O Aberystwyth i'r Almaen ‹ Cyfres 2017

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-Subtitles	0:00:00	0:00:00
-Subtitles - -Subtitles	0:00:00	0:00:02
-I'm following in the footsteps -of Welsh people...	0:00:04	0:00:07
-..who have ventured to foreign -countries over the centuries.	0:00:07	0:00:11
-The journeys encompass -tragedies, scandals and wars.	0:00:13	0:00:17
-I'll see -what the countries are like now...	0:00:18	0:00:21
-..records of the original journeys -and what remains of their world.	0:00:21	0:00:26
-From Aberystwyth to Germany	0:00:36	0:00:41
-This story starts in Aberystwyth -and returns here.	0:00:43	0:00:46
-It calls in Oxford...	0:00:46	0:00:48
-..and continues to Germany.	0:00:48	0:00:50
-It's a story of mystery and scandal.	0:00:50	0:00:53
-It includes the Nazis, -Communists and real spies.	0:00:53	0:00:56
-It's the story of Goronwy Rees, -the son of a Methodist minister...	0:00:56	0:01:01
-..an Aberystwyth-born Welsh speaker -who turned his back on the language.	0:01:01	0:01:06
-At the beginning -of the 20th century...	0:01:07	0:01:09
-..Goronwy was a happy child -living in Aberystwyth.	0:01:09	0:01:12
-His father, RJ Rees, -was the minister of Tabernacl.	0:01:13	0:01:16
-Goronwy's father's chapel -has long gone.	0:01:16	0:01:20
-It would have looked -something like this.	0:01:20	0:01:22
-Goronwy Rees had vivid descriptions -of being there.	0:01:23	0:01:27
-One was a happy portrait, sitting -comfortably in the chapel...	0:01:27	0:01:31
-..with the sun's rays -shining through the window.	0:01:31	0:01:34
-Another was full of fear seeing -his father preaching in the pulpit.	0:01:34	0:01:39
-The tender man -bursting into life during a sermon.	0:01:39	0:01:42
-One saw before one's eyes -a man quite suddenly transformed...	0:01:42	0:01:47
-..into a witch doctor, -demoniac and possessed.	0:01:47	0:01:51
-The hwyl inspired fear in me -and a kind of shuddering...	0:01:51	0:01:54
-..from such a bare faced...	0:01:55	0:01:57
-..bare-breasted display -of real or simulated emotion...	0:01:57	0:02:01
-..and also a kind of alarm.	0:02:01	0:02:03
-Years later, Goronwy Rees -would compare that to Hitler...	0:02:03	0:02:07
-..attacking people with words -until they stopped thinking.	0:02:07	0:02:11
-By World War I, RJ Rees encouraged -young men to join the war effort...	0:02:14	0:02:19
-..which upset a few people.	0:02:19	0:02:21
-My father and his father -were cousins and once good friends.	0:02:22	0:02:27
-That ended during World War I.	0:02:27	0:02:30
-He was preaching about the war -and my father walked out.	0:02:30	0:02:34
-There were some angry exchanges.	0:02:34	0:02:36
-There was further anger in 1922 -over politics.	0:02:39	0:02:43
-RJ Rees moved to live in Cardiff -and worked in the Valleys.	0:02:43	0:02:47
-As a result, at the age of 13...	0:02:47	0:02:50
-..Goronwy Rees' -Welsh-language upbringing ended.	0:02:50	0:02:54
-He would later describe it -as leaving paradise.	0:02:54	0:02:57
-He detested the Welsh establishment -for the rest of his life.	0:02:58	0:03:02
-It's possible that Goronwy, who was -happy as a child in Aberystwyth...	0:03:02	0:03:07
-..felt that he was exiled from his -old home when he moved to Cardiff.	0:03:07	0:03:12
-That played a part -in his mindset...	0:03:12	0:03:15
-..and his relationship -with Aberystwyth.	0:03:15	0:03:19
-The move from Ceredigion to Cardiff -was major...	0:03:20	0:03:24
-..but the next step was greater, -from Wales to New College, Oxford...	0:03:24	0:03:29
-..in the autumn of 1928, -when he was 18 years old.	0:03:29	0:03:32
-He was a grammar school boy -and a Welsh speaker.	0:03:33	0:03:36
-He joined a closed community -which was like a club...	0:03:36	0:03:40
-..a club packed with the sons -of great men.	0:03:40	0:03:43
-A club packed with -the privileged and the wealthy...	0:03:43	0:03:47
-..a handful of women, but most -were men from boarding schools.	0:03:47	0:03:51
-For Goronwy Rees, -it felt as unfamiliar as Timbuktu.	0:03:52	0:03:56
-And as unfamiliar -as the upper class families.	0:03:57	0:04:00
-He was asked, -"Do you know the Angleseys?"	0:04:00	0:04:03
-He replied, "There's only one."	0:04:03	0:04:05
-At the time, he supported Marxism -and socialism...	0:04:05	0:04:09
-..and his accent was different.	0:04:09	0:04:11
-He decided it was time to grow up.	0:04:11	0:04:13
-He couldn't do that through an -old-fashioned language like Welsh.	0:04:14	0:04:18
-Whatever Goronwy Rees said -about not belonging...	0:04:19	0:04:23
-..he had created a good impression -on many people.	0:04:23	0:04:26
-Many spoke about the good-looking, -talented Celt, a great orator...	0:04:27	0:04:32
-..the one who attracted the girls -and impressed the men.	0:04:32	0:04:36
-If he sounded like someone who spoke -a second language at the start...	0:04:36	0:04:40
-..by the end of his three years, -he'd mastered the accent and style.	0:04:41	0:04:45
-According to -Goronwy Rees' daughter...	0:04:48	0:04:50
-..he could adapt his life -to fit in with every situation.	0:04:50	0:04:54
-Strikingly, when we recall -his greatest scandal...	0:04:54	0:04:57
-..he saw himself as a spy.	0:04:58	0:05:01
-The role of a spy depended on -submerging one's identity...	0:05:02	0:05:05
-..and achieving anonymity which -would allow one to pass unnoticed...	0:05:06	0:05:10
-..even in the enemy's -most secret citadels.	0:05:10	0:05:13
-Fitting into society is an issue -for Oxford's Welsh students today.	0:05:15	0:05:20
-I was thinking, "Am I going to fit -in? Will I be able to speak Welsh?	0:05:21	0:05:26
-"Will people think I'm odd because -I'm not from England or London...	0:05:26	0:05:32
-.."or I didn't attend Eton -or wherever else they went?"	0:05:33	0:05:37
-After a couple of days, I was happy. -I had friends.	0:05:39	0:05:43
-There's a stereotype of people -with great wealth and it's not true.	0:05:43	0:05:48
-Most people here are normal.	0:05:48	0:05:51
-How unusual is it for someone -of your background to attend Oxford?	0:05:51	0:05:56
-To be a Welsh speaker...	0:05:56	0:05:58
