Pennod 2 Evan Jones a'r Cherokee
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| Line | From | To | |
|---|---|---|---|
-* | 0:00:00 | 0:00:00 | |
-North Carolina | 0:00:00 | 0:00:02 | |
-These mountains -were Cherokee ancestral lands. | 0:00:07 | 0:00:11 | |
-In 1838, the entire nation -was forcibly removed... | 0:00:12 | 0:00:15 | |
-..to make room for the white man. | 0:00:16 | 0:00:18 | |
-We'd call it ethnic cleansing today. | 0:00:18 | 0:00:21 | |
-It's one of the darkest -chapters in American history. | 0:00:21 | 0:00:25 | |
-Welshman Evan Jones -witnessed it all. | 0:00:25 | 0:00:29 | |
-Evan Jones was a missionary. | 0:00:34 | 0:00:36 | |
-He spent most of his life -with the Cherokee. | 0:00:37 | 0:00:41 | |
-He was finally accepted -as a full member of the nation. | 0:00:41 | 0:00:46 | |
-I've researched -his history for years. | 0:00:50 | 0:00:53 | |
-In this series, I look -at this remarkable Welshman's life. | 0:00:54 | 0:00:59 | |
-I meet Cherokees to learn -more about their history. | 0:01:00 | 0:01:03 | |
-I reveal how the time -Evan Jones spent with them... | 0:01:04 | 0:01:08 | |
-..is so important -in Cherokee history. | 0:01:08 | 0:01:11 | |
-Subtitles | 0:01:12 | 0:01:14 | |
-SINGS IN CHEROKEE | 0:01:17 | 0:01:19 | |
-SINGS IN CHEROKEE | 0:01:34 | 0:01:36 | |
-Evan Jones was a Baptist missionary. | 0:01:45 | 0:01:47 | |
-He moved to live -amongst the Cherokee in 1821. | 0:01:48 | 0:01:52 | |
-But it took a few years -for him to convince them... | 0:01:52 | 0:01:56 | |
-..to quit their traditional -rituals and turn to Christ. | 0:01:56 | 0:02:01 | |
-It certainly helped that -he'd mastered the Cherokee language. | 0:02:02 | 0:02:07 | |
-BIBLE READING IN CHEROKEE | 0:02:07 | 0:02:09 | |
-That's a literal word, repent. | 0:02:15 | 0:02:17 | |
-Reverend Bo Parris -still preaches in Cherokee. | 0:02:18 | 0:02:23 | |
-Evan Jones is remembered -to this day by the Cherokee. | 0:02:24 | 0:02:28 | |
-Jones was a tremendous man. -He did a lot of work. | 0:02:28 | 0:02:32 | |
-He had to be good, -because we're still here. | 0:02:33 | 0:02:37 | |
-When we consider -what Evan Jones did... | 0:02:38 | 0:02:42 | |
-..we see the hand of God at work. | 0:02:43 | 0:02:46 | |
-Evan Jones lived in Valley Towns -in the North Carolina mountains. | 0:03:00 | 0:03:04 | |
-He travelled -round the area to preach... | 0:03:05 | 0:03:08 | |
-..as the Baptist cause -grew amongst the Cherokee. | 0:03:08 | 0:03:12 | |
-Another factor in his success -with the Native Americans... | 0:03:14 | 0:03:18 | |
-..was his interest -in the nation's worldly affairs. | 0:03:19 | 0:03:23 | |
-It was an exciting time -for the Cherokee. | 0:03:23 | 0:03:26 | |
-In the 1820s, they tried -to re-establish their nation... | 0:03:26 | 0:03:31 | |
-..based on the USA model. | 0:03:31 | 0:03:33 | |
-They adopted a constitution. | 0:03:33 | 0:03:36 | |
-A senate and supreme court... | 0:03:37 | 0:03:39 | |
-..were built -in the new capital, New Echota. | 0:03:39 | 0:03:42 | |
-There was a national -printing press here too. | 0:03:49 | 0:03:53 | |
-The Cherokee were enjoying a -cultural renaissance at the time... | 0:03:53 | 0:03:58 | |
-..after the invention of -their own writing, the syllabary. | 0:03:58 | 0:04:03 | |
-Evan Jones was -a regular visitor here. | 0:04:08 | 0:04:11 | |
-He became great friends -with this man... | 0:04:11 | 0:04:15 | |
-..Koo-wi-s-gu-wi, -or John Ross in English. | 0:04:15 | 0:04:18 | |
-He was mixed race... | 0:04:18 | 0:04:20 | |
-..unlike three quarters -of the nation at the time. | 0:04:20 | 0:04:24 | |
-But John Ross was -the Cherokee Principal Chief. | 0:04:24 | 0:04:27 | |
-Evan Jones probably visited -John Ross's house here... | 0:04:33 | 0:04:37 | |
-..about 40 miles from New Echota. | 0:04:38 | 0:04:40 | |
-This was only one -of John Ross's houses. | 0:04:43 | 0:04:46 | |
-It was also a business -centre for him. | 0:04:46 | 0:04:49 | |
-He was a successful trader -and ran a post office here. | 0:04:50 | 0:04:54 | |
-This area is known -as Rossville to this day. | 0:04:54 | 0:04:59 | |
-It's ironic that white men -named this place after him. | 0:04:59 | 0:05:03 | |
-But they would force -Ross to move west... | 0:05:03 | 0:05:07 | |
-..and leave this home -in a few years time. | 0:05:07 | 0:05:10 | |
-The relocation was the big shadow -looming over the Cherokee... | 0:05:12 | 0:05:17 | |
-..when Evan Jones first -became friends with John Ross. | 0:05:18 | 0:05:22 | |
-The Cherokee had -lived in peace for 40 years... | 0:05:23 | 0:05:27 | |
-..and even supported the US -in wars against other nations. | 0:05:27 | 0:05:32 | |
-But rather than -reward their loyalty... | 0:05:32 | 0:05:36 | |
-..the white man's government -wanted them to move... | 0:05:36 | 0:05:40 | |
-..800 miles west. | 0:05:41 | 0:05:43 | |
-The Cherokee had lived in the same -place for thousands of years. | 0:05:52 | 0:05:56 | |
-Their land was important to them. | 0:05:57 | 0:05:59 | |
-Ty Bushyhead is a Cherokee -who still farms in North Carolina. | 0:06:06 | 0:06:11 | |
-One thing about -the Cherokee people... | 0:06:11 | 0:06:14 | |
-..is we weren't -as nomadic as other tribes. | 0:06:14 | 0:06:17 | |
-We were more of a stationary people. | 0:06:17 | 0:06:20 | |
