O Fryn y Briallu i Hawai'i Dylan ar Daith

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-Adventurous Welsh people have

-explored the world for centuries.

-Many have chronicled their stories

-in words, pictures and maps.

-I'm researching their testimony

-and following in their footsteps...

-..to the world's

-most interesting places.

-They explored remote areas...

-..not knowing

-who or what they'd encounter.

-This week, a colourful character.

-A sailor and a poet.

-He witnessed one of the world's

-most dramatic events.

-Here, on Primrose Hill in 1792...

-..Iolo Morgannwg

-held his first Gorsedd.

-Someone who wrote about the peculiar

-gatherings was David Samwell.

-He was a radical and a romanticist.

-What else did he write about? One

-of Captain Cook's greatest journeys.

-David Samwell was a ship's doctor.

-He was with the explorer

-on his fateful voyage to Hawaii.

-He's one of the great figures

-in Welsh history.

-He was a renaissance man,

-he was a surgeon on Cook's ships.

-He was quite an abrupt man,

-he liked a drink.

-Dafydd came from

-the Vale of Clwyd...

-..but he's mostly associated

-with London.

-He moved at a young age to a city

-that attracted many Welsh people.

-He spent his time in their company.

-He was a member of the

-Cymmrodorion, Caradogion...

-..Cymreigyddion and Gwyneddigion.

-Here, he met the most colourful

-Welshman of all, Iolo Morgannwg.

-There was a lot of drinking,

-leg pulling...

-..singing lively and risque songs

-and some serious discussion.

-Thanks to

-Dafydd Samwell's efforts...

-..the first volume of Dafydd

-ap Gwilym's poetry was published.

-Samwell went to sea

-at the age of 20.

-After that, four years was the

-longest time he stayed on dry land.

-He became a ship surgeon at sea...

-..and gained a new name -

-Dafydd Ddu Feddyg.

-London has changed dramatically

-over the past 250 years...

-..but even today, in the shape

-of these luxurious flats...

-..you can see the remains

-of the old docks.

-Dafydd Ddu Feddyg's journey

-began here.

-It was his great journey

-and Captain's Cook's last.

-Captain Cook, a hero of his time.

-An adventurer, a navy captain

-and leader of three great voyages...

-..to search for new lands.

-His first crew were the first

-Europeans to visit Australia.

-They sailed around New Zealand...

-..and drew the first detailed map

-of the country.

-It might be difficult

-for us to believe now...

-..but Cook visited countries where a

-white man had never visited before.

-On his second voyage,

-Cook reached Antarctica...

-..claiming South Georgia

-for the British Empire.

-On the third voyage, his aim

-was to find a route for ships...

-..around the north end

-of North America...

-..from the Atlantic to the Pacific.

-Cook set sail in July 1776.

-His two ship surgeons were Welsh.

-Robert Davies

-on board the Discovery...

-..and David Samwell

-on board the Resolution.

-Samwell's name has lived on.

-Keeping daily notes...

-..Dafydd Ddu Feddyg

-gives us an insight into his life.

-In the remote Kerguelen Islands

-in the Indian Ocean, he writes...

-On arrival,

-the harbour was full of penguins.

-Man's savage nature

-is alien to these creatures.

-When we landed, they refused

-to move, so fearless were they.

-Many were struck on their heads

-by senseless sailors.

-When we departed, they were

-more timid and kept their distance.

-In the Pacific Ocean,

-Cook and his men...

-..revisited Tahiti

-and were welcomed back.

-Samwell chronicled

-and joined in the merriment...

-..as the ships dropped anchor.

-They were fed and entertained.

-We spent a merry afternoon...

-..Tabbow having provided a company

-of dancers to entertain us.

-We were so pleased with that

-we stayed at his house all night.

-He promised to procure a mistress

-for each of us. We wanted no more.

-By then,

-they'd been at sea for 18 months.

-On January 18, 1778, Cook and his

-crew visited another Pacific island.

-Two days later, they saw more land

-and a larger island.

-This is the island of Kauai...

