Pennod 1 ‹ Evan Jones a'r Cherokee

Line	From	To
-*	0:00:00	0:00:00
-North Carolina	0:00:01	0:00:04
-These mountains were -Cherokee ancestral lands.	0:00:06	0:00:11
-In 1838, the entire nation -was forcibly removed...	0:00:12	0:00:15
-..to make room for the white man.	0:00:15	0:00:18
-We'd call it ethnic cleansing today.	0:00:18	0:00:21
-It's one of the darkest chapters -in American history.	0:00:21	0:00:25
-Welshman Evan Jones -witnessed it all.	0:00:26	0:00:29
-Subtitles	0:00:29	0:00:31
-Evan Jones was a missionary.	0:00:34	0:00:36
-He spent most of his life -with the Cherokee.	0:00:37	0:00:40
-He was finally accepted -as a full member of the nation.	0:00:40	0:00:44
-I've researched his history -for years.	0:00:50	0:00:53
-In this series, I look at -this remarkable Welshman's life.	0:00:54	0:00:59
-I meet Cherokees -to learn more about their history.	0:01:00	0:01:03
-I reveal how the time Evan Jones -spent with them...	0:01:04	0:01:08
-..is so important -in Cherokee history.	0:01:08	0:01:11
-There are more than 300,000 -officially registered as Cherokee.	0:01:32	0:01:37
-Only 10,000 can speak -the native language.	0:01:38	0:01:43
-CHILDREN SING IN CHEROKEE	0:01:43	0:01:45
-There is a new momentum...	0:01:48	0:01:50
-..to ensure the language -is passed on to the next generation.	0:01:51	0:01:56
-CHILDREN SING IN CHEROKEE	0:01:56	0:01:58
-This is one of two -new Cherokee medium schools.	0:02:00	0:02:04
-The language is studied -in several universities.	0:02:09	0:02:13
-SPEAKS CHEROKEE	0:02:13	0:02:17
-I have on five brown belts.	0:02:19	0:02:21
-I don't know -when you'd ever use that.	0:02:22	0:02:24
-You're not going to use that in -Walmart unless you're stealing them!	0:02:25	0:02:30
-Tom Belt teaches Cherokee -in Western Carolina University.	0:02:30	0:02:35
-He gives an insight -to the language's history.	0:02:35	0:02:38
-They would wash -your mouth out with soap.	0:02:39	0:02:42
-The idea that you wash -your hands when they're dirty...	0:02:43	0:02:47
-..you wash somebody's mouth out -if they speak things that are dirty.	0:02:48	0:02:52
-Girls caught speaking Cherokee -would have their heads shaved.	0:02:53	0:02:57
-Boys caught speaking Cherokee -would be forced to wear a dress.	0:02:57	0:03:02
-They wanted to eradicate -the language.	0:03:03	0:03:06
-As Cherokees, we were taught -that our language...	0:03:06	0:03:11
-..was a gift from God.	0:03:11	0:03:15
-As a gift from God, it's something -we can't afford to lose.	0:03:16	0:03:20
-Evan Jones came to us -to conduct a mission.	0:03:20	0:03:26
-He wanted to convert us -to Christianity.	0:03:26	0:03:29
-But when he lived -with the Cherokee...	0:03:30	0:03:32
-..he began to learn the language...	0:03:33	0:03:35
-..and through that, -started to think like a Cherokee.	0:03:35	0:03:39
-The importance of Evan Jones's work -is evident to this day...	0:03:39	0:03:45
-..because -of the amount of material he left...	0:03:45	0:03:48
-..in a time -when we needed it the most.	0:03:49	0:03:53
-When Europeans first arrived -in North America...	0:04:03	0:04:07
-..at least 250 native languages...	0:04:07	0:04:10
-..were spoken -on this vast continent.	0:04:10	0:04:14
-Terms like Indians, -or Red Indians...	0:04:15	0:04:19
-..suggests they were one people.	0:04:19	0:04:23
-In reality, -they were different nations...	0:04:23	0:04:26
-..speaking different languages...	0:04:27	0:04:29
-..and living in different areas -across the continent.	0:04:30	0:04:33
-The Cherokee -was one of these nations.	0:04:34	0:04:37
-The nation suffered a terrible -hardship when the white man arrived.	0:04:39	0:04:44
-Firstly, they brought diseases...	0:04:45	0:04:48
-..then caused wars that -led to the Cherokees losing lands.	0:04:48	0:04:53
-It was ultimately ethnic cleansing.	0:04:53	0:04:56
-They were moved from their lands.	0:04:56	0:04:58
-It's a miracle they survived.	0:05:00	0:05:02
-Most Cherokees live in the west -today, in Oklahoma.	0:05:05	0:05:10
-They were forced to go there.	0:05:11	0:05:14
-Some still live in the east.	0:05:15	0:05:17
-It's their ancestral land.	0:05:17	0:05:19
-They were all here -when Evan Jones arrived...	0:05:20	0:05:24
-..as a Christian missionary.	0:05:24	0:05:26
-What sort of people -were the Cherokees...	0:05:32	0:05:36
-..when Evan Jones lived -with them in 1821?	0:05:36	0:05:39
-This is a description by -fellow missionary, Thomas Roberts.	0:05:39	0:05:43
-"Indians are copper-coloured...	0:05:45	0:05:47
-"..physically graceful -and have black eyes.	0:05:47	0:05:51
-"They have long, strong black hair.	0:05:51	0:05:56
-Oconaluftee village -in the North Carolina mountains...	0:05:58	0:06:04
-..is similar to a Cherokee -St Fagans.	0:06:04	0:06:07
-They maintain -the old, traditional crafts.	0:06:07	0:06:10
-Weaving...	0:06:10	0:06:12
-..pottery...	0:06:13	0:06:14
-..woodwork...	0:06:15	0:06:16
-..and carving spearheads.	0:06:16	0:06:19
-It was a chance to rehearse -the little Cherokee I know...	0:06:21	0:06:26
-..with Lucille Lossiah, -a basket weaver.	0:06:26	0:06:29
-I asked her what she was doing.	0:06:30	0:06:32