-So we did actually -grow gardens and produce plants. | 0:06:20 | 0:06:24 | |
-But then also, we gained a lot of -sustenance from the forest as well. | 0:06:24 | 0:06:28 | |
-There's always been -that sense of farming... | 0:06:29 | 0:06:32 | |
-..left in the Cherokee culture. | 0:06:32 | 0:06:35 | |
-Ty works on a rose farm now. | 0:06:35 | 0:06:37 | |
-He hopes to return -to the family farm one day... | 0:06:37 | 0:06:41 | |
-..and utilize what he has learnt. | 0:06:41 | 0:06:44 | |
-Recent ideas about respecting -nature are amazingly similar... | 0:06:44 | 0:06:49 | |
-..to Cherokee traditions. | 0:06:49 | 0:06:51 | |
-Taking care of the earth, having -somewhere to plant your roots... | 0:06:51 | 0:06:56 | |
-..but also having a healthy -place for plants to grow. | 0:06:56 | 0:07:00 | |
-It's parallel with what we were -taught, growing up traditionally... | 0:07:00 | 0:07:05 | |
-..and the way our parents -followed traditions. | 0:07:05 | 0:07:09 | |
-Take care of the area -you want plants to grow... | 0:07:09 | 0:07:13 | |
-..and good things -will always come out of that. | 0:07:13 | 0:07:16 | |
-In Evan Jones's day too, -the Cherokee were keen... | 0:07:17 | 0:07:20 | |
-..to combine latest agricultural -methods with traditional ones. | 0:07:21 | 0:07:26 | |
-Since the late 18th century... | 0:07:26 | 0:07:28 | |
-..more of them farmed -in the white man's style. | 0:07:28 | 0:07:33 | |
-So they had an emotional -link to their land... | 0:07:33 | 0:07:36 | |
-..and had also invested a lot of -work and capital on developing it. | 0:07:37 | 0:07:42 | |
-But the US government expected -the Cherokee to pack up... | 0:07:49 | 0:07:53 | |
-..and leave everything -to white families. | 0:07:53 | 0:07:57 | |
-Andrew Jackson was -elected president in 1832. | 0:07:58 | 0:08:02 | |
-Things began to move much faster. | 0:08:02 | 0:08:05 | |
-Jackson's plan was -to drive the Native Americans... | 0:08:10 | 0:08:14 | |
-..beyond the US -frontiers of the day... | 0:08:14 | 0:08:17 | |
-..and relocate them in -Indian Territory, as it was called. | 0:08:17 | 0:08:21 | |
-To exile them, in a way. | 0:08:22 | 0:08:24 | |
-The great majority -of the Cherokee opposed the plan. | 0:08:29 | 0:08:33 | |
-Evan Jones said so plainly -to his employers... | 0:08:33 | 0:08:36 | |
-..on the Baptist Missionary Board. | 0:08:36 | 0:08:39 | |
-"I very much question -whether any benefit... | 0:08:40 | 0:08:43 | |
-"..would result -to the Cherokees by the plan. | 0:08:43 | 0:08:46 | |
-"The tone of the Cherokee Government -and people is against removal... | 0:08:46 | 0:08:51 | |
-"..or selling more land. | 0:08:51 | 0:08:53 | |
-"The new Cherokee constitution would -pose every possible obstacle... | 0:08:53 | 0:08:59 | |
-"..in the way of such an event." | 0:08:59 | 0:09:02 | |
-As a preacher regularly visiting -his flock in the mountains... | 0:09:07 | 0:09:11 | |
-..Evan Jones was in a good position -to share the latest information... | 0:09:12 | 0:09:17 | |
-..from his friend John Ross... | 0:09:17 | 0:09:19 | |
-..and also to encourage -the Cherokee to oppose the removal. | 0:09:19 | 0:09:24 | |
-But by that time, -the Baptist Missionary Board... | 0:09:24 | 0:09:28 | |
-..had adopted the policy in favour -of moving all Native Americans west. | 0:09:28 | 0:09:33 | |
-It was very difficult -for Evan Jones. | 0:09:33 | 0:09:36 | |
-He helped the Cherokee to lobby for -their right to stay on their lands. | 0:09:36 | 0:09:41 | |
-His own denomination, -the Baptists, his employers... | 0:09:41 | 0:09:45 | |
-..lobbied for the opposing side. | 0:09:46 | 0:09:48 | |
-John Ross and his supporters... | 0:09:49 | 0:09:51 | |
-..travelled back and forth -to Washington... | 0:09:52 | 0:09:55 | |
-..to campaign against these plans. | 0:09:56 | 0:09:58 | |
-But things didn't augur well. | 0:09:58 | 0:10:01 | |
-A small faction of Cherokee... | 0:10:08 | 0:10:10 | |
-..thought that yielding to the -Washington government's pressure... | 0:10:10 | 0:10:15 | |
-..was the only way forward... | 0:10:16 | 0:10:18 | |
-..even if most of their -fellow countrymen disagreed. | 0:10:18 | 0:10:22 | |
-In 1835, a momentous meeting -was held in this building. | 0:10:22 | 0:10:27 | |
-This is a copy of the document -which was a turning point... | 0:10:29 | 0:10:33 | |
-..in Cherokee history. | 0:10:33 | 0:10:35 | |
-It's ironic that it was -drawn up here in New Echota. | 0:10:35 | 0:10:39 | |
-The document betrayed the nation's -democratic government... | 0:10:39 | 0:10:44 | |
-..which met in this chamber. | 0:10:44 | 0:10:46 | |
-What was the agreement? | 0:10:47 | 0:10:49 | |
-It says the Cherokee were willing -to yield their lands in the east... | 0:10:50 | 0:10:56 | |
-..for five million dollars -and move to new homes in the west. | 0:10:56 | 0:11:00 | |
-The document was signed -by a number of the nation's chiefs. | 0:11:00 | 0:11:05 | |
-But they only represented -20% of the population, at most. | 0:11:05 | 0:11:10 | |
-The elected Principal Chief -John Ross wasn't present. | 0:11:10 | 0:11:14 | |
-So this deed was totally -undemocratic and unlawful. | 0:11:14 | 0:11:19 | |
-These men were considered traitors -by most of the Cherokee. | 0:11:20 | 0:11:25 | |