-..thousands of miles

-from any mainland...

-..in the middle of the Pacific.

-It's one of the Hawaiian islands.

-It was the second island

-Cook and his men saw...

-..and the first they visited.

-They knew they'd discovered

-new land.

-This morning, we drew near the land

-which we found to be a large island.

-It appeared to us

-to be a new discovery.

-Was it inhabited or not?

-Our doubts were cleared

-by the appearance of several canoes.

-They carried stones in their canoes

-in case they needed to fight.

-The meeting was friendly and

-both sides exchanged food and goods.

-On January 21, 1778, Captain Cook,

-David Samwell and the crew...

-..set foot on the island.

-The history of Hawaii

-changed forever.

-It was the first contact between the

-people of Hawaii and a white man.

-Cook had landed on the remotest

-islands in the world.

-According to history books...

-..he discovered them and

-called them the Sandwich Islands...

-..but people had lived here

-for centuries.

-Polynesian sailors had settled

-on the islands a thousand years ago.

-People from other islands

-had sailed here in primitive boats.

-Samwell wrote detailed descriptions

-of the islands.

-He chronicled every aspect

-of island life.

-Social comments, such as the tribal

-king's right to have many wives.

-The natives painted tattoos on their

-bodies and coloured their hair.

-With many cultures, you can only

-appreciate historical life...

-..in recreated sites such as this.

-This gives us an idea of life on the

-island when David Samwell visited.

-This is the men's dining area -

-only men were allowed to eat here.

-Men were also the only cooks.

-Only they were allowed to eat

-certain foods.

-Pork, types of red fish, types of

-coconut and some types of bananas.

-Those foods were meant

-to give them power and strength.

-He noticed the way women lived too.

-They would lose their front teeth

-when a chief or their husband died.

-They were not permitted

-to touch plantain or pork.

-They were not knowingly

-permitted on the ship.

-From the moment he reached

-the South Pacific Ocean...

-..David Samwell noticed

-all the coconut trees...

-..and came to appreciate them,

-especially the milk.

-The coconut is still appreciated.

-An annual festival

-is held to honour it.

-It celebrates the food and drink

-produced by the coconut.

-Samwell stated that in this climate,

-the coconut's milk...

-..was finer

-than any alcoholic drink imaginable.

-For David Samwell,

-that was some statement.

-Dafydd Ddu would certainly

-have recognised this man's feats.

-He's here in Kauai

-to perform in the festival.

-Dafydd wrote of similar men

-more than 200 years ago.

-Dafydd would have enjoyed

-the merriment of this festival.

-There is a high bluff,

-the most beautiful I ever saw...

-..which, falling down

-from a considerable height...

-..has a very pleasing

-and grand effect.

-The woods are filled with birds...

-..of a most beautiful plumage

-and some of a very sweet note.

-Here, on the island's

-largest town, Kapa'a...

-..Saturday night is party night.

-This is where surfers

-enjoy dining out.

-Some haven't left

-since they arrived in the '60s.

-Soon after arriving

-on the Hawaiian Islands...

-..the next great challenge

-has become apparent.

-Following in Samwell's footsteps

-is one thing...

-..but amongst all the American,

-Chinese, Japanese and Koreans...

-..the biggest task is finding

-the true native culture...

-..and sampling what was here

-before Samwell arrived.

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-During his first visit, Samwell

-and Cook were only on Kauai...

-..for a short period of time.

-They sailed up

-the North American coast...

-..to search for a route around the

-top of Canada and back to Europe.

-I'm doing the exact same thing.

-In Samwell's day,

-world trade happened on ships.

-Tea was transported

-from China to Britain.

-Ships sailed

-halfway around the world...

-..down and around South America

-and around the Horn.

-Some believed a path existed

-across the top of North America...

-..but no-one had managed

-to discover it.

-The British government

-offered a reward - 20,000...

-..to whoever could find

-this fabled passage.

-Cook, like many others,

-searched diligently...

-..not just for the money

-but for the fame too.