-..who didn't attend grammar school -or boarding school...	0:05:58	0:06:02
-..there aren't many.	0:06:02	0:06:04
-Recent statistics showed -that 44 students...	0:06:05	0:06:08
-..gained a place in Oxford -and Cambridge combined in one year.	0:06:08	0:06:12
-When you tell people -you speak Welsh...	0:06:12	0:06:15
-..they don't think -anyone speaks Welsh.	0:06:15	0:06:18
-They usually ask me to pronounce -the name of that long train station.	0:06:19	0:06:23
-It's almost like a party trick, -that you can speak Welsh.	0:06:23	0:06:28
-According to one of his cousins, -Goronwy felt that the brakes...	0:06:30	0:06:34
-..were truly released -when he arrived.	0:06:34	0:06:36
-He was now a student in a different -world with different rules.	0:06:37	0:06:41
-He spent his time debating -about socialism and Communism.	0:06:41	0:06:46
-It was a sexually -liberating world...	0:06:47	0:06:49
-..where confident women -and gay men were accepted.	0:06:49	0:06:53
-Pleasure was a virtue, not a sin.	0:06:53	0:06:55
-The actual people I met there really -made an enormous impression on me...	0:06:56	0:07:01
-..chiefly because -they were so different...	0:07:01	0:07:05
-..to anybody I'd met in Wales.	0:07:05	0:07:07
-One thing, of course, pleasure -was very important in their lives.	0:07:07	0:07:12
-Now in Wales, pleasure was not -a thing that is very important.	0:07:12	0:07:16
-People like having a nice time -and all that...	0:07:16	0:07:19
-..but pleasure -as a real object in life...	0:07:19	0:07:22
-..is not a thing -that flourishes in Wales.	0:07:22	0:07:25
-The manse's son -was making the most of his freedom.	0:07:25	0:07:29
-The university's chaplain -once said of him...	0:07:29	0:07:33
-.."He is far too great a social -success, he will never get a First."	0:07:33	0:07:38
-Three years later...	0:07:38	0:07:39
-..Goronwy secured a First in -Philosophy, Politics and Economics.	0:07:39	0:07:44
-He shone amongst the brightest, -socially and academically.	0:07:44	0:07:49
-Straight after graduating, -there was a clear indication...	0:07:49	0:07:53
-..that Oxford -had accepted Goronwy Rees.	0:07:54	0:07:57
-He was chosen to be -a fellow at All Souls College.	0:07:57	0:08:00
-It's one of the greatest honours -Oxford University can grant.	0:08:00	0:08:05
-In 1931, Goronwy Rees was the first -Welshman from a common school...	0:08:06	0:08:11
-..to receive that honour.	0:08:11	0:08:13
-It was rather unusual to go -straight from a degree course...	0:08:13	0:08:17
-..to be a fellow at All Souls.	0:08:17	0:08:19
-His old school, Cardiff High, gave -the entire school half a day off.	0:08:19	0:08:24
-Goronwy Rees had mixed feelings.	0:08:26	0:08:28
-The establishment accepted him...	0:08:28	0:08:31
-..but he couldn't accept -being part of the establishment.	0:08:31	0:08:35
-He was paid well for two years, -had support for another five...	0:08:35	0:08:38
-..no work pressure -and plenty of privileges.	0:08:39	0:08:42
-In 1934, -there was one fateful night.	0:08:47	0:08:50
-It was the night -Goronwy Rees met Guy Burgess...	0:08:50	0:08:54
-..a man who would become renowned -for being a Russian spy.	0:08:54	0:08:58
-At the time, he was Cambridge -University's brightest student.	0:08:59	0:09:04
-On a visit to Oxford -after a dinner...	0:09:04	0:09:07
-..both men returned to All Souls...	0:09:07	0:09:11
-..to smoke, drink and talk.	0:09:11	0:09:13
-For 20 years, they had a close -yet strange relationship...	0:09:14	0:09:18
-..which both strengthened -and destroyed that bond.	0:09:18	0:09:22
-The eventual consequence -of that first meeting...	0:09:22	0:09:25
-..would lead to the darkest period -of Goronwy Rees' life.	0:09:25	0:09:29
-Years later, he said that Burgess -had been a great influence on him.	0:09:35	0:09:40
-He was great company, -a well-known homosexual...	0:09:40	0:09:44
-..a heavy drinker and a learned man, -from art to Communism.	0:09:44	0:09:48
-Both shared the same ideas.	0:09:48	0:09:50
-Burgess was a Communist -and supported Russia.	0:09:58	0:10:01
-During the 1930s, -we know that Burgess told Rees...	0:10:01	0:10:06
-..that he and another man, -Anthony Blunt, were Russian spies.	0:10:06	0:10:13
-What's less clear -is Goronwy Rees' response.	0:10:13	0:10:16
-Burgess has tried to get Rees -into bed with him...	0:10:17	0:10:21
-..and then turned him into a spy.	0:10:21	0:10:23
-He refused the former, there are -serious doubts about the latter.	0:10:23	0:10:27
-If he had turned his back -on Wales...	0:10:29	0:10:32
-..Goronwy Rees also felt -that Oxford was too restrictive.	0:10:32	0:10:36
-Travelling had become popular.	0:10:36	0:10:39
-Many students take gap years today.	0:10:39	0:10:41
-The children of the privileged -in the '20s and '30s...	0:10:41	0:10:45
-..travelled around Europe -to countries such as Germany...	0:10:45	0:10:49
-..searching for opportunities, -experiences and places to write.	0:10:49	0:10:53
-The lost Welshman from Aberystwyth -joined them.	0:10:53	0:10:57
-.	0:10:58	0:10:58
-Subtitles	0:11:03	0:11:03
-Subtitles - -Subtitles	0:11:03	0:11:05
-For young fashionable people -at the end of the '20s...	0:11:07	0:11:10
-..Germany was the place to be.	0:11:11	0:11:13
-The Kaiser was gone and the -Weimar Republic had replaced him.	0:11:13	0:11:17
-By the second half of the '20s, -it was a golden age for Germany.	0:11:17	0:11:21
-The economy flourished.	0:11:21	0:11:23
-Artists, musicians -and architects were prominent.	0:11:23	0:11:27
-Many thought -that this was the future.	0:11:27	0:11:29
-Goronwy Rees -wanted to be part of it.	0:11:30	0:11:32
-What's often forgotten -is the revolution in Germany...	0:11:36	0:11:40
-..the year after -the Russian Revolution.	0:11:40	0:11:43
-The November Revolution of 1918...	0:11:43	0:11:46
-..when the Kaiser abdicated -and a republic was established.	0:11:46	0:11:50
-This is the origin -of a republic in Germany.	0:11:50	0:11:53
-It was an exciting time.	0:11:53	0:11:55
-If he yearned for excitement -when he arrived in Germany...	0:11:58	0:12:02
-..instead of heading to Berlin, -he found himself in the rural east.	0:12:02	0:12:08