-SPEAKS CHEROKEE	0:06:32	0:06:34
-I'm preparing river cane -for basket making.	0:06:39	0:06:42
-I split them twice and peel them.	0:06:43	0:06:46
-I'll colour them with those roots.	0:06:47	0:06:51
-This will colour them like this.	0:06:54	0:06:57
-It's orange.	0:07:00	0:07:02
-I was going to say "giga ge i", -but that's red.	0:07:02	0:07:05
-It could, if you dye them longer.	0:07:06	0:07:09
-Oconaluftee -recreates a Cherokee community...	0:07:11	0:07:16
-..from the 1760s.	0:07:17	0:07:19
-Evan Jones came to Cherokee land -half a century later.	0:07:20	0:07:24
-But even then, the world of -the Native Americans was changing.	0:07:25	0:07:30
-Traditionally, -Cherokees lived in villages.	0:07:36	0:07:41
-The women cultivated the land -and grew corn while the men hunted.	0:07:41	0:07:46
-By Evan Jones's time, they lived -increasingly on separate farms.	0:07:47	0:07:52
-The men tended -the crops and animals...	0:07:52	0:07:55
-..as described by Thomas Roberts, -Evan Jones's colleague.	0:07:55	0:08:00
-"They grow corn and beans...	0:08:00	0:08:05
-"..and root vegetables -called sweet potatoes.	0:08:05	0:08:09
-"Some keep cows, sheep and pigs."	0:08:10	0:08:14
-The Cherokees began to live -more like their white neighbours.	0:08:17	0:08:22
-They had always farmed, -but not like this.	0:08:24	0:08:27
-Hunting was getting harder...	0:08:27	0:08:30
-..as they lost lands to white men.	0:08:30	0:08:34
-From 1721 on...	0:08:40	0:08:42
-..white people extended -their colonies towards the west.	0:08:42	0:08:47
-The Cherokees lost most of -their land in a series of treaties.	0:08:47	0:08:52
-By 1819...	0:08:57	0:08:59
-..they had lost all but -10% of their original territory.	0:08:59	0:09:03
-They still had -the mountains of North Carolina...	0:09:04	0:09:08
-..Tennessee, Georgia and Alabama.	0:09:08	0:09:11
-There were prolonged discussions -in the United States capital...	0:09:14	0:09:19
-..about how the citizens -of this new country...	0:09:19	0:09:23
-..could live alongside -Native Americans.	0:09:23	0:09:26
-It was government policy -to civilize the natives.	0:09:32	0:09:36
-The Cherokees were encouraged to -farm and dress like the white man...	0:09:36	0:09:41
-..to speak English -rather than their own languages...	0:09:42	0:09:46
-..and to renounce their religion -in favour of Christianity.	0:09:46	0:09:51
-Christian missionaries like Evan -Jones were central to the plan.	0:09:55	0:10:00
-The policy was later described as -"Kill the Indian and save the man."	0:10:02	0:10:07
-Rather than kill the natives, -kill their culture.	0:10:08	0:10:13
-Rather than kill individuals, -kill their language and identity.	0:10:14	0:10:19
-This Washington museum celebrates -Native American culture...	0:10:21	0:10:26
-..including Cherokee culture.	0:10:26	0:10:29
-The situation was very different -in Evan Jones's day.	0:10:29	0:10:33
-Everything involving the natives was -controlled by the US War Department.	0:10:33	0:10:39
-That speaks volumes about the -white man's attitude towards them.	0:10:39	0:10:44
-"On the 1st October, I have to make -a report to the War Department...	0:10:44	0:10:49
-"..of the proceedings of the year."	0:10:49	0:10:52
-So said Evan Jones -after he started his work.	0:10:52	0:10:56
-As well as saving souls...	0:10:56	0:10:59
-..he was expected to be -some sort of government agent.	0:11:00	0:11:04
-He preached the gospel of peace...	0:11:04	0:11:07
-..but was answerable -to the War Department.	0:11:07	0:11:10
-How did the Welshman become -a missionary to the Cherokees...	0:11:11	0:11:15
-..in the first place?	0:11:15	0:11:17
-.	0:11:20	0:11:20
-Subtitles	0:11:24	0:11:24
-Subtitles - -Subtitles	0:11:24	0:11:26
-Llaneigon, Breconshire	0:11:30	0:11:33
-Evan Jones was born and raised -in Llaneigon, east Breconshire.	0:11:35	0:11:40
-It's three miles -from the English border.	0:11:40	0:11:44
-It was a Welsh speaking area.	0:11:44	0:11:47
-Evan Jones was baptised -in this church, in 1789.	0:11:56	0:12:01
-It's in the parish register.	0:12:02	0:12:05
-Evan, son of Samuel and Ann Jones, -May 28th, 1789.	0:12:07	0:12:12
-His father was clearly -highly respected.	0:12:13	0:12:17
-He was one of the church wardens.	0:12:17	0:12:22
-This is Evan Jones's family home...	0:12:25	0:12:27
-..Llwynffili farm, near Llaneigon.	0:12:28	0:12:31
-The house suggests -they were relatively well off.	0:12:31	0:12:35
-Little is known -of Evan Jones's early years.	0:12:35	0:12:39
-We know he married -Elizabeth Lanigan in 1808.	0:12:40	0:12:44
-The young couple moved to London -soon after to start a new life.	0:12:45	0:12:50
-The only surviving picture -shows him in later life.	0:12:51	0:12:55
-In London, Evan Jones -worked in a shop in Ludgate Hill.	0:12:56	0:13:00
-He tried to master -Latin, Greek and Hebrew.	0:13:00	0:13:04
-He was a schoolmaster -for a while...	0:13:04	0:13:07
-..before deciding to emigrate -with his young family...	0:13:07	0:13:11
-..to America in 1821.	0:13:11	0:13:13
-The family came to Philadelphia.	0:13:24	0:13:27
