Drych was also a way of keeping in -touch with loved ones back in Wales.	0:20:42	0:20:47
-An early-day Facebook, if you like.	0:20:47	0:20:49
-Some requests were heart-breaking.	0:20:49	0:20:52
-Jonah Daniel, -Mr Mary Daniel's son, Tredegar...	0:20:53	0:20:56
-..who emigrated to -the western states many years ago...	0:20:56	0:21:00
-..and who's never written -to his family.	0:21:00	0:21:03
-His mother would be grateful -to hear about his adventure.	0:21:03	0:21:07
-In Margaret Roberts' time...	0:21:08	0:21:10
-..this was one of the most important -Welsh newspapers in the world.	0:21:10	0:21:15
-It not only included news -of the Welsh in America...	0:21:15	0:21:18
-..but also the Welsh back in the -homeland, Australia, Patagonia...	0:21:19	0:21:23
-..and many other places.	0:21:24	0:21:26
-This was a contemporary CNN -for the Welsh in America...	0:21:26	0:21:30
-..at the end of the 19th century.	0:21:31	0:21:33
-Although Y Drych was an American -paper, people in Wales knew of it.	0:21:34	0:21:39
-Welsh newspapers such as Y Faner...	0:21:39	0:21:41
-..widely quoted from its columns -about America and the Welsh abroad.	0:21:42	0:21:47
-It was their way -of receiving foreign news locally.	0:21:47	0:21:51
-It served as a news agency.	0:21:51	0:21:53
-They were interlinked.	0:21:53	0:21:55
-All these messages, -letters and news...	0:21:55	0:21:59
-..combined to create -an image of the Welsh...	0:21:59	0:22:02
-..that was international - more -international than it is today.	0:22:03	0:22:07
-The newspaper enjoyed a golden era -in Margaret Roberts' day...	0:22:08	0:22:12
-..at the height -of mass emigration to America.	0:22:12	0:22:15
-It had a circulation of 20,000...	0:22:15	0:22:17
-..with its contributors travelling -the length and breadth of the US.	0:22:18	0:22:22
-This was -a platform for Margaret's ideas...	0:22:23	0:22:26
-..and the basis of her fame.	0:22:26	0:22:28
-But her travelling wasn't over - -she and William moved again...	0:22:28	0:22:32
-..to a new -and prosperous area for the Welsh.	0:22:32	0:22:35
-Scranton, Pennsylvania.	0:22:36	0:22:38
-.	0:22:46	0:22:47
-Subtitles	0:22:50	0:22:50
-Subtitles - -Subtitles	0:22:50	0:22:52
-After a brief period, Margaret -and William Roberts left Iowa City.	0:22:53	0:22:57
-She took with her her knowledge -of geology, astronomy...	0:22:57	0:23:01
-..and women's rights and headed -to Scranton in Pennsylvania...	0:23:01	0:23:06
-..a stronghold of Welsh culture.	0:23:06	0:23:08
-Travelling to Pennsylvania -is straightforward nowadays...	0:23:09	0:23:13
-..but when Margaret and William -Roberts came in the 1880s...	0:23:13	0:23:18
-..it would've been -an arduous journey.	0:23:18	0:23:20
-Their world -was about to change once again.	0:23:21	0:23:24
-They were heading to an area -populated by Welsh speakers.	0:23:24	0:23:27
-She was able to put into practice -the skills she had honed in Iowa.	0:23:28	0:23:32
-She began the work -that made her famous.	0:23:33	0:23:35
-Writing for Y Drych newspaper.	0:23:36	0:23:38
-By the end of the 19th century...	0:23:39	0:23:42
-..the number of Welsh in America -was at its peak.	0:23:42	0:23:45
-People who were born in Wales -lived in every state.	0:23:45	0:23:48
-One in seven -lived in northeast Pennsylvania...	0:23:49	0:23:52
-..in Scranton -and neighbouring industrial areas.	0:23:52	0:23:56
-When Margaret and William -arrived in 1881...	0:24:00	0:24:03
-..Scranton was one of America's -industrial powerhouses...	0:24:03	0:24:07
-..where skilled workers -were rewarded.	0:24:07	0:24:10
-The Welsh community prospered -and the city prospered as a result.	0:24:10	0:24:15
-If Iowa felt familiar, Margaret -Roberts would've been at home here.	0:24:16	0:24:21
-Scranton and Pennsylvania -were at the heart...	0:24:22	0:24:25