-He was surrounded -by a sea of corn fields.	0:12:08	0:12:11
-Instead of meeting -revolutionary socialists...	0:12:11	0:12:14
-..he taught English -to the son of a wealthy family.	0:12:15	0:12:17
-A family -that believed in race, nation...	0:12:18	0:12:20
-..and the old Germanic way of life.	0:12:20	0:12:22
-He describes the barons -he meets in Silesia.	0:12:23	0:12:26
-To him, it was a shock.	0:12:27	0:12:28
-He didn't expect Germans -to be like that.	0:12:29	0:12:32
-He expected them all -to be socialists.	0:12:32	0:12:35
-These people didn't believe -their country could have lost a war.	0:12:36	0:12:40
-In the middle of the cornfields...	0:12:41	0:12:43
-..there was fertile land -for extremist ideas for the country.	0:12:43	0:12:47
-Goronwy's pupil -was a pleasant young man...	0:12:47	0:12:50
-..filled with hateful ideas.	0:12:50	0:12:52
-I solved this contradiction -for myself by dismissing them...	0:12:53	0:12:57
-..as the imaginings -of a half-educated schoolboy.	0:12:58	0:13:01
-I never came to suspect that, -in various forms...	0:13:01	0:13:04
-..they were shared by thousands -of men and women all over Germany.	0:13:04	0:13:09
-On his second visit to Germany, -Goronwy Rees reached Berlin.	0:13:10	0:13:15
-This cinema building hasn't changed -since it was opened in 1929.	0:13:16	0:13:21
-It gives us an idea -of what kind of city Berlin was...	0:13:21	0:13:25
-..when Goronwy visited -for the first time...	0:13:25	0:13:28
-..and why he wanted to come here.	0:13:28	0:13:30
-The city of Marlene Dietrich, clubs, -cabaret and Bauhaus designers.	0:13:31	0:13:35
-The city of sexual freedom...	0:13:35	0:13:37
-..which attracted -fashionable English authors...	0:13:37	0:13:40
-..and the young Oxford elite.	0:13:41	0:13:42
-After emerging from the shadows -of World War I...	0:13:43	0:13:46
-..and the financial difficulties -of its aftermath...	0:13:47	0:13:51
-..there was -a renewed sense of freedom here.	0:13:51	0:13:54
-Today, it has emerged -from the shadows...	0:13:54	0:13:57
-..of the wall that split the city...	0:13:57	0:14:00
-..and it attracts youngsters -from across Europe.	0:14:00	0:14:03
-Anwen Roberts has lived in Germany -for the past year.	0:14:04	0:14:07
-I really enjoy living here -because of all the opportunities.	0:14:08	0:14:13
-It's an adventure too, of course.	0:14:13	0:14:15
-There's the creative world -and the fashion world.	0:14:16	0:14:19
-East Berlin attracts -the younger generation...	0:14:20	0:14:23
-..because it's cheaper -to live there.	0:14:23	0:14:25
-My friends -enjoy visiting those places.	0:14:26	0:14:28
-There's a sense of freedom here.	0:14:29	0:14:31
-On the way here, I saw a woman -in her 40s wearing next to nothing.	0:14:31	0:14:35
-She was wearing colourful stockings! -No-one batted an eyelid.	0:14:36	0:14:40
-You can live here with freedom...	0:14:40	0:14:43
-..but I'd say -it was a respectable freedom.	0:14:43	0:14:47
-You must respect -the freedom of others.	0:14:47	0:14:51
-Freedom was the buzz word -at the end of the 1920s.	0:14:57	0:15:00
-Social and political freedom -was attractive...	0:15:01	0:15:04
-..to a socialist student in Oxford.	0:15:04	0:15:07
-There was a new, -exciting political world.	0:15:07	0:15:11
-Cultural trends were changing...	0:15:11	0:15:14
-..Jazz had been introduced -from America.	0:15:14	0:15:17
-Josephine Baker was performing -in a costume of feathers.	0:15:18	0:15:22
-Imagine someone from Aberystwyth, -a student in Oxford...	0:15:22	0:15:27
-..who has very traditional -and conservative values...	0:15:28	0:15:32
-..reading in the newspaper about -a half-naked black woman performing.	0:15:32	0:15:37
-It was attractive for youngsters.	0:15:37	0:15:39
-Goronwy spent Easter 1932 travelling -through Germany and Austria.	0:15:44	0:15:49
-That summer, he returned to Germany.	0:15:49	0:15:52
-Goronwy Rees came here -during the summer of 1932.	0:15:52	0:15:56
-The small village of Wickersdorf, -up in the central German hills.	0:15:57	0:16:01
-He came here with his girlfriend.	0:16:02	0:16:04
-They both intended to write.	0:16:04	0:16:06
-At the time, a pioneering school -was situated here...	0:16:06	0:16:10
-..an early version -of the Steiner School.	0:16:10	0:16:13
-They thought it would be a -suitable place to find inspiration.	0:16:13	0:16:18
-Many of the buildings -are still here...	0:16:18	0:16:20
-..but today it's a centre for people -with learning disabilities.	0:16:21	0:16:25
-The peace and tranquillity remain.	0:16:25	0:16:28
-It appeared that Goronwy Rees -would become an author.	0:16:30	0:16:34
-He published a novel, -The Summer Flood...	0:16:34	0:16:37
-..partly based on his own life.	0:16:37	0:16:39
-It discussed the love -of a man towards his cousin...	0:16:39	0:16:42
-..and included a gay character.	0:16:42	0:16:44
-He started writing -for The Guardian and The Spectator.	0:16:45	0:16:48
-A second novel was being written.	0:16:48	0:16:50
-Writing books is the only thing -I'm serious about...	0:16:52	0:16:56
-..and I think mine is good.	0:16:56	0:16:58
-The summer of 1932 -sounded almost idyllic.	0:17:00	0:17:03
-Goronwy Rees and his girlfriend -spent time walking in the woods.	0:17:03	0:17:07
-They were amazed at the beauty -of the countryside and the village.	0:17:08	0:17:12
-There were only two shadows.	0:17:12	0:17:14
-The bouts of depression -Goronwy endured...	0:17:14	0:17:17
-..and the dark political clouds -that gathered over Germany.	0:17:17	0:17:22
-Part of the depression stemmed from -his mother's death a year earlier.	0:17:24	0:17:28
-She forgave him everything -and he adored her.	0:17:28	0:17:31
-He wrote in a letter to a friend...	0:17:31	0:17:34
-..that life was unbearable -without her.	0:17:34	0:17:37
-He was also worried about Germany.	0:17:37	0:17:39
-The Depression -shattered the Golden Age...	0:17:39	0:17:42
-..and extremists were benefitting.	0:17:43	0:17:45
-Two new names became prominent - -Adolf Hitler and Nazism.	0:17:45	0:17:50
-Goronwy Rees visited Berlin -to see for himself.	0:17:50	0:17:53