-David Samwell would have seen

-views such as this...

-..after leaving Hawaii

-for the first time.

-The two ships set sail

-for the north-west American coast...

-..to search for the passage

-around North America.

-They landed in Vancouver

-and named one place Nootka Sound.

-They moved on to Alaska

-and discovered new tribes.

-Samwell chronicled every event.

-We were surrounded by

-a number of canoes full of people...

-..who brought fur of the sea beaver

-and bear skins to sell.

-Having been so lavish

-of our spike nails and hatchets...

-..among girls

-of the South Sea Islands...

-..we had but few of these articles

-left to purchase them with.

-The ships were small

-but had a crew of 70 on each.

-There were sheep, rabbits and pigs

-to provide fresh meat.

-Furthermore, horses and cattle

-for natives to rear - bedlam!

-Samwell chronicled

-life on the ships and the islands...

-..but had little to say

-about his medical work.

-Like every other ship's doctor,

-he learnt on the job.

-There was no five-year

-university course.

-The navy had specialist exams

-for doctors which Samwell passed.

-The nature of the work

-wasn't to everyone's taste.

-It truly was hard work.

-As a successful surgeon...

-..I don't think you would

-have chosen to work at sea.

-Conditions were poor.

-The ship would have been

-very primitive...

-..in terms of hygiene and sewage...

-..and also the nature of the work.

-You would remove people's limbs.

-There'd be no hope

-to save a person's limb.

-Records state that Samwell

-had a strong and fierce appearance.

-He was both friendly

-and argumentative...

-..especially in eisteddfodau

-when competition and alcohol mixed.

-He was once unhappy

-when the crown wasn't awarded...

-..to one of Samwell's favourites,

-Twm o'r Nant.

-Dafydd Ddu challenged

-the adjudicator to a sword fight.

-They possessed an ideology

-that would be perfectly embodied...

-..in the character

-of Iolo Morgannwg.

-They would also drink and

-take laudanum, a tincture of opium.

-They lived colourful lives

-on the whole.

-When Iolo Morgannwg

-needed some laudanum...

-..Dafydd Ddu Feddyg was handy!

-If it helped awaken Iolo's muse,

-Dafydd Ddu Feddyg was also a poet.

-I have loved in many lands

-To the South Pacific Islands

-But I never once saw

-An island such as Tangataboo.

-Modern boats have engines,

-equipment, electronic devices...

-..and even maps.

-It's hard to imagine sailing

-a large wooden sail boat...

-..into seas such as this

-for the first time ever...

-..without an indication of the

-water's depth or presence of rocks.

-They didn't even know

-where they were.

-Cook's feats were incredible...

-..but that was nothing compared to

-the feats of the Hawaiian sailors.

-They could sail across

-thousands of miles...

-..in double canoes

-with nothing to guide them...

-..apart from knowledge,

-experience and the stars.

-After sailing all the way

-up to the Arctic...

-..Cook and his crew realised

-the northwest passage didn't exist.

-They headed back to Hawaii.

-That's my next port of call.

-Ten months after visiting Kauai...

-..Cook returned

-and visited Hawaii itself.

-He sailed around it for many days.

-Dafydd Ddu Feddyg

-saw this part of the island.

-He describes the ships

-sailing close to the coast.

-They sailed around that corner.

-It was one of the most beautiful

-and fertile places they'd seen...

-..verdant and covered

-in coconut trees.

-When they reached here,

-all they saw were lava rocks.

-At the time,

-they were completely bare.

-This part of the island

-is mountainous and bare of trees...

-..with patches covered with lava

-extending from the hills to the sea.

-Today, the lava rocks

-are covered in ironwood trees.

-Food shortage was a problem

-on the ships.

-Samwell wrote in his letters about

-being on rations on Cook's ship.

-As they sailed around the island...

-..they welcomed the natives

-in their canoes.

-They exchanged food for iron nails -

-something that was new to them.

-Fresh food for the sailors, nails

-for fishing hooks for the islanders.

-They stayed in Kealakekua Bay

-for essential maintenance work.