-Evan Jones continued -to campaign against the removal. | 0:11:34 | 0:11:39 | |
-Those in favour of relocation tried -to use their influence against him. | 0:11:39 | 0:11:44 | |
-This letter was written to Colonel -Lindsay in the War Department. | 0:11:44 | 0:11:49 | |
-"Preacher Jones is a violent -and notorious enemy of the treaty... | 0:11:50 | 0:11:54 | |
-"..and being proficient -in the Cherokee language... | 0:11:55 | 0:11:59 | |
-"..has exerted an immense -and dangerous influence." | 0:11:59 | 0:12:03 | |
-Evan Jones had to move -from Valley Towns... | 0:12:08 | 0:12:11 | |
-..over the border to Tennessee -to avoid threats of arrest. | 0:12:11 | 0:12:16 | |
-But he continued to visit -the Cherokee near his old home... | 0:12:16 | 0:12:21 | |
-..as he told John Ross. | 0:12:22 | 0:12:23 | |
-"As long as I believe I can be -of any service to the Cherokees... | 0:12:24 | 0:12:29 | |
-"..nothing short of physical force -will prevent my visiting them." | 0:12:29 | 0:12:34 | |
-At the start of 1838, Evan Jones -joined a final campaign... | 0:12:38 | 0:12:43 | |
-..to persuade -the Washington government... | 0:12:43 | 0:12:46 | |
-..to allow the Cherokee -to stay in their homes. | 0:12:46 | 0:12:49 | |
-Their aim was -to get every Cherokee... | 0:12:50 | 0:12:52 | |
-..to sign a huge petition -opposing the removal. | 0:12:52 | 0:12:56 | |
-This is the original petition. | 0:12:57 | 0:12:59 | |
-These are only the first two pages. | 0:12:59 | 0:13:03 | |
-The whole document fills two boxes. | 0:13:03 | 0:13:06 | |
-This petition is very long indeed. | 0:13:07 | 0:13:10 | |
-It has fifteen thousand names... | 0:13:11 | 0:13:13 | |
-..the majority of -the Cherokee Nation at the time. | 0:13:14 | 0:13:18 | |
-The first names we see... | 0:13:19 | 0:13:22 | |
-..John Ross, -the elected Principal Chief... | 0:13:22 | 0:13:25 | |
-..then George Lowery, -the assistant Principal Chief. | 0:13:25 | 0:13:29 | |
-These names are written in English, -but most use the syllabary. | 0:13:30 | 0:13:34 | |
-The majority spoke only Cherokee -and couldn't write English. | 0:13:34 | 0:13:39 | |
-Collecting all the names -was a huge task. | 0:13:39 | 0:13:43 | |
-Evan Jones helped with the work. | 0:13:43 | 0:13:46 | |
-But this petition -was ignored by the US government. | 0:13:56 | 0:14:00 | |
-In May 1838, -they sent General Winfield Scott... | 0:14:00 | 0:14:04 | |
-..and 7,000 soldiers -into Cherokee lands... | 0:14:05 | 0:14:08 | |
-..to drive them from their homes. | 0:14:09 | 0:14:11 | |
-As an example of the white man's -arrogance towards the Cherokee... | 0:14:23 | 0:14:28 | |
-..there's no need to look -any further than Georgia. | 0:14:28 | 0:14:32 | |
-Even before signing the Treaty -Of New Echota in 1835... | 0:14:32 | 0:14:36 | |
-..even before some of -the Cherokee agreed to move west... | 0:14:36 | 0:14:41 | |
-..the people of Georgia had begun -to plan how to share the spoils... | 0:14:41 | 0:14:46 | |
-..and who would occupy Native -American land after their departure. | 0:14:46 | 0:14:51 | |
-Cherokee land in Georgia -was given to white men... | 0:14:55 | 0:14:58 | |
-..by means of a lottery. | 0:14:58 | 0:15:00 | |
-The land was measured -and divided in numbered lots. | 0:15:01 | 0:15:05 | |
-The numbers were put -in a tombola like this. | 0:15:05 | 0:15:08 | |
-The greedy white men came forward, -put their hand in... | 0:15:08 | 0:15:13 | |
-..and drew a number. | 0:15:13 | 0:15:14 | |
-That was how -Cherokee land in Georgia... | 0:15:15 | 0:15:17 | |
-..was distributed to white men, -who had no right to it. | 0:15:18 | 0:15:21 | |
-. | 0:15:22 | 0:15:22 | |
-Subtitles | 0:15:28 | 0:15:28 | |
-Subtitles - -Subtitles | 0:15:28 | 0:15:30 | |
-In May 1838... | 0:15:34 | 0:15:35 | |
-..General Winfield Scott -was sent to these mountains... | 0:15:36 | 0:15:41 | |
-..with 7,000 soldiers. | 0:15:41 | 0:15:43 | |
-Helped by militia from Tennessee, -they built wooden forts... | 0:15:48 | 0:15:53 | |
-..temporary open-air prisons -to hold the Cherokee... | 0:15:53 | 0:15:57 | |
-..before sending them west. | 0:15:57 | 0:15:59 | |
-When the forts were ready, -the soldiers began the work... | 0:16:01 | 0:16:05 | |
-..of driving the Cherokee -from their homes. | 0:16:05 | 0:16:09 | |
-This was the beginning of what the -Native Americans would remember... | 0:16:11 | 0:16:16 | |
-..as the Trail Of Tears. | 0:16:16 | 0:16:18 | |
-Welshman Evan Jones was a witness. | 0:16:18 | 0:16:21 | |
-"Camp Hetzel, June 16th. | 0:16:23 | 0:16:25 | |
-"The Cherokees -are nearly all prisoners. | 0:16:25 | 0:16:28 | |
-"They were dragged -from their houses with no time... | 0:16:29 | 0:16:33 | |
-"..to take anything except -the clothes they had on. | 0:16:33 | 0:16:37 | |
-"Well furnished houses -were left a prey to plunderers... | 0:16:37 | 0:16:41 | |
-"..who, like hungry wolves, -follow the captors. | 0:16:41 | 0:16:45 | |
-"These wretches rifle the houses... | 0:16:45 | 0:16:48 | |
-"..and strip helpless, unoffending -owners of all they have on earth. | 0:16:49 | 0:16:54 | |
-"Females are driven on foot -before the bayonets of brutal men. | 0:16:56 | 0:17:01 | |
-"It is a painful sight." | 0:17:01 | 0:17:03 | |
-Only a stone monument -marks the site of Fort Hetzel now... | 0:17:19 | 0:17:23 | |