-Hitler had an army -of 400,000 unofficial soldiers...	0:17:54	0:17:57
-..attacking -and even killing detractors...	0:17:57	0:18:00
-..especially Jews and socialists.	0:18:01	0:18:03
-The Nazis were brutal -and unrelenting...	0:18:03	0:18:07
-..but many German people -welcomed them.	0:18:08	0:18:10
-During the chaos -that followed the Depression...	0:18:11	0:18:14
-..they offered law and order -and some popular policies.	0:18:14	0:18:18
-Then came the election -on the final day of July 1932.	0:18:18	0:18:23
-14 million Germans -voted for the Nazi Party.	0:18:23	0:18:28
-It had more power -than any other party had ever had.	0:18:28	0:18:32
-The gloves were well and truly off.	0:18:32	0:18:35
-How could a country -as open as Germany in the 1920s...	0:18:36	0:18:41
-..turn to someone like Hitler -within three or four years?	0:18:41	0:18:45
-That's a difficult question -to answer.	0:18:45	0:18:48
-Of course, you could say,...	0:18:49	0:18:51
-..that we face similar times today.	0:18:51	0:18:56
-What's gone wrong when someone -like Donald Trump assumes power?	0:18:57	0:19:02
-At the beginning of the 1930s...	0:19:02	0:19:05
-..you had -the Great Depression in America.	0:19:05	0:19:08
-Germany relied on America -for financial aid.	0:19:09	0:19:14
-The German economy shrunk...	0:19:14	0:19:16
-..and a lot of people -were unemployed again.	0:19:17	0:19:21
-At that point, -you had the Nazi Party...	0:19:21	0:19:24
-..a right-wing party, being elected -to the Reichstag for the first time.	0:19:25	0:19:30
-That was a huge shock.	0:19:30	0:19:33
-You had a dictatorship -to all intents...	0:19:33	0:19:37
-..under the guise -of a republican government...	0:19:37	0:19:40
-..throughout the 1930s.	0:19:40	0:19:43
-You then had -the propaganda machine...	0:19:43	0:19:46
-..similar to what we see -with some people today.	0:19:46	0:19:49
-In 1934, Goronwy Rees -spent the winter in Berlin.	0:19:51	0:19:54
-It was cold in many ways.	0:19:55	0:19:56
-Hitler's soldiers -controlled the streets.	0:19:57	0:20:00
-Hundreds of thousands of people -were persecuted and imprisoned.	0:20:01	0:20:06
-The press -had been completely smothered.	0:20:06	0:20:09
-As a result, -people were apathetic...	0:20:09	0:20:12
-..and grateful to see -some sort of order.	0:20:12	0:20:15
-For Goronwy, -it was a city of ghosts.	0:20:15	0:20:17
-He saw both the ghosts of the past -and the ghosts of the future.	0:20:18	0:20:21
-Here what seems -a nightmare in London...	0:20:23	0:20:26
-..is the sober, everyday reality.	0:20:26	0:20:29
-No mercy, no pity, no peace, neither -humanity, nor decency of kindness.	0:20:29	0:20:34
-Only madness, shouted every day on -the wireless and in the newspapers.	0:20:34	0:20:39
-60 million people -proud to be governed...	0:20:39	0:20:41
-..by a gang of murderous animals.	0:20:42	0:20:44
-During that winter in Berlin -in 1934...	0:20:46	0:20:49
-..Goronwy Rees undertook -secret political work.	0:20:50	0:20:53
-He had a socialist friend at a time -when there were few socialists.	0:20:53	0:20:58
-Goronwy helped him distribute -pamphlets and information...	0:20:58	0:21:02
-..to Hitler's opponents -across the city.	0:21:02	0:21:05
-Goronwy acknowledged that this -was a romantic undertaking...	0:21:05	0:21:09
-..but his friend -was risking his life.	0:21:09	0:21:12
-Goronwy Rees realised that only -an outside force could stop Hitler.	0:21:14	0:21:19
-The Nazis had complete control -of the press and information.	0:21:19	0:21:23
-People accepted their truth.	0:21:24	0:21:26
-In a Berlin rally, he heard Hitler -brainwashing the crowd...	0:21:26	0:21:30
-..creating unbearable tension, -playing on their fears...	0:21:31	0:21:35
-..and feeding their secret hopes.	0:21:35	0:21:38
-Who knows, if I had not been -inoculated in childhood...	0:21:38	0:21:41
-..against the tricks of oratory, -I might have succumbed myself.	0:21:42	0:21:46
-Goronwy was connected -to the two greatest movements...	0:21:48	0:21:51
-..that affected Europe and the world -during the 20th century.	0:21:51	0:21:55
-He saw the rise of Nazism in Germany -and it frightened him.	0:21:55	0:21:59
-Then came Communism.	0:21:59	0:22:01
-In Oxford, it was fashionable -to dabble in socialism.	0:22:01	0:22:05
-During the 1930s, Goronwy -followed the ideology of Karl Marx.	0:22:05	0:22:10
-His relationship with Russia -was complex.	0:22:10	0:22:13
-Like the spy, Guy Burgess, -he considered himself a socialist...	0:22:13	0:22:18
-..but he didn't agree -with everything the Communists did.	0:22:18	0:22:22
-However, he believed that Russia -could challenge the Nazis.	0:22:22	0:22:26
-Enough to spy for them?	0:22:27	0:22:29
-Whatever the answer, in 1939, -Russia signed a deal with Germany...	0:22:29	0:22:34
-..promising not to fight.	0:22:34	0:22:36
-For Goronwy Rees, that was the end.	0:22:36	0:22:38
-.	0:22:39	0:22:39
-Subtitles	0:22:44	0:22:44
-Subtitles - -Subtitles	0:22:44	0:22:46
-Goronwy Rees sensed the storms -of World War II approaching...	0:22:48	0:22:53
-..on seeing Hitler in Berlin.	0:22:53	0:22:55
-He'd hoped to see Russia -standing up to Nazism...	0:22:55	0:22:58
-..but was left disappointed.	0:22:58	0:23:00
-The pact between -Hitler and Stalin in 1939...	0:23:01	0:23:03
-..signalled the end -of Goronwy's flirtation with Russia.	0:23:03	0:23:07
-Any doubts about his attitude -were now forgotten.	0:23:07	0:23:11
-After seeing Hitler in action, -he was ready to fight.	0:23:12	0:23:17
-Surprisingly for some -of his friends...	0:23:17	0:23:20
-..months before the start -of World War II, he decided to act.	0:23:20	0:23:23
-He joined the TAs, -the territorial army...	0:23:24	0:23:28
-..the voluntary reserve army.	0:23:28	0:23:31
-Goronwy Rees described -his division of the TAs as rabble.	0:23:33	0:23:37
-It was an excuse for him -not to take it too seriously.	0:23:38	0:23:42
-He gave the impression that it was a -surprise when he was commissioned...	0:23:42	0:23:47
-..to join the regular army as -an officer with the Welch Fusiliers.	0:23:47	0:23:52
-He went to join the upper classes -at Sandhurst Military College.	0:23:52	0:23:56