-The sailors stayed on land

-for many days.

-This is a market in Hilo,

-the island's largest town.

-It's a small market

-compared to other days.

-I'm used to food shopping but never

-with a shopping list like this.

-Ulu and taro - local vegetables.

-There is a purpose

-to this shopping...

-..and I've never shopped

-for this purpose before.

-It'll be an interesting experience.

-Hello. Hi.

-I have a task - and buying

-taro and ulu is the first step.

-There are many more steps

-before I complete the task.

-Puna lies 30 miles south of Hilo.

-It stretches from the sea

-to the summit of Kilauea volcano.

-There you'll find fields I'd never

-heard of before - lava fields...

-..similar to ones Samwell described.

-For once, I can state that not

-many people have seen this before.

-This lava flowed down

-from that volcano only 20 years ago.

-It covered all this land.

-It devoured a small fishing village

-which included 182 homes.

-Luckily, there were no fatalities.

-People have started

-to rebuild homes.

-They're taking back the land.

-Nature has also returned.

-Native plants

-have taken root once again.

-Amongst the first of the plants

-every time, fern known as kupukupu.

-It's an important plant

-for Hawaiians...

-..because of its ability

-to grow on new lava.

-The lava field reminds us

-of nature's power...

-..or, according to local legend, the

-power of Pele, the volcano Goddess.

-The latest eruption has created

-50 square miles of new land...

-..about half the size

-of the Lleyn peninsula.

-Since Samwell's days,

-the lava has flowed over 50 times.

-It's changed the island's shape.

-This is one of the world's

-youngest countries.

-This island is continually growing.

-As I stand here,

-facing millions of miles of sea...

-..I gain the experience

-of land growing under my feet.

-The island has seen further changes

-since Samwell and Cook's visit...

-..politically and socially,

-such as depopulation.

-The population of rural areas

-decreased...

-..when Hawaii joined

-the American Union.

-Major industries, such as sugar cane

-plantations, came to an end.

-Beyond the tourist attractions...

-..Hawaiian villages and towns

-are quiet and empty.

-I've carried these foods

-across half the island.

-The coconut has been peeled.

-Sweet potatoes,

-we're familiar with them.

-The taro is an important vegetable

-in Hawaii.

-They crush it

-and add water to make poi.

-Finally this - ulu or breadfruit.

-This is used in many different ways.

-I've sourced them and bought them

-but now there's a problem.

-I don't intend to eat them

-but they must be cooked.

-The only way to do that

-is to ask these people politely...

-..if I can cook some of them

-in their kitchen.

-Whilst their cooked,

-for an hour or two...

-..I'm visiting golden beaches

-rather than black beaches.

-David Samwell

-was one of the first...

-..if not the first,

-to describe surfing.

-It was invented by Hawaiians.

-He was walking along a beach

-one morning...

-..and he saw a group of youngsters,

-male and female...

-..some as young as nine years old.

-They ventured out

-on a thin piece of wood...

-..waited for a huge wave,

-jumped on the wood...

-..and 'flew' back towards the beach.

-David Samwell feared

-for their safety.

-Each time,

-they rose from the waves, laughing.

-They challenged waves which would

-have frightened the hardiest sailor.

-The lesson -

-you can conquer any difficulty...

-..using skill and perseverance.

-Kings surfed in Hawaii -

-it was known as the sport of kings.

-Samwell also mentions the taboos...

-..strict rules he'd seen in places

-across the Pacific Ocean.

-In Hawaii, taboo rules stated

-what people could eat...

-..how to forecast the weather,

-how to make surfboards...

-..where to find good surf or how to

-appeal to the gods for better surf.

-There was a strict social order.

-Parts of the beach were for common

-people to surf on 12-foot boards.

-Other parts were for tribal kings

-to surf on boards twice the size.

-Back in the kitchen,

-the vegetables are ready.

-I'm ready to complete the task.

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-Following David Samwell and

-Captain Cook's journey in Hawaii...

-..is a voyage between two worlds.

