Pennod 2 Her yr Hinsawdd


Pennod 2

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-Subtitles

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-Subtitles

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-Subtitles

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-I'm Siwan Davies

-and my work involves researching...

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-..how the planet's climate

-has changed in the distant past.

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-I've gathered significant evidence

-on Greenland's ice sheet.

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-These days we're facing

-another change in our climate...

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-..that is completely different

-from those I've studied.

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-Modern climate change is caused

-by the actions of humans...

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-..rather than natural processes.

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-As a result, the future

-is uncertain and challenging.

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-It's my quest in this series to see

-how climate change affects people.

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-I've never been given

-this opportunity before.

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-Usually,

-I collate scientific data...

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-..so it's a fresh

-and unique experience...

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-..to meet people in order

-to prove these effects for myself.

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-Greenland, Kalaallit Nunaat,

-is a vast country...

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-..covering

-2.2 million square kilometres.

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-It's the world's largest island...

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-..with more than 80% of it

-covered in a sheet of ice...

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-..which is melting

-on a massive scale.

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-It's the equivalent

-of losing five Bala Lakes a day.

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-This year it's melting two months

-earlier than it's ever done before.

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-Greenland's 56,000 inhabitants live

-on the island's southern fringes.

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-I want to see how climate change

-affects the country and its people.

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-The climate

-has shaped Greenland's history.

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-For a country that's so white,

-where did its name come from?

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-There was a warm period

-during the 10th century.

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-This is when Erik the Red,

-a Viking from Iceland...

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-..came to Greenland

-and saw its agricultural land.

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-Behind me, across the water...

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-..he established his farm,

-Brattahlid.

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-He set about

-attracting more Vikings here...

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-..and some farms

-still exist to this day.

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-Erik the Red was the first

-to discover green land.

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-It was warmer here

-because the Sun's activity was high.

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-I'm meeting some of the farmers

-who live on the same land today...

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-..and to hear more

-about what happened to the Vikings.

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-It's strange to think

-we can cross this fjord in winter.

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-The village

-is now called Qassiarsuk.

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-It's a close-knit community

-sustained by sheep farming.

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-I'm meeting

-local teacher Elen Frederiksen.

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-The village has 50 inhabitants...

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-..along with a school, a chapel, a

-small shop and a hostel for walkers.

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-The memorial statue of

-Leif Eriksson, Erik the Red's son...

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-..supports the belief

-he was the first Viking...

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-..to sail to North America.

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-The native language

-is Kalaallisut...

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-..though the colonial language

-is Danish.

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-Many, like Elen, also speak English.

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-Geographically, Greenland is part of

-the continent of North America.

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-I met one of the island's young

-people who speaks three languages.

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-David Heilmann Ottossen.

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-He works in an exhibition

-at Erik the Red's ancient farm.

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-Erik's wife insisted he build her

-a chapel in which to worship.

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-This was the first Christian chapel

-on the North American continent.

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-David explained that Erik persuaded

-other Vikings to follow him here...

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-..since the land

-was so green and fertile.

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-Birch trees were felled...

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-..to build a farm where they kept

-sheep, cattle and horses.

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-But this warm period in Greenland

-was short lived.

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-Later it started to cool again

-and became the Little Ice Age.

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-I asked David to explain

-what happened in the 15th century.

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-All the Vikings disappeared within

-500 years due to a mini ice age.

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-They couldn't tolerate the cold.

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-The Northwest Passage froze over.

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-It was an ocean

-where ships came and went.

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-They couldn't buy goods such as salt

-that was vital to store fish.

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-The farm animals died,

-so they no longer had milk.

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-The indigenous Inuit who lived here

-knew how to hunt and fish.

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-The Vikings failed to adapt.

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-Now there's another change

-facing the inhabitants.

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-This time,

-it's not a natural change.

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-Life is changing

-in Kalaallit Nunaat.

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-The weather's changing,

-glaciers are shrinking...

