Pennod 3 Evan Jones a'r Cherokee
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-North Carolina | 0:00:00 | 0:00:02 | |
-These mountains -were Cherokee ancestral lands. | 0:00:02 | 0:00:07 | |
-In 1838, the entire Nation -was forcibly removed... | 0:00:07 | 0:00:12 | |
-..to make room for the white man. | 0:00:13 | 0:00:16 | |
-We'd call it ethnic cleansing today. | 0:00:18 | 0:00:21 | |
-It's one of the darkest chapters -in American history. | 0:00:21 | 0:00:25 | |
-Welshman Evan Jones -witnessed it all. | 0:00:25 | 0:00:28 | |
-Evan Jones was a missionary. | 0:00:34 | 0:00:36 | |
-He spent most of his life -with the Cherokee. | 0:00:36 | 0:00:40 | |
-He was finally accepted -as a full member of the Nation. | 0:00:40 | 0:00:44 | |
-I'm looking at -this remarkable Welshman's life. | 0:00:47 | 0:00:51 | |
-On this programme... | 0:00:51 | 0:00:53 | |
-..I meet Cherokees -to learn more about their history. | 0:00:54 | 0:00:58 | |
-I reveal how the time Evan Jones -spent with them... | 0:00:58 | 0:01:02 | |
-..is so important -in Cherokee history. | 0:01:02 | 0:01:05 | |
-Subtitles | 0:01:06 | 0:01:08 | |
-Today, the majority of the Cherokee -live in Oklahoma. | 0:01:14 | 0:01:18 | |
-Thousands of their forefathers -died on the journey west... | 0:01:19 | 0:01:25 | |
-..on the Trail of Tears, -as it's known to the Cherokee. | 0:01:25 | 0:01:30 | |
-They have their own government -and legal system... | 0:01:33 | 0:01:37 | |
-..as well as a unique -writing system. | 0:01:37 | 0:01:41 | |
-How are you? | 0:01:44 | 0:01:47 | |
-I'm fine, and you? | 0:01:47 | 0:01:49 | |
-My name is Jerry Hunter. | 0:01:50 | 0:01:51 | |
-My name is John Gowisgowi. | 0:01:52 | 0:01:54 | |
-Very good! | 0:01:54 | 0:01:55 | |
-Very good! - -Come in. | 0:01:55 | 0:01:56 | |
-Gowisgowi, or John Ross... | 0:01:56 | 0:01:59 | |
-..is a Cherokee Nation -government translator. | 0:01:59 | 0:02:03 | |
-What do you do? | 0:02:04 | 0:02:06 | |
-I write and translate. | 0:02:06 | 0:02:08 | |
-Translating. | 0:02:09 | 0:02:10 | |
-Did I say that OK? | 0:02:10 | 0:02:14 | |
-What are you translating? | 0:02:14 | 0:02:16 | |
-It's something for Microsoft. | 0:02:17 | 0:02:21 | |
-They've sent us -three lines to translate. | 0:02:22 | 0:02:27 | |
-I've been working on it -this morning for Microsoft. | 0:02:27 | 0:02:31 | |
-The department -has three translators. | 0:02:31 | 0:02:36 | |
-We work for the Cherokee Nation -Education Department. | 0:02:37 | 0:02:42 | |
-In the Cherokee Nation's -modern offices... | 0:02:43 | 0:02:46 | |
-..it's hard to imagine -how different it was... | 0:02:46 | 0:02:50 | |
-..when the Cherokee -arrived in Oklahoma in 1839. | 0:02:50 | 0:02:53 | |
-It was known -as the Indian Territory. | 0:02:54 | 0:02:58 | |
-The Cherokee walked 900 miles... | 0:02:58 | 0:03:02 | |
-..through the winter months. | 0:03:02 | 0:03:04 | |
-It's the equivalent of walking -from Bangor to Berlin. | 0:03:05 | 0:03:09 | |
-Welshman Evan Jones travelled -with them every step of the way. | 0:03:10 | 0:03:14 | |
-He'd lived amongst the Cherokee -since 1821. | 0:03:21 | 0:03:25 | |
-He was a Baptist missionary. | 0:03:27 | 0:03:29 | |
-His willingness -to learn the language... | 0:03:29 | 0:03:32 | |
-..and face the hardship -of the Trail Of Tears... | 0:03:33 | 0:03:36 | |
-..persuaded many to reject -their traditional customs... | 0:03:36 | 0:03:41 | |
-..and turn to Christ. | 0:03:41 | 0:03:43 | |
-Evan Jones and the Cherokee Baptists -settled here. | 0:03:53 | 0:03:57 | |
-They called it Ga-du hv-ga-du... | 0:03:57 | 0:04:01 | |
-..or Breadtown in English. | 0:04:02 | 0:04:04 | |
-They shared food -in the early days... | 0:04:04 | 0:04:07 | |
-..after they'd arrived -on the Trail Of Tears... | 0:04:08 | 0:04:11 | |
-..before crops could be cultivated. | 0:04:11 | 0:04:14 | |
-His friend, Jesse Bushyhead, -settled in the same area. | 0:04:16 | 0:04:21 | |
-Bushyhead was one of the first -Cherokees to turn to the Baptists. | 0:04:23 | 0:04:28 | |
-He worked with Evan Jones to -translate the Bible into Cherokee. | 0:04:28 | 0:04:33 | |
-Evan Jones was concerned about -the Cherokee's political welfare... | 0:04:37 | 0:04:42 | |
-..as well -as their spiritual wellbeing. | 0:04:43 | 0:04:46 | |
-He became friends with the Cherokee -Principal Chief, John Ross. | 0:04:49 | 0:04:55 | |
-He was the translator -John Ross's ancestor. | 0:04:55 | 0:04:59 | |
-The John Ross Museum is close -to his old home in Park Hill. | 0:05:01 | 0:05:07 | |
-Evan Jones collaborated with -John Ross before the relocation. | 0:05:10 | 0:05:15 | |
-He continued to work with him -after the Nation settled here. | 0:05:16 | 0:05:20 | |
-The Welshman was embroiled in -the Cherokee's political situation. | 0:05:20 | 0:05:25 | |
-He was a regular visitor -to John Ross's Park Hill home. | 0:05:26 | 0:05:30 | |
-There was a lot going on -politically. | 0:05:34 | 0:05:38 | |
-Led by John Ross... | 0:05:39 | 0:05:41 | |
-..most of the Cherokee -rejected the relocation. | 0:05:42 | 0:05:46 | |
-But a minority supported the idea. | 0:05:47 | 0:05:50 | |
-The group, -known as the Treaty Party... | 0:05:53 | 0:05:57 | |