-..or Camp Hetzel, -as Evan Jones called it. | 0:17:24 | 0:17:27 | |
-"Many of the Cherokees -who a few days ago... | 0:17:27 | 0:17:31 | |
-"..were in comfortable circumstances -are now victims of abject poverty." | 0:17:31 | 0:17:36 | |
-Some of them managed -to bring animals with them. | 0:17:38 | 0:17:42 | |
-But it was in vain. | 0:17:43 | 0:17:44 | |
-"On arriving, they were required -to give up their horses and ponies. | 0:17:48 | 0:17:53 | |
-"They were taken by force -and sold to the highest bidder... | 0:17:53 | 0:17:57 | |
-"..for almost nothing. | 0:17:57 | 0:17:59 | |
-"I have no language to express -the emotions rending our hearts... | 0:17:59 | 0:18:03 | |
-"..to witness their cruel -and unnecessary oppression. | 0:18:04 | 0:18:08 | |
-"The overthrow of -the Cherokee Nation is completed. | 0:18:08 | 0:18:13 | |
-"On our way, we met -a detachment of 1,300 prisoners. | 0:18:24 | 0:18:28 | |
-"As I took some of them by the hand, -the tears gushed from their eyes. | 0:18:28 | 0:18:33 | |
-"Their hearts, however, -were cheered to see us... | 0:18:33 | 0:18:36 | |
-"..and to hear -a word of consolation." | 0:18:37 | 0:18:40 | |
-On the first stage -of the Trail Of Tears... | 0:18:46 | 0:18:50 | |
-..the Cherokee had -to cross these mountains. | 0:18:50 | 0:18:53 | |
-For many thousands... | 0:18:54 | 0:18:56 | |
-..it was the last time -they saw their native land. | 0:18:56 | 0:19:00 | |
-Some of the Cherokee were -brought here, to Ross's Landing... | 0:19:06 | 0:19:11 | |
-..and sent west by boat -on North America's great rivers. | 0:19:11 | 0:19:16 | |
-"At the time of sailing, an effort -was made to get their consent... | 0:19:23 | 0:19:28 | |
-"..to go into the boats. | 0:19:28 | 0:19:30 | |
-"But not an individual would agree. | 0:19:30 | 0:19:32 | |
-"The soldiers rushed in -and drove the victims... | 0:19:33 | 0:19:36 | |
-"..into those loathsome -receptacles of disease and death." | 0:19:36 | 0:19:41 | |
-It was a very hot summer. | 0:19:42 | 0:19:44 | |
-The Cherokee knew... | 0:19:44 | 0:19:46 | |
-..if they were packed -in confined boats for many weeks... | 0:19:47 | 0:19:51 | |
-..disease would spread. | 0:19:51 | 0:19:53 | |
-"To remain anywhere -on that sickly river... | 0:19:54 | 0:19:57 | |
-"..is only a most expensive -and painful method... | 0:19:58 | 0:20:01 | |
-"..of putting the poor -people to death." | 0:20:02 | 0:20:04 | |
-After the first -4,000 Native Americans... | 0:20:14 | 0:20:17 | |
-..began their journey in June... | 0:20:17 | 0:20:20 | |
-..the Cherokee chiefs managed -to persuade General Scott... | 0:20:20 | 0:20:25 | |
-..to let the remainder arrange -their own journey by September. | 0:20:25 | 0:20:30 | |
-In the meantime, they had -to camp within the stockades. | 0:20:30 | 0:20:35 | |
-This is the only surviving -part of all those forts. | 0:20:38 | 0:20:42 | |
-The original fort enclosed -a much bigger plot of land... | 0:20:42 | 0:20:46 | |
-..much bigger than this car park, -with a tower in each corner. | 0:20:46 | 0:20:51 | |
-Wooden walls linked them, -closing in the Native Americans. | 0:20:52 | 0:20:57 | |
-"The scenes defy all description. | 0:21:04 | 0:21:06 | |
-"Many were dragged from their -homes, without change of clothing... | 0:21:06 | 0:21:11 | |
-"..and marched 120 or 130 miles -through heat, dust, rain and mud... | 0:21:12 | 0:21:17 | |
-"..in many cases barefooted... | 0:21:17 | 0:21:19 | |
-"..then lodged on hard ground... | 0:21:19 | 0:21:22 | |
-"..destitute of shelter -from dews and rains." | 0:21:22 | 0:21:26 | |
-It's no wonder disease -swept through these places. | 0:21:32 | 0:21:36 | |
-At least 2,500 Cherokee -died in camps like this... | 0:21:37 | 0:21:42 | |
-..before starting -the long journey west. | 0:21:42 | 0:21:46 | |
-The soldiers slept in the towers. | 0:21:48 | 0:21:51 | |
-The Cherokee were out -in the open air, in all weathers. | 0:21:51 | 0:21:55 | |
-Evan Jones was -very busy at this time... | 0:21:58 | 0:22:01 | |
-..trying to care -for the Cherokee's spiritual needs. | 0:22:01 | 0:22:05 | |
-Some Native American preachers -whom he'd baptized himself... | 0:22:05 | 0:22:10 | |
-..like Kaneeda and Oganaya, -also worked in the camps. | 0:22:10 | 0:22:14 | |
-"They never relaxed -their evangelical labors... | 0:22:15 | 0:22:19 | |
-"..but preached -constantly in the fort. | 0:22:19 | 0:22:22 | |
-"They held church meetings -and received ten members. | 0:22:22 | 0:22:26 | |
-"On June 17th... | 0:22:26 | 0:22:27 | |
-"..by permission of the officer in -command, they went to the river... | 0:22:28 | 0:22:33 | |
-"..and baptized them. | 0:22:33 | 0:22:34 | |
-"They were guarded -to the river and back." | 0:22:35 | 0:22:38 | |
-The Cherokee suffered -so much in this life... | 0:22:39 | 0:22:42 | |
-..it's easy to understand how -the idea of a reward in heaven... | 0:22:43 | 0:22:47 | |
-..would appeal to them. | 0:22:48 | 0:22:50 | |
-The Cherokee had begun to publish -work in their own language in 1828. | 0:22:59 | 0:23:04 | |
-One of the first was a hymn book. | 0:23:04 | 0:23:07 | |
-What hymns were sung in the camps... | 0:23:08 | 0:23:11 | |
-..and on the Trail Of Tears? | 0:23:12 | 0:23:15 | |