-..of the industrial revolution -in North America.	0:24:25	0:24:28
-The landscape is similar to Wales.	0:24:29	0:24:31
-The industries were exactly the same -- iron, coal, anthracite and steel.	0:24:31	0:24:36
-The city of Scranton -was created by two brothers.	0:24:36	0:24:40
-Seldon and George Scranton.	0:24:40	0:24:43
-They built -the iron furnaces 170 years ago.	0:24:43	0:24:46
-They started producing iron -for a rail network...	0:24:48	0:24:52
-..at a time -when rail travel was at its peak.	0:24:52	0:24:55
-In addition to the coal, -iron and steel...	0:24:55	0:24:58
-..Scranton became an influential -town for the railways too.	0:24:58	0:25:03
-Scranton's two main industries, -iron and coal...	0:25:03	0:25:06
-..attracted immigrants from Wales.	0:25:07	0:25:09
-Their expertise meant -that they managed other workers...	0:25:10	0:25:14
-..and received better wages.	0:25:14	0:25:16
-As has always been the case -with immigration...	0:25:16	0:25:20
-..some would settle and then -family and friends followed.	0:25:20	0:25:25
-It provided -economic and social opportunities.	0:25:25	0:25:28
-That's why Scranton became -the capital of the Welsh in America.	0:25:29	0:25:34
-Records show that half of Scranton's -population were born overseas.	0:25:34	0:25:38
-The Welsh were the second -largest group of immigrants.	0:25:38	0:25:42
-It's easy for us to forget the -importance of newspapers years ago.	0:25:43	0:25:48
-It was the only medium -that reached a wide audience...	0:25:49	0:25:52
-..to educate and share knowledge.	0:25:53	0:25:55
-For the Welsh, Y Drych -was the principal newspaper.	0:25:55	0:25:59
-It begins to create an awareness -among the Welsh...	0:25:59	0:26:02
-..that it's possible to be Welsh -without being British...	0:26:02	0:26:07
-..and that it's possible to be Welsh -within a totally different republic.	0:26:07	0:26:13
-That becomes a strong element -in Y Drych as the years go by.	0:26:13	0:26:18
-It's possible to be Welsh outside -of Wales and the British Empire.	0:26:18	0:26:23
-The newspaper's purpose...	0:26:23	0:26:26
-..was to also define an identity -for the Welsh in America.	0:26:26	0:26:31
-How to be Welsh and American -at the same time.	0:26:31	0:26:35
-By comparison...	0:26:35	0:26:37
-..it emphasised how good life was -for Welsh people in America.	0:26:37	0:26:41
-The Hyde Park area of Scranton -was where the Welsh lived.	0:26:43	0:26:47
-It was called -the Welsh Athens of America.	0:26:47	0:26:50
-50 poets lived here -and it was a hive of literary...	0:26:50	0:26:53
-..religious and cultural activity.	0:26:53	0:26:57
-It's little wonder that William -and Margaret moved to Hyde Park.	0:26:57	0:27:01
-Being a Welsh person in the -New World meant a voice for women.	0:27:01	0:27:05
-Adventurous people emigrated -and embraced change.	0:27:05	0:27:09
-Although many traditional customs -emigrated with the Welsh...	0:27:09	0:27:13
-..it was a chance for -Margaret Roberts to voice opinion...	0:27:13	0:27:17
-..more than ever before.	0:27:17	0:27:19
-Some regarded their wives -as inferior beings...	0:27:20	0:27:25
-..and treated them accordingly.	0:27:25	0:27:27
-Within the family, -they weren't master and mistress...	0:27:28	0:27:31
-..but rather master and maid.	0:27:32	0:27:34
-In America, like in Wales today...	0:27:35	0:27:38
-..newspapers must battle -against new modes of communication.	0:27:38	0:27:42
-But in Margaret Roberts' era, -they were the internet of the day.	0:27:42	0:27:46
-An ever-growing medium -that discussed new ideas.	0:27:47	0:27:50
-Public lectures soon followed.	0:27:50	0:27:53
-Contentious issues -attracted audiences.	0:27:53	0:27:56
-Margaret Roberts -wrote and lectured...	0:27:56	0:27:59
-..and was a progressive thinker.	0:27:59	0:28:01
-She could challenge the old notion -of a woman's role in society...	0:28:04	0:28:09