-..signed a treaty -with the US government... | 0:05:57 | 0:06:01 | |
-..against -the wishes of the majority... | 0:06:01 | 0:06:05 | |
-..saying the Cherokee -were prepared to move west. | 0:06:05 | 0:06:09 | |
-Four thousand Cherokees died -on the Trail Of Tears. | 0:06:17 | 0:06:22 | |
-Some held the Treaty Party leaders -responsible for their deaths. | 0:06:23 | 0:06:28 | |
-They wanted revenge, according -to traditional Cherokee laws. | 0:06:29 | 0:06:35 | |
-In June 1839... | 0:06:39 | 0:06:41 | |
-..some of the Treaty Party leaders -were killed... | 0:06:42 | 0:06:45 | |
-..Elias Boudinot, -Major Ridge and his son, John. | 0:06:46 | 0:06:50 | |
-Elias Boudinot was buried in this -cemetery in an unmarked grave. | 0:06:50 | 0:06:55 | |
-A century later, -this stone was put near his grave. | 0:06:58 | 0:07:02 | |
-It emphasizes his qualities -before the relocation. | 0:07:04 | 0:07:08 | |
-He translated the Bible. | 0:07:08 | 0:07:10 | |
-He was the editor of the first -newspaper, The Cherokee Phoenix. | 0:07:10 | 0:07:15 | |
-When Elias Boudinot was killed... | 0:07:16 | 0:07:19 | |
-..he was viewed -as a traitor by most Cherokees. | 0:07:19 | 0:07:23 | |
-Even though Evan Jones -was a minister of the gospel... | 0:07:29 | 0:07:33 | |
-..he accepted that they should pay -the ultimate price... | 0:07:33 | 0:07:38 | |
-..for their betrayal. | 0:07:38 | 0:07:40 | |
-"They, the Treaty Party, -had by the commission of treason... | 0:07:40 | 0:07:45 | |
-"..rendered themselves liable -to the penalties of outlawry. | 0:07:45 | 0:07:49 | |
-"For the sake of humanity... | 0:07:50 | 0:07:52 | |
-"..it is to be hoped that the matter -will stop here." | 0:07:52 | 0:07:56 | |
-Evan Jones supported the opinion -of the majority of the Nation. | 0:08:09 | 0:08:13 | |
-After all, at least 14,000 Cherokee -were on John Ross's side... | 0:08:14 | 0:08:18 | |
-..and only 2,000 -on the Treaty Party's side. | 0:08:19 | 0:08:23 | |
-In the following months, the -majority formed a new government. | 0:08:24 | 0:08:29 | |
-Evan Jones was in the thick of it. | 0:08:30 | 0:08:33 | |
-He worked as John Ross's secretary. | 0:08:33 | 0:08:36 | |
-The highlight was accepting the new -Cherokee Nation constitution... | 0:08:37 | 0:08:42 | |
-..on the outskirts of Tahlequah -on the 6th of September, 1839. | 0:08:42 | 0:08:47 | |
-John Ross was elected the Principal -Chief of the new government. | 0:08:56 | 0:09:01 | |
-Treaty Party leaders were -forbidden to hold government jobs... | 0:09:01 | 0:09:06 | |
-..for five years. | 0:09:06 | 0:09:07 | |
-But they had friends -in Washington... | 0:09:08 | 0:09:11 | |
-..as Evan Jones would discover. | 0:09:11 | 0:09:14 | |
-Evan Jones made enemies -by supporting of John Ross. | 0:09:15 | 0:09:20 | |
-They had friends in Washington. | 0:09:20 | 0:09:23 | |
-Christian missionaries could not -work with Native Americans... | 0:09:24 | 0:09:29 | |
-..without the blessing -of the US War Department. | 0:09:29 | 0:09:33 | |
-The War Minister issued an order... | 0:09:33 | 0:09:36 | |
-..banning Evan Jones -from Cherokee lands. | 0:09:36 | 0:09:41 | |
-He had no choice but to leave. | 0:09:41 | 0:09:43 | |
-As he travelled east, -little would he have known... | 0:09:46 | 0:09:50 | |
-..it would be almost -two years before he returned... | 0:09:50 | 0:09:55 | |
-..to his friends in Cherokee land. | 0:09:55 | 0:09:58 | |
-. | 0:10:01 | 0:10:02 | |
-Subtitles | 0:10:05 | 0:10:05 | |
-Subtitles - -Subtitles | 0:10:05 | 0:10:07 | |
-In 1841, Evan Jones was allowed back -to work and live with the Cherokee. | 0:10:10 | 0:10:15 | |
-The process of rebuilding -the Nation continued. | 0:10:15 | 0:10:20 | |
-This is one of the first buildings -the Cherokee built in the west. | 0:10:23 | 0:10:28 | |
-It's the Supreme Court. | 0:10:28 | 0:10:31 | |
-The Cherokee had their own police -and legal system. | 0:10:34 | 0:10:38 | |
-These courts were needed, too. | 0:10:40 | 0:10:43 | |
-Bad feeling and violence -plagued the Nation. | 0:10:44 | 0:10:48 | |
-Dozens of Cherokees were killed -in the turbulent early 1840s. | 0:10:54 | 0:10:59 | |
-Forty four were killed -in less than a year. | 0:11:02 | 0:11:07 | |
-In 1840, Evan Jones's friend -Jesse Bushyhead... | 0:11:11 | 0:11:15 | |
-..was appointed -the Nation's Chief Justice. | 0:11:16 | 0:11:19 | |
-His caution and wisdom were needed -to restore respect for the law. | 0:11:19 | 0:11:24 | |
-TRAIN HOOTER | 0:11:27 | 0:11:30 | |
-The original bone of contention... | 0:11:31 | 0:11:33 | |
-..was the rift caused by the -relocation and the Trail Of Tears. | 0:11:33 | 0:11:38 | |
-New tensions surfaced to underline -the conflict between the two sides. | 0:11:38 | 0:11:43 | |
-"The system of slavery is -essentially evil in its nature. | 0:11:46 | 0:11:51 | |
-"Our sincere desire is that it may -be speedily brought to an end." | 0:11:51 | 0:11:56 | |
-Slavery was legal in the former -Cherokee home in the east. | 0:12:00 | 0:12:06 | |
-The nearest states -to the new Cherokee home... | 0:12:06 | 0:12:11 | |
-..Texas, Arkansas and Missouri, -were slave states. | 0:12:11 | 0:12:16 | |