-Today's islands, part of the USA

-where natives are in a minority...

-..and the old islands

-untouched by the white man.

-This is Kealakekua Bay.

-This was the location of the

-last chapter in James Cook's life...

-..and the most famous chapter

-in Dafydd Ddu Feddyg's journal.

-I'm in the shadow of Hikiau Heiau -

-the Hikiau temple.

-I've been advised

-by one of Hawaii's elders...

-..to offer a sacrifice as a gesture

-of respect for the land's sanctity.

-That's why I needed the vegetables

-and that's why I had to cook them.

-That is how they should be

-presented to the sea.

-The Discovery and the Resolution

-entered the bay during a festival.

-It was the festival of Lono,

-the harvest god.

-Islanders presented their produce

-to him and celebrated his existence.

-It was an important time.

-According to legend, the Hawaiians

-believed Cook to be a god...

-..since he reached the bay

-during the festival.

-The islanders welcomed him.

-The sailors celebrated with them.

-The hogs were placed on leaves

-with two platters of sweet potatoes.

-Parea himself stood carver

-and as a mark of politeness...

-..he put a piece of meat

-into his mouth and sucked it.

-He offered to feed us with it,

-but we chose to help ourselves...

-..rather than put him

-to that trouble.

-David Samwell

-took a great interest in food.

-He writes about

-the new vegetables and fruit he saw.

-He had a detailed description

-of how Hawaiians...

-..killed and roasted a pig.

-I won't go into too much detail

-about the killing.

-In terms of roasting, the pig

-was placed in an underground oven...

-..on hot stones.

-Leaves were placed over it.

-The pig was roasted and steamed

-in the ground and cooked perfectly.

-Pork is still an important meal

-in Hawaii...

-..but its food is now a reflection

-of the place.

-There are influences from all over,

-especially the Pacific Islands.

-Influences from every country

-and a mixture of them all.

-More canoes were seen today

-than at any time during the voyage.

-150 large sailing boats

-were counted with 30-40 men on each.

-We estimate there being

-no less than 1,000 canoes...

-..and therefore, 10,000 Indians.

-We couldn't move

-because of their numbers.

-The first time James Cook

-and his ships visited this bay...

-..all was well.

-Captain Cook had participated

-in a ceremony...

-..with tribal kings and ministers.

-This plaque suggests that James Cook

-held a Christian service...

-..at the funeral

-of one of his sailors...

-..in this temple.

-Dafydd Ddu Feddyg

-has a different story.

-His date is different.

-He claims that James Cook

-read the lesson...

-..but it was a ceremony

-for the gods of Hawaii.

-Taking part in a ceremony to

-Hawaiian gods is very significant.

-It shows that Cook was open-minded

-and wanted to please the natives.

-Samwell writes about the natives'

-eagerness to please them too...

-..by throwing themselves

-at Cook's feet.

-The four Hawaiian gods...

-..had important roles to play

-in the islanders' lives.

-A sacrifice or prayer would happen

-in a heiau, a Hawaiian temple.

-It was a sanctuary for prayer.

-David Samwell has a detailed

-description of this place.

-An important building

-in an important location.

-Hawaiian tribal kings

-were buried in this temple.

-Some of the major ceremonies

-were held here.

-The descriptions are very accurate.

-A vast rectangular shape

-made of lava stones.

-It appeared to be higher

-in the days of David Samwell.

-There was also an altar and statues

-which looked frightening.

-Finally, 20 poles with 20 skulls

-on top of each.

-It was a sign that this

-was a sacrificial place.

-When a king died,

-people from a lowly status...

-..without a god's strength,

-were also sacrificed.

-Samwell doesn't criticise -

-he merely chronicles what he saw...

-..in a traditional ceremony.

-But the presence of Samwell

-and Cook's crew...

-..would herald a lasting change

-in the island's culture.

-Traces of Cook and the first white

-settlers can be seen in many places.

-Not only in terms of culture

-but in the animals and plants.

-They took exotic plants away

-and brought some with them.