-In the army, Goronwy Rees -met 19-year-old Margie Morris.	0:23:59	0:24:03
-She drove a lorry -as part of the war effort.	0:24:03	0:24:06
-She was different -to the privileged, academic girls...	0:24:06	0:24:10
-..he'd been with before.	0:24:10	0:24:12
-His friends were wary - there was -an age gap and they were different.	0:24:12	0:24:16
-Everything happened so quickly.	0:24:17	0:24:19
-They were married in December 1940.	0:24:19	0:24:22
-The great womaniser later said this.	0:24:22	0:24:25
-It turned out to be -the happiest marriage...	0:24:25	0:24:28
-..one could possibly have had.	0:24:28	0:24:30
-This place was cleared -relatively recently.	0:24:31	0:24:34
-It's a fort built 120 years ago -to protect London...	0:24:34	0:24:38
-..following tensions with France.	0:24:39	0:24:41
-It was used during World War II.	0:24:41	0:24:43
-In the bowels of this hill, -there's a network of tunnels...	0:24:44	0:24:48
-..dug by South Wales miners	0:24:48	0:24:50
-The tunnels lead to the war room -of General Montgomery...	0:24:50	0:24:55
-..and the mansion where he lived.	0:24:56	0:24:59
-The tunnels are now closed and -no-one's sure what's left behind.	0:24:59	0:25:03
-Like Goronwy's life, -there's a little mystery.	0:25:03	0:25:06
-Montgomery was one -of the army's heads...	0:25:09	0:25:12
-..responsible for defending -South-east England.	0:25:13	0:25:16
-Goronwy joined him -in Reigate, Surrey.	0:25:16	0:25:19
-He was chosen -because of his sharp mind.	0:25:20	0:25:23
-This building, a hotel commandeered -by the army, housed the officers.	0:25:23	0:25:30
-Goronwy had special duties -and worked closely with Montgomery.	0:25:30	0:25:34
-Often, late at night, -he would meet Montgomery...	0:25:34	0:25:39
-..while he lay in his bed -in his flannelette pyjamas.	0:25:40	0:25:44
-Montgomery had chosen Goronwy -as his link...	0:25:44	0:25:47
-..between himself and the leaders -of the armed forces...	0:25:47	0:25:51
-..as they organised an attack...	0:25:51	0:25:53
-..that should have changed -the course of the war.	0:25:53	0:25:56
-They planned to attack a beach -in Northern France.	0:25:59	0:26:02
-Goronwy had researched -maps and postcards...	0:26:03	0:26:06
-..anything available with -information about Dieppe, Normandy.	0:26:06	0:26:11
-The aim was to capture the port -for a short time...	0:26:11	0:26:15
-..to show that Britain was serious -about fighting on mainland Europe.	0:26:15	0:26:20
-August 19, 1942, was the date.	0:26:24	0:26:27
-The day of Operation Jubilee.	0:26:28	0:26:30
-The ships sailed overnight.	0:26:31	0:26:33
-The aim was to attack -at the break of dawn.	0:26:33	0:26:36
-By then, -Goronwy Rees was a mere observer...	0:26:36	0:26:39
-..but he saw more than enough.	0:26:39	0:26:42
-A strange, round object in the sea. -He realised it was a soldier's head.	0:26:42	0:26:47
-He saw a look of surprise -on the face of a nearby soldier.	0:26:47	0:26:51
-When he fell, he realised why.	0:26:51	0:26:53
-A piece of metal had sliced his leg -clear above the knee.	0:26:53	0:26:57
-Then there was chaos on the beaches.	0:26:58	0:27:01
-As much as one could see, the troops -had failed to clear the beaches...	0:27:05	0:27:10
-..the tanks -had not penetrated the town...	0:27:10	0:27:13
-..the men on the beaches -were exposed to a murderous fire.	0:27:14	0:27:18
-This is where the carnage happened.	0:27:20	0:27:23
-Goronwy's ship was out -towards the west.	0:27:23	0:27:26
-Every now and then, he glimpsed -the beach through the smoke.	0:27:26	0:27:31
-He could see the landing vehicles -lying here in pieces.	0:27:31	0:27:35
-He could see the large tanks -stuck in the gravel...	0:27:35	0:27:39
-..but from his viewpoint, he -couldn't see the hundreds of bodies.	0:27:39	0:27:43
-He later saw -some of the soldiers who survived.	0:27:44	0:27:47
-I thought this is what -a beaten army looks like.	0:27:48	0:27:52
-No army is beaten until it loses -faith in those who command it.	0:27:52	0:27:56
-These men had, at that moment...	0:27:56	0:27:58
-..and it would be a long time -before they recovered it again.	0:27:59	0:28:03
-Without a need -to shoot skywards beforehand...	0:28:03	0:28:06
-..the German guns -were all in place, fully loaded.	0:28:07	0:28:11
-They targeted the boats and soldiers -as they reached the beach.	0:28:11	0:28:16
-1,179 soldiers were killed -within a few hours...	0:28:18	0:28:21
-..an expensive price to pay -for learning a few lessons.	0:28:21	0:28:25
-According to some historians, -it did change the course of the war.	0:28:25	0:28:31
-It delayed the D-Day landings -for another two years.	0:28:31	0:28:36
-By then, Goronwy Rees was in London -working for the secret service.	0:28:36	0:28:41
-He enjoyed the company -of old friends...	0:28:41	0:28:43
-..especially Guy Burgess -who worked in the Foreign Office.	0:28:44	0:28:47
-He says that nights in Burgess' flat -were like a French farce.	0:28:47	0:28:52
-A tide of men, -from soldiers to civil servants...	0:28:52	0:28:55
-..going in and out of bedrooms -before sharing political secrets.	0:28:56	0:29:00
-I felt like a tired businessman...	0:29:00	0:29:03
-..who had taken an evening off -to visit a strip-tease club.	0:29:03	0:29:07
-He returned to Germany -after the war...	0:29:07	0:29:10
-..to an area -controlled by the British army.	0:29:11	0:29:14
-He was then a Lieutenant Colonel...	0:29:14	0:29:17
-..part of the team sharing political -information with General Montgomery.	0:29:17	0:29:22
-It was a similar situation...	0:29:22	0:29:24
-..to the end of the recent -Afghanistan or Iraq conflicts.	0:29:24	0:29:28
-A new order -needed to be established.	0:29:28	0:29:31
-Goronwy's work was to understand -the situation and offer ideas...	0:29:31	0:29:36
-..but he was granted complete peace -for a week and a life of luxury.	0:29:36	0:29:40
-The British army had a base here...	0:29:41	0:29:43
-..the quiet spa town -of Baden Oeynhausen.	0:29:44	0:29:47
-It hadn't been affected by the war.	0:29:47	0:29:50
-As Goronwy stated, it was like -stationing an army in Llandrindod.	0:29:50	0:29:55