-"Intelligent and pious Cherokees... | 0:12:19 | 0:12:22 | |
-"..look forward -to the extinction of slavery." | 0:12:22 | 0:12:26 | |
-Although most Cherokees -opposed the idea of slavery... | 0:12:31 | 0:12:35 | |
-..some owned slaves... | 0:12:36 | 0:12:38 | |
-..whom they brought -on the Trail Of Tears. | 0:12:39 | 0:12:43 | |
-This minority had the support -of their white neighbours... | 0:12:44 | 0:12:49 | |
-..in nearby states. | 0:12:49 | 0:12:51 | |
-There was fierce opposition -to people like Evan Jones... | 0:12:51 | 0:12:55 | |
-..who wanted to abolish slavery. | 0:12:56 | 0:12:58 | |
-"Our regular meetings -have been interrupted... | 0:12:58 | 0:13:02 | |
-"..by the outrages of Bandits who -have so long infested the Nation." | 0:13:02 | 0:13:06 | |
-Faced with so many obstacles... | 0:13:09 | 0:13:11 | |
-..it's surprising the Cherokee -succeeded so well... | 0:13:11 | 0:13:15 | |
-..to rebuild the Nation. | 0:13:15 | 0:13:17 | |
-From 1841 on... | 0:13:20 | 0:13:22 | |
-..they began to open schools, -funded by their government. | 0:13:22 | 0:13:27 | |
-"Education is much more highly -appreciated... | 0:13:30 | 0:13:33 | |
-"..than at any former period." | 0:13:33 | 0:13:35 | |
-The problem -was a shortage of teachers. | 0:13:35 | 0:13:40 | |
-"We could have half a dozen schools -filled if there were teachers." | 0:13:40 | 0:13:45 | |
-Encouraged by Evan Jones... | 0:13:45 | 0:13:48 | |
-..the Baptists -opened a couple of schools. | 0:13:49 | 0:13:53 | |
-The Cherokees pioneered -in the field of further education. | 0:13:58 | 0:14:03 | |
-These pillars are all -that remain of the college... | 0:14:04 | 0:14:09 | |
-..to train women to be teachers. | 0:14:10 | 0:14:12 | |
-It was the first college of its kind -west of the Mississippi. | 0:14:13 | 0:14:17 | |
-A college was opened for men, too. | 0:14:18 | 0:14:21 | |
-The Nation invested in its youth. | 0:14:23 | 0:14:27 | |
-The Baptists' missionary work -thrived, too. | 0:14:32 | 0:14:35 | |
-Evan Jones travelled hundreds of -miles every year to spread the word. | 0:14:35 | 0:14:41 | |
-# He is God's son | 0:14:43 | 0:14:46 | |
-# He is God's son # | 0:14:47 | 0:14:49 | |
-"I find the long rides through -the burning sun of this climate... | 0:14:50 | 0:14:54 | |
-"..to be extremely exhausting. | 0:14:55 | 0:14:58 | |
-"But still, it is delightful work." | 0:14:58 | 0:15:00 | |
-By 1848, more than 1,100 Cherokees -had become Baptists. | 0:15:01 | 0:15:07 | |
-They had four main churches, -ten smaller churches... | 0:15:08 | 0:15:12 | |
-..and other places -where sermons were regularly given. | 0:15:12 | 0:15:16 | |
-# I will praise him # | 0:15:16 | 0:15:19 | |
-The Native American ministers -were vital to the churches' growth. | 0:15:19 | 0:15:24 | |
-Many were instructed by Evan Jones. | 0:15:24 | 0:15:29 | |
-But the Welshman believed if he -could publish a paper in Cherokee... | 0:15:30 | 0:15:35 | |
-..he could spread the Christian -message even more effectively. | 0:15:36 | 0:15:41 | |
-Evan Jones was aware that -the Welsh American communities... | 0:15:43 | 0:15:48 | |
-..had their own press. | 0:15:48 | 0:15:50 | |
-It would soon include -Y Drych, Y Cyfaill O'r Hen Wlad... | 0:15:50 | 0:15:55 | |
-..Y Cenhadwr Americanaidd -and Seren Orllewinol. | 0:15:56 | 0:16:00 | |
-Evan Jones hoped to persuade -the Baptist Mission Board... | 0:16:02 | 0:16:06 | |
-..to support a Cherokee newspaper. | 0:16:06 | 0:16:09 | |
-After years of lobbying, -they finally agreed in 1844. | 0:16:11 | 0:16:17 | |
-Soon after, he had a printing press -near his home. | 0:16:18 | 0:16:22 | |
-He started to publish -The Cherokee Messenger... | 0:16:22 | 0:16:27 | |
-..every other month. | 0:16:27 | 0:16:29 | |
-Evan Jones's publication was the -first in the Cherokee language... | 0:16:29 | 0:16:35 | |
-..in their new home in the west. | 0:16:35 | 0:16:38 | |
-There are copies -of The Cherokee Messenger... | 0:16:42 | 0:16:45 | |
-..in Western Carolina University. | 0:16:46 | 0:16:48 | |
-I wanted to discuss -one article in particular... | 0:16:48 | 0:16:52 | |
-..with Cherokee lecturers, -Tom Belt and Hartwell Francis. | 0:16:52 | 0:16:56 | |
-It's like a seminar! | 0:16:57 | 0:16:59 | |
-The Cherokee Messenger -included biblical translations... | 0:16:59 | 0:17:04 | |
-..and articles by Evan Jones -and his colleagues. | 0:17:04 | 0:17:08 | |
-One explains how Christianity -was introduced to the Welsh. | 0:17:09 | 0:17:13 | |
-SPEAKS CHEROKEE | 0:17:14 | 0:17:16 | |
-OK. | 0:17:31 | 0:17:32 | |
-What that says -is that the Welsh today... | 0:17:32 | 0:17:35 | |
-..are not too far away -in distance from the English. | 0:17:35 | 0:17:41 | |
-That distance -meaning geographically? | 0:17:41 | 0:17:45 | |
-Yeah. | 0:17:47 | 0:17:48 | |
-Wales is right next to England, -basically. | 0:17:48 | 0:17:51 | |
-Evan Jones tried to prove... | 0:17:51 | 0:17:54 | |
-..that Christianity didn't belong -only to English speaking white men. | 0:17:55 | 0:18:00 | |
-He had a political message, too. | 0:18:00 | 0:18:02 | |
-He explained he was Welsh... | 0:18:03 | 0:18:06 | |
-..a member -of another small nation... | 0:18:06 | 0:18:09 | |