-Reverend Bo Parris -is working on a new edition... | 0:23:19 | 0:23:22 | |
-..of the Cherokee hymn book. | 0:23:22 | 0:23:24 | |
-I went to his home to find out more. | 0:23:25 | 0:23:28 | |
-Hi, Bo. | 0:23:29 | 0:23:30 | |
-Hi, Bo. - -Well, come in! | 0:23:30 | 0:23:31 | |
-Osiyo! | 0:23:32 | 0:23:33 | |
-It was a surprise -to learn there was a Welsh link... | 0:23:33 | 0:23:37 | |
-..to a Cherokee hymn of that day. | 0:23:37 | 0:23:39 | |
-They began to round up Cherokees... | 0:23:40 | 0:23:42 | |
-..to put in the stockades -to go west. | 0:23:43 | 0:23:45 | |
-They were down below the house. -They lived down there somewhere. | 0:23:46 | 0:23:50 | |
-When the soldiers came -to take them to the stockades... | 0:23:50 | 0:23:54 | |
-..the old man asked -the officer in charge... | 0:23:55 | 0:23:58 | |
-..if they could sing -and pray before they left. | 0:23:58 | 0:24:02 | |
-So the officer said they could. | 0:24:03 | 0:24:05 | |
-He sang that song, -Guide Me O Thou Great Jehovah. | 0:24:06 | 0:24:10 | |
-He sung it here. | 0:24:12 | 0:24:13 | |
-I've heard some say -that's a Trail Of Tears song. | 0:24:13 | 0:24:16 | |
-# GUIDE ME O THOU GREAT JEHOVAH # -Sung in Cherokee | 0:24:18 | 0:24:22 | |
-The hymn tune was unfamiliar. | 0:24:31 | 0:24:33 | |
-It's strange -to think that the Cherokee... | 0:24:34 | 0:24:37 | |
-..sang a translation of Williams -Pantycelyn's words on the Trail. | 0:24:37 | 0:24:42 | |
-# Guide me, o thou | 0:24:42 | 0:24:45 | |
-# Great Jehovah | 0:24:45 | 0:24:48 | |
-# Pilgrim through | 0:24:48 | 0:24:50 | |
-# This barren land | 0:24:51 | 0:24:53 | |
-# I am weak, -but thou art mighty | 0:24:53 | 0:24:59 | |
-# Guide me with thou powerful hand | 0:24:59 | 0:25:05 | |
-# Bread of Heaven | 0:25:05 | 0:25:08 | |
-# Bread of Heaven | 0:25:08 | 0:25:10 | |
-# Feed me till I want no more | 0:25:11 | 0:25:17 | |
-# Bread of Heaven | 0:25:17 | 0:25:19 | |
-# Bread of Heaven | 0:25:20 | 0:25:22 | |
-# Feed me till I want no more # | 0:25:23 | 0:25:28 | |
-. | 0:25:30 | 0:25:30 | |
-Subtitles | 0:25:34 | 0:25:34 | |
-Subtitles - -Subtitles | 0:25:34 | 0:25:36 | |
-By October 1838... | 0:25:46 | 0:25:48 | |
-..most of the Cherokee were -about to start the journey west... | 0:25:48 | 0:25:53 | |
-..along the Trail Of Tears. | 0:25:54 | 0:25:56 | |
-This powerful memorial in -Blythe's Ferry is relatively new. | 0:26:04 | 0:26:08 | |
-There is greater effort nowadays -to commemorate the Trail Of Tears. | 0:26:08 | 0:26:14 | |
-At long last, Americans -are discussing this dark chapter. | 0:26:15 | 0:26:20 | |
-They acknowledge -that it was ethnic cleansing. | 0:26:20 | 0:26:24 | |
-The memorial is testimony to the -human tragedy of the Trail Of Tears. | 0:26:35 | 0:26:39 | |
-Those who made that terrible -journey were real people. | 0:26:40 | 0:26:44 | |
-Their names are listed here. | 0:26:44 | 0:26:47 | |
-Reading the lists of names -from four states... | 0:26:55 | 0:26:59 | |
-..gives us an idea how many people -suffered on the Trail Of Tears. | 0:26:59 | 0:27:04 | |
-Only the name -of the head of family is here. | 0:27:14 | 0:27:18 | |
-The number stands -for family members. | 0:27:18 | 0:27:21 | |
-After being forcibly removed -their homes in the East... | 0:27:27 | 0:27:31 | |
-..the Cherokee nation was divided -into groups for the journey west. | 0:27:31 | 0:27:36 | |
-This map shows the different trails -the Cherokee followed... | 0:27:36 | 0:27:41 | |
-..on that long journey. | 0:27:41 | 0:27:43 | |
-For two thirds of the people... | 0:27:44 | 0:27:48 | |
-..Blythe's Ferry -was the starting point. | 0:27:48 | 0:27:53 | |
-Evan Jones travelled with a group... | 0:27:54 | 0:27:57 | |
-..that followed the yellow, -northerly trail... | 0:27:57 | 0:28:01 | |
-..from Blythe's Ferry... | 0:28:01 | 0:28:03 | |
-..through the state of Tennessee... | 0:28:04 | 0:28:06 | |
-..Nashville... | 0:28:06 | 0:28:08 | |
-..crossing the border -into the state of Kentucky... | 0:28:08 | 0:28:11 | |
-..then through southern Illinois... | 0:28:12 | 0:28:14 | |
-..and on to the state of Missouri. | 0:28:14 | 0:28:17 | |
-They finally reached -what was called in those days... | 0:28:18 | 0:28:24 | |
-..Indian Territory. | 0:28:24 | 0:28:26 | |
-Today, it's part -of the state of Oklahoma. | 0:28:26 | 0:28:30 | |
-It was a four month long journey. | 0:28:30 | 0:28:33 | |
-This river was the nation's border. | 0:28:37 | 0:28:40 | |
-The Trail Of Tears -started in Blythe's Ferry. | 0:28:40 | 0:28:44 | |
-Evan Jones was determined -to go with the Cherokee. | 0:28:46 | 0:28:49 | |
-He was almost 50 at the time. | 0:28:50 | 0:28:52 | |
-They crossed this river -on the 16th of October, 1838. | 0:28:55 | 0:29:01 | |
-This sign lists -the nine Cherokee groups... | 0:29:08 | 0:29:12 | |
-..and the group leaders' names. | 0:29:13 | 0:29:17 | |
-We see Situwakee and Evan Jones. | 0:29:17 | 0:29:21 | |
-They led a group of 1,250 people. | 0:29:21 | 0:29:25 | |
-Most were on foot. | 0:29:27 | 0:29:30 | |
-This group had 62 wagons. | 0:29:30 | 0:29:34 | |
-The weather posed an early problem. | 0:29:40 | 0:29:43 | |
-Here is an account -by Daniel Buttrick... | 0:29:43 | 0:29:46 | |
-..another missionary -on the Trail Of Tears. | 0:29:46 | 0:29:49 | |