-..and even in politics.	0:28:09	0:28:12
-No woman in this country...	0:28:12	0:28:14
-..is responsible -for the country's legal failings...	0:28:15	0:28:18
-..because she is forbidden -to voice her opinion about any laws.	0:28:18	0:28:23
-Roberts was the second woman ever...	0:28:23	0:28:26
-..to stand for public election -in Scranton in favour of temperance.	0:28:26	0:28:30
-She likened alcohol abuse to an -open well in which children drowned.	0:28:30	0:28:34
-Imagine being in a town where -the well is completely exposed...	0:28:34	0:28:40
-..without a dam surrounding it -and one child in every five...	0:28:41	0:28:45
-..falls into it and drowns.	0:28:45	0:28:48
-How much persuading -would the townspeople need...	0:28:48	0:28:53
-..to do something with the well?	0:28:53	0:28:56
-She was an advocate -of the temperance movement.	0:28:56	0:29:01
-Perhaps -that's no surprise to us in Wales...	0:29:01	0:29:05
-..because the temperance movement...	0:29:05	0:29:08
-..was a way for women -to rise to public prominence.	0:29:08	0:29:11
-She joins the WCTU, the Women's -Christian Temperance Union...	0:29:12	0:29:16
-..a year after its founding...	0:29:16	0:29:19
-..and 30 years later she writes -the history of the WCTU in Welsh.	0:29:19	0:29:23
-By 1883, Margaret -was a very popular writer...	0:29:24	0:29:27
-..and lecturer in America but she -and William returned to Wales...	0:29:27	0:29:33
-..so that she could lecture -and William's health could improve.	0:29:33	0:29:38
-With her new-found confidence, -she spoke out...	0:29:38	0:29:41
-..about the effects of alcohol -on Wales' industrial communities.	0:29:42	0:29:45
-She wrote a contentious article...	0:29:46	0:29:48
-..entitled Uncivilised Christian -Wales, in which she claimed...	0:29:49	0:29:54
-Thousands -of Welsh mothers are drunks.	0:29:54	0:29:56
-She believes it's no surprise -since Wales' Christians ignore them.	0:29:57	0:30:01
-Wales' churches care very little -about the lower classes.	0:30:01	0:30:06
-It's a stark article in which she -challenges the respectable Welsh.	0:30:06	0:30:11
-The Welsh -feel for the world's pagans...	0:30:11	0:30:14
-..and contribute -by sending the gospel to them...	0:30:14	0:30:18
-..when thousands -of their countrymen are far worse.	0:30:18	0:30:21
-She opened a can of worms.	0:30:22	0:30:24
-Mr Thomas claimed in Y Drych that -it was the most disgusting thing...	0:30:24	0:30:28
-..ever to appear -in a Welsh newspaper.	0:30:28	0:30:31
-Margaret is equally as harsh -with her reply.	0:30:31	0:30:34
-I do not think you are worth -raising a penny mallet against.	0:30:34	0:30:38
-And then silence.	0:30:39	0:30:42
-After this argument, -she withdrew for a few years.	0:30:42	0:30:45
-She wrote to Y Drych in 1884...	0:30:46	0:30:47
-..saying that she did not -want to argue this case any more.	0:30:48	0:30:51
-She wrote one article -the following year...	0:30:51	0:30:54
-..and then nothing for three years.	0:30:54	0:30:57
-It's a mystery -that's yet to be solved.	0:30:57	0:31:00
-Was she sulking or was -William's health deteriorating?	0:31:00	0:31:03
-I was hoping to find some of -the answers at Scranton's archives.	0:31:04	0:31:08
-Hello, sir. Welcome. Come on in.	0:31:08	0:31:11
-Any luck?	0:31:11	0:31:13
-These are the city directories.	0:31:13	0:31:16
-America's houses and shops -are listed in directories.	0:31:16	0:31:20
-I hope to at least find -where she lived.	0:31:20	0:31:24
-That must be him -because he used to be a tailor.	0:31:27	0:31:31
-Having seen a reference -to William Roberts' shop...	0:31:31	0:31:35
-..I can check the map -to see where they used to live...	0:31:35	0:31:38
-..and get a feel -for their life there.	0:31:39	0:31:41
-This is an atlas map of Scranton -that was published in 1888.	0:31:43	0:31:49