-..that had been oppressed... | 0:18:09 | 0:18:12 | |
-..but had survived. | 0:18:12 | 0:18:14 | |
-Unfortunately, one man didn't -survive to see the first edition. | 0:18:17 | 0:18:22 | |
-He was one of Evan Jones's closest -friends, Rev Jesse Bushyhead. | 0:18:23 | 0:18:28 | |
-In July 1844... | 0:18:35 | 0:18:37 | |
-..a sad note -was sent to the Seren Orllewinol... | 0:18:37 | 0:18:41 | |
-..the Baptist paper in Pennsylvania. | 0:18:42 | 0:18:45 | |
-"The death of Brother Bushyhead. | 0:18:49 | 0:18:52 | |
-"The Cherokee are mourning -the loss of their Chief Justice... | 0:18:53 | 0:18:59 | |
-"..and spiritual leader. | 0:19:00 | 0:19:02 | |
-"He had been ill for a week." | 0:19:02 | 0:19:04 | |
-Jesse Bushyhead's death -was a huge blow to Evan Jones. | 0:19:05 | 0:19:09 | |
-He was a close friend -and one of his most able colleagues. | 0:19:10 | 0:19:14 | |
-He shared Evan Jones's -religious dedication... | 0:19:17 | 0:19:21 | |
-..and political vision. | 0:19:21 | 0:19:24 | |
-That's why they got on so well. | 0:19:24 | 0:19:28 | |
-Before long... | 0:19:35 | 0:19:37 | |
-..Evan Jones -would have another able assistant. | 0:19:38 | 0:19:42 | |
-This is what Y Seren Orllewinol -said in 1854. | 0:19:42 | 0:19:47 | |
-"Last year, Mr JB Jones, -son of the oldest missionary... | 0:19:48 | 0:19:53 | |
-"..has been invaluable. | 0:19:53 | 0:19:55 | |
-"There have been 69 baptisms." | 0:19:55 | 0:19:58 | |
-John Buttrick Jones was raised -in the mountains of the east. | 0:20:03 | 0:20:08 | |
-The family followed the Cherokee -to their new home in Oklahoma. | 0:20:08 | 0:20:13 | |
-We don't know if he spoke Welsh. | 0:20:13 | 0:20:16 | |
-He was fluent in Cherokee. It's -possible it was his first language. | 0:20:16 | 0:20:21 | |
-Evan Jones adopted four Cherokee -orphans when John was three. | 0:20:21 | 0:20:27 | |
-The Cherokee language was spoken -in the home and the community. | 0:20:27 | 0:20:32 | |
-John spoke English fluently, too. | 0:20:36 | 0:20:38 | |
-He was sent to Madison College -and Rochester University... | 0:20:39 | 0:20:43 | |
-..before being ordained -a Baptist minister... | 0:20:43 | 0:20:47 | |
-..and returning to Cherokee lands. | 0:20:47 | 0:20:50 | |
-John B Jones was raised to be -his father's worthy successor. | 0:20:50 | 0:20:55 | |
-Even though he had TB... | 0:20:58 | 0:21:01 | |
-..John was as energetic -as his father, Evan Jones. | 0:21:01 | 0:21:05 | |
-He travelled -thousands of miles every year... | 0:21:05 | 0:21:09 | |
-..to visit the Nation's churches. | 0:21:09 | 0:21:11 | |
-He helped to translate -the Bible into Cherokee. | 0:21:12 | 0:21:16 | |
-But the slavery debate -was still dividing the Nation. | 0:21:21 | 0:21:26 | |
-Only 10% -of the Cherokee owned slaves. | 0:21:32 | 0:21:37 | |
-They began -to meet in secret societies... | 0:21:38 | 0:21:41 | |
-..the Blue Lodges to start, -then Knights Of The Golden Circle. | 0:21:41 | 0:21:46 | |
-They intended to influence -the Cherokee government... | 0:21:46 | 0:21:50 | |
-..and promote slavery -however they could. | 0:21:51 | 0:21:55 | |
-The anti-slavery Cherokees... | 0:21:55 | 0:21:57 | |
-..formed their own secret society, -The Kituwah Society. | 0:21:58 | 0:22:03 | |
-The Kituwah Society pitched itself -against the slave-owners. | 0:22:08 | 0:22:13 | |
-Before long, it became the focal -point of the Nation's culture. | 0:22:13 | 0:22:19 | |
-SINGING IN CHEROKEE | 0:22:20 | 0:22:22 | |
-According to tradition, Kituwah -was the first home of the Cherokee. | 0:22:23 | 0:22:28 | |
-They wanted to regain -the old values of that period. | 0:22:28 | 0:22:32 | |
-Remarkably, Christian ministers -Evan Jones and his son John... | 0:22:38 | 0:22:43 | |
-..took part in Kituwah Society -activities. | 0:22:43 | 0:22:47 | |
-According to some, -they were the society organizers. | 0:22:47 | 0:22:51 | |
-Evan Jones -was a Cherokee nationalist. | 0:23:01 | 0:23:04 | |
-Some of his Christian beliefs -were compromised... | 0:23:04 | 0:23:08 | |
-..to sustain and support -his fellow Cherokee patriots. | 0:23:08 | 0:23:13 | |
-In the early years... | 0:23:18 | 0:23:20 | |
-..he rejected all aspects -of traditional Cherokee culture... | 0:23:20 | 0:23:25 | |
-..from stickball games -to ceremonial dances. | 0:23:25 | 0:23:29 | |
-By learning the Cherokee language... | 0:23:29 | 0:23:32 | |
-..he had become -to think more like the Cherokee. | 0:23:33 | 0:23:37 | |
-As the argument -about slavery raged on... | 0:23:39 | 0:23:42 | |
-..Evan Jones and the Cherokee... | 0:23:43 | 0:23:46 | |
-..faced a crisis -second only to the Trail Of Tears. | 0:23:46 | 0:23:50 | |
-The US, and the Cherokee Nation... | 0:23:50 | 0:23:54 | |
-..would soon be torn apart -by the American Civil War. | 0:23:55 | 0:23:59 | |
-. | 0:24:01 | 0:24:02 | |
-Subtitles | 0:24:04 | 0:24:04 | |
-Subtitles - -Subtitles | 0:24:04 | 0:24:06 | |
-The Cherokee Nation has always been -proud of its military tradition. | 0:24:15 | 0:24:21 | |
-Since the early days -of the US until now... | 0:24:21 | 0:24:25 | |
-..they have supported -the American army. | 0:24:25 | 0:24:29 | |