-It is said that Cook

-was responsible...

-..for introducing these

-giant pine trees to the islands.

-The wood would be perfect for

-fixing the masts of passing ships.

-Ever since then, these islands

-have been a stop-off for ships.

-Ships of the skin trade initially.

-Later, whale-hunting ships...

-..and during our time,

-think of Pearl Harbour, warships.

-The Japanese air force attacked

-American warships without warning...

-..in Pearl Harbour in 1941.

-It triggered America's participation

-in WWII.

-Cook's ships had carried an entire

-farm of animals to the islands.

-The Resolution carried as many

-cattle, sheep, goats, rabbits...

-..turkeys, geese, ducks

-as it could carry.

-They were all destined

-for the South Sea Islands.

-Cook's animals were gifts

-to the islands' leaders...

-..and an example

-of careful planning.

-They would provide familiar food

-for white sailors in the future.

-We know that Captain Cook brought

-goats and plants to this island.

-Within a few years, Europeans had

-brought all kinds of other animals.

-They also brought more plants

-and seeds.

-The intention

-was to improve people's lives...

-..but in a new world

-and habitat, often...

-..some of the white man's plants

-and creatures became a nuisance.

-The white man was everywhere.

-I wanted to know what was here

-before their arrival.

-I met a crew of native mothers

-and children...

-..who were born and raised

-in Hawaii.

-Their stories echo the stories

-of Welsh people.

-Generations of children

-receiving English education...

-..at the expense

-of the native language.

-The Hawaiian language

-became the language of the home.

-What we did was sang, prayed

-and scolded in Hawaiian.

-Scolded as well!

-The English education has made

-their native language feel inferior.

-As islanders,

-they also feel inferior.

-Brainwashing was her word.

-Kanani was more positive

-than her friends.

-She was brought up surrounded

-by family from all over the world...

-..but in college, she realised

-that generations had suffered.

-She learnt the language

-and passed it on to her children.

-Speaking the Hawaiian language

-gives me confidence.

-It makes me feel

-like a true Hawaiian.

-I'm passing my Hawaiian voice

-on to my children.

-Today, native schools

-have been established in Hawaii.

-The children are immersed

-in the language and the culture.

-It's a more rounded education,

-subjects are taught in context.

-History, landscape, environment and

-values - not as individual subjects.

-Our forefathers came here

-and made their home here.

-They called the island Hawaii.

-They created the Hawaiian language.

-I have a responsibility

-to learn, speak and maintain...

-..not only the language

-but our forefathers' way of life.

-I also have a responsibility

-to teach my children the language.

-I don't want

-to only speak the language...

-..I want to live the language.

-Our forefathers

-were incredible people.

-They crossed the world's greatest

-ocean to reach these islands.

-They were the best farmers...

-..they lived in harmony

-with the environment.

-We try to present that in our

-education, our forefathers' history.

-We respect what they did and

-we're trying to grow as a nation.

-We must relearn our history -

-our family lineage...

-..and reconnect with the land.

-Learn the Hawaiian way

-of looking at the world...

-..and return to a time when

-we succeeded, before the brainwash.

-Something has irritated me

-since I arrived in Hawaii.

-I thought I knew what it was -

-now I'm sure of it.

-Two such different cultures

-have met in one place.

-Two very different ways

-of looking at the world.

-It appears on the surface that the

-American culture is in control...

-..but the culture

-of the original natives...

-..is at one

-with the spirit of the island.

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-I had finally found living evidence

-of Hawaii's original culture.

-That culture began to change

-as soon as Cook and Samwell landed.

-But it wasn't

-the only worrying change...

-..at the hands of the white man.

-One thing has bothered me

-more than anything else - sex.

-David Samwell's journals

-is full of it.

-Across the South Sea Islands,

-but especially in Hawaii...

-..he describes

-the beauty of the girls.

-They were more than ready

-to visit the ships...

-..and have sex with the sailors,

-sometimes only for nails.

-Some stay on board for days while

-we cruise off and on the island.

-These people are so eager

-for our iron...