-"A powerful rain commenced. Water -ran in streams through the tent. | 0:29:50 | 0:29:55 | |
-"Considering -the state of our health... | 0:29:55 | 0:29:58 | |
-"..we had great cause of gratitude -that we took no new cold. | 0:29:58 | 0:30:02 | |
-"We had considerable difficulty -in making a fire. | 0:30:03 | 0:30:06 | |
-"The rain still continues." | 0:30:06 | 0:30:09 | |
-Today, much of the Trail Of Tears -is signposted for tourists. | 0:30:16 | 0:30:20 | |
-It has now been -tarmacked and modernized. | 0:30:21 | 0:30:25 | |
-But it is unchanged in places. | 0:30:27 | 0:30:29 | |
-They aimed to walk between -ten to twelve miles a day... | 0:30:39 | 0:30:43 | |
-..to complete -the journey in 80 days. | 0:30:44 | 0:30:47 | |
-Walking 800 miles would be -challenging for a healthy adult. | 0:30:49 | 0:30:54 | |
-It was almost impossible -for the elderly and young children. | 0:30:55 | 0:30:59 | |
-The journey took longer -than expected. | 0:30:59 | 0:31:02 | |
-There were other obstacles. | 0:31:08 | 0:31:11 | |
-One group's oxen -fell ill after eating ivy. | 0:31:11 | 0:31:15 | |
-They had to wait -until they recovered... | 0:31:15 | 0:31:18 | |
-..and could pull the wagons again. | 0:31:19 | 0:31:21 | |
-Even finding a place -to camp could be a problem... | 0:31:25 | 0:31:29 | |
-..as Daniel Buttrick noted. | 0:31:30 | 0:31:33 | |
-"December 15th. | 0:31:33 | 0:31:34 | |
-"I commenced gathering wood -and making preparations for supper. | 0:31:34 | 0:31:39 | |
-"We were told by a white man that -was not the place for camping... | 0:31:39 | 0:31:43 | |
-"..that we must go -beyond the next plantation. | 0:31:43 | 0:31:46 | |
-"We went with the other wagons -to the place specified. | 0:31:46 | 0:31:51 | |
-"We selected a place for our tent -and put it up and gathered wood. | 0:31:51 | 0:31:55 | |
-"Word came -that we must not camp there. | 0:31:56 | 0:31:58 | |
-"The owner would not allow the -Cherokees to cut or burn any wood. | 0:31:58 | 0:32:03 | |
-"It was nearly dark, and -we were quite tired and hungry... | 0:32:03 | 0:32:07 | |
-"..yet we could only -prepare for another encampment... | 0:32:07 | 0:32:11 | |
-"..about a mile distant." | 0:32:11 | 0:32:13 | |
-It was a challenge to feed an entire -nation on its journey west. | 0:32:23 | 0:32:28 | |
-They couldn't carry food -for the whole journey. | 0:32:29 | 0:32:33 | |
-It wouldn't stay fresh -for such a long time. | 0:32:34 | 0:32:38 | |
-The Cherokees -had to buy their own food. | 0:32:40 | 0:32:43 | |
-They had a budget of 65.88... | 0:32:43 | 0:32:47 | |
-..for every individual. | 0:32:48 | 0:32:50 | |
-That's around 77 cents a day. | 0:32:50 | 0:32:53 | |
-Evan Jones and Situwakee ... | 0:32:53 | 0:32:55 | |
-..sent men on ahead -to the next town... | 0:32:56 | 0:32:59 | |
-..to buy food and other necessities. | 0:32:59 | 0:33:02 | |
-The Cherokee -collected them upon arrival. | 0:33:02 | 0:33:06 | |
-Situwakee couldn't speak English. | 0:33:15 | 0:33:18 | |
-The Welshman was mainly -in charge of the arrangements. | 0:33:18 | 0:33:22 | |
-He recorded their purchases, as he -mentioned in a letter to John Ross. | 0:33:22 | 0:33:28 | |
-"I shall be glad to hear from you at -Nashville about tents and blankets. | 0:33:28 | 0:33:33 | |
-"Are we to receive -the latter at that place? | 0:33:33 | 0:33:36 | |
-"Mr Coody has written -to Mr Bushyhead today... | 0:33:37 | 0:33:40 | |
-"..that blankets, shoes etc -are ready for them there." | 0:33:40 | 0:33:44 | |
-Nashville is bustling ahead of -its annual country music festival. | 0:33:50 | 0:33:55 | |
-In November, 1838... | 0:33:56 | 0:33:58 | |
-..the city's Baptists gathered -to meet their fellow worshippers. | 0:33:58 | 0:34:03 | |
-The Cherokee were welcomed -by Nashville Baptists... | 0:34:04 | 0:34:09 | |
-..somewhere close to this spot. | 0:34:09 | 0:34:11 | |
-A newspaper article -marked the occasion. | 0:34:11 | 0:34:14 | |
-"Four detachments of the emigrating -Cherokees passed through our city. | 0:34:16 | 0:34:21 | |
-"They average about a thousand each. | 0:34:21 | 0:34:23 | |
-"Of the third party, our brother -Evan Jones, is conductor. | 0:34:24 | 0:34:28 | |
-"The fourth is under the direction -of the celebrated Dta-ske-ge-de-hee. | 0:34:28 | 0:34:33 | |
-"He's known among us as Bushyhead." | 0:34:33 | 0:34:36 | |
-The Cherokees were invited to join -the local Baptists in worship. | 0:34:40 | 0:34:44 | |
-"We had a very crowded house. | 0:34:45 | 0:34:47 | |
-"The services were commenced -by singing a hymn in Cherokee... | 0:34:48 | 0:34:52 | |
-"..by Brother Jones. | 0:34:52 | 0:34:54 | |
-"After prayer and another hymn... | 0:34:54 | 0:34:57 | |
-"..we were addressed in English -by Brother Bushyhead. | 0:34:57 | 0:35:01 | |
-"The effect was thrilling." | 0:35:01 | 0:35:03 | |
-The pair must have planned -the service... | 0:35:09 | 0:35:12 | |
-..to have a specific effect -on the congregation. | 0:35:12 | 0:35:16 | |
-Reverend Jesse Bushyhead -preached in English... | 0:35:17 | 0:35:21 | |
-..to demonstrate his intelligence -and grasp of church doctrine. | 0:35:21 | 0:35:26 | |
-The Welshman, Evan Jones... | 0:35:27 | 0:35:29 | |
-..sang in Cherokee to show -he identified with the natives. | 0:35:29 | 0:35:34 | |
-Not everyone was as welcoming. | 0:35:44 | 0:35:47 | |