-But during the Civil War -between 1861 and 1865... | 0:24:36 | 0:24:40 | |
-..the US was divided, -with the North fighting the South. | 0:24:40 | 0:24:45 | |
-The Cherokee Nation was divided too. | 0:24:45 | 0:24:48 | |
-Hundreds of Cherokee -fought each other on both sides. | 0:24:48 | 0:24:52 | |
-In 1860... | 0:24:56 | 0:24:57 | |
-..Abraham Lincoln -was elected US president. | 0:24:58 | 0:25:01 | |
-A number of the slave states -in the South... | 0:25:01 | 0:25:05 | |
-..feared that Lincoln's new -government would abolish slavery. | 0:25:05 | 0:25:10 | |
-So they decided to secede -from the United States Of America... | 0:25:10 | 0:25:15 | |
-..and form the Confederate -States Of America. | 0:25:15 | 0:25:19 | |
-Two of the new Confederate States -were next to Cherokee lands. | 0:25:19 | 0:25:25 | |
-The Confederates were keen for all -Native Americans to support them. | 0:25:25 | 0:25:30 | |
-But Principal Chief John Ross... | 0:25:30 | 0:25:33 | |
-..was more supportive -of the US government. | 0:25:33 | 0:25:37 | |
-A minority amongst the Cherokee -supported the Confederates. | 0:25:40 | 0:25:45 | |
-Their leader was Stand Watie... | 0:25:45 | 0:25:48 | |
-..brother of the late -Elias Boudinot... | 0:25:48 | 0:25:51 | |
-..and an old enemy of Ross's. | 0:25:51 | 0:25:54 | |
-At the start of the war, -John Ross tried to remain neutral... | 0:25:58 | 0:26:02 | |
-..to keep the peace -with Watie's faction. | 0:26:02 | 0:26:06 | |
-But in the meantime... | 0:26:07 | 0:26:09 | |
-..Watie founded a Cherokee regiment -in the name of the Confederates. | 0:26:09 | 0:26:14 | |
-Lincoln had withdrawn troops -from the west to defend the east. | 0:26:14 | 0:26:18 | |
-Ross was in an impossible situation. | 0:26:19 | 0:26:21 | |
-He had to make an alliance -with the Confederates... | 0:26:22 | 0:26:25 | |
-..or Watie would use -his soldiers to take power. | 0:26:26 | 0:26:29 | |
-But as part of the treaty -with the Confederates... | 0:26:31 | 0:26:34 | |
-..John Ross was allowed to raise -another Cherokee regiment... | 0:26:35 | 0:26:39 | |
-..who were loyal to him. | 0:26:39 | 0:26:41 | |
-When the Union's troops entered -the Indian Territory in 1862... | 0:26:43 | 0:26:48 | |
-..Ross's soldiers decided to change -sides and join the North's ranks. | 0:26:48 | 0:26:54 | |
-Ross went back with them to Kansas. | 0:26:54 | 0:26:56 | |
-He was free at last -of the Confederacy's influence. | 0:26:56 | 0:27:01 | |
-But in his absence, -Watie declared himself Chief. | 0:27:01 | 0:27:06 | |
-His supporters took revenge -on any John Ross supporters. | 0:27:06 | 0:27:11 | |
-It was total chaos -in the Cherokee lands. | 0:27:11 | 0:27:15 | |
-This is one of the few -houses from that time... | 0:27:18 | 0:27:21 | |
-..that have survived -in Cherokee lands. | 0:27:22 | 0:27:25 | |
-John Ross lived -in a similar house a mile away. | 0:27:25 | 0:27:29 | |
-But it was burnt down... | 0:27:29 | 0:27:31 | |
-..like many houses and farms -owned by Ross's supporters... | 0:27:31 | 0:27:36 | |
-..by Stand Watie's men. | 0:27:36 | 0:27:38 | |
-Because of these dangers... | 0:27:46 | 0:27:48 | |
-..thousands of loyal Cherokee -fled to Kansas. | 0:27:48 | 0:27:53 | |
-By November 1862... | 0:27:54 | 0:27:56 | |
-..Evan Jones and his family -had to follow them. | 0:27:57 | 0:28:02 | |
-The moment they left, the Baptist -Mission was burnt down... | 0:28:03 | 0:28:08 | |
-.. by Watie's men. | 0:28:08 | 0:28:09 | |
-The war had divided -the Cherokee Nation... | 0:28:11 | 0:28:15 | |
-..as it had divided the US. | 0:28:15 | 0:28:17 | |
-But while the war -was at its height... | 0:28:17 | 0:28:20 | |
-..between the North -and South's armies... | 0:28:20 | 0:28:23 | |
-..the loyal Cherokee hadn't -forgotten why they were fighting. | 0:28:23 | 0:28:28 | |
-In February 1863... | 0:28:28 | 0:28:30 | |
-..John Ross's government passed -legislation to abolish slavery. | 0:28:31 | 0:28:36 | |
-Ross wasn't in -the momentous meeting. | 0:28:37 | 0:28:40 | |
-He was here in Washington... | 0:28:40 | 0:28:43 | |
-..lobbying Lincoln's government -for aid for his people. | 0:28:43 | 0:28:47 | |
-Evan Jones came here to help him. | 0:28:47 | 0:28:50 | |
-One has to admire -Evan Jones's energy... | 0:28:52 | 0:28:56 | |
-..by now in his seventies... | 0:28:56 | 0:28:58 | |
-..for his readiness to go back -and forth to Washington... | 0:28:58 | 0:29:02 | |
-..to plead the cause -of the Cherokee. | 0:29:03 | 0:29:05 | |
-At the start of summer in 1863... | 0:29:06 | 0:29:08 | |
-..Evan Jones was -travelling once more. | 0:29:09 | 0:29:12 | |
-This time, he travelled over 1,000 -miles to see his daughter in Kansas. | 0:29:13 | 0:29:18 | |
-Then he travelled 250 miles south to -see his friends in Cherokee lands. | 0:29:19 | 0:29:25 | |
-This is part of the old barracks -in Fort Gibson. | 0:29:28 | 0:29:32 | |
-In July 1863... | 0:29:32 | 0:29:33 | |
-..Evan Jones came here. | 0:29:33 | 0:29:35 | |
-It was a chance -to see his son John again. | 0:29:36 | 0:29:39 | |
-He was a chaplain -with a Native American regiment. | 0:29:39 | 0:29:43 | |
-While Evan Jones was here... | 0:29:44 | 0:29:46 | |