-..that they pick nails

-out of the ship's bottom.

-Our men pull as many as they can

-on the inside to give to the girls.

-We must keep a strict eye on them

-in case the ship is pulled apart.

-Men would be more than eager

-to meet them and have sex.

-During this time, there was no iron

-on many of the Pacific Islands.

-As a result, many girls showed

-their generosity for just one nail.

-The cabins of Samwell

-and many of the sailors...

-..were devoid of screws and nails.

-When they travelled home,

-they slept on the floors.

-There were no screws

-to fasten the beds together.

-What we don't know is their

-attitude towards the situation.

-To understand what happened,

-three worlds collide.

-The attitudes

-of David Samwell's age...

-..Hawaiian culture

-and our moral standpoint today.

-Fair play to David Samwell,

-he wasn't a hypocrite.

-He openly expresses his satisfaction

-but there is a serious side.

-First, those attitudes

-are characteristic...

-..of these conquerors' attitudes

-to native women.

-They also created the superficial

-image of Hawaiian women...

-..that still exists today.

-This is meant to be a joke...

-..but their attitude to Hawaiian

-women wasn't the only problem.

-Cook's sailors were the first...

-..to introduce venereal diseases

-to the islands.

-The effect was devastating.

-It was a white man's disease...

-..a disease that almost

-destroyed the Hawaiian nation.

-A million people lived here

-when Cook arrived.

-Within a century,

-only 40,000 remained.

-Many sailors on the ships had

-venereal diseases such as syphilis.

-It was carried by the sailors

-to the islands.

-Samwell denies

-that they were at fault.

-David Samwell's attitude

-towards these diseases is strange...

-..possibly because he understood

-the seriousness of the accusation.

-He writes a chapter

-denying the sailors' involvement.

-He claims there's another reason.

-How else

-could it have been introduced?

-A few years earlier, these diseases

-weren't a problem there.

-Back to the voyage itself.

-After fixing the ships

-and stocking up with supplies...

-..the anchors were raised

-and they sailed away.

-Within days, they returned. One

-of the masts had snapped in a storm.

-This time,

-there was less of a welcome.

-The Lono festival had ended...

-..and Cook wasn't accorded

-the same respect as before.

-The natives started to steal

-from the ship.

-On that fateful day,

-February 14, 1779...

-..both ships, the Resolution

-and the smaller Discovery...

-..were anchored

-some way out in the bay.

-David Samwell was on the Discovery

-so he didn't witness the events.

-He gathered evidence,

-talking to dozens of sailors...

-..to determine what happened.

-What happened over there.

-On that day, some of the natives

-stole one of the Resolution's boats.

-Captain Cook went ashore

-to retrieve the boat.

-The tactic was to try and entice the

-tribe's king on to the Resolution.

-They would try and keep him

-captive on the ship...

-..until they retrieved the boat.

-The tactic had worked earlier

-in the voyage in Tahiti.

-This time, it didn't.

-For a while, the tactic succeeded.

-He led the king by his hand

-to the water's edge.

-The king appeared more than happy

-to board the Resolution.

-By then, others on the island

-had their suspicions.

-They prevented him.

-Some of the Hawaiians had armed

-themselves ready for battle.

-Hundreds of them

-gathered on the beach.

-Things came to a head

-when it became apparent...

-..that some wanted to attack Cook.

-Soon, confusion reigned.

-One of the natives appeared

-to try and strike Cook.

-Captain Cook fired his gun

-and killed the wrong man.

-He ordered his sergeant

-to shoot the correct man.

-Captain Cook's men

-started firing from their boats.

-It becomes unclear whether Cook

-ordered them to stop shooting...

-..or called both boats

-closer to the shore.

-One approached while the other

-headed in the other direction.

-Cook's soldiers dropped their arms

-and rushed to the remaining boat.

-Total chaos -

-Cook was left alone on the shore.

-In a somewhat significant move...

-..two young chiefs

-were responsible for killing Cook.

-Cook was also trying to reach

-the remaining boat.