-Here's Sumner.	0:31:49	0:31:51
-Roberts. He's right there. -That would've been his house.	0:31:52	0:31:56
-And he owns that.	0:31:56	0:31:58
-And he owns that. - -Yes, he would've been the landowner.	0:31:58	0:32:00
-Businesses thrived in Scranton.	0:32:01	0:32:04
-This was Electric City.	0:32:04	0:32:07
-The first place in America -to have an electric tram system...	0:32:07	0:32:11
-..which was developed -during Margaret's time.	0:32:11	0:32:14
-It was worth coming. -We've found some new facts.	0:32:16	0:32:19
-Nothing major but a little more -about William and Margaret's life.	0:32:19	0:32:24
-We were expecting to see they'd -come here to run a shoe shop...	0:32:24	0:32:28
-..but we found that initially...	0:32:28	0:32:30
-..William Roberts carried on working -as a tailor, as he was in Iowa.	0:32:30	0:32:35
-So the suggestion is -that he perhaps became more ill...	0:32:35	0:32:39
-..and that they -opened the store later.	0:32:39	0:32:42
-They kept the shoe shop -for five or six years.	0:32:42	0:32:45
-It matches the time -when Margaret says...	0:32:45	0:32:48
-..that she's put an end to her -writing because she's too busy.	0:32:48	0:32:52
-So this has explained -some of her history...	0:32:52	0:32:56
-..and explained -why there was a gap...	0:32:56	0:32:59
-..and her precise movements -around Scranton.	0:32:59	0:33:02
-These are the streets that were -familiar to William and Margaret.	0:33:03	0:33:07
-They would've -walked around this corner.	0:33:07	0:33:11
-I'm able to see -where their shop was situated.	0:33:11	0:33:14
-The likeness to the industrial -valleys of South Wales continues.	0:33:14	0:33:19
-Scranton -has also suffered economically.	0:33:19	0:33:21
-The light of the pioneering -Electric City has long faded.	0:33:22	0:33:26
-The prosperity of Margaret Evans -Roberts' day is a distant memory.	0:33:26	0:33:31
-.	0:33:37	0:33:37
-Subtitles	0:33:40	0:33:40
-Subtitles - -Subtitles	0:33:40	0:33:42
-At one time, Welsh was -the predominant language spoken...	0:33:44	0:33:48
-..on the streets and in the chapels -of Hyde Park, Scranton.	0:33:49	0:33:52
-The chapel was -the backbone of the Welsh community.	0:33:53	0:33:56
-The Welsh -built seven chapels in Scranton.	0:33:57	0:33:59
-Three were close together -in Hyde Park...	0:34:00	0:34:02
-..each seating 800, with several -Welsh services held on a Sunday.	0:34:03	0:34:08
-But religion -and the Welsh language weakened.	0:34:09	0:34:11
-The three chapels merged -and became the Trinity.	0:34:12	0:34:15
-The language turned to English.	0:34:15	0:34:17
-Since no-one understands Welsh...	0:34:17	0:34:19
-..the records -contain secrets and scandals.	0:34:20	0:34:23
-This is starting to turn into -a bit of a detective story.	0:34:26	0:34:29
-We have some additional information -about William Roberts and Margaret.	0:34:29	0:34:35
-This is a record of the very first -Congregational chapel.	0:34:35	0:34:39
-Their names appear in here -and it's typical of record books...	0:34:39	0:34:44
-..of any chapel during this time.	0:34:44	0:34:46
-There's talk of people being banned -because they're drunk...	0:34:47	0:34:51
-..or that their lives are -too unworthy to be church members.	0:34:51	0:34:56
-This is -an absolutely typical record...	0:34:56	0:34:59
-..of the first -Congregational chapel.	0:34:59	0:35:02
-"Our warmest gratitude -to Mrs Margaret Roberts...	0:35:03	0:35:06
-"..for her service in preparing free -non-alcoholic wine for communion."	0:35:06	0:35:12
-Margaret Roberts provides -alcohol-free wine to the chapel.	0:35:12	0:35:16
-It makes you wonder -what they drank before that.	0:35:16	0:35:19
-Two current members -of the Welsh chapel...	0:35:21	0:35:24
-..are Catherine Hammerman -and Kitty Purosky.	0:35:25	0:35:28
-Catherine was born in Scranton. Her -father was a miner from South Wales.	0:35:28	0:35:32