-..he decided to become -a chaplain temporarily. | 0:29:46 | 0:29:49 | |
-He served with some old Cherokee -friends who were now soldiers. | 0:29:50 | 0:29:54 | |
-The North's army had reoccupied -most of the Cherokee's lands. | 0:29:59 | 0:30:05 | |
-Watie's soldiers -had retreated south. | 0:30:05 | 0:30:08 | |
-But the Confederates -were about to strike back. | 0:30:10 | 0:30:13 | |
-The North's army was ready for them -when Evan Jones joined their ranks. | 0:30:14 | 0:30:19 | |
-The two armies came -head to head in Honey Springs. | 0:30:27 | 0:30:32 | |
-Evan Jones wrote to John Ross, -describing the battle. | 0:30:34 | 0:30:38 | |
-"We marched all night and came -in front of the enemy about 7.00am. | 0:30:39 | 0:30:43 | |
-"The fight began -a little before ten. | 0:30:44 | 0:30:47 | |
-"Stand Watie's regiment -fought desperately for a while... | 0:30:47 | 0:30:51 | |
-"..and then ran. | 0:30:51 | 0:30:53 | |
-"We ran them four miles. | 0:30:53 | 0:30:55 | |
-"They formed several -times for a fight... | 0:30:55 | 0:30:58 | |
-"..but we quickly -broke their lines every time." | 0:30:58 | 0:31:02 | |
-The South's troops -made their last stand here. | 0:31:05 | 0:31:09 | |
-The North's forces -came up from that direction. | 0:31:09 | 0:31:13 | |
-They broke the enemy line here. | 0:31:13 | 0:31:15 | |
-The South's men -retreated towards their camp. | 0:31:16 | 0:31:19 | |
-It was a great victory. | 0:31:19 | 0:31:21 | |
-Three thousand men had defeated -the enemy's five thousand men. | 0:31:21 | 0:31:25 | |
-It was a turning point in the war -here in the Native Americans' lands. | 0:31:26 | 0:31:31 | |
-Evan Jones was 75 years old when he -came to the battle of Honey Springs. | 0:31:39 | 0:31:44 | |
-He was quite possibly the oldest -chaplain ever, in US army history. | 0:31:44 | 0:31:49 | |
-Many Cherokee refugees had followed -the North's army down from Kansas... | 0:31:55 | 0:32:00 | |
-..hoping to reoccupy their lands. | 0:32:01 | 0:32:03 | |
-But although the Confederate -army was now defeated... | 0:32:03 | 0:32:07 | |
-..the Rebels still -roamed the land in small groups... | 0:32:08 | 0:32:12 | |
-..attacking loyal Cherokees. | 0:32:12 | 0:32:14 | |
-"The country was so infested -with small guerrilla bands... | 0:32:14 | 0:32:18 | |
-"..that men could not -work in the fields... | 0:32:19 | 0:32:22 | |
-"..without the danger of being shot -by some of them prowling in ambush." | 0:32:22 | 0:32:27 | |
-Because of all these dangers... | 0:32:34 | 0:32:36 | |
-..the Cherokee had no choice but -to flee from their lands once more. | 0:32:36 | 0:32:42 | |
-Many went to Fort Gibson. | 0:32:42 | 0:32:45 | |
-This is Fort Gibson's -original bakery. | 0:32:52 | 0:32:55 | |
-This is where dough -was kneaded and bread baked... | 0:32:55 | 0:32:59 | |
-..for the 3,000 soldiers who lived -here in the summer of 1863. | 0:32:59 | 0:33:03 | |
-By that summer, Fort Gibson also -sheltered 6,000 Cherokee refugees. | 0:33:04 | 0:33:10 | |
-"They are reduced to a state -of deplorable destitution... | 0:33:18 | 0:33:22 | |
-"..of both food and clothing. | 0:33:22 | 0:33:24 | |
-"And death by means -of war and pestilence... | 0:33:25 | 0:33:28 | |
-"..has made frightful ravages -among the families of the Nation." | 0:33:29 | 0:33:33 | |
-John B Jones stayed -with the refugees in Fort Gibson... | 0:33:38 | 0:33:42 | |
-..until the end of the war. | 0:33:42 | 0:33:44 | |
-He cared for the sick -and held religious meetings. | 0:33:44 | 0:33:48 | |
-There were newly freed -slaves amongst them. | 0:33:49 | 0:33:53 | |
-John taught them to read. | 0:33:54 | 0:33:56 | |
-In the meantime, Evan Jones -returned to John Ross in Washington. | 0:33:58 | 0:34:03 | |
-His aim was to secure aid -for the Cherokee refugees. | 0:34:04 | 0:34:08 | |
-They finally had a meeting -with Lincoln in February 1864. | 0:34:09 | 0:34:15 | |
-"He received us very kindly... | 0:34:15 | 0:34:17 | |
-"..and promised to give it -his careful attention." | 0:34:17 | 0:34:21 | |
-The government gave them some aid. | 0:34:23 | 0:34:25 | |
-Ross and Evan Jones appealed -to churches and ordinary people... | 0:34:25 | 0:34:30 | |
-..in Philadelphia and New York... | 0:34:31 | 0:34:33 | |
-..to contribute food, -clothing or money. | 0:34:33 | 0:34:37 | |
-But sadly, it wasn't enough. | 0:34:38 | 0:34:41 | |
-At the end of the Civil War, people -in the northern states celebrated. | 0:34:44 | 0:34:49 | |
-But it wasn't so -in the Cherokee's lands. | 0:34:49 | 0:34:53 | |
-Countless buildings -had been burnt down. | 0:34:53 | 0:34:56 | |
-The governing and social -order had been swept away. | 0:34:56 | 0:35:00 | |
-But worst of all -were the human losses. | 0:35:00 | 0:35:03 | |
-A census was held -at the end of the war. | 0:35:03 | 0:35:06 | |
-As many as 7,000 Cherokees died... | 0:35:06 | 0:35:09 | |
-..a third of -the Nation's population... | 0:35:09 | 0:35:13 | |
-..in battle or because of starvation -and disease in the refugee camps. | 0:35:13 | 0:35:19 | |
-It was a tragedy -second only to the Trail Of Tears. | 0:35:19 | 0:35:23 | |
-. | 0:35:23 | 0:35:24 | |
-Subtitles | 0:35:28 | 0:35:28 | |