-At the end of World War I, -Germany was split into four...	0:29:55	0:29:59
-..under the control -of different countries.	0:29:59	0:30:02
-Britain was responsible -for North-west Germany.	0:30:02	0:30:05
-Within two months -of the end of the war...	0:30:05	0:30:08
-..Goronwy Rees -was sent to gather information.	0:30:08	0:30:11
-I began to understand -the man who said...	0:30:13	0:30:15
-..that war may be hell -but defeat is worse.	0:30:16	0:30:18
-Goronwy Rees -travelled from place to place...	0:30:20	0:30:23
-..talking to army officers -to determine how the wind blew.	0:30:23	0:30:27
-In one place, he was given a list.	0:30:28	0:30:30
-Farmers' concerns about their crops -and people's concerns about food.	0:30:30	0:30:35
-The biggest problem -was the scattered population...	0:30:35	0:30:39
-..and the thousands of slaves the -Nazis had forced to work for them.	0:30:39	0:30:44
-They were now -wandering around the country...	0:30:44	0:30:47
-..without feeling -a responsibility for anything.	0:30:47	0:30:51
-Germans also had their problems.	0:30:51	0:30:54
-Goronwy Rees saw British soldiers -helping people...	0:30:55	0:30:59
-..they were trying to kill -a few weeks earlier.	0:30:59	0:31:02
-The journey around Germany...	0:31:02	0:31:04
-..began to feel -like an unpleasant fairy-tale.	0:31:05	0:31:08
-Goronwy turned to Welsh mythology -to try and describe the experience.	0:31:08	0:31:13
-It was similar -to one of the Mabinogi tales.	0:31:13	0:31:16
-Pryderi and Manawydan wandering -around without seeing people...	0:31:17	0:31:21
-..animals or smoke rising from -chimneys and every house empty.	0:31:21	0:31:26
-These buildings are rare.	0:31:34	0:31:36
-They are old buildings -in the centre of Dortmund.	0:31:37	0:31:40
-If parts of rural Germany -were quiet...	0:31:40	0:31:43
-..the situation in -industrial areas was very different.	0:31:43	0:31:47
-Dortmund is in the middle of -the Ruhr, the old coalmining area.	0:31:47	0:31:51
-It drove the German economy -before World War II.	0:31:51	0:31:54
-When Goronwy Rees arrived here, 90% -of the city centre was destroyed.	0:31:54	0:31:59
-It was a horrific example -of what aerial bombing could do...	0:31:59	0:32:04
-..but he saw people returning to -the ruins to search for their homes.	0:32:04	0:32:09
-Some opened shops -in old stores and cellars.	0:32:10	0:32:13
-It was a small sign of how quickly -Germany would return to its feet.	0:32:13	0:32:18
-One of the final stops -on the journey was Hamburg.	0:32:20	0:32:23
-This is a huge military bunker, -built by the Germans...	0:32:23	0:32:27
-..and captured by British soldiers.	0:32:27	0:32:29
-There were more. Radio Hamburg -was located in one of them.	0:32:29	0:32:34
-The station broadcasted -British propaganda across the area.	0:32:34	0:32:38
-When Goronwy arrived, -that was the problem.	0:32:38	0:32:41
-There was only propaganda.	0:32:41	0:32:44
-He saw a need for music -to entertain the people.	0:32:44	0:32:47
-He also wanted to see more -newspapers and less censorship.	0:32:47	0:32:51
-He understood the need -to satisfy German minds...	0:32:51	0:32:55
-..and let them know -what was happening.	0:32:55	0:32:57
-The radio station Goronwy saw is -now the area's broadcasting centre.	0:33:00	0:33:05
-One TV correspondent is grateful for -the role of British broadcasters.	0:33:06	0:33:11
-They set up a new broadcasting -system in Germany...	0:33:12	0:33:15
-..that exists still today.	0:33:15	0:33:17
-It's very, very good actually.	0:33:17	0:33:19
-We're grateful for that in Germany.	0:33:20	0:33:22
-ARD, the company I am working for, -is completely federalistic.	0:33:22	0:33:26
-There is no main headquarter -but every Bundesland...	0:33:26	0:33:30
-..every regional state, has its -own branch of that kind of BBC.	0:33:30	0:33:34
-It was the model -after which it was shaped.	0:33:34	0:33:37
-That means that politicians -and political parties...	0:33:37	0:33:40
-..cannot easily influence us.	0:33:41	0:33:42
-Goronwy Rees had seen -Hitler's control of the media.	0:33:43	0:33:47
-Today, no leader of a party can -control them to spread propaganda.	0:33:47	0:33:51
-Memories of Nazism influence -many facets of German life.	0:33:52	0:33:56
-The whole attitude towards Europe -has been mainly influenced...	0:33:56	0:34:01
-..by the German experience of what -we did, or they did, or we did...	0:34:01	0:34:05
-..in the Second World War.	0:34:06	0:34:07
-I mean, the way people, -especially in West Germany...	0:34:08	0:34:11
-..were taught at school, like me, -about rise of the Fascism...	0:34:11	0:34:15
-..and how it could happen and why -it should never happen again...	0:34:16	0:34:20
-..has influenced the attitude -of German politicians since '45.	0:34:20	0:34:25
-In terms of the people, -the part of the population...	0:34:26	0:34:29
-..that believed in Hitler -realised what war was.	0:34:29	0:34:35
-Groessenwahn is the German -word we use.	0:34:35	0:34:39
-The desire to control the world - -what had it done to their country?	0:34:40	0:34:44
-If the 1930s remain a shadow -over Germany...	0:34:47	0:34:50
-..they would also return -to haunt Goronwy Rees.	0:34:50	0:34:54
-.	0:34:57	0:34:57
-Subtitles	0:35:04	0:35:04
-Subtitles - -Subtitles	0:35:04	0:35:06
-Straight after World War II...	0:35:10	0:35:12
-..Goronwy travelled -across one part of Germany...	0:35:13	0:35:16
-..recounting the destruction -and new life.	0:35:16	0:35:19
-He was part of the army's -information service.	0:35:20	0:35:23
-At the age of 36, -married with two daughters...	0:35:23	0:35:26
-..his time as a soldier -came to an end.	0:35:27	0:35:29
-Soon, he was back in England...	0:35:32	0:35:34
-..starting a new life.	0:35:35	0:35:37
-Some writing and then two jobs.	0:35:37	0:35:40
-One helping a friend run a company -called Pontifex...	0:35:40	0:35:43
-..and another -working for the secret service...	0:35:43	0:35:46
-..keeping an eye -on Germany and Russia.	0:35:47	0:35:49
-Pontifex in the morning, -MI6 in the afternoon.	0:35:49	0:35:52
-Goronwy's manager in Pontifex -was once asked...	0:35:54	0:35:58