-His history -in London and Philadelphia...	0:13:28	0:13:31
-..suggests a restless nature.	0:13:31	0:13:34
-He couldn't decide -what to do with his life.	0:13:34	0:13:38
-He was spiritually restless, too.	0:13:41	0:13:44
-In London, he turned his back -on the Anglican church.	0:13:46	0:13:50
-He joined the Methodists.	0:13:51	0:13:53
-In Philadelphia, he changed again, -and joined the Baptists.	0:13:53	0:13:59
-Hundreds of Welsh people -lived in this part of the US...	0:13:59	0:14:04
-..as city place names -bear witness to this day.	0:14:04	0:14:08
-Bala Cynwyd, Radnor, Meirion, -Bryn Mawr, Elwyn.	0:14:08	0:14:12
-Evan Jones settled -in the Berwyn suburb.	0:14:15	0:14:18
-He started to worship with -the Baptists in this church.	0:14:19	0:14:23
-Today, it's Great Valley church.	0:14:23	0:14:26
-It was Dyffryn Mawr -in Evan Jones's time.	0:14:26	0:14:29
-It's where he met a man who would -change the course of his life.	0:14:29	0:14:34
-Thomas Roberts.	0:14:34	0:14:35
-Rev Thomas Roberts -was a Welshman from Denbighshire.	0:14:36	0:14:40
-This is him in later life.	0:14:40	0:14:42
-Like Evan Jones, -he was a restless young man.	0:14:42	0:14:48
-As one of -the Dyffryn Mawr ministers...	0:14:49	0:14:52
-..he led a comfortable life.	0:14:52	0:14:55
-He wanted to send Christians...	0:14:55	0:14:57
-..to lead a mission -amongst Native Americans.	0:14:57	0:15:01
-He sympathized -with the native people...	0:15:01	0:15:04
-..because of the way -they were treated by white men.	0:15:05	0:15:09
-"I have witnessed white people...	0:15:09	0:15:13
-"..treating them -like savage animals.	0:15:13	0:15:16
-"They use the sword -to chase them off their lands."	0:15:16	0:15:21
-Thomas Roberts realized...	0:15:21	0:15:23
-..how this would damage -the missionaries' chance of success.	0:15:23	0:15:29
-He was keen to face the challenge.	0:15:29	0:15:31
-He presented his plan -to the Baptist Missionary Board.	0:15:31	0:15:35
-It was accepted.	0:15:36	0:15:37
-"The committee wanted -a missionary family...	0:15:39	0:15:43
-"..to include a minister, -teacher, blacksmith and so on...	0:15:43	0:15:47
-"..to live with the Cherokee Nation.	0:15:47	0:15:50
-"They invited me -to undertake the task."	0:15:50	0:15:54
-Twenty five people agreed -to join Thomas Roberts...	0:15:56	0:16:00
-..as part of the missionary family.	0:16:01	0:16:04
-There are many Welsh names here.	0:16:05	0:16:09
-We don't know if every missionary -belonged to this church.	0:16:12	0:16:17
-The mission leaders, -and the vision...	0:16:17	0:16:21
-..sprang from Dyffryn Mawr -Baptist church.	0:16:22	0:16:26
-We could almost call it -a Welsh mission to the Cherokee.	0:16:26	0:16:31
-The Welsh people -included Evan Jones and his family.	0:16:33	0:16:37
-He would be the new venture's -schoolmaster.	0:16:38	0:16:42
-It was an interesting decision.	0:16:46	0:16:49
-The restless Welshman -had moved from Wales to London...	0:16:49	0:16:53
-..then to Philadelphia.	0:16:53	0:16:55
-In the two places...	0:16:55	0:16:58
-..he joined -a thriving Welsh community.	0:16:59	0:17:02
-Emigrating wasn't -that much of a change of world.	0:17:03	0:17:07
-As he left this city -and headed to the Cherokee's land...	0:17:07	0:17:11
-..Evan Jones abandoned -the security of Welsh culture...	0:17:11	0:17:16
-..and entered the unknown.	0:17:16	0:17:18
-No-one was sure what lay in wait -in the Cherokee's land.	0:17:18	0:17:23
-Thomas Roberts's description -of leaving Philadelphia...	0:17:23	0:17:27
-..sounds more like a funeral -service than an exciting adventure.	0:17:28	0:17:33
-"At around 11 o'clock, -we gathered in Centre Square.	0:17:35	0:17:39
-"More than a thousand -were present...	0:17:39	0:17:42
-"..to commend us to God -and to the word of His grace.	0:17:42	0:17:46
-"The old and young were in tears."	0:17:47	0:17:50
-An arduous 800 mile journey -lay ahead.	0:17:56	0:18:00
-It took two months -to go from Philadelphia...	0:18:01	0:18:06
-..to the North Carolina mountains.	0:18:06	0:18:10
-"After reaching the Indians' land...	0:18:15	0:18:18
-"..we travelled -for a further three days.	0:18:18	0:18:21
-"We camped around a fire -for two cold nights.	0:18:22	0:18:27
-"We were -in the middle of nowhere...	0:18:27	0:18:30
-"..surrounded by -wild animals and barbarians.	0:18:30	0:18:34
-"But we were not afraid."	0:18:34	0:18:38
-The missionaries -had no reason to be afraid.	0:18:53	0:18:59
-The Cherokee Nation -had invited them.	0:18:59	0:19:03
-They weren't -the first missionaries here.	0:19:04	0:19:08
-Moravians, Congregationalists -and Methodists...	0:19:08	0:19:12
-..had settled -in other parts of country.	0:19:12	0:19:15
-It was first-come, first-served.	0:19:16	0:19:19
-They had chosen -fertile, accessible areas.	0:19:19	0:19:23
-The Baptists settled -in a mountainous, remote area.	0:19:24	0:19:29
-The missionaries came here -to the banks of Hiawssee River...	0:19:35	0:19:39
-..to a place called Guna hitunyi, -or Valley Towns, in English.	0:19:39	0:19:44
-It's hard to imagine -how remote this place was...	0:19:55	0:20:00
-..to the white missionaries -two centuries ago.	0:20:00	0:20:04