-Subtitles - -Subtitles | 0:35:28 | 0:35:30 | |
-At the end of the Civil War... | 0:35:36 | 0:35:39 | |
-..the Cherokee Nation had to turn -its back on years of violence... | 0:35:39 | 0:35:44 | |
-..and try to create a lasting peace. | 0:35:44 | 0:35:47 | |
-"Since the war... | 0:35:48 | 0:35:49 | |
-"..the ploughshare of desolation -has passed through the tribe. | 0:35:49 | 0:35:54 | |
-"There is not a family -that is not ruined and broken... | 0:35:54 | 0:35:59 | |
-"..by the devastation of war." | 0:35:59 | 0:36:01 | |
-For the second time -in a generation... | 0:36:04 | 0:36:08 | |
-..the Cherokee -suffered terrible losses... | 0:36:08 | 0:36:12 | |
-..and had to rebuild the Nation. | 0:36:12 | 0:36:14 | |
-These are the Cherokee -Council Chambers... | 0:36:16 | 0:36:19 | |
-..the senate -of the Nation's government. | 0:36:20 | 0:36:23 | |
-Back in October 1865... | 0:36:23 | 0:36:25 | |
-..the Council met for the first time -since the end of the Civil War. | 0:36:25 | 0:36:30 | |
-A number of important -measures were passed. | 0:36:30 | 0:36:33 | |
-First, they affirmed their faith -in the elected Principal Chief... | 0:36:34 | 0:36:39 | |
-..John Ross. | 0:36:40 | 0:36:41 | |
-They decided a delegation -should be sent to Washington... | 0:36:41 | 0:36:45 | |
-..to ensure the Nation's -continuing independence. | 0:36:46 | 0:36:49 | |
-And lastly, it was decided -to give Cherokee citizenship... | 0:36:49 | 0:36:54 | |
-..to the Welshman Evan Jones -and his son John. | 0:36:54 | 0:36:57 | |
-"When the Cherokees -were poor and in darkness... | 0:36:58 | 0:37:01 | |
-"..light was brought to us... | 0:37:02 | 0:37:04 | |
-"..by Evan Jones and later -by his son, John B Jones. | 0:37:05 | 0:37:08 | |
-"Be it enacted -by the National Council... | 0:37:09 | 0:37:12 | |
-"..that Evan Jones -and his son John B Jones... | 0:37:12 | 0:37:15 | |
-"..be admitted -to citizenship in this Nation. | 0:37:15 | 0:37:18 | |
-Apparently, this was -the only time a father and son... | 0:37:19 | 0:37:23 | |
-..who hadn't married into the -Nation, were accepted in this way. | 0:37:23 | 0:37:27 | |
-It shows how much -their contribution was appreciated. | 0:37:28 | 0:37:32 | |
-By 1866, Evan Jones's long term -as one of the main advisors... | 0:37:39 | 0:37:44 | |
-..to John Ross's government -was drawing to an end. | 0:37:44 | 0:37:48 | |
-He was 78 years old. | 0:37:49 | 0:37:51 | |
-When a delegation -was chosen to go to Washington... | 0:37:51 | 0:37:55 | |
-..to lobby for the continuation -of Cherokee independence... | 0:37:55 | 0:38:00 | |
-..for the first time, John B Jones -was sent, not his father. | 0:38:00 | 0:38:04 | |
-Although there was another -delegation in the capital... | 0:38:05 | 0:38:09 | |
-..representing -the Stand Watie minority... | 0:38:09 | 0:38:12 | |
-..Ross and his delegation succeeded -in getting the US to accept... | 0:38:13 | 0:38:17 | |
-..that they alone had the right -to represent the Cherokee. | 0:38:18 | 0:38:22 | |
-There were compromises... | 0:38:22 | 0:38:25 | |
-..like allowing railroads -to be built through their lands. | 0:38:25 | 0:38:30 | |
-But the new treaty reaffirmed -the Cherokee's rights... | 0:38:30 | 0:38:35 | |
-..to their lands in the west. | 0:38:35 | 0:38:37 | |
-Only five days after signing -the treaty in Washington... | 0:38:39 | 0:38:43 | |
-..John Ross died in the hotel -where he was staying. | 0:38:43 | 0:38:47 | |
-He had worked tirelessly -to the end for his nation... | 0:38:47 | 0:38:51 | |
-..to ensure its survival. | 0:38:51 | 0:38:53 | |
-It must have been -a blow for Evan Jones. | 0:38:53 | 0:38:56 | |
-He had worked very closely with -John Ross for more than 30 years. | 0:38:56 | 0:39:01 | |
-Evan and John B Jones now worked to -re-establish the Baptist Mission... | 0:39:07 | 0:39:13 | |
-..first in Fort Gibson, -then near Tahlequah. | 0:39:13 | 0:39:17 | |
-But John was the leader now. | 0:39:18 | 0:39:20 | |
-Evan Jones helped him. | 0:39:20 | 0:39:22 | |
-He still helped in the work... | 0:39:25 | 0:39:28 | |
-..of translating and publishing -the Bible in Cherokee. | 0:39:28 | 0:39:32 | |
-But he was too frail... | 0:39:32 | 0:39:34 | |
-..to go round the scattered -churches to preach... | 0:39:34 | 0:39:38 | |
-..as he had done for so many years. | 0:39:38 | 0:39:41 | |
-SERMON IN CHEROKEE | 0:39:41 | 0:39:43 | |
-How much of Evan Jones's -influence on the Cherokee lives on? | 0:39:50 | 0:39:55 | |
-Thanks to Evan, John -and their colleagues... | 0:39:59 | 0:40:02 | |
-..the Baptists are still -the most popular denomination... | 0:40:02 | 0:40:06 | |
-..amongst the Cherokee. | 0:40:06 | 0:40:08 | |
-Like Evan Jones... | 0:40:08 | 0:40:10 | |
-..the Reverend Bo Parris continues -to translate the Bible... | 0:40:10 | 0:40:14 | |
-..and publish hymns... | 0:40:15 | 0:40:16 | |
-..well past his seventieth year. | 0:40:17 | 0:40:19 | |
-This is a collection -of hymns in Cherokee... | 0:40:20 | 0:40:24 | |
-..with music too. | 0:40:24 | 0:40:26 | |
-We're working on a book -with the tunes. | 0:40:27 | 0:40:30 | |
-SINGING IN CHEROKEE | 0:40:32 | 0:40:34 | |