-..why he'd been given the work.	0:35:58	0:36:00
-The answer - he had a bigger brain -than anyone else...	0:36:00	0:36:04
-..and to hide his real job, -working for MI6.	0:36:04	0:36:07
-He spoke German fluently and -collected information about Germany.	0:36:07	0:36:12
-He assessed reports from spies -and collected information on Russia.	0:36:12	0:36:17
-In 1951, that role came to an end.	0:36:18	0:36:20
-He took up a post at his -old college, All Souls, Oxford.	0:36:20	0:36:23
-Bursar was the title, -responsible for the upkeep...	0:36:24	0:36:27
-..of the land and farms -of the establishment...	0:36:27	0:36:30
-..but there was no escaping -Russia and Guy Burgess.	0:36:31	0:36:35
-In 1951, Burgess disappeared.	0:36:36	0:36:38
-The friend who admitted -he was spying for Russia...	0:36:39	0:36:42
-..and had asked Goronwy to join him.	0:36:42	0:36:45
-Burgess was godfather -to one of Goronwy's children.	0:36:45	0:36:48
-They also named the cat Burgess.	0:36:48	0:36:51
-Burgess' final phone call before -disappearing was to his old friend.	0:36:51	0:36:56
-Much of Rees' story revolves around -his relationship with Burgess.	0:36:56	0:37:01
-They enjoyed each other's company.	0:37:01	0:37:04
-They drank together -and shared secrets.	0:37:04	0:37:07
-In the '30s, Goronwy Rees -knew that Guy Burgess...	0:37:07	0:37:11
-..and a far more respectable man -named Anthony Blunt...	0:37:11	0:37:16
-..were spies working for Russia.	0:37:16	0:37:19
-However, he told no-one.	0:37:19	0:37:21
-Later, -he tried to explain his actions.	0:37:21	0:37:24
-Unless one was absolutely sure, -friendship counted for more.	0:37:24	0:37:30
-You couldn't betray a friend except -on the ground of absolute certainty.	0:37:30	0:37:35
-If I had been absolutely certain, -I think I would have had no doubt.	0:37:35	0:37:40
-Since I was not certain, I didn't.	0:37:40	0:37:42
-Then again, -according to Goronwy Rees...	0:37:45	0:37:49
-..when Burgess disappeared -in 1951...	0:37:49	0:37:52
-..he told MI5 that Burgess and Blunt -were both Russian spies.	0:37:52	0:37:56
-He was interviewed by MI5 -but nothing came of it.	0:37:56	0:38:01
-The shadow remained.	0:38:01	0:38:03
-He was successful -back at work in Oxford.	0:38:08	0:38:10
-As a result, he came to the -attention of Aberystwyth University.	0:38:10	0:38:15
-They were searching -for a new principal.	0:38:15	0:38:17
-He received a letter inviting him -to apply for the role...	0:38:18	0:38:21
-..an opportunity to return to -the lost paradise of his childhood.	0:38:22	0:38:26
-Of all the mistakes he made, -the greatest was returning here.	0:38:26	0:38:30
-This is Penglais mansion, -home of the university's principal.	0:38:30	0:38:35
-He took up the role in 1953, -but why?	0:38:35	0:38:39
-He says he wanted to give -something back to Wales.	0:38:39	0:38:42
-Did he feel a sense of guilt?	0:38:43	0:38:44
-Was he trying to reconnect -with that lost paradise?	0:38:45	0:38:48
-It would turn into a disappointment.	0:38:48	0:38:50
-Even though he returned home, in -many ways, he felt like a stranger.	0:38:51	0:38:55
-If I had had any sense, I would -have realised that such letters...	0:38:55	0:39:00
-..particularly -if they come from Wales...	0:39:00	0:39:03
-..are never quite what they seem.	0:39:03	0:39:06
-He was different -to the established model...	0:39:06	0:39:09
-..of what you'd expect -the Aberystwyth principal to be.	0:39:09	0:39:13
-He was popular with students.	0:39:13	0:39:15
-There was a lot -of deadwood in Aberystwyth...	0:39:15	0:39:19
-..and he felt it was time -to move them on.	0:39:19	0:39:22
-There was disagreement -about the college's purpose.	0:39:29	0:39:32
-Rees wanted a place -where students...	0:39:33	0:39:35
-..could discuss ideas -and understand the world.	0:39:35	0:39:38
-For others, the college's role was -to safeguard the Welsh language...	0:39:39	0:39:44
-..and the moral standards -of students.	0:39:45	0:39:48
-Soon, Goronwy Rees felt stifled, by -the town and the old establishment.	0:39:48	0:39:54
-His wife was even less happy.	0:39:54	0:39:57
-She felt isolated, -she couldn't understand Welsh...	0:39:57	0:40:00
-..she couldn't understand the people -and many didn't like her.	0:40:01	0:40:04
-Now a mother to five children, -Margie detested their home.	0:40:07	0:40:11
-At the time, it was covered in grey -cement, the interior was lifeless.	0:40:12	0:40:17
-For Goronwy Rees, -his enemies in Aberystwyth...	0:40:23	0:40:27
-..were Welsh nationalists -and chapelgoers.	0:40:27	0:40:30
-They were too narrow-minded for him -and they were critical of him.	0:40:31	0:40:35
-He'd promised to start -speaking Welsh again but didn't.	0:40:36	0:40:40
-He became friends with students -while still acting as the principal.	0:40:40	0:40:44
-He drank -in the Belle Vue Royal Hotel.	0:40:45	0:40:47
-He wrote about homosexuality.	0:40:47	0:40:49
-On top of everything, -he wore white socks!	0:40:50	0:40:52
-I remember more than once...	0:40:56	0:40:59
-..he would chair public lectures.	0:40:59	0:41:02
-He did so with such brilliance.	0:41:03	0:41:05
-I remember when Douglas Jay, -his old friend, visited him.	0:41:05	0:41:10
-A grand dinner was arranged -at the mansion.	0:41:10	0:41:13
-I was a student at the time.	0:41:13	0:41:15
-As a distant cousin, -he invited me to join them.	0:41:15	0:41:19
-It was a wonderful evening.	0:41:19	0:41:23
-I walked down and heard his voice -thundering all around.	0:41:23	0:41:28
-"I've got 32 professors -in this place.	0:41:28	0:41:30
-"Do you know, half the buggers -dead from the neck up."	0:41:31	0:41:34
-I told myself, "Dear me, -I know what I'll be discussing...	0:41:34	0:41:38
-.."tomorrow morning -in the senior common room."	0:41:38	0:41:41
-He could be impudent at times.	0:41:41	0:41:43
-Then the dramatic event.	0:41:45	0:41:47
-The spark was Guy Burgess once more.	0:41:47	0:41:50
-In 1956, five years -after his disappearance...	0:41:50	0:41:53
-..he reappeared in Moscow.	0:41:54	0:41:56
-Everyone now knew that he was a spy.	0:41:56	0:41:58
-How many more were there?	0:41:59	0:42:00