-The closest shop was 90 miles away.	0:20:05	0:20:07
-It took six days -for a wagon to get there and back.	0:20:08	0:20:12
-Post from Philadelphia took between -four and eight weeks to arrive.	0:20:12	0:20:17
-The Baptists bought vegetables -and meat from the natives at first.	0:20:21	0:20:26
-But they intended -to be self-sufficient.	0:20:27	0:20:30
-"We are confident -that we have sown enough corn...	0:20:30	0:20:34
-"..to sustain our mission -and the children in our care."	0:20:35	0:20:39
-Over the next three years...	0:20:42	0:20:44
-..wood cabins were built -for every family...	0:20:44	0:20:48
-..and the Cherokee children -who attended school.	0:20:49	0:20:53
-There were two schoolhouses, -one for boys and one for girls.	0:20:53	0:20:57
-There was a blacksmith, -stable, barn...	0:20:58	0:21:01
-..everything they needed to sustain -the new missionary community.	0:21:01	0:21:06
-There is nothing left...	0:21:09	0:21:11
-..of the community -established by the Baptists.	0:21:11	0:21:16
-But the names remind us there -was a mission here 200 years ago.	0:21:16	0:21:21
-In 1999...	0:21:23	0:21:25
-..archaeologists excavated -the Valley Towns site.	0:21:25	0:21:29
-They found items -that bring history alive.	0:21:30	0:21:34
-Here is a native necklace.	0:21:35	0:21:38
-Here are things -the missionaries brought.	0:21:38	0:21:42
-These are fragments of crockery.	0:21:43	0:21:45
-It's strange to think...	0:21:46	0:21:48
-..that perhaps Evan Jones -ate from this plate.	0:21:48	0:21:52
-But it's these items -that epitomize Evan Jones's work.	0:21:53	0:21:58
-He was a schoolmaster.	0:21:59	0:22:01
-He taught Cherokee children -to write.	0:22:01	0:22:04
-They didn't use paper and pencils...	0:22:05	0:22:07
-..but slate, like this one.	0:22:08	0:22:11
-This is one of the original -slate pencils...	0:22:13	0:22:18
-..that was used to write.	0:22:18	0:22:21
-This is a piece -of one of the original slates...	0:22:21	0:22:24
-..used to teach children -in Valley Towns.	0:22:25	0:22:29
-As well as teaching the children -to read and write...	0:22:29	0:22:33
-..various crafts were taught.	0:22:33	0:22:36
-The girls learnt to sew. -They made samplers, like this one.	0:22:36	0:22:41
-As we see, to start, -the lessons were in English.	0:22:42	0:22:47
-After moving to Cherokee land...	0:22:51	0:22:54
-..Evan Jones immediately -tried to learn their language.	0:22:54	0:22:58
-It was essential.	0:22:58	0:23:01
-Of the 6,000 Cherokees -who lived in the mountains...	0:23:01	0:23:05
-..no more than six -were fluent in English.	0:23:06	0:23:09
-Despite that, he was expected to -teach through the medium of English.	0:23:12	0:23:18
-Evan Jones doubted -the wisdom of this...	0:23:18	0:23:22
-..as he expressed -in a letter to his employers.	0:23:22	0:23:26
-"To condemn the Cherokee -to the hard fate...	0:23:26	0:23:29
-"..of acquiring every idea -of God and his salvation...	0:23:29	0:23:33
-"..through the medium -of an unknown tongue...	0:23:33	0:23:35
-"..appears to be -at variance with reason."	0:23:35	0:23:39
-To be an effective missionary...	0:23:39	0:23:43
-..Evan Jones believed they -should use the Cherokee language.	0:23:43	0:23:49
-But Evan Jones's employers -on the Mission Board disagreed.	0:23:49	0:23:54
-He argued with them for a long time.	0:23:55	0:23:57
-The Welshman wouldn't back down.	0:23:58	0:24:00
-From then on...	0:24:00	0:24:02
-..in his school, he taught -through the medium of Cherokee.	0:24:03	0:24:07
-.	0:24:07	0:24:07
-Subtitles	0:24:15	0:24:15
-Subtitles - -Subtitles	0:24:15	0:24:17
-There isn't much archaeological -evidence in Valley Towns...	0:24:23	0:24:27
-..of Evan Jones -and his fellow missionaries' work.	0:24:27	0:24:31
-But there's a wealth -of information about him...	0:24:31	0:24:35
-..in the Baptists' -Archive near Atlanta.	0:24:35	0:24:38
-Evan Jones corresponded regularly...	0:24:42	0:24:45
-..with his employers -on the Mission Board.	0:24:45	0:24:48
-Hundreds of his letters and reports -have been kept in this collection.	0:24:48	0:24:53
-It's an exciting experience to see -Evan Jones's original letters.	0:24:55	0:25:00
-These documents in his own hand...	0:25:00	0:25:03
-..chronicle his work and -experiences in the Cherokee's land.	0:25:03	0:25:07
-"It is difficult to procure seed.	0:25:08	0:25:10
-"We had to send 50 miles -for 15 bushels of wheat.	0:25:10	0:25:14
-"Our school goes on pretty well."	0:25:14	0:25:17
-Evan Jones wrote -in English to his employers.	0:25:17	0:25:20
-But Welsh was his first language, -as he noted in this letter.	0:25:20	0:25:25
-"The Welch -is my vernacular language."	0:25:26	0:25:28
-In his letters -to the Mission Board...	0:25:29	0:25:32
-..Evan Jones quite often referred -to "half breeds" and "full Indians".	0:25:32	0:25:37
-In the 1820s, three-quarters -of the nation were "full Indians"...	0:25:39	0:25:45
-..full blood Cherokee.	0:25:45	0:25:47
-The rest had a mixed background.	0:25:47	0:25:50
-Their parents or grandparents -had intermarried with white people.	0:25:50	0:25:55