-"We paid 40 dollars -at Walden's Ridge toll gate. | 0:35:47 | 0:35:51 | |
-"On the Cumberland Mountain, -they fleeced us... | 0:35:51 | 0:35:54 | |
-"..75 cents a wagon and -twelve and a half cents a horse." | 0:35:55 | 0:35:59 | |
-Before crossing the River Ohio... | 0:36:02 | 0:36:05 | |
-..the ferryman forced -the Cherokee to wait... | 0:36:05 | 0:36:11 | |
-..until the white passengers -went first. | 0:36:12 | 0:36:15 | |
-He charged a dollar a head... | 0:36:15 | 0:36:18 | |
-..instead of the usual 12 cents. | 0:36:19 | 0:36:21 | |
-On the Mississippi... | 0:36:31 | 0:36:33 | |
-..the weather rather than -a greedy ferryman was the problem. | 0:36:33 | 0:36:37 | |
-"At the Mississippi, we were stopped -from crossing by the ice running. | 0:36:38 | 0:36:42 | |
-"The boats -could not pass for several days." | 0:36:43 | 0:36:46 | |
-The Cherokees -journeyed in winter. | 0:36:47 | 0:36:51 | |
-They aimed to walk -ten miles a day. | 0:36:51 | 0:36:55 | |
-They slept outdoors every night. | 0:36:55 | 0:36:59 | |
-"December 30th. | 0:37:02 | 0:37:04 | |
-"We have now been -on our road 75 days... | 0:37:05 | 0:37:08 | |
-"..and have travelled 529 miles. | 0:37:08 | 0:37:12 | |
-"It has, however, been extremely -cold for some time past... | 0:37:13 | 0:37:17 | |
-"..which renders the condition -of those who are but thinly clad... | 0:37:17 | 0:37:22 | |
-"..very uncomfortable." | 0:37:22 | 0:37:24 | |
-It was so cold that every stream -was frozen solid. | 0:37:27 | 0:37:31 | |
-They had to cut through eight -to ten inches of ice every day... | 0:37:31 | 0:37:36 | |
-..to find water -for the travellers and animals. | 0:37:36 | 0:37:40 | |
-As they travelled through the cold, -it became increasingly obvious... | 0:37:40 | 0:37:45 | |
-..that many Cherokees -wouldn't reach the journey's end. | 0:37:45 | 0:37:50 | |
-. | 0:37:50 | 0:37:50 | |
-Subtitles | 0:37:54 | 0:37:54 | |
-Subtitles - -Subtitles | 0:37:54 | 0:37:56 | |
-CHEROKEE RADIO PROGRAMME | 0:38:03 | 0:38:06 | |
-The Trail Of Tears -is etched in Cherokee memory. | 0:38:10 | 0:38:15 | |
-CHEROKEE RADIO PROGRAMME | 0:38:15 | 0:38:19 | |
-Cherokee Voices -is a weekly radio programme. | 0:38:19 | 0:38:24 | |
-John Ross is being interviewed -about his forefathers' experiences. | 0:38:24 | 0:38:30 | |
-It was already autumn... | 0:38:30 | 0:38:34 | |
-..when they started -on the Trail Of Tears. | 0:38:34 | 0:38:37 | |
-It was the cruellest winter -they'd ever lived through. | 0:38:37 | 0:38:42 | |
-Many perished through starvation... | 0:38:42 | 0:38:45 | |
-..disease and the cold. | 0:38:45 | 0:38:50 | |
-It was snowing... | 0:38:50 | 0:38:52 | |
-..and freezing. | 0:38:52 | 0:38:54 | |
-They weren't wearing many clothes. | 0:38:55 | 0:39:00 | |
-They were forced to leave -without taking anything with them... | 0:39:00 | 0:39:06 | |
-..except maybe -a blanket to wrap around them. | 0:39:06 | 0:39:10 | |
-It was especially hard -for the old and young. | 0:39:15 | 0:39:19 | |
-The Cherokees were resilient -in the face of adversity. | 0:39:19 | 0:39:23 | |
-The young men travelled ahead -to light fires along the Trail... | 0:39:23 | 0:39:28 | |
-..so people -could keep warm and rest. | 0:39:29 | 0:39:33 | |
-But despite -the group leaders' best efforts... | 0:39:36 | 0:39:40 | |
-..many Cherokees -died on the Trail Of Tears... | 0:39:40 | 0:39:44 | |
-..before reaching their destination. | 0:39:44 | 0:39:47 | |
-If someone died on the way... | 0:39:52 | 0:39:54 | |
-..they had to leave them -where they fell. | 0:39:55 | 0:39:59 | |
-There was no time to bury the dead. | 0:40:00 | 0:40:02 | |
-Sometimes, -they'd put the bodies in a wagon... | 0:40:02 | 0:40:08 | |
-..until they stopped -to rest for the night... | 0:40:08 | 0:40:13 | |
-..and then bury them. | 0:40:14 | 0:40:17 | |
-In Evan Jones's group, 71 died. | 0:40:29 | 0:40:33 | |
-Between all the groups, -1,500 Cherokees died. | 0:40:33 | 0:40:38 | |
-That's more than 10% -of the people on the Trail. | 0:40:38 | 0:40:42 | |
-It was hard to bury -the dead on the roadside. | 0:40:46 | 0:40:49 | |
-No-one would ever -visit their graves. | 0:40:49 | 0:40:52 | |
-Most of the graves are lost. | 0:40:52 | 0:40:58 | |
-Hopkinsville, Kentucky, -is one of the few places... | 0:40:59 | 0:41:03 | |
-..where there are gravestones -to mark the names of the dead. | 0:41:03 | 0:41:08 | |
-Fly Smith and Whitepath -were Cherokee chiefs. | 0:41:08 | 0:41:13 | |
-Hopkinsville -is full of young Cherokees... | 0:41:30 | 0:41:34 | |
-..preparing for the next leg -of a 900-mile bike ride. | 0:41:34 | 0:41:39 | |
-Every year since 1984... | 0:41:46 | 0:41:49 | |
-..they take three weeks -to cycle the Trail Of Tears. | 0:41:49 | 0:41:55 | |
-They travel between -70 to 80 miles a day. | 0:41:56 | 0:41:59 | |
-This year's leader is Joseph Erb. | 0:42:00 | 0:42:03 | |
-We're all descendents -of the people who got removed. | 0:42:04 | 0:42:08 | |
-We're proud to honour our ancestors. -It's gruelling and emotional. | 0:42:08 | 0:42:13 | |
-It becomes a kind -of a living history. | 0:42:13 | 0:42:17 | |
-Ty Bushyhead -is one of the 23 cyclists. | 0:42:17 | 0:42:20 | |
-Jesse Bushyhead was -his great-great-great grandfather. | 0:42:20 | 0:42:25 | |