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-..and the ice caps are melting

-faster than ever before.

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-Animals are moving from their

-habitats and changing behaviour.

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-The polar bear can't catch seals

-because the ice is disappearing.

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-It comes into the villages

-because it smells food.

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-As a result,

-seal numbers are rising.

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-Since they feed on fish

-and us humans also fish...

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-..their numbers are in decline.

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-Killing seals is unacceptable

-because they're so harmless...

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-..so we can't control the numbers

-by exporting them either.

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-This causes an economic crisis

-for Greenland's natives.

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-David claims

-that life here is exciting now.

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-Ice melts, revealing land...

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-..with the possibility of mining

-for precious minerals underground.

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-The Arctic holds 25% of

-the world's oil and gas reserves...

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-..along with precious minerals...

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-..such as nickel, iron,

-copper, uranium and gold.

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-Without the ice,

-these can be mined...

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-..which is great news

-for Greenland's economy.

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-The Northwest Passage that was

-once closed to ships due to ice...

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-..would open,

-making commerce easier.

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-On the one hand,

-we fear the changes...

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-..but I notice that some people

-are hopeful as the ice melts.

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-Land is exposed and is

-available for mining and farming.

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-People enjoy warmer weather.

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-It'll be a boost for the economy.

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-Some regard it

-as a gateway to independence.

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-Those who are facing the challenge

-head on are Greenland's farmers.

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-With Elen interpreting,

-I met Fred Frederiksen...

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-..who told me about the

-village of Qassiarsuk's history.

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-Otto Frederiksen

-my great-great-grandfather...

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-..came to establish a sheep farm

-on Erik the Red's farm.

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-He started building it

-in July 1924...

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-..before his family

-and sheep arrived in September.

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-Today, I own one of

-the 15 sheep farms on the island.

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-Has Fred noticed any changes

-as the climate changes?

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-I first noticed a change in 2006.

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-Drought is the main worry

-and it's worsening.

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-There was no rain for two months

-during the summer of 2015.

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-I fear there isn't enough grass

-to feed sheep in winter.

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-He must import feed from Denmark,

-which costs a fortune.

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-Too many sheep

-are grazing on the best land.

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-The drought endangers sheep farming,

-one of the area's few industries.

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-It's the same story on Elen's farm.

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-Not having enough grass

-is a major concern.

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-Unlike before, a warmer climate

-means they can now grow vegetables.

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-Warmer weather

-caused quite a stir...

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-..with many hoping life

-would be easier in this Frigid Zone.

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-However, her husband, Carl, quickly

-realized that life was harder.

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-The problem is that we have to plant

-vegetables in the south in May...

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-..at the same time

-as lambing season.

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-It's impossible to do both...

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-..although I do have

-a good crop of rhubarb.

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-One farmer is about to give up

-sheep farming altogether...

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-..to focus on growing vegetables.

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-Per Hansen lives on a remote farm

-in the furthest corner of the fjord.

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-I come from

-a rural community myself...

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-..but it's very hard

-to imagine what life is like here.

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-Per farms alone, it's an hour

-to the nearest town by tractor...

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-..and the only other way

-of reaching here is by boat.

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-Life is hard here. It's become

-impossible to farm sheep.

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-I now hope

-to make a living as a carpenter...

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-..and by

-selling vegetables to locals...

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-..since the milder climate helps to

-grow white, red and green cabbage...

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-..broccoli, potatoes, turnips,

-beetroot and spinach.

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-It's even possible nowadays

-to grow strawberries.

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-I'll miss my sheep.

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-Five neighbouring farms

-have ceased sheep farming this year.

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-I admire the natives' assiduity

-for living here at all.

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-However, Per's opinion is clear.

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-It's a tough life but a free life.

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-I probably couldn't live

-anywhere else in the world.

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-Despite how wonderful it is

-to see an eagle nearby...

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-..it's a common sight here.

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-Per tells me this is the main

-problem during lambing season.