-In Evan Jones's area, most of -the people were full blood natives.	0:25:55	0:26:00
-They were mainly the ones who -clung to their traditional culture.	0:26:00	0:26:05
-CHEROKEE SOCIAL DANCE	0:26:06	0:26:08
-Today, most of the natives -are mixed blood...	0:26:16	0:26:19
-..as we see here -in the village of Oconaluftee.	0:26:19	0:26:23
-They show tourists -some of the old Cherokee traditions.	0:26:23	0:26:27
-CHEROKEE SOCIAL DANCE	0:26:28	0:26:30
-But blood isn't what counts most, -as James Wolfe Junior told me.	0:26:31	0:26:36
-Cherokee is within.	0:26:37	0:26:39
-It's not blood and it's not -the colour of a man's skin.	0:26:39	0:26:42
-Even in the old days...	0:26:43	0:26:44
-..you were considered Cherokee from -inside, not from how you looked.	0:26:45	0:26:49
-Full blood and mixed -blood are used a lot.	0:26:50	0:26:53
-But this concept came -with Europeans.	0:26:53	0:26:55
-Oh, yes.	0:26:56	0:26:57
-If you took to this life -and you loved it like a Cherokee...	0:26:57	0:27:01
-..to us, you were a Cherokee.	0:27:01	0:27:03
-CHEROKEE SOCIAL DANCE	0:27:03	0:27:05
-Dances were central -to the Cherokee culture.	0:27:08	0:27:12
-Some dances were part -of ceremonies to heal the sick...	0:27:13	0:27:17
-..others for funerals and weddings.	0:27:17	0:27:20
-These more ceremonial dances -aren't performed for tourists.	0:27:21	0:27:26
-We have been given permission -to show some of our social dances.	0:27:27	0:27:31
-These dances would be when we'd -meet to enjoy each other's company.	0:27:32	0:27:37
-I saw you leading the Ant Dance.	0:27:37	0:27:39
-You enjoy dancing.	0:27:39	0:27:40
-You enjoy dancing. - -Oh, yes.	0:27:40	0:27:41
-It gives us that bit of connection -that I believe we're missing.	0:27:42	0:27:46
-They were like prayers to the -creator. You feel it when you dance.	0:27:46	0:27:51
-We're told if you don't enjoy -dancing, don't get out there.	0:27:51	0:27:55
-In a dance, you show honour -to those that came before you.	0:27:56	0:27:59
-To go with negative feelings, -you're not showing honour to anyone.	0:28:00	0:28:04
-You have to go out there -with a good heart.	0:28:04	0:28:07
-CHEROKEE SOCIAL DANCE	0:28:08	0:28:10
-But for Evan Jones -and Thomas Roberts...	0:28:11	0:28:14
-..these dances were pagan customs.	0:28:14	0:28:17
-SHOUTING	0:28:18	0:28:19
-They were just as opposed -to this game...	0:28:20	0:28:24
-..a-ne-tsa, or stickball.	0:28:24	0:28:26
-Later, the game -developed to be lacrosse.	0:28:28	0:28:31
-In Cherokee tradition, a-ne-tsa -was "the little brother of war".	0:28:32	0:28:37
-It was a way of solving -disputes between two villages...	0:28:37	0:28:41
-..without open fighting.	0:28:41	0:28:43
-This suggests how fierce -the games could be.	0:28:44	0:28:48
-SHOUTING	0:28:48	0:28:49
-The Valley Towns -missionary school banned it.	0:28:50	0:28:54
-"Any pupil who shall attend -any ball play or dance...	0:28:56	0:28:59
-"..or be guilty of getting -drunk shall be expelled...	0:28:59	0:29:03
-"..and shall forfeit all clothes -received from the mission."	0:29:03	0:29:08
-The fact that this rule placed -traditional ballgames and dances...	0:29:08	0:29:13
-..in the same category -as drunkenness, speaks volumes.	0:29:13	0:29:18
-Evan Jones and Thomas Roberts -refused to accept customs...	0:29:18	0:29:22
-..that were an integral part -of the natives' culture.	0:29:22	0:29:26
-In this respect...	0:29:26	0:29:28
-..they were the same -as the other Christian missionaries.	0:29:28	0:29:32
-But their desire to master -and use the Cherokee language...	0:29:33	0:29:37
-..was very unusual.	0:29:38	0:29:40
-IN CHEROKEE	0:29:44	0:29:45
-"It is a pity they do not have -books in their own language.	0:29:46	0:29:50
-"These considerations encouraged -Brother Jones and myself...	0:29:50	0:29:55
-"..to venture to put -their language in writing.	0:29:55	0:29:58
-"With a native's help, we have -translated a number of chapters...	0:29:59	0:30:04
-"..on the life and death of Christ."	0:30:04	0:30:07
-At first, they tried to use the -Roman alphabet to write Cherokee.	0:30:07	0:30:12
-This is a translation of the Lord's -Prayer by a native colleague...	0:30:13	0:30:18
-..Atsi or Arch Skit.	0:30:18	0:30:20
-There was much prejudice -against using native languages...	0:30:21	0:30:26
-..to spread the Gospel.	0:30:26	0:30:28
-Some arrogantly believed -the languages...	0:30:28	0:30:31
-..lacked the sophistication -to discuss Christian concepts.	0:30:31	0:30:36
-This was Evan Jones's response to -the claim in the Baptists' magazine.	0:30:36	0:30:41
-"This is far from being the case.	0:30:41	0:30:43
-"The Cherokee language possesses -a great facility of combination...	0:30:43	0:30:48
-"..to readily express new ideas.	0:30:48	0:30:50
-"We have met with several instances -in which the Cherokee language...	0:30:50	0:30:55
-"..expresses passages of scripture -with peculiar force and beauty."	0:30:56	0:31:01
-This old wooden church -near Elijay in Georgia...	0:31:13	0:31:16
-..dates roughly to Evan Jones and -Thomas Roberts's time in this area.	0:31:17	0:31:22