-He had one hand defending

-the back of his head...

-..the other held his gun.

-One chief struck him on his head

-with a club.

-As he fell,

-another one stabbed him in his neck.

-The initial blow

-had stunned Captain Cook.

-He fell into knee-high water.

-Some gathered around him

-to try and hold him down.

-That was the last time

-we saw him alive.

-Captain Cook was dead.

-His body was dragged ashore

-and placed on a rock.

-The sailors on the Discovery

-and Resolution...

-..witnessed him being struck

-time and time again.

-He was dragged onto the rocks.

-They seemed to gain a savage

-pleasure from abusing his corpse.

-It is not known

-what happened to Cook's body.

-According to some stories,

-the natives treated his body...

-..like they would a native king's.

-They removed the flesh,

-kept the important bones...

-..and placed them

-in the lava holes in the rock.

-For the British,

-this sounded barbaric.

-They appealed and some of the bones

-were returned to Britain.

-This was another indication

-of the clash between two cultures.

-This clash had been fatal.

-This is what Samwell

-wrote about Cook.

-He was loved by his people.

-They looked upon him as a father

-and obeyed him without question.

-Their admiration of his talent

-was endless...

-..and their respect for his virtues

-was loving and sincere.

-The voyage had been a failure.

-Cook was dead and they had failed

-to find the northwest passage.

-Two things stand out.

-The lively journal of a Welshman...

-..and the destructive consequences

-for the Hawaiian population.

-The Discovery returned to England

-without its captain.

-Samwell remained a navy ship's

-surgeon for another 17 years.

-His report on Captain Cook's death

-made his famous.

-He had never intended

-to publish his journal.

-He was worried

-about the navy's response...

-..but no-one had written about the

-South Sea Islands as vividly as him.

-In time, European and American

-settlers landed on Hawaii.

-They were followed

-by Christian missionaries...

-..skin traders,

-cattle farmers and businessmen...

-..from Europe, Asian,

-America and Korea.

-Natives lost their land,

-language and traditions.

-Only one of ever 200 inhabitants is

-descended from the original natives.

-Some still fight

-to retain the old way of life.

-When you make a lei,

-it's always for an occasion.

-It's a symbol of love.

-I'm making this one out of fern,

-the first plant to grow on the lava.

-It's a symbol of native Hawaiians.

-We often dance the hula for

-a celebration and to honour people.

-Some hulas are more religious

-with stricter rules.

-You can only perform them

-in a heiau, or a religious place.

-It can be a Christian place. My

-grandmother is a Christian minister.

-She raised us to honour

-our native heritage.

-We worship Jesus

-through Hawaiian traditions.

-Pi'ilani talks of how Westerners

-changed the traditional hula.

-That's when the ukulele

-and guitar were introduced.

-It became part-Hawaiian,

-part-Western...

-..which is the stereotype

-of the hula we recognise today.

-This traditional hula was lost as

-a result - the real Hawaiian hula.

-In the 1970s, the chants and dances

-were collected anew.

-They were taught

-to the younger generation.

-Pi'ilani still performs them today.

-It disappoints me when the hula

-is performed at unsuitable times.

-It disappoints me that people think

-they can perform the hula...

-..without learning it properly

-and respecting the tradition.

-After completing the lei,

-it is hidden...

-..to prevent it being touched

-and its blessing tarnished.

-An intense ceremony and for me,

-one part of the hidden Hawaii.

-It's hard to imagine

-what yesterday's people...

-..would think of today.

-Sometimes, there's no point asking.

-For David Samwell,

-it's an important question.

-He would enjoy the excitement

-of being here.

-He would enjoy the merriment

-and the good life.

-He would enjoy the island...

-..its volcanoes and the feeling

-that it's constantly changing.

-He would enjoy the culture,

-if he could find it.

-That's the point.

-He would have been saddened to see

-what happened to the natives...

-..as a direct or indirect result

-of his visit.

-I hope that he, like me, would wish

-the current population well.

-S4C Subtitles by Adnod Cyf.

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