-The hymns are still popular today. | 0:40:36 | 0:40:39 | |
-SINGING IN CHEROKEE | 0:40:41 | 0:40:43 | |
-Dennis Sixkiller records -characters like Eli Sequechie... | 0:40:56 | 0:41:01 | |
-..for his weekly radio show, Tsalagi -Ka ne gy, or Cherokee Voices. | 0:41:01 | 0:41:06 | |
-I almost lost my voice! | 0:41:14 | 0:41:16 | |
-Me too, I was shouting! | 0:41:16 | 0:41:18 | |
-SINGING IN CHEROKEE | 0:41:19 | 0:41:21 | |
-Evan Jones took advantage -of the print medium... | 0:41:26 | 0:41:29 | |
-..to promote Cherokee -interests in the past. | 0:41:30 | 0:41:33 | |
-The Cherokee today -embrace the latest media. | 0:41:33 | 0:41:37 | |
-This is a contemporary -interpretation... | 0:41:38 | 0:41:41 | |
-..of the traditional Cherokee -prayer before going to water. | 0:41:41 | 0:41:46 | |
-SPEAKS CHEROKEE | 0:41:46 | 0:41:48 | |
-Other old traditions -are handed on too. | 0:41:59 | 0:42:03 | |
-While these young people learn -how to make traditional baskets... | 0:42:03 | 0:42:08 | |
-..they discuss -contemporary subjects too. | 0:42:09 | 0:42:12 | |
-How would you say "cereal" -in Cherokee, Medi? | 0:42:13 | 0:42:16 | |
-"The thing with milk." | 0:42:17 | 0:42:19 | |
-Yes, "the thing with milk." | 0:42:21 | 0:42:23 | |
-They learn how to prepare food, -like bread, in the traditional way. | 0:42:23 | 0:42:28 | |
-SPEAKS CHEROKEE | 0:42:30 | 0:42:32 | |
-How do you say wheat flour? | 0:42:37 | 0:42:38 | |
-How do you say wheat flour? - -Se-lu isa. | 0:42:38 | 0:42:39 | |
-Se-lu isa. | 0:42:40 | 0:42:41 | |
-For cornbread. | 0:42:41 | 0:42:43 | |
-It's important that people become -more aware of the native culture... | 0:42:45 | 0:42:50 | |
-..amongst and beyond -the Cherokee Nation. | 0:42:50 | 0:42:54 | |
-But there are risks. | 0:42:54 | 0:42:57 | |
-Over in the east... | 0:43:03 | 0:43:05 | |
-..there is one small -mountainous area... | 0:43:05 | 0:43:08 | |
-..where the Cherokee successfully -avoided being moved west. | 0:43:08 | 0:43:14 | |
-Here, the Native culture, -or at least a version of it... | 0:43:22 | 0:43:26 | |
-..is of great interest -to white tourists today. | 0:43:26 | 0:43:31 | |
-It's ironic, when one thinks -how the white man in the past... | 0:43:31 | 0:43:36 | |
-..almost obliterated that culture. | 0:43:36 | 0:43:38 | |
-But the visitors' money -helps the Cherokee culture... | 0:43:44 | 0:43:49 | |
-..in unexpected ways. | 0:43:49 | 0:43:51 | |
-The recent growth -in Cherokee medium education... | 0:43:51 | 0:43:55 | |
-..is funded by money from the -casinos built on the Nation's lands. | 0:43:56 | 0:44:01 | |
-I wonder what Evan Jones -would think of that. | 0:44:05 | 0:44:09 | |
-But without a doubt, Evan Jones -would have been proud... | 0:44:18 | 0:44:22 | |
-..that the Cherokee survived. | 0:44:22 | 0:44:25 | |
-Every year, the Nation's government -holds a Wado Day, or thanksgiving. | 0:44:32 | 0:44:37 | |
-It's a way for the government -to thank staff for their service. | 0:44:43 | 0:44:48 | |
-It's also a kind -of "wado", or thanks... | 0:44:48 | 0:44:51 | |
-..that they're still -here as a people. | 0:44:51 | 0:44:54 | |
-# TRADITIONAL CHEROKEE MELODY # | 0:44:54 | 0:44:57 | |
-APPLAUSE | 0:45:13 | 0:45:15 | |
-Despite past troubles... | 0:45:17 | 0:45:20 | |
-..the Cherokee are still here. | 0:45:20 | 0:45:23 | |
-Talking to John Ross, I was glad -to hear that the Cherokee... | 0:45:27 | 0:45:32 | |
-..still remember Evan Jones. | 0:45:32 | 0:45:35 | |
-Evan Jones had a Cherokee name. | 0:45:36 | 0:45:38 | |
-His name was "Gasio-cwai-ywsgi". | 0:45:40 | 0:45:42 | |
-That means, "The one -who always searches." | 0:45:46 | 0:45:50 | |
-Evan Jones was a preacher -all his life. | 0:45:53 | 0:45:56 | |
-The Cherokees really -liked him as a preacher. | 0:45:57 | 0:46:00 | |
-He preached -in the Cherokee language. | 0:46:01 | 0:46:04 | |
-That's why he was a beloved man -in the Cherokee Nation. | 0:46:05 | 0:46:09 | |
-Evan Jones didn't retire -from the ministry until 1870. | 0:46:17 | 0:46:22 | |
-He went to live with his daughter -near the Kansas border. | 0:46:22 | 0:46:27 | |
-But he still visited his son John -in Tahlequah regularly. | 0:46:28 | 0:46:33 | |
-During a visit in 1872, he fell ill. | 0:46:34 | 0:46:37 | |
-He died a few days later. | 0:46:39 | 0:46:41 | |
-He was 84 years old. | 0:46:44 | 0:46:46 | |
-He was buried here, -in the town cemetery. | 0:46:47 | 0:46:50 | |
-Evan Jones had lived and worked with -the Cherokee for more than 50 years. | 0:47:00 | 0:47:05 | |
-Thanks to him and his colleagues... | 0:47:08 | 0:47:10 | |
-..the Baptist church had -gone from strength to strength. | 0:47:11 | 0:47:15 | |
-He had been a zealous advocate of -education in the Cherokee language. | 0:47:16 | 0:47:21 | |
-He was a pioneer -of the Cherokee press. | 0:47:21 | 0:47:25 | |
-He had thrown himself energetically -into his adopted land's politics... | 0:47:26 | 0:47:31 | |
-..as a Cherokee nationalist. | 0:47:31 | 0:47:34 | |
-He would rather speak -Cherokee than English. | 0:47:38 | 0:47:41 | |
-That's why Cherokees -really love Evan Jones. | 0:47:42 | 0:47:46 | |
-S4C Subtitles by Gwead | 0:48:19 | 0:48:21 | |
-. | 0:48:21 | 0:48:22 |