-Although the Welshmen's attempts -to learn Cherokee were going well...	0:31:24	0:31:30
-..their attempts to save -souls were less successful.	0:31:30	0:31:34
-It was two years -before they converted a Cherokee.	0:31:34	0:31:38
-The Welsh missionaries -came here to establish a church.	0:31:38	0:31:43
-They had a long way to go -before filling a church like this.	0:31:43	0:31:47
-The missionaries' school was -very popular with the natives.	0:31:50	0:31:54
-"We have 60 or 70 Cherokee -pupils in the school...	0:31:55	0:31:59
-"..who are fed, clothed -and taught by us."	0:31:59	0:32:03
-But persuading the Cherokee -to accept the Baptists' religion...	0:32:04	0:32:09
-..was a different matter.	0:32:10	0:32:12
-Many natives had doubts about the -truth of the white man's religion.	0:32:12	0:32:16
-After all, hadn't the white man -cheated the Cherokee...	0:32:17	0:32:21
-..time after time in their history?	0:32:21	0:32:24
-This story is a great example...	0:32:24	0:32:26
-..of the suspicion towards -missionaries in general.	0:32:26	0:32:31
-After starting to publish -the New Testament in Cherokee...	0:32:31	0:32:36
-..a copy of Matthew's Gospel -was brought to Yonaguska...	0:32:36	0:32:40
-..a very important chief -in the area.	0:32:40	0:32:43
-Yonaguska wanted to hear -this Christian book...	0:32:43	0:32:46
-..before allowing missionaries -to give it to his people.	0:32:47	0:32:50
-So a few chapters of Matthew's -Gospel were read to Yonaguska.	0:32:51	0:32:56
-After deliberating, -this was his answer.	0:32:56	0:33:00
-"Well, it seems a good book.	0:33:00	0:33:02
-"Strange that -the white people are no better...	0:33:02	0:33:06
-"..after having had it so long."	0:33:06	0:33:08
-But the Cherokee -didn't accept Christianity sooner...	0:33:13	0:33:17
-..mainly because they already -had their own spiritual culture...	0:33:17	0:33:22
-..which still survives.	0:33:23	0:33:25
-Tom Belt remembers the first time -he was introduced...	0:33:28	0:33:32
-..to his people's religious rituals -at the age of fourteen.	0:33:32	0:33:37
-SPEAKS CHEROKEE	0:33:37	0:33:38
-My father took me -to a ceremonial dance.	0:33:38	0:33:41
-Before leaving me, he said...	0:33:41	0:33:44
-"..Watch everything -very carefully tonight.	0:33:48	0:33:52
-"Maybe this is the path -God has chosen for you."	0:33:53	0:33:57
-So I stayed up all night, -watching and listening.	0:33:57	0:34:01
-The next morning, -my father came to take me home.	0:34:04	0:34:08
-On the way, he asked me if -I'd like to go back the next time?	0:34:08	0:34:13
-I replied I would.	0:34:14	0:34:16
-I felt totally at home there.	0:34:17	0:34:20
-I felt I belonged.	0:34:22	0:34:24
-One Cherokee belief is that -man is part of something bigger.	0:34:40	0:34:44
-Nature should be respected -and balance maintained in our world.	0:34:44	0:34:49
-"Going to water", -bathing in a river...	0:34:49	0:34:52
-..is a very important -religious ritual.	0:34:52	0:34:56
-Some say -it's a purification ritual...	0:34:56	0:34:59
-..marking an important -turning point in spiritual life.	0:35:00	0:35:04
-In a way, it's similar -to Christian baptism.	0:35:04	0:35:08
-But that didn't mean that Evan -Jones looked more favourably...	0:35:08	0:35:12
-..on Cherokee beliefs, -rather, the opposite.	0:35:13	0:35:16
-In Evan Jones's letters -to the Mission Board in Boston...	0:35:17	0:35:21
-..he detailed his battles -with the Adonisgi...	0:35:21	0:35:25
-..the traditional priests.	0:35:25	0:35:27
-He was proud of each victory.	0:35:28	0:35:30
-"On Friday last, we had the -satisfaction to witness the pool...	0:35:30	0:35:34
-"..where heathen priests -performed ablutions...	0:35:35	0:35:39
-"..wrested from the prince of -darkness, for baptising Gostaya...	0:35:39	0:35:44
-"..a full Indian who had previously -given a satisfactory account...	0:35:44	0:35:49
-"..of his conversion to God, -by the power of Divine grace."	0:35:49	0:35:53
-But these victories were rare -in the early years in Valley Towns.	0:36:02	0:36:08
-The Baptist Missionary Board -had invested a lot in the venture.	0:36:08	0:36:12
-But the missionaries were still -far from achieving their aim...	0:36:13	0:36:18
-..of converting a good number -of the Cherokee to Christianity.	0:36:18	0:36:22
-"They have no imagination -about religion, or God.	0:36:23	0:36:27
-"Pray for me, that I do not tire, -after preaching to men and women...	0:36:27	0:36:32
-"..who appear -as unfeeling as stones!"	0:36:32	0:36:37
-Those were Thomas Roberts's -despondent words...	0:36:37	0:36:41
-..the originator of the project.	0:36:42	0:36:44
-In their disappointment, other -members of the missionary family...	0:36:44	0:36:49
-..returned to Philadelphia.	0:36:49	0:36:52
-Eventually, Thomas Roberts -also reached the end of his tether.	0:36:52	0:36:57
-"My wife and I are sad.	0:36:59	0:37:01
-"We believe it better to move -to another position in spring.	0:37:01	0:37:06
-"We hope we shall -do more good in another place."	0:37:06	0:37:11
-About 25 missionaries came to Valley -Towns three and a half years before.	0:37:14	0:37:19
-But by April 1825...	0:37:19	0:37:21