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-Per's ability to adapt...

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-..and live in such a remote setting,

-despite the problems, amazes me.

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-Nature and landscape is important

-to Greenland's natives.

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-But what about

-language and culture...

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-..especially if foreign workers

-come here to mine for minerals?

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-The culture of Greenland...

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-..is a very strong culture.

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-We're very protective

-towards this culture.

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-I believe this kind of impact...

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-..this kind of inevitable change

-will make people...

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-..aware of things

-are always in movement...

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-..and this has to be

-something people adapt to.

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-Qujanaq. Thank you.

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-It's the end of the day

-in Qassiarsuk...

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-..and it's been

-thoroughly inspirational.

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-The place is steeped in history.

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-It's where Erik the Red came

-in the 10th century.

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-Now I've had an insight into the

-fragile lives of the inhabitants.

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-Only 50 people live here...

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-..but their lives

-are totally reliant on the weather.

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-They're also very hopeful here.

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-I've spoken

-to one person in particular...

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-..who's hopeful about the future

-as a result of climate change.

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-.

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-Subtitles

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-Subtitles

-

-Subtitles

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-I've seen

-how life is changing in Greenland...

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-..due to climate challenges.

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-Farming, an important industry here,

-is becoming difficult.

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-Since minerals and oil

-are now easier to mine...

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-..the culture's future

-is at stake...

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-..as foreigners capitalize

-on new opportunities.

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-But what about civic life?

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-I've reached the busy harbour

-of Qaqortoq, further south.

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-Fishing is the main industry here.

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-It's also

-the area's municipal centre.

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-The town is bigger than I expected

-and incredibly colourful.

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-Red denotes local government...

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-..green for communication,

-yellow for healthcare...

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-..and blue for the all-important

-maritime tradition.

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-I'm staying in a B&B with Heidi.

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-All visitors are given a lesson

-in the Kalaallisut language.

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-It'd be interesting

-to see this happen in Wales.

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-PRONOUNCES WORD

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-That's hard!

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-Heidi Moller

-has lived in Greenland all her life.

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-Climate change will be

-an advantage for me personally...

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-..and an economy boost for the town.

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-More people will visit.

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-Heating bills will be cheaper,

-we'll have a variety of vegetables.

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-We're a population of 55,000...

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-..and life is hard.

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-Despite the advantages, I've

-mixed feelings about the future.

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-I was so happy

-because we will feel the sun...

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-..and heating us up.

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-So, it was a new word,

-climate change.

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-One thing I know...

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-..is that the ice cap

-is melting fast.

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-Very fast.

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-It means also that...

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-..the sea is getting higher.

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-I will be

-very concerned about the world.

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-The rest of the world.

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-What can we do?

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-I can participate

-in interviews like this...

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-..and maybe it will help somewhere

-to have this information...

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-..like the world is crying...

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-..or symptoms start

-here in Kalaallit Nunaat.

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-Honest people and a magical place...

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-..but the effects of climate change

-are plain to see.

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-Perhaps people in Greenland are

-more aware of nature and weather...

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-..because life is fragile

-and survival is a feat.

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-Heidi took me shopping.

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-A whale had been caught and all

-the townsfolk came to buy the meat.

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-This only happens once

-every four or five months...

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-..so there's much celebration

-and everyone helps out.

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-They'll work well into the night

-chopping the meat.

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-The best meat

-sold in the first two hours...

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-..so Heidi missed out

-on the best meat this time.

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-Whale meat

-is essential to the people's diet...

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-..as it's a source of fat.

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-It's what keeps them warm

-in winter...

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-..when the entire town

-is covered in snow.

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-Aside from a family feast, the rest

-is sliced and stored for winter.

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-During the colder months,

-people eat whale meat...

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-..with dry fish for energy.

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-Other hunters

-sell their dry fish to villagers.

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-The ability to fish and hunt

-sustained the Kalaallit...