-Her family -came in search of a better life.	0:35:33	0:35:36
-He worked down the mines, did he?	0:35:36	0:35:39
-He worked in the mines -until there was a cave-in.	0:35:39	0:35:43
-He was the only one of four...	0:35:43	0:35:46
-..that survived.	0:35:46	0:35:50
-The father was also a famous singer. -His name was John T Jones.	0:35:50	0:35:55
-His daughter loved hearing him sing -on a record from the 1920s.	0:35:55	0:36:00
-# Oh, if it were summer -all year around #	0:36:00	0:36:03
-Welsh mementos, -along with some of her customs...	0:36:03	0:36:07
-..are indicative of -her Welsh upbringing in Hyde Park.	0:36:07	0:36:11
-Do you still make Welsh cakes?	0:36:15	0:36:17
-Oh, indeed, yes. -We make them at the church.	0:36:17	0:36:20
-500 dozen at a time, right?	0:36:21	0:36:23
-And she has the biggest order.	0:36:23	0:36:25
-Kitty Purosky -is a GI wife from Port Talbot...	0:36:25	0:36:29
-..and a school friend -of Richard Burton.	0:36:29	0:36:32
-She emigrated here after WWII. -She longs for more Welsh culture.	0:36:32	0:36:37
-Everything has become Americanised -with praise and worship songs.	0:36:38	0:36:42
-We very seldom hear -the Welsh hymns now.	0:36:42	0:36:45
-We have to ask them, "Please -let's have some Welsh hymns."	0:36:46	0:36:50
-Welsh ladies remembering -the good old days of Hyde Park.	0:36:52	0:36:56
-A close-knit, industrial area.	0:36:56	0:36:58
-Some memories are akin to people's -memories of the South Wales valleys.	0:36:58	0:37:03
-In the coal museum -are plenty of Welsh names and faces.	0:37:11	0:37:15
-Faces of Welsh miners -who came here to use their skills.	0:37:16	0:37:20
-They usually had influential jobs.	0:37:20	0:37:22
-They also earned the reputation -for being strong unionists.	0:37:23	0:37:26
-They were -an important part of the strike...	0:37:26	0:37:29
-..that changed the history -of unionism in America.	0:37:29	0:37:32
-The 1902 Strike -was long and bitter...	0:37:33	0:37:36
-..but the miners won.	0:37:36	0:37:38
-They won the right to a nine-hour -working day and 10% more pay.	0:37:39	0:37:43
-Margaret Roberts -sympathised with their hardships.	0:37:43	0:37:47
-The poor miner - -his lungs will be full of dust...	0:37:47	0:37:53
-..and his blood poisoned -by the smoke and lack of sunlight.	0:37:53	0:37:56
-Though he's in his prime, -an early grave awaits him.	0:37:57	0:38:00
-Her roots and her ideas -about social equality...	0:38:01	0:38:04
-..were behind her articles -in support of the strike.	0:38:04	0:38:08
-No other class of people -in the country...	0:38:08	0:38:11
-..has been oppressed -as much as coalminers.	0:38:11	0:38:15
-How is it possible that half a dozen -of the country's officials...	0:38:15	0:38:20
-..condone a practice that accounts -for the death of thousands?	0:38:20	0:38:24
-That half a dozen refers to -the handful of wealthy mine owners.	0:38:26	0:38:31
-She's somewhat disappointed -by the free New World.	0:38:31	0:38:35
-Are innocent ordinary folk -safe in such a country?	0:38:35	0:38:40
-Is this what -a republican government stands for?	0:38:40	0:38:43
-Mining resumed but the Welsh -way of life was in decline.	0:38:50	0:38:54
-Eastern European workers were -willing to work for lower wages.	0:38:54	0:38:58
-The golden age of Welsh speakers -in Scranton was coming to an end.	0:38:59	0:39:03
-But one place serves as a reminder -of a time when Welsh was thriving.	0:39:03	0:39:07
-A small, sad headstone like this -is steeped in history.	0:39:10	0:39:15
-Firstly, it's in the middle of -a huge graveyard of Welsh names...	0:39:15	0:39:20
-..which goes to show how many had -moved from South Wales to Scranton.	0:39:20	0:39:25
-But there's more to it than that.	0:39:25	0:39:28
-According to the date -6 September 1869...	0:39:28	0:39:31