-..only Evan Jones -and his family were left.	0:37:22	0:37:25
-The future of the venture -was uncertain.	0:37:25	0:37:28
-Everything was in the hands of Evan -Jones and his native colleagues.	0:37:28	0:37:33
-.	0:37:33	0:37:34
-Subtitles	0:37:37	0:37:37
-Subtitles - -Subtitles	0:37:37	0:37:39
-After Thomas Roberts -left Valley Towns...	0:37:41	0:37:44
-..Evan Jones began -to preach as well as teach.	0:37:45	0:37:48
-He was ordained -a minister by the Baptists.	0:37:49	0:37:52
-The Cherokee lived in scattered -communities in this area.	0:37:53	0:37:58
-From time to time, -Evan Jones left the church...	0:37:58	0:38:01
-..and travelled round -the communities on his horse...	0:38:01	0:38:06
-..to preach to the Cherokee.	0:38:06	0:38:08
-God sent his son Jesus -to die a real cruel death.	0:38:16	0:38:20
-But let us praise the Lord, -he rose again on the third day.	0:38:20	0:38:24
-By the early 1830s...	0:38:24	0:38:26
-..Evan Jones's persistence -began to bear fruit...	0:38:26	0:38:30
-..as he told his employers -in the Mission Board.	0:38:30	0:38:34
-"Parched ground becomes a pool -and thirsty land springs of water.	0:38:34	0:38:39
-"The poor despised Cherokees -are becoming the people of God.	0:38:39	0:38:44
-"On Sabbath Day last, I had -the pleasure to bury in baptism...	0:38:44	0:38:48
-"..seven full Cherokees."	0:38:49	0:38:51
-In time, the Baptists would become -the most popular denomination...	0:38:52	0:38:57
-..amongst the Cherokee.	0:38:57	0:38:59
-It's the same today.	0:38:59	0:39:01
-This is Emma.	0:39:02	0:39:04
-Emma, you have also asked -Jesus to come into your heart.	0:39:05	0:39:09
-We baptise you in the name of -the Father, Son and the Holy Spirit.	0:39:09	0:39:13
-Amen.	0:39:14	0:39:15
-Evan Jones's readiness to use -the Cherokee language to preach...	0:39:22	0:39:26
-..was a factor -in the Baptists' success.	0:39:27	0:39:30
-But in 1826...	0:39:30	0:39:31
-..he came across a new way -of writing the language...	0:39:32	0:39:35
-..helping him to communicate even -more effectively with the natives.	0:39:36	0:39:41
-This is a sculpture of one of the -Cherokee's greatest benefactors...	0:39:41	0:39:46
-..the inventor of the "syllabary".	0:39:46	0:39:49
-This genius, Sequoyah, -had analyzed his mother tongue...	0:39:51	0:39:55
-..inventing a way to write it...	0:39:56	0:39:58
-..about ten years -before the Welsh missionaries...	0:39:58	0:40:02
-..reached the Cherokee land.	0:40:02	0:40:04
-He devised a series of 85 signs -for each syllable in the language.	0:40:04	0:40:10
-The Cherokee don't write their -language with letters like Welsh...	0:40:11	0:40:16
-..but with these signs -for the language's syllables.	0:40:16	0:40:21
-It's called a syllabary.	0:40:21	0:40:23
-It's easier to see -how it works on a grid.	0:40:25	0:40:28
-There's a sign or symbol -for each syllable.	0:40:28	0:40:32
-Ha, He, Hi.	0:40:32	0:40:34
-Ho, Hu, Hy.	0:40:34	0:40:37
-La, Le, Li...	0:40:37	0:40:40
-..and so on.	0:40:40	0:40:41
-These symbols, Tja, La and Gi...	0:40:43	0:40:45
-..spell Tjalagi, -or Cherokee in their language.	0:40:47	0:40:51
-By using the syllabary, -Cherokee children...	0:40:56	0:40:59
-..learnt to read -in their language in days...	0:41:00	0:41:04
-..as they still do today.	0:41:04	0:41:07
-The dog had...	0:41:07	0:41:08
-..sweet corn flour -coming out of his mouth...	0:41:09	0:41:14
-..sweet corn flour.	0:41:16	0:41:18
-SPEAKS CHEROKEE	0:41:19	0:41:20
-Children start to learn the Sequoyah -syllabary when they're three.	0:41:22	0:41:27
-They don't use the Roman alphabet -at all for Cherokee.	0:41:27	0:41:31
-They use the syllabary -all the time.	0:41:32	0:41:34
-And what did they do?	0:41:35	0:41:37
-They hid.	0:41:37	0:41:38
-They hid.	0:41:39	0:41:41
-Sequoyah's invention -was truly revolutionary.	0:41:41	0:41:45
-The Cherokee was the only -native North American nation...	0:41:45	0:41:49
-..who invented -their own writing system...	0:41:50	0:41:53
-..like the Aztec and Maya -in Central America.	0:41:53	0:41:58
-Sequoyah's feat was to turn -the translation process about.	0:41:58	0:42:02
-The Cherokee didn't have to learn -the white man's writing system.	0:42:02	0:42:07
-The white man had -to adopt their way.	0:42:07	0:42:10
-This was the method Evan Jones -used to teach the Cherokee...	0:42:10	0:42:14
-..to read their own language.	0:42:14	0:42:17
-Temporary schools were opened -in other communities...	0:42:17	0:42:21
-..as well as Valley Towns.	0:42:21	0:42:23
-Some academics have suggested -that over half the nation...	0:42:23	0:42:28
-..were literate by 1831.	0:42:28	0:42:30
-In 1828, the syllabary -became even more popular...	0:42:44	0:42:48
-..when the Cherokee began -to publish a newspaper.	0:42:48	0:42:52
-Its title was Tsu-le-hi-sa-ny-hi, -or the Cherokee Phoenix.	0:42:53	0:42:57
-This was a bilingual, weekly paper.	0:43:00	0:43:03
-Evan Jones used to cut out -the columns in Cherokee...	0:43:04	0:43:09
-..and use them to help -his students learn to read.	0:43:09	0:43:13
-Today, the Cherokee Phoenix -appears monthly...	0:43:19	0:43:23