-Jesse Bushyhead led one of -the 1830s Trail Of Tears groups. | 0:42:25 | 0:42:30 | |
-The biggest part of the bike ride, -why I wanted to go on it... | 0:42:30 | 0:42:35 | |
-..was to follow the footsteps -of the people who walked before me. | 0:42:35 | 0:42:39 | |
-It's my way -of cherishing their memory... | 0:42:40 | 0:42:42 | |
-..making sure their memory and -experiences will never be forgotten. | 0:42:42 | 0:42:48 | |
-The second was to follow -one of my grandfather's footsteps... | 0:42:48 | 0:42:54 | |
-..to experience the same -pains, trials and tribulations... | 0:42:54 | 0:42:58 | |
-..that he would have -experienced along the way. | 0:42:59 | 0:43:02 | |
-Is it the first time you've done it? | 0:43:02 | 0:43:03 | |
-Is it the first time you've done it? - -This is the first time. | 0:43:03 | 0:43:05 | |
-It's a great experience so far. | 0:43:05 | 0:43:08 | |
-It's a great experience so far. - -Thanks! | 0:43:08 | 0:43:09 | |
-We don't say goodbye in Cherokee. | 0:43:09 | 0:43:12 | |
-We always say -we'll see each other again. | 0:43:12 | 0:43:16 | |
-"Dona dago hy" in Oklahoma. | 0:43:17 | 0:43:19 | |
-Yep, exactly! | 0:43:19 | 0:43:20 | |
-Thank you! | 0:43:20 | 0:43:22 | |
-Every morning before they set off... | 0:43:23 | 0:43:26 | |
-..the cyclists gather to pray and -ask a blessing for their journey. | 0:43:26 | 0:43:31 | |
-PRAYER IN CHEROKEE | 0:43:31 | 0:43:33 | |
-Father, we are tired, -our bodies are fatigued. | 0:43:45 | 0:43:50 | |
-But you go before us, -and the power of the Holy Spirit. | 0:43:50 | 0:43:54 | |
-You protect us and camp your -angels around us to keep us safe. | 0:43:55 | 0:43:59 | |
-We ask this in the name of -your mighty son, Jesus Christ, Amen. | 0:43:59 | 0:44:04 | |
-It was fascinating to see the two -spiritual traditions side by side. | 0:44:04 | 0:44:09 | |
-After prayers in both languages, -the traditional call and response. | 0:44:09 | 0:44:15 | |
-TRADITIONAL CALL AND RESPONSE | 0:44:15 | 0:44:18 | |
-Ty remained behind... | 0:44:36 | 0:44:38 | |
-..to burn sage and tobacco -and ask a traditional blessing. | 0:44:39 | 0:44:43 | |
-One thing that -I was taught growing up... | 0:44:49 | 0:44:52 | |
-..is to give those offerings, -to say those prayers. | 0:44:53 | 0:44:57 | |
-I was asking for a safe arrival -and a safe trip for the group. | 0:44:57 | 0:45:02 | |
-Before they started -the next leg of their journey... | 0:45:06 | 0:45:10 | |
-..I asked Ty to convey... | 0:45:10 | 0:45:12 | |
-..the significance of the Trail -Of Tears to Cherokees today. | 0:45:12 | 0:45:17 | |
-The biggest thing that -we take as a society from that... | 0:45:17 | 0:45:22 | |
-..is our ability to adapt, -to evolve. | 0:45:22 | 0:45:26 | |
-It shows we're a strong people. | 0:45:27 | 0:45:29 | |
-We still carry the same values -and respect for our elders. | 0:45:29 | 0:45:33 | |
-Whether or not we're in our original -homeland or the new homeland... | 0:45:33 | 0:45:38 | |
-..we still hold on to our beliefs. | 0:45:38 | 0:45:41 | |
-We're still a very proud people. | 0:45:41 | 0:45:44 | |
-It's taken four days -to drive along the Trail Of Tears. | 0:45:50 | 0:45:54 | |
-That's nothing compared -to the four months... | 0:45:55 | 0:46:00 | |
-..it took the Cherokee to walk it. | 0:46:00 | 0:46:03 | |
-One thousand, five hundred Cherokees -died on the Trail Of Tears. | 0:46:04 | 0:46:09 | |
-A further 2,500 died in the months -leading up to the journey... | 0:46:10 | 0:46:16 | |
-..when the nation was forced -into temporary internment camps. | 0:46:16 | 0:46:22 | |
-From early 1838... | 0:46:22 | 0:46:24 | |
-..one in four Cherokees died... | 0:46:24 | 0:46:29 | |
-..through forced relocation -to the west. | 0:46:29 | 0:46:33 | |
-When they arrived here... | 0:46:35 | 0:46:38 | |
-..they had to start -from the beginning... | 0:46:39 | 0:46:43 | |
-..build houses, and so on. | 0:46:43 | 0:46:47 | |
-But they didn't come here -as individuals. | 0:46:47 | 0:46:50 | |
-They travelled -with their communities. | 0:46:51 | 0:46:54 | |
-When they arrived here... | 0:46:55 | 0:46:58 | |
-..they re-established themselves -in their communities once again. | 0:46:58 | 0:47:03 | |
-And so, -our communities are very old. | 0:47:03 | 0:47:07 | |
-Their roots stretch to the East, -across the centuries. | 0:47:08 | 0:47:13 | |
-As I reach -the journey's end in Tahlequah... | 0:47:24 | 0:47:27 | |
-..to be met by fine buildings -and bilingual signs... | 0:47:28 | 0:47:31 | |
-..it's hard to imagine how different -it was to the Cherokees in 1839. | 0:47:32 | 0:47:37 | |
-When they first arrived... | 0:47:52 | 0:47:55 | |
-..all that was here was -a wagon trail over the prairie... | 0:47:55 | 0:47:59 | |
-..and through trees. | 0:47:59 | 0:48:01 | |
-The Cherokee lived under canvas.... | 0:48:04 | 0:48:07 | |
-..and depended -on government handouts... | 0:48:08 | 0:48:11 | |
-..until they could build houses -and cultivate their crops. | 0:48:11 | 0:48:17 | |
-It wasn't the journey's end, but the -start of a momentous challenge... | 0:48:26 | 0:48:31 | |
-..to recreate a nation... | 0:48:32 | 0:48:35 | |
-..that had been -uprooted and divided. | 0:48:35 | 0:48:39 | |
-S4C Subtitles by Gwead | 0:49:07 | 0:49:09 | |
-. | 0:49:09 | 0:49:09 |