-..this was one of the men -killed in the Avondale disaster.	0:39:31	0:39:35
-The greatest disaster in the history -of Pennsylvania's coalfields.	0:39:35	0:39:39
-108 men and boys died, -69 of whom were Welsh.	0:39:39	0:39:42
-This headstone -is a small part of a big cemetery...	0:39:43	0:39:48
-..in the United States and -a small part of Wales' history too.	0:39:48	0:39:52
-This is the house on Sumner Avenue -where they both lived.	0:40:04	0:40:07
-In 1903, Margaret suffered a -huge blow when William passed away.	0:40:07	0:40:12
-He died, leaving her very lonely.	0:40:12	0:40:15
-Despite his ill health...	0:40:16	0:40:18
-..they had been a close, supportive -married couple for 50 years.	0:40:18	0:40:23
-She had lost her biggest supporter.	0:40:23	0:40:26
-The loss brought about -a period of uncertainty.	0:40:27	0:40:31
-Although they were childless, -she had many relatives in the US.	0:40:31	0:40:36
-She began to move -from one home to another.	0:40:36	0:40:39
-Mrs Roberts, under consideration -of a widow's loneliness...	0:40:40	0:40:44
-..left Scranton for a season -and returned to Iowa City...	0:40:44	0:40:49
-..to settle with Isaac Evans, -her sister's son.	0:40:49	0:40:52
-She also lived for a while with -her brother and his family in Iowa.	0:40:53	0:40:57
-At the time of the 1904-05 Revival, -she returned to Wales for a while.	0:40:57	0:41:01
-She was -without an anchor in her life.	0:41:01	0:41:03
-When she returned -to Scranton in 1906...	0:41:04	0:41:06
-..and the church where -she and William had been active...	0:41:07	0:41:10
-..it was clear -that things had changed.	0:41:10	0:41:13
-Records suggest -there'd been a disagreement.	0:41:14	0:41:18
-The chapel was divided, so Margaret -decided to attend another chapel...	0:41:18	0:41:23
-..that was more evangelical -in nature and English in language.	0:41:23	0:41:27
-The desire -to retain the new generation...	0:41:27	0:41:30
-..was stronger than the desire -to retain the Welsh language.	0:41:31	0:41:35
-Margaret's move was a sign of things -to come for the Welsh in Scranton.	0:41:36	0:41:40
-We've known for some time...	0:41:41	0:41:43
-..that the Welsh -integrated into American society...	0:41:43	0:41:47
-..quicker than other minority groups -who emigrated from Europe.	0:41:47	0:41:52
-In places like Scranton...	0:41:54	0:41:56
-..the language was changing, -and to some extent...	0:41:57	0:42:00
-..the Welsh chapels -were turning to English.	0:42:00	0:42:03
-That's not to say -they didn't still feel Welsh.	0:42:04	0:42:06
-An American Welshness was created -but they spoke English.	0:42:06	0:42:11
-But there remains an awareness -of a connection with Wales.	0:42:11	0:42:15
-It was still powerful -for some of them, at least...	0:42:15	0:42:19
-..throughout the 20th century -until present day.	0:42:19	0:42:23
-This group of Welsh Society members -are aware of their heritage.	0:42:26	0:42:31
-The first time I went to Wales, -I felt like I was home.	0:42:32	0:42:35
-Most people of Welsh descent -in Scranton....	0:42:36	0:42:38
-..are unaware of their heritage.	0:42:38	0:42:40
-Doreen is a former teacher and -has taught many Welsh descendants.	0:42:41	0:42:45
-Their history has been forgotten.	0:42:45	0:42:48
-I could say to other kids, -"What a nice Welsh name."	0:42:48	0:42:52
-They had no idea they were Welsh.	0:42:52	0:42:54
-It could be Evans, Thomas, Pugh.	0:42:54	0:42:55
-It could be Evans, Thomas, Pugh. - -That's the biggest challenge.	0:42:55	0:42:58
-A lot of the younger generation -don't even know what Wales is.	0:42:58	0:43:03
-Margaret Evans Roberts witnessed the -golden age of the Welsh in Scranton.	0:43:07	0:43:12
-It was a community that Beth, Bert -and Doreen had heard so much about.	0:43:12	0:43:16
-But since the community has gone, -the memory of Margaret has gone too.	0:43:17	0:43:21