-..with a daily online news service.	0:43:23	0:43:26
-They look to the future -with confidence...	0:43:27	0:43:30
-..as editor Bryan Pollard explains.	0:43:30	0:43:33
-Many tribes actually look toward -the Cherokee Phoenix for direction.	0:43:33	0:43:39
-Comanche Nation representatives -came here recently...	0:43:39	0:43:43
-..to look at our professionalism...	0:43:43	0:43:46
-..and independence -from the tribal government.	0:43:46	0:43:49
-A lot of tribes don't have -any kind of publication.	0:43:50	0:43:53
-There are tribes that -may be publishing something...	0:43:53	0:43:57
-..but it's controlled by the -administration or the council.	0:43:57	0:44:02
-The Phoenix is totally independent -editorially and has 36,000 readers.	0:44:02	0:44:08
-There is a staff of a dozen.	0:44:09	0:44:11
-They're all members -of the Cherokee Nation.	0:44:12	0:44:16
-The native language still -claims a place in the paper...	0:44:16	0:44:20
-..with about six stories -a month in Cherokee.	0:44:20	0:44:23
-Could I see some bilingual stories?	0:44:24	0:44:25
-Could I see some bilingual stories? - -Sure.	0:44:25	0:44:26
-Oftentimes people ask why put the -language in when so few speak it.	0:44:27	0:44:32
-Our philosophy is that if we put -the language in the paper...	0:44:32	0:44:37
-..maybe it will encourage people to -want to learn about the language.	0:44:37	0:44:41
-We try to keep it -in people's consciousness.	0:44:42	0:44:45
-Make it visible.	0:44:45	0:44:45
-Make it visible. - -Exactly.	0:44:45	0:44:46
-Just like road signs you see.	0:44:46	0:44:48
-It's really important because it's -not a text book, this is real life.	0:44:49	0:44:54
-About the things happening now.	0:44:54	0:44:55
-About the things happening now. - -Exactly.	0:44:55	0:44:56
-So it's a modern -use of the language.	0:44:56	0:45:00
-The Cherokee Phoenix's first home -was here in New Echota, Georgia.	0:45:07	0:45:12
-It's quiet here today.	0:45:17	0:45:19
-But in the 1820s...	0:45:19	0:45:21
-..New Echota was rapidly becoming -the capital of the Cherokee.	0:45:21	0:45:26
-This place was a centre -for the native government...	0:45:32	0:45:35
-..stretching across Cherokee lands, -as Thomas Roberts recorded.	0:45:36	0:45:41
-"Their government -is run by two principal chiefs...	0:45:43	0:45:47
-"..and a council -elected by the people.	0:45:47	0:45:50
-"The land is divided -into eight counties.	0:45:50	0:45:54
-"A court is held -in each one twice a year."	0:45:54	0:45:57
-It was an exciting time -in the Cherokee Nation's history.	0:45:58	0:46:02
-In the mid 1820s, they were creating -a sophisticated governing centre...	0:46:02	0:46:07
-..with a building -for the elected government...	0:46:07	0:46:12
-..and another for the nation's high -court, a press office and so on.	0:46:12	0:46:17
-Dozens of houses -were built in regular streets.	0:46:17	0:46:22
-It was a city, -a focus for the nation.	0:46:23	0:46:27
-It was a national project.	0:46:27	0:46:30
-The Cherokee Nation was creating -a new type of government...	0:46:30	0:46:34
-..loosely based -on the US government.	0:46:34	0:46:38
-It's quite ironic.	0:46:38	0:46:39
-They imitated -the white man's government...	0:46:40	0:46:43
-..to better withstand the influence -of the white man's government.	0:46:43	0:46:48
-IN CHEROKEE	0:46:50	0:46:51
-I pledge allegiance -to the Flag of the USA...	0:46:52	0:46:56
-..and to the Republic -for which it stands.	0:46:56	0:46:59
-For two centuries, the Cherokee...	0:46:59	0:47:02
-..have adapted -to the white man's system...	0:47:02	0:47:05
-..and been part -of the national American project.	0:47:05	0:47:09
-Today, the Cherokee are trying -to hold on to their identity...	0:47:09	0:47:13
-..but in the wider -American identity...	0:47:14	0:47:17
-..to be a nation -within a wider nation.	0:47:17	0:47:20
-But that was even harder -in Evan Jones's day...	0:47:23	0:47:26
-..as the Welshman -was about to find out.	0:47:26	0:47:29
-In 1827, Evan Jones -first came to New Echota...	0:47:30	0:47:33
-..to listen to the Cherokee -government's debates.	0:47:34	0:47:38
-But soon, the Welshman began -to play a more prominent role...	0:47:38	0:47:42
-..in the nation's life...	0:47:42	0:47:44
-..when the Cherokee faced the -greatest crisis in their history.	0:47:44	0:47:49
-The US government -wanted the Cherokee...	0:47:53	0:47:57
-..to move almost 1,000 miles west...	0:47:57	0:48:01
-..to release land in the east -for white farmers.	0:48:01	0:48:05
-If they wouldn't move voluntarily, -they would be forced to go.	0:48:05	0:48:10
-Evan Jones was about to witness...	0:48:11	0:48:14
-..a horrific policy -of ethnic cleansing...	0:48:14	0:48:17
-..of the people -with whom he'd made a home.	0:48:17	0:48:20
-Soon, he would have -to choose a side...	0:48:21	0:48:25
-..the US or the Cherokee.	0:48:25	0:48:27
-S4C Subtitles by Gwead	0:48:58	0:49:00
-.	0:49:00	0:49:00

Pennod 1 Evan Jones a'r Cherokee

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Evan Jones a'r Cherokee

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