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-..while the Vikings failed.

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-The key to survival

-is the ability to adapt.

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-What will you do with this meat?

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-Feast!

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-Hi, Jorgen. Nice to meet you.

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-Thank you so much for meeting me.

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-Mayor Jorgen Johansen is committed

-to improving the lives of locals.

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-I asked him to describe

-the effects of climate change.

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-The advantages and disadvantages

-on the area's people and economy.

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-People are feeling the heat and

-farmers are experiencing a drought.

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-It hasn't rained for two months,

-which is a very new problem.

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-As the inner ice melts

-and the water warms...

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-..the fjord

-is unlikely to freeze in winter.

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-20 years ago, the fjords

-froze solidly every time.

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-But I'm keen to capitalize

-on opportunities that arise.

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-There's a plan in place

-for mining...

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-..a new strategy

-for tourism and fishing.

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-But is there a danger that

-these industrial developments...

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-..will damage

-the environment further?

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-We don't want any mining that's bad

-for our health and our environment.

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-We want a green form of mining

-by utilizing hydro power.

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-That's what'll make our country

-competitive in the global market.

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-But what about the culture?

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-They'll have to deal

-with thousands of incomers...

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-..integrating into communities.

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-I asked

-if it would affect the language.

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-We're adamant we won't lose that

-in any development.

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-Language and culture will become

-part of the negotiation process...

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-..before people come here to mine.

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-A plan will ensure

-that the people and the culture...

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-..will benefit

-from the developments.

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-As you know, in Wales, the language

-is the bottom of your hearts.

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-It is

-the very essence of your culture.

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-It is in Greenland

-and we don't want to lose that...

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-..no matter

-what kind of development we accept.

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-I think brightly of the future

-because...

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-..as Eleanor Roosevelt once said...

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-.."The future belongs to those...

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-"..who believe

-in the beauty of their dreams."

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-I think the future for South

-Greenland is full of opportunities.

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-And it is a wise utilization....

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-..of those opportunities...

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-..that will enable us to create a

-better life for people living here.

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-Qujanaq. Thank you.

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-I've met many different people

-in Greenland...

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-..and heard different viewpoints.

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-Some people find it difficult...

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-..while others talk of exciting

-opportunities in the future.

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-But one thing which struck me

-more than anything...

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-..was hearing

-and feeling Heidi's love...

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-..for Kalaallit Nunaat.

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-On the northern tip of the world,

-where summers are always bright...

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-..the bleak winters

-are a cradle for Kalaallit Nunaat.

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-When winter brings with it

-a sheet of ice...

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-..the fisherman still fishes...

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-..fighting the snow

-to survive on Kalaallit Nunaat.

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-From the planet's polar region,

-where nature is safe and content...

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-..its wildness is a wave after wave

-for the Kalaallit Nunaat Inuit.

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-Another day ends and I feel as if

-I'm leaving Kalaallit Nunaat...

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-..having learnt so much about

-the people, language and culture.

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-It's such a unique place,

-it's a privilege to be here.

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-But the effects of climate change

-will not only affect Greenland...

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-..the rest of the world

-is also in danger.

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-I travel to the Maldives,

-which are already suffering...

0:22:290:22:33

-..due to the level of the sea rising

-as Kalaallit Nunaat's ice melts.

0:22:330:22:38

-Giant glaciers are melting.

0:22:430:22:46

-The sun's rays

-are now intensifying...

0:22:460:22:49

-..after every dawn during

-Kalaallit Nunaat's long summers.

0:22:490:22:54

-But will the snowflakes fall

-as white diamonds...

0:22:540:22:57

-..like a whale's skin,

-all shiny and smooth...

0:22:580:23:01

-..to freeze the rivers and lakes...

0:23:010:23:03

-..during

-the Kalaallit Nunaat winter?

0:23:040:23:07

-S4C Subtitles by Adnod Cyf.

0:23:230:23:25

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0:23:260:23:26

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