-She was in Scranton when there were -new opportunities for the Welsh...	0:43:22	0:43:26
-..and they readily seized -every one of them.	0:43:26	0:43:29
-America gave her in her forties...	0:43:31	0:43:34
-..and we must remember -she was in her forties...	0:43:34	0:43:38
-..the opportunity to go from being -a farmer's wife to a public figure.	0:43:38	0:43:45
-In the end, Margaret Roberts went -back to Wales after William's death.	0:43:47	0:43:52
-By the time of the 1911 Census...	0:43:52	0:43:54
-..she was listed as a border -in a house back in Hirwaun...	0:43:54	0:43:58
-..where her journey began.	0:43:58	0:44:00
-We don't know if she was related -to the homeowner or just a lodger.	0:44:00	0:44:05
-She only wrote one article -after her return to Wales.	0:44:08	0:44:12
-It was a very sad letter...	0:44:12	0:44:14
-..that she wrote in February 1911.	0:44:14	0:44:17
-She writes that she is losing her -sight and medics have advised her...	0:44:17	0:44:22
-..not to read or write -because it damages the eyes.	0:44:22	0:44:25
-She'd lost -her means of communication...	0:44:26	0:44:28
-..that had brought her -so much pleasure.	0:44:28	0:44:31
-The final sentence -is heart-breaking.	0:44:31	0:44:34
-I have died -but have not been buried.	0:44:34	0:44:37
-This is one of the things...	0:44:42	0:44:44
-..that saddens me about her.	0:44:44	0:44:47
-She's completely forgotten today...	0:44:47	0:44:51
-..but at the time, -she was very well known.	0:44:51	0:44:54
-She was also very influential.	0:44:54	0:44:57
-She lived for another 10 years -after going blind.	0:44:59	0:45:03
-She survived the Great War -and the depression that followed.	0:45:03	0:45:07
-She died in 1921, aged 88.	0:45:07	0:45:10
-She wrote thousands of words -engaged in many arguments...	0:45:10	0:45:14
-..and crossed the Atlantic -many times.	0:45:14	0:45:17
-Without Bill Jones' research, -she would've been forgotten.	0:45:17	0:45:22
-If Margaret's story -ended back in Hirwaun...	0:45:22	0:45:26
-..there was one major challenge -left for me in Scranton.	0:45:26	0:45:30
-William died in 1903 and was buried -in a cemetery for the Welsh...	0:45:33	0:45:38
-..in the new part of the city.	0:45:38	0:45:40
-I've tried to find it but failed.	0:45:40	0:45:43
-If Bill had failed, I was determined -to find William Roberts' grave.	0:45:46	0:45:51
-At Washburn Street Cemetery -in Scranton...	0:45:51	0:45:55
-..I was aided by Jim Arscott, -president of the Welsh Society.	0:45:55	0:45:59
-The search is a symbol of the trials -and tribulations of the Welsh.	0:46:01	0:46:06
-The connection has been lost -in America...	0:46:06	0:46:09
-..and the memory -has been lost back in Wales.	0:46:10	0:46:12
-It's the story of a remarkable woman -and her husband who was her anchor.	0:46:12	0:46:17
-It's also a story -about community and culture.	0:46:17	0:46:21
-A couple of hours -before leaving Scranton...	0:46:22	0:46:26
-..I've found -William T Roberts' grave...	0:46:26	0:46:29
-..with a little help -from local authorities.	0:46:29	0:46:32
-There's no doubt that this is the -grave because the dates correspond.	0:46:32	0:46:37
-Margaret died back in Wales...	0:46:37	0:46:40
-..which is one of the reasons -she's been forgotten out here.	0:46:40	0:46:44
-Until very recently, -this headstone had fallen.	0:46:44	0:46:48
-It has now been replaced.	0:46:48	0:46:50
-Hopefully the memory of Margaret -Evans Roberts has resurfaced too.	0:46:50	0:46:55
-She was a very influential woman -in her day...	0:46:55	0:46:58
-..and deserves to be remembered.	0:46:58	0:47:01
-Throughout her life, she had -followed a path of enlightenment.	0:47:01	0:47:05
-S4C Subtitles by Adnod Cyf.	0:47:35	0:47:37
-.	0:47:37	0:47:37

O Hirwaun i Iowa Dylan ar Daith

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