-How many would be in danger -if Guy Burgess spoke out?	0:42:01	0:42:05
-Anthony Blunt, certainly, -and maybe Goronwy Rees.	0:42:05	0:42:09
-The principal of Aberystwyth -University struck first...	0:42:09	0:42:13
-..to undermine his old friend.	0:42:13	0:42:15
-What put the kybosh on things -were anonymous letters...	0:42:15	0:42:19
-..that appeared -in The People Sunday newspaper.	0:42:20	0:42:23
-Everyone knew -that Goronwy Rees was the author.	0:42:26	0:42:29
-He'd been writing memoirs -about Guy Burgess...	0:42:29	0:42:32
-..showing how close they were -and how much he knew.	0:42:33	0:42:36
-Rees wanted to expose Burgess -as an unscrupulous liar.	0:42:38	0:42:41
-Was money the motivation -for publishing the articles?	0:42:41	0:42:44
-He was paid 2,700 for the stories.	0:42:44	0:42:47
-Or was he trying to protect himself?	0:42:47	0:42:49
-Attacking Burgess in case he exposed -Goronwy Rees' role in the 1930s.	0:42:50	0:42:54
-His biggest mistake was giving the -information to a tabloid newspaper.	0:42:55	0:43:00
-He angered his Oxford friends for -betraying one of the selected few.	0:43:00	0:43:04
-He also gave his enemies -in Aberystwyth a target.	0:43:04	0:43:08
-Goronwy's explanation -was that he wanted to defend...	0:43:10	0:43:13
-..the safety of the British Isles.	0:43:13	0:43:16
-Because I felt I knew -a great deal about this case...	0:43:16	0:43:19
-..and I thought the security -services themselves...	0:43:19	0:43:23
-..had handled the case -extremely incompetently...	0:43:23	0:43:27
-..that had not pursued -their inquiries far enough...	0:43:27	0:43:30
-..and I was determined that -I should put it down on paper...	0:43:30	0:43:34
-..so that everybody could read.	0:43:35	0:43:37
-The 'everybody' included -the university's authorities.	0:43:37	0:43:40
-University President -Sir David Hughes Parry claimed....	0:43:41	0:43:44
-..that Rees offered his resignation -but Rees denied this.	0:43:45	0:43:49
-After some debate on whether Rees -had offered to resign...	0:43:49	0:43:52
-..there was an inquiry -at the request of 12 professors.	0:43:53	0:43:56
-Years later, Rees felt the inquiry -was a way to get rid of him...	0:43:56	0:44:02
-..not for the Burgess affair -but for three other sins.	0:44:02	0:44:06
-One that you are a Communist, -two that you are homosexual...	0:44:06	0:44:10
-..and three that you gave the -undergraduates a glass of sherry.	0:44:10	0:44:15
-I never knew -which was the worst crime.	0:44:15	0:44:17
-But you only plead -guilty to the third?	0:44:18	0:44:20
-Within eight months, the report.	0:44:21	0:44:23
-There was nothing untoward -about Goronwy Rees' work...	0:44:23	0:44:27
-..but the articles in The People -were lewd and scandalous.	0:44:27	0:44:31
-He'd put his interests -before those of the university.	0:44:31	0:44:35
-Many students supported him -but he had no option but to resign.	0:44:35	0:44:39
-At the age of 45, he had -five children but no job or home.	0:44:39	0:44:45
-He left Aberystwyth -under that cloud.	0:44:51	0:44:54
-It's such a pity -in so many respects.	0:44:54	0:44:57
-He was so different, -so lively, so impudent.	0:44:57	0:45:01
-He was a man ahead of his time.	0:45:02	0:45:04
-The Welsh establishment -wasn't ready for Goronwy Rees.	0:45:04	0:45:08
-Whether he was the third, fourth, -fifth or sixth spy, I don't know.	0:45:08	0:45:13
-A magazine called Encounter -was his salvation.	0:45:14	0:45:18
-It supported America -and was highly critical of Russia.	0:45:18	0:45:23
-He wrote columns -on international political subjects.	0:45:23	0:45:27
-It was an opportunity -to show his writing talent.	0:45:27	0:45:31
-I must say, -he wrote the most brilliant prose.	0:45:31	0:45:35
-..that I ever read.	0:45:35	0:45:38
-It appealed to me -because he wrote about my nation...	0:45:39	0:45:43
-..in the most brilliant -and attractive way.	0:45:43	0:45:46
-The way he wrote -about wheat in the sunshine.	0:45:47	0:45:50
-Or the way he wrote -about the excitement of Berlin.	0:45:51	0:45:54
-He wrote about things I understood -in a new, brilliant way.	0:45:55	0:45:59
-In a room filled with portraits of -Aberystwyth University's greatest...	0:46:03	0:46:08
-..there is no portrait -of Goronwy Rees.	0:46:08	0:46:11
-Every former principal is there.	0:46:11	0:46:13
-This plaque was included -after pressure from his family.	0:46:14	0:46:18
-Aberystwyth hasn't forgiven him.	0:46:18	0:46:20
-Goronwy Rees did get some revenge.	0:46:21	0:46:24
-On his deathbed, at the age of 70, -he watched a TV news item.	0:46:24	0:46:28
-Margaret Thatcher was announcing -to the House of Commons...	0:46:28	0:46:33
-..that Anthony Blunt, Guy Burgess' -friend, was a Russian spy.	0:46:33	0:46:37
-The government had known since 1964.	0:46:38	0:46:40
-Goronwy Rees celebrated -with a bottle of champagne...	0:46:40	0:46:44
-..and the words, -"Got you, you swine."	0:46:44	0:46:47
-It's got you, Goronwy, now.	0:46:49	0:46:52
-In 1999, it became clear that -Russia had a file on Goronwy Rees...	0:46:52	0:46:56
-..and that he had two codenames, -Gross and Fleet.	0:46:57	0:47:00
-Many had their suspicions, -now they knew.	0:47:00	0:47:03
-For a short period of time, Rees -had shared information with Russia.	0:47:03	0:47:08
-They weren't major secrets, -just information...	0:47:08	0:47:11
-..about the views of the British -cognoscenti at All Souls, Oxford.	0:47:12	0:47:16
-Goronwy Rees' life raises -many interesting questions.	0:47:17	0:47:21
-I want to know -how much spying did he do and why?	0:47:21	0:47:24
-And what was his relationship -with the Welsh language and culture?	0:47:25	0:47:29
-He travelled extensively.	0:47:30	0:47:32
-He left Aberystwyth -halfway through his childhood.	0:47:32	0:47:36
-Later, he turned his back on -everything Aberystwyth represented.	0:47:36	0:47:41
-I'd like to think that maybe, -just maybe...	0:47:41	0:47:45
-..he was playing a kind -of double agent with his own soul.	0:47:45	0:47:49
-S4C Subtitles by Testun Cyf.	0:48:19	0:48:21
-.	0:48:21	0